Unit 4 Adversity and Courage 一轮复习检测-2026届高三英语人教版（2019）选择性必修三册

XB3U4 知识总复习 I. 单词 1. n.困境;逆境 28. n.毅力;韧性 2. n.工资 29. vi.坚持;孜孜以求 3. adj.严寒的;味苦的 30. v.决定;解决n.决心 4. n.探险;远征;探险队 31. n.决议;解决;坚定 5. n.忍耐力;耐久力 32. n.全体工作人员; 一群人 6. n.精力;力量;活动 33. adj.残酷的;残忍的:冷酷的 7. adj.符合资格;具...的知识 34. adj.深入的;彻底的;细致的 8. adj.热情的;热心的 35. n.家具 9. adv. & prep.上(船、飞机等) 36. adv.不幸地;遗憾地 10. n.橱柜;壁橱;衣柜 37. adv.幸运地 11. v.分派;布置;分配 38. n.申请;请求;应用 12. n.乘务员;服务员 39. vi. &n.(狗)吠叫;吠叫声 13. n. &vt.羡慕;妒忌 40. adj.潮湿的;湿气重的 14. v.毁坏;压坏n.拥挤的人群 41. n.娱乐;消遣;游戏 15. v.沉没;下沉;下降 42. n.指导;引导;导航 16. vt.舍弃;抛弃;放弃 43. n.广告活动;广告业 17. n.炉具;厨房灶具 44. v.公布;宣传;做广告 18. n.毯子 45. adj.公司的;法人的;社团的 19. n. [pl.]财物;动产 46. adj.汹涌的;粗糙的;粗略的 20. adj.痛苦的;令人难受的 47. n.领航员 21. n. & v.航海;航行 48. adj.忠诚的;忠实的 22. n.海军;海军部队 49. n.发动机;马达adj.有引擎的 23. adj.相当不错的;正派的;得体的 50. n.候选人:应试者 24. adj.温馨的;舒适的 51. n.一段经历; (小说的)片段 25. adj.自私的 52. n.承诺;保证;奉献 26. adj.脾气好的/坏的 53. n.动机;原因:目的 27. adj.真正的;真诚的;可信赖的 II. 短语/词块 1. 在困境中 15. 解决冲突 2. 精力充沛 16. 决定去做某事 3. 使某人具备做某事的资格 17. 制定计划；下决心 4. 有资格做某事 18. 对……残忍 5. (没)有做某事的资格 19. 很幸运做某事 6. 对某事很热衷，热爱 20. 发财，赚钱 7. 给某人分配某事/某物 21. 在……的指引下 8. 安排某人做某事 22. 对……忠诚 9. 羡慕某人做某事 23. 做出承诺（做某事） 10. 沉溺于/纵情…… 24. 做错事/犯罪/自杀 11. 放弃做某事 25. 专心致志于；承诺/保证做某事 12. 归属感 26. 拒绝(某人) 13. 可观的收入 27. 生火 14. 坚持/保持做某事 28. 放出(热、光、气味或气体) III. 单词变形 1．qualify vt.(使)合格；(使)具有资格→____________adj.符合资格；具备……的知识(或技能、学历等)→____________n．资格；资历 2．enthusiasm n．热情；热心→____________adj.热情的；热心的→____________adv.热情地 3．assign vt.分派；布置；分配→____________n．分派；布置；分配 4．envy n．& vt.羡慕；妒忌→____________adj.嫉妒的 5．abandon vt.舍弃；放弃；遗弃；抛弃→____________adj.被遗弃的；放纵的 6．decency n．正派；规矩；礼貌→____________adj.相当不错的；正派的；得体的→____________adv.合适地；高雅地；正派地 7．persevere vi.坚持；孜孜以求→____________n．毅力；韧性；不屈不挠的精神 8．resolve vi.& vt.决定；决心；解决(问题或困难)n．决心；坚定的信念→____________n．决议；解决；坚定 9．fortune n．[U]机会；运气；[C]大笔的钱→____________adj.幸运的→____________adv.幸运地→____________adj.不幸的→____________adv.不幸地；遗憾地 10．guide vt.指导n．向导；指南→____________n．指导；引导；导航 11．advertise vt.& vi.公布；宣传；做广告→____________n．[C]广告商→____________n．[C]广告→____________n．广告活动；广告业 12．commit v．犯罪；承诺；委托→____________n．承诺；保证；奉献 13．motivate vt.成为……的动机；激发；激励→____________n．动机；原因；目的→____________n．积极性；动机 IV. 单句填空 1. I've learnt from __________ experience not to trust what he says. 我已从痛苦的经验中得到了教训，不再相信他的话。 2. He worked with renewed __________ and determination. 他将重燃起来的活力和热情投入到工作中。 3. You don't sound very __________ about the idea. 你好像对这个想法不太感兴趣。 4. This event tests both physical and mental __________. 该比赛项目既是对体力也是对心理承受力的考验。 5. The teacher __________ a different task __________ each of the children. 老师给每个孩子都布置了不同的作业。 6. They've __________ their best man to the job. 他们指派了最优秀的人担任这项工作。 7. She has always __________ my success. 她一直忌妒我的成功。 8. He showed courage __________ __________. 他在逆境中表现出了勇气。 9. The ship __________ to the bottom of the sea. 船沉入海底。 10. The baby __________ __________ __________ by its mother. 这个婴儿被母亲遗弃了。 11. He __________ __________ __________ despair. 他陷入绝望。 12. She packed her few __________ in a bag and left. 她把她的几件东西装进包里便离开了。 13. I spent a __________ weekend alone at home. 我独自一人在家度过了一个惨兮兮的周末。 14. Everyone said he was a __________ sort of guy. 人人都说他是个品行端正的小伙子。 15. We __________ __________ __________ to keep working together. 我们承诺继续合作。 16. I felt warm and __________ sitting by the fire. 坐在炉火旁，我感到又暖和又舒服。 17. She's extremely well __________ __________ the job. 她完全符合担任这项工作的条件。 18. I don't know much about it, so I don't feel __________ to comment. 关于此事我所知不多，所以觉得没资格评论。 19. It was __________ of him to leave all the work to you. 他把所有的工作都推给你，真是自私。 20. They showed great __________ in the face of difficulty. 他们面对困难表现了坚强的毅力。 21. Activities all take place __________ __________ __________ __________ an experienced tutor. 所有活动都在经验丰富的导师指导下进行。 22. Both sides met in order to try to __________ their differences. 双方会晤以努力解决分歧。 23. The reforms owe a great deal to the __________ of one man. 这些改革主要归功于一个人的坚定决心。 24. I can't stand people who __________ __________ __________ animals. 我无法容忍虐待动物的人。 25. The police carried out a __________ investigation. 警方展开了全面的调查。 26. I was late, but __________ the meeting hadn't started. 我迟到了，不过幸好会议还没有开始。 27. Saturday afternoon is for __________ and outings. 周六午后是休闲和外出游玩的时间。 28. I've got a __________ idea of where I want to go. 我大致知道我想去哪里了。 29. She has always remained __________ __________ her political principles. 她总是信守自己的政治原则。 III. 课文填空 A SUCCESSFUL FAILURE Perce Blackborow 1.________________(参加了一次探险) with Sir Ernest Shackleton to Antarctica on the ship Endurance in 1914. Shackleton was one of the most famous explorers of 2.____________(他所处的年代) and it was considered a great honor to be part of his expeditions. Below are some of Blackborow's 3.__________(日记). 31 Oct,1914 Well, it so happened that one morning I bought a newspaper and read the advertisement about the Antarctic expedition. 4._____________________(去往南极的探险) with the great Sir Ernest Shackleton-this is the adventure that I have been dreaming of. And I was ready for it. At the age of 19, I am fit and 5._________________(充满活力). However, when I applied to join the expedition, Shackleton 6.________________(拒绝了我) because he thought I was too young and 7._________________(不够格). But I was so enthusiastic about the idea of going along with them that I secretly 8._________________(登上他的船), the Endurance, and hid in a small cupboard. Unfortunately, three days after we 9.____________(出发，启程) I was discovered. Shackleton did not want to turn back so he offered me a job, but only after he promised me, "If anyone has to be eaten, then you will be the first!" He 10.__________________(派我去做服务员), and I now serve meals for twenty-eight men, 11._________________(一天三次). How everyone will envy me when I come back and tell them about the amazing places I have been to! 21.Nov,1915 The journey has not been easy. Endurance became 12._________________(陷入冰里) as we approached Antarctica. The ice froze around us and we were well and truly stuck! We saw the ship 13.____________(被撞碎) by the ice. And when the ship sank, our hearts sank with it. Before we abandoned the ship, Shackleton calmly called us together and told us to rescue our 14.________________(最必要的物品)-the small boats, our food, the cook stove, candles, clothes, and blankets. This was no time to panic. We were not allowed to take most of our 15.________________(个人物品), and Shackleton himself threw away all his gold. But to our surprise, he allowed Hussey to keep his banjo, Hussey often plays it to 16.___________________(保持精神振奋). We are now camped on the ice and we have been managing to survive, but spring is coming, and the ice will soon begin to melt. 20 May,1916 We have been struggling for days, but things on Elephant Island are 17.___________________(每况愈下；情况越来越糟). We are now crowded together under one of our boats on the rocky shore of this miserable place. Soon after we arrived, Shackleton left us to find help on South Georgia lsland, 1320 kilometres away-the voyage was too dangerous and difficult for all of us to make it in our small boats. If Shackleton fails, will we have any hope of rescue? No. No navy in the world ever stops at Elephant Island, and no one else knows that we are here. I feel low. It's cold and windy. The island has no plants. Sometimes we are able to catch a seal or a penguin to eat. Otherwise, there is no food. I try to think of happier things: 18.____________(可口的饭菜), warm and dry clothes, a cosy bedroom, sunny days, and my mother's face… However, these happy memories are soon interrupted by 19.______________________(突如其来的冷空气). I shouted, “Shut the door!” “Hold on now, Perce. Don't you go turning into another Tom,” came the reply. “We've caught another penguin, so it's penguin soup tonight!” Bless Frank Wild, the kindest man there is after our leader, Ernest Shackleton. How could I become as selfish and bad-tempered as Thomas Orde-Lees! Without Frank and Ernest, we'd all be dead by now. Their genuine concern for others, their perseverance, and their resolve 20.__________________(让我充满了希望). Perhaps there is a chance we will return home, after all. 佳句背诵 1. Shackleton was one of the most famous explorers of his day and it was considered a great honor to be part of his expeditions.沙克尔顿是他那个时代最著名的探险家之一，参加他的探险活动被认为是一种极大的荣誉。 2. The ice froze around us and we were well and truly stuck! 冰把我们周围都冻住了，我们彻底被卡住了！ 3. Spring is coming, and the ice will soon begin to melt.春天来了，冰很快就会融化的。 4. We have been struggling for days, but things on Elephant Island are going from bad to worse.我们已经挣扎了好几天了，但是象岛上的情况越来越糟。 5. However, these happy memories are soon interrupted by a sudden cold rush of air.然而这些快乐的回忆很快就被突如其来的冷空气打断了。 IV. 话题语篇泛读 Adventure quests: Ain't no mountain high enough Climbing mount everest used to be a feat of staggering bravery, endurance and skill. In the 40 years after Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay first reached the summit in 1953, an average of 12 people a year followed in their footsteps. In 2023 more than 1,200 people attempted the climb, with 655 making it to the top. What was once an “almost certainly fatal” endeavour is “the new Ironman triathlon”, argues Will Cockrell, a journalist, in “everest, Inc”, a fascinating new book. High-tech equipment and better understanding of the physiological impact of high altitudes have brought new hopefuls to everest. But the biggest reason for the rising number of everest conquerors is the establishment of a professional guiding industry. For a hefty fee—between $35,000 and $110,000—experienced climbers will put novices on top of the world. As with many extreme sports, everest offers a test. Amateurs want to know if they can achieve something physically and mentally demanding. According to some psychologists, people undertake Herculean endeavours to deny their own mortality. Mr Cockrell believes this helps explain why interest in climbing everest increases after deaths are reported: people are more attracted to the adventure if they are reminded of its dangers. The guiding industry exists in large part because of a foolhardy but irresistible character called Dick Bass. The heir to an oil fortune, Bass had the lunatic idea of climbing the highest mountains on all seven continents. He bought his way onto three different everest expeditions and, in 1985, aged 55, he became both the oldest and least experienced climber to reach the summit. The sight of an average Joe on top of the world generated a media frenzy—and the establishment of companies that could cater to the new demand for tours. The early years of guided expeditions in the 1990s were mostly successful. In 1992-95, around 150 people paid to be led up the mountain, and a third succeeded. But in 1996, Jon Krakauer, an American writer, joined one of two simultaneous expeditions that went wrong. A storm “dropped down on the climbers like a piano on a cartoon character”. The guides, eager for their clients to reach the top, delayed turning them around. Three guides and two climbers died. In a bestselling book, “Into Thin Air”, Mr Krakauer argued that everest had become a high-end tourist trap. He decried the judgment of the guides and the selfishness of inexperienced climbers. Many businesses assumed that the book would crush them. Instead, fascination with everest soared. The industry has depended on local labour. Large numbers of Nepalis were hired by companies in the West to install ropes and carry equipment for clients. The guiding firms made efforts to build lasting relationships with their teams on the ground. But, Mr Cockrell notes, “The reasons Westerners and Sherpas were climbing mountains remained very different.” Two accidents in the 2010s brought change. In 2014, 16 Sherpas were buried by falling ice while transporting clients’ gear. Their colleagues went on strike and forced the cancellation of the season. Then, in 2015, an avalanche killed ten Sherpas and nine foreign clients. In the aftermath, many Western operators lost their enthusiasm for everest; today all the biggest guiding firms are Nepali-owned. “everest, Inc” ends on a confounding note. More people are reaching the summit, but more are dying en route, too: 18 people perished in 2023, the highest-ever number. Nepalese authorities say climate change has caused more extreme weather. Mr Cockrell argues that there was no negligence on the part of the firms. He suggests that Nepali guides consider themselves in the logistics business and generally leave decisions of safety to clients. But amateur climbers make bad choices. The disaster in 1996 showed that even guides get these decisions wrong. Experts know more than ever about how to navigate everest safely. But that does not make it a safe place. 攀登珠穆朗玛峰（mount everest）曾经是一场勇气、耐力和技艺的顶级角逐。自从埃德蒙·希拉里爵士（Sir Edmund Hillary）和丹增·诺盖（Tenzing Norgay）1953年首次站上峰顶后的四十年间，平均每年有12人成功登顶。到了2023年，共有超过1,200名勇士挑战这座世界之巅，其中655人成功登顶。 曾经作为“必死的挑战”的攀登珠穆朗玛峰如今已成为“新铁人三项”（Ironman triathlon）。记者威尔·科克雷尔（Will Cockrell）在其新书《珠穆朗玛公司》（everest, Inc）中提出了这一观点。先进的高科技装备与对高原反应的深入了解已吸引了一波新的挑战者。然而，推动珠峰攀登者人数增长的最主要因素是专业导游服务业的兴起。只需支付35,000至110,000美元不等的高额费用，经验丰富的登山者就会引领新手登上世界之巅。 与许多极限运动一样，珠峰提供了一场考验。业余爱好者想知道他们是否能完成这一身心上的巨大挑战。一些心理学家认为，人们尝试攻坚克难攀登顶峰是为了否认自己的死亡。科克雷尔认为，这也解释了为什么在死亡事件曝光后，人们攀登珠峰的兴趣会增加——当事件越具备风险性时，人们的冒险兴趣愈发强烈。 导游行业的兴起，在很大程度上归功于迪克·巴斯（Dick Bass）这位勇气可嘉、性格坚韧的狠角色。这位石油财富继承人怀揣一个大胆的梦想——攀登世界七大洲的最高峰。他花重金参与了三次珠穆朗玛峰探险，终于在1985年，55岁时，成为了登顶者中年纪最大且经验最浅的一位。一个普通人站在世界之巅的形象引爆了媒体热潮，这一现象也催生了一批为应对新兴需求而设立的旅游公司。 1990年代初，导游带领下的攀登活动大多圆满成功。在1992至1995年间，约有150人花钱在导游带领下进行攀爬活动，其中三分之一成功登顶。然而到了1996年，局势发生了变化。美国作家乔恩·克拉考尔（Jon Krakauer）参与了两个同时进行的探险队之一，却不幸选中了出事的那支队伍。一场突如其来的暴风雪“像卡通里钢琴砸落一样猛然袭击攀登者”。在追求顶峰的急切下，导游延误了撤退时机。结果导致三名导游和两名攀登者丧生。克拉考尔在其畅销书《进入稀薄的空气》(Into Thin Air)中批判珠峰已变成了一个高端旅游陷阱，指责导游的判断失误和无经验攀登者的自私行为。许多企业担心这本书会对他们构成致命打击，然而出乎意料的是，公众对珠峰的迷恋反而愈演愈烈。 这个产业极度依赖当地劳动力。大批尼泊尔人被西方公司聘用，负责安装绳索和承担为客户运送装备的重任。导游公司也在努力与地面的团队建立起长期稳定的合作关系。然而，科克雷尔认为：“西方登山者和夏尔巴人攀登珠峰的动机截然不同。” 2010年代发生的两起重大事故改变了珠峰的登山产业。2014年，16名夏尔巴人在运送客户装备途中，不幸被坠落的冰块掩埋。这一事件引发了他们的同事罢工，导致当季的登山活动被迫取消。紧接着在2015年，一场突如其来的雪崩夺走了十名夏尔巴人和九名外国客户的生命。这些连续的悲剧使得许多西方运营商对珠峰的热情大减。现在，所有最大的导游公司都转为尼泊尔所有。 《珠穆朗玛峰公司》以令人惊愕的笔墨结束。尽管成功登顶的人数在增加，但途中的死亡人数同样在上升：2023年有18人在攀登中丧生，这是有记录以来的最高死亡数字。尼泊尔当局指出，气候变化引发的极端天气是主要原因。科克雷尔认为，导游公司并没有疏忽其职守。他指出，尼泊尔的导游通常认为自己是后勤支持的一部分，并经常将关键的安全决策留给客户自行判断。 然而，业余攀登者常常作出错误的判断。1996年的悲剧清楚地表明，即便是经验丰富的导游也可能犯下严重的错误。虽然现今的专家比以往任何时候都更深入地了解如何安全地攀登珠穆朗玛峰，但这并不意味着珠峰成了一个安全的地方。 答案 I. 单词 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. adversity 2. wage 3. bitter 4. expedition 5. endurance 6. vigour 7. qualified 8. enthusiastic 9. aboard 10. cupboard 11. assign 12. steward 13. envy 14. crush 15. sink 16. abandon 17. stove 18. blanket 19. belongings 20. miserable 21. voyage 22. navy 23. decent 24. cosy 25. selfish 26. good/bad-tempered 27. genuine 28. perseverance 29. persevere 30. resolve 31. resolution 32. crew 33. cruel 34. thorough 35. furniture 36. unfortunately 37. fortunately 38. application 39. bark 40. damp 41. recreation 42. guidance 43. advertising 44. advertise 45. corporate 46. rough 47. navigator 48. loyal 49. motor 50. candidate 51. episode 52. commitment 53. motive II. 短语 1. 2. in adversity 3. be full of vigour 4. qualify sb. to do sth. 5. be qualified to do sth. 6. have (no) qualifications to do sth. 7. be enthusiastic about sth. 8. assign sb. sth./assign sth. to sb. 9. assign sb. to do sth. 10. envy sb. doing sth. 11. abandon oneself to 12. abandon doing sth. 13. a sense of belonging 14. a decent salary 15. persevere in (doing) sth. 16. resolve a conflict 17. resolve to do sth. 18. make a resolution 19. be cruel to sb. 20. be fortunate to do sth. 21. make a fortune 22. under the guidance of… 23. be loyal to 24. make a commitment to do sth. 25. commit an error/a crime/suicide 26. commit oneself to (doing) sth. 27. turn sb down 28. make fire 29. give off III. 单词变形 1. 2. qualified qualification 3. enthusiastic enthusiastically 4. assignment 5. envious 6. abandoned 7. decent decently 8. perseverance 9. resolution 10. fortunate fortunately unfortunate unfortunately 11. guidance 12. advertiser advertisement advertising 13. commitment 14. motive motivation IV. 单句填空 1. 1. bitter 2. vigour 3. enthusiastic 4. endurance 5. assigned…to 6. assigned 7. envied 8. in adversity 9. sank 10. had been abandoned 11. abandoned himself to 12. belongings 13. miserable 14. decent 15. made a commitment 16. cosy 17. qualified for 18. qualified 19. selfish 20. perseverance 21. under the guidance of 22. resolve 23. resolution 24. are cruel to 25. thorough 26. fortunately 27. recreation 28. rough 29. loyal to V. VI. 课文填空 1. 2. joined an expedition 3. his day 4. diary entries 5. An expedition to the South Pole 6. full of vigour 7. turned me down 8. wasn't qualified 9. went aboard his ship 10. set off 11. assigned me to be a steward 12. three times a day 13. stuck in the ice 14. get crushed 15. most essential supplies 16. personal belongings 17. keep our spirits up 18. going from bad to worse 19. decent food 20. a sudden cold rush of air 21. fill me with hope 22. VII. $$