Unit 1 Science and Scientists 一轮复习检测-2026届高三英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第二册

XB2U1 知识总复习 I. 单词 1. adj.极为恶劣的 34. adj.爱国的 2. adj.懊悔的 35. adj.机械的 3. adj.相互矛盾的；对立的 36. n.机械师 4. n.感染 37. n.航空制造业 5. v.使感染 38. v.保卫 6. n.证据 39. n.助理 7. adj.数量多的 40. n.导弹 8. n.一家人 41. n.领导 9. v.怀疑 n.犯罪嫌疑人 42. v.追溯 10. v.把......归咎于n.指责；责备 43. adj.优秀的 11. n.把守；拉手 v.处理 44. adj.有天赋的 12. n.介入；出面 45. adj.抽象的 13. n.联系 v.相关联 46. adj.稳定的 14. adj.未熟的 47. n.概念 15. adj.干净的 48. n.天文学家 16. adj.大量的 49. n.天文学 17. n.减少 v.降低 50. prep.除......之外；adv.而且 18. n.统计数字 51. adj.新颖的 19. vt.使改观 vi.改变 52. adv.此外 20. n.思想 53. n.弱点 21. n.蛋白质 54. n.改变 v.转移 22. n.细胞 55. adj.生动的 23. n.病毒 56. cholera 24. n.发现；调查 57. diarrhoea 25. adj.最初的 58. dehydration 26. n.疫苗 59. germ 27. n.框架；结构 60. pump 28. adj.可靠的 n.固体 61. epidemiology 29. v.投射 62. microscope 30. n.阴影 63. plasma 31. n.彩虹 64. aerospace 32. v.倒出 65. jet 33. n.混凝土；adj.混凝土制的 66. telescope II. 短语/词块 1. 对…严厉 22. 重大进展 2. 对/因……灰心丧气 23. 正在减少 3. 面临严峻挑战 24. 在某方面减少 4. 赞同；订阅；定期捐款 25. 减少到… 5. 由于 26. 减少了… 6. 理论框架 27. 把A变成B 7. 突然开始 28. 最初阶段 8. 最重要的是 29. 用眼光瞥;匆匆查看 9. 最终地；彻底地 30. 使...较容易理解 10. 患（病） 31. (因某事)沮丧 11. 大爆炸宇宙论 32. 在阴暗处 12. 某人感染/传染上病毒 33. 保护……免受；防御 13. 与……矛盾/对立 34. 为了保卫；为……辩护 14. 怀疑某人是…… 35. 掌管；负责 15. 把某事归咎于某人 36. 免费 16. 因(做)某事责备某人 37. 为某物向某人收取费用 17. 把责任归咎于…… 38. 控告某人(做)某事 18. 处理问题 39. 在……方面有天赋 19. 亲自介入 40. 有……天赋 20. 将A和B联系/连接起来 41. 挑剔，挑……的毛病 21. 与……有联系/有关 42. 生动描述 III. 单词变形 1. frustrate vt. 使懊恼；使沮丧→___________ n. 懊恼；沮丧→___________ adj. 懊恼的；沮丧的→___________ adj. 令人懊恼的；令人沮丧的 2. infect vt. 使感染；传染→________ n. 感染；传染→________ adj. 带菌的 3. prove vt. 证明；显示　vi. 证明是→________ n. 证据；证明；检验 4. intervene vi. 干涉；插话→____________ n. 介入；出面；干涉 5. transform vt. 使改观；使改变形态　vi. 改变；转变→_______________ n. 改观；转变 6. defend vt. 保卫；防御；辩护→______________ n. 防御；保卫 7. assist vt. 帮助；援助→____________ n. 帮助；援助→____________ n. 助手；助理 8. gift n. 礼物；天赋→________ adj. 有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的 9. contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的→______________v. 与…相矛盾 10. subscribe vi.认购(股份); 定期订购; 定期捐助→________ n. 订阅人 11. severe adj. 极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的→__________adv.严重地 12. multiple adj. 数量多的→______________v.乘 ;倍增 13. suspect v.怀疑 n.[C]犯罪嫌疑人→_____________ adj.可疑的 14. intervention n.干预→______________v.干预 15. pure adj.干净的；纯的 →______________v.净化 16. substantial adj.大量的; 价值大→_______________n. 物质;实质 17. virus n.[C]病毒→___________adj. 病毒性的 18. initial adj.最初的；开始的 n.首字母→___________adv.最初 19. solid adj.固体的,坚实的 & n.[C]固体→__________adj.液体的 n.液体 20. concrete n.混凝土；adj. 具体的→______________adv.具体地 21. patriotic adj.爱国的→______________n.爱国主义 IV. 单句填空 1. It's very easy to _______ __________in this job. 这个工作很容易令人懊恼。 2. She __________the children __________her enthusiasm for music. 她对音乐的热爱感染了孩子们。 3. These results are a further __________of his outstanding ability. 这些成果进一步证明了他的杰出才干。 4. __________ __________ __________that the drugs had been brought into the country by boat. 有人怀疑毒品是用船运入该国的。 5. She __________him __________ __________an impostor. 她怀疑他是个冒名行骗者。 6. The President __________ __________in the crisis. 总统亲自出面处理这场危机。 7. He __________ __________ __________ __________of his life as a fighter pilot. 他生动地描述了他那战斗机飞行员的生活。 8. The number of new students __________from 210 to 160 this year. 今年新生人数从 210 减少到 160。 9. A dropped cigarette is being __________for the fire. 一根乱扔的烟被认为是引起这场火灾的肇因。 10. Police are __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________. 警方把事故原因归咎于危险驾驶。 11. If anyone's __________ __________, it's me. 如果有人该承担责任，那就是我。 12. The courts are becoming more __________ on young offenders. 法庭对青少年犯罪者的处罚趋于严厉。 13. The advice I received was often __________. 我所得到的建议常常是相互矛盾的。 14. We all have to learn to __________ __________. 我们都得学会应对压力。 15. Newspapers have __________his name __________the singer. 报章报道把他的名字与那名歌手连在一起。 16. __________numbers of people support the reforms. 相当多的人支持这些改革措施。 17. We will __________you in finding somewhere to live. 我们将帮你找个住的地方。 18. The aim of this __________meeting is to clarify the issues. 本次初步会议的目标是澄清这些问题。 19. She __________a welcoming smile in his direction. 她向他微笑以示欢迎。 20. She has __________ __________ __________ __________music. 她极有音乐天赋。 21. A student doesn't have a __________income. 学生没有稳定的收入。 22. Woosnam is fiercely __________. 伍斯纳姆非常爱国。 23. All our officers are trained to __________ __________ __________knife attacks. 我们所有的警察都接受过自卫训练，能够对付持刀袭击。 24. He has employed one of the UK's top lawyers to __________him. 他请了英国一位顶尖律师为他辩护。 25. My __________will now demonstrate the machine in action. 现在我的助手将演示机器运转情况。 26. They flew in over the beach, __________ __________ __________ __________. 它们飞到海滩上空，抛下一大片黑影。 27. The ship had vanished __________ __________. 那艘船消失得无影无踪。 28. She could __________her family tree __________ __________the 16th century. 她能把本族家谱追溯到 16 世纪。 29. It's your own __________for being careless. 你粗心大意是你自己的过失。 30. I was disappointed whenever the cook __________ __________ __________my work. 每当厨师挑剔我干的活儿时，我都非常沮丧。 31. Public attitudes towards marriage __________ __________over the past 50 years. 50 年来，公众对婚姻的态度已经改变。 V. 课文填空 JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” Cholera 1.___________________(曾经是) one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death. In the early 19th century, when 2._____________________(疟疾爆发) hit Europe, millions of people 3.______________(死于) the disease. As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. 4._______________(一段时间之后；最终), he 5._____________(升职；提升) become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth. However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera 6.________________________(彻底地).  In general, doctors in those days had 7.__________________________(两个对立的理论) to explain how cholera spread. One theory was that bad air caused the disease. Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water. Snow 8._________________(同意) the second theory. It was correct, but he still 9.______________(需要证据). 10._______________(于是), when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He 11.__________________(下定决心) find out why. Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. There were 12._______________(多例死亡) near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40). However, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump. Snow suspected that the water pump 13._________________(是罪魁祸首；应该承担责任). What is more, in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street. It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks. The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump 14.__________________(被废弃物污染了). Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by 15.________________(未经处理的废物). The people who drank this water were 16.____________________(更有可能) to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water.   Through Snow’s 17.___________________(不懈的努力), water companies began to sell clean water and the threat of cholera around the world saw 18.__________________(明显减少). However, cholera is still a problem. Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it. Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. For this reason, Snow 19._________________(被认为是) the father of modern epidemiology. 佳句背诵 1. However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。 2. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。 3. The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water.与饮用纯浄水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍乱。 4. Through Snow’s tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。 VI. 话题语篇泛读 Flu, MERS and Ebola –the disease outbreaks most frequently reported Globally, influenza has been responsible for more outbreaks than any other infectious disease over the past 23 years, followed by Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and Ebola, finds an analysis of disease reports by the World Health Organization (WHO). The study also reveals the subjective way in which disease outbreaks are often reported, suggesting that this can affect how resources are allocated. Public-health authorities use several data sources to track infectious-disease outbreaks, but the WHO’s Disease Outbreak News (DON) is one of the most influential. Global-health researcher Rebecca Katz at Georgetown University in Washington DC and her colleagues collected all 2,789 DON reports issued between 1996 and 2019 in a searchable database. The database includes the metadata pulled from each report, such as the location of the outbreak, type of disease and timeframe over which it progressed. The researchers found that in most years, influenza, especially the H5N1 variant, was reported at the highest frequency of any infectious disease — 776 outbreaks have been documented since 1996. China reported the most outbreaks — 262 in total, of which 218 were of influenza — followed by Saudi Arabia, which documented MERS 179 times, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which reported 105 Ebola outbreaks (See ‘Disease outbreaks’). Few reports were associated with countries in Eastern Europe. Katz says that the diversity in reporting patterns results from the disparate surveillance capacities of various countries, along with the diseases that national health authorities prioritize and, ultimately, what the WHO decides to concern itself with. “There are a lot of humans involved here, and humans are making different calls,” she says. For instance, Ebola is reported much more often than other haemorrhagic fevers that periodically erupt in Africa. Other variations can be explained by the quality of country’s health systems. For example, Egypt has reported 115 outbreaks — mostly of influenza — in the 23-year time span that Katz’s team analysed. But no outbreaks have ever been reported by nearby Libya, which has an underfunded and unstable health system as a result of two civil wars during that period. Timothy Brewer, an infectious-disease researcher at the University of California, Los Angeles, says the analysis also shows that the WHO cannot track all outbreaks around the world, and so must pick and choose. The team’s searchable database could be a useful tool in providing verified information about large outbreaks and documenting the history of infectious diseases, says Mark Smolinski, president of the non-profit organization Ending Pandemics in San Francisco, California. Having transparent, complementary outbreak-reporting systems is an important goal, he adds. “The faster we find out there’s a real threat anywhere around the world and make that information available, the better off we all are.” The database will allow researchers to look at the factors that determine how much money is spent to suppress a specific outbreak, or how external circumstances such as conflicts or weather events affect them, says Katz. However, the study notes that DON reports do not mention all known outbreaks in every region. Katz says the WHO could improve the DON reports by increasing transparency around how it prioritizes the thousands of notifications it receives, creating more-specific criteria for an outbreak’s inclusion, and adding information about contextual factors such as climate hazards or outbreaks in animal populations. A spokesperson for the WHO said it is drafting a publication detailing its decision-making process and criteria for DON reports, as well as restructuring its website to make the reports easier to search. The agency adds that it standardized the structure and format of the DON reports in 2021 — after the period that Katz’s study analysed. “WHO is a learning organization, and this extends to the DON,” the WHO wrote in a statement. 世界卫生组织（WHO）对疾病报告的分析发现，在全球范围内，流感在过去23年里造成的疾病爆发比任何其他传染病都多，其次是中东呼吸道综合征（MERS）和埃博拉。该研究还揭示了疾病爆发的主观报告方式，表明这可能影响资源的分配。 公共卫生部门使用几个数据源来跟踪传染病的爆发，但世卫组织的《疾病爆发新闻》（DON）是最有影响力的一个。华盛顿特区乔治敦大学的全球卫生研究员Rebecca Katz和她的同事在一个可搜索的数据库中收集了1996年至2019年间发布的所有2789份DON报告。该数据库包括从每份报告中提取的元数据，如疫情爆发的地点、疾病类型和疾病发展的时间框架。 研究人员发现，在大多数年份，流感，特别是H5N1变种，在所有传染病中被报告的频率最高--自1996年以来，有776次爆发被记录下来。中国报告了最多的疫情--总共262起，其中218起是流感--其次是沙特阿拉伯，它记录了179次MERS，以及刚果民主共和国，它报告了105起埃博拉疫情（见“疾病爆发”）。很少有报告与东欧国家有关。Katz说，报告模式的多样性源于各国不同的监测能力，以及国家卫生当局优先考虑的疾病，并最终取决于世卫组织决定关注什么。她说：“这里涉及到很多人，而人在做出不同的判断。”例如，埃博拉的报告比非洲定期爆发的其他出血性热病要频繁得多。 其他变化可以由国家卫生系统的质量来解释。例如，在Katz团队分析的23年时间里，埃及报告了115次疫情爆发--大部分是流感。但是附近的利比亚从未报告过疫情，由于在此期间发生了两次内战，该国的卫生系统资金不足且不稳定。加州大学洛杉矶分校的传染病研究员Timothy Brewer说，这项分析还表明，世卫组织无法追踪世界各地的所有疫情，因此必须有所选择。 加利福尼亚州旧金山的非营利组织Ending Pandemics的主席Mark Smolinski说，该团队的可搜索数据库可以成为一个有用的工具，提供有关大规模爆发的核实信息并记录传染病的历史。他补充说，拥有透明、互补的疫情报告系统是一个重要的目标。"我们越快发现世界上任何地方有真正的威胁，并提供这些信息，我们就越好"。 卡茨说，该数据库将使研究人员能够研究决定花多少钱来压制一个特定的疫情的因素，或者冲突或天气事件等外部环境如何影响它们。然而，该研究指出，DON报告并没有提到每个地区的所有已知疫情。 卡茨说，世卫组织可以通过提高其对收到的数千份通知进行优先排序的透明度，为疫情的列入制定更具体的标准，并增加有关背景因素的信息，如气候危害或动物群体的爆发，来改进DON报告。 世卫组织的一位发言人说，它正在起草一份出版物，详细说明其决策过程和DON报告的标准，并对其网站进行重组，使报告更容易搜索。该机构补充说，它在2021年对DON报告的结构和格式进行了标准化--在Katz的研究分析的时期之后。"世卫组织在一份声明中写道："世卫组织是一个学习型组织，这也延伸到了DON上。 答案 I. 单词 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. severe 2. frustrated 3. contradictory 4. infection 5. infect 6. proof 7. multiple 8. household 9. suspect 10. blame 11. handle 12. intervention 13. link 14. raw 15. pure 16. substantial 17. decrease 18. statistic 19. transform 20. thinking 21. protein 22. cell 23. virus 24. finding 25. initial 26. vaccine 27. framework 28. solid 29. cast 30. shadow 31. rainbow 32. pour 33. concrete 34. patriotic 35. mechanical 36. mechanic 37. aviation 38. defend 39. assistant 40. missile 41. leadership 42. trace 43. outstanding 44. gifted 45. abstract 46. steady 47. concept 48. astronomer 49. astronomy 50. besides 51. brilliant 52. furthermore 53. fault 54. shift 55. vivid 56. n.霍乱 57. n.腹泻 58. n.脱水 59. n.微生物 60. n.泵 61. n.流行病学 62. n.显微镜 63. n.血浆 64. n.航空航天业 65. n.喷气式飞机 66. n.望远镜 67. II. 短语 1. be severe on/with 2. be/feel frustrated at/with 3. face severe challenges 4. subscribe to 5. thanks to 6. theoretical framework 7. break out 8. above all 9. once and for all 10. come down 11. the big bang theory 12. be infected with virus 13. be contradictory to 14. suspect sb. to be... 15. blame sth. on sb. 16. blame sb. for (doing) sth. 17. lay/put the blame on 18. handle a problem 19. intervene personally 20. link A to/with B 21. be linked to/with 22. substantial progress 23. on the decrease 24. a decrease in 25. decrease to... 26. decrease by... 27. transform A into B 28. the initial stage 29. cast an eye/one’s eyes over sth. 30. cast/throw light on sth. 31. be cast down (by sth.) 32. in the shadows 33. defend…from/against 34. in defence of 35. take charge of 36. free of charge 37. charge sb. for sth. 38. charge sb. with (doing) sth. 39. be gifted in (doing) sth. = be talented in 40. have a gift/talent for 41. find fault with 42. give a vivid account of… III. 词汇变形 1. 1. frustration; frustrated; frustrating 2. infection; infectious 3. proof 4. intervention 5. transformation 6. defense 7. assistance; assistant 8. gifted 9. contradict 10. subscriber 11. severely 12. multiply 13. suspicious 14. intervene 15. purify 16. substance 17. viral 18. initially 19. liquid 20. concretely 21. patriotism IV. 单句填空 1. 2. get frustrated 3. infected…with 4. proof 5. It was suspected 6. suspected…to be 7. intervened personally 8. gave a vivid account 9. decreased 10. blamed 11. blaming the accident on dangerous driving 12. to blame 13. severe 14. contradictory 15. handle stress 16. linked…with 17. Substantial 18. assist 19. initial 20. cast 21. a great gift for 22. steady 23. patriotic 24. defend themselves against 25. defend 26. assistant 27. casting a huge shadow 28. without trace 29. trace…back to 30. fault 31. found fault with 32. have shifted V. 课文填空 VI. 1. used to be 2. an outbreak of cholera 3. died from 4. In time 5. rose to 6. once and for all 7. two contradictory theories 8. subscribed to 9. needed proof 10. Consequently 11. was determined to 12. multiple deaths 13. was to blame 14. had been infected by waste 15. raw waste 16. much more likely 17. tireless efforts 18. a substantial decrease 19. is considered $$