Unit 2 Success （知识清单）英语北师大版2019选择性必修第一册

Unit 2 Success 单词 1．career n.职业，事业 2．symbol n. 象征，标志 3．ultimate adj. 最后的，最终的 4．minimum n. 最少量；最小数；最低限度 5．contract n. 合同；契约 6．ruin vt. 糟蹋；毁坏 7．skip vt. 不做(本来应做的事)；蹦跳着走 8．element n.基本部分；要素 9．selfish adj. 自私的，自私自利的 10．sacrifice n. 牺牲 11．countless adj. 无数的，数不尽的 12．hire vt. 租用 13．boil vi.&vt. (使)沸腾，煮沸 14．enormous adj.巨大的，庞大的 15．apart adj.&adv.分开；散开 16．outstanding_ adj. 杰出的，优秀的 17．average adj.平庸的，普通的；平均的 n. 平均水平；平均数 18．normal adj. 正常的，平常的 19．style n. 方式，特点 20．found vt. 创立，建立 21．fashion n. 时尚 22．label n.便签，标记 vt. 贴标签于 23．entrance n.进入许可；入口 24．income n. 收入；收益 短语 1．make_sense 有意义；解释得通 2．drop_out_ 退出，脱离；辍学 3．devote...to 致力于 4．apply_oneself_to_sth 努力；专心致志于某事 5. retire from ……退休 6．be_tired_of 厌烦 7．give_away 泄露；失去；赠送 8．be regarded as 被认为 9．boil down to sth 归结为；要点是 10. stay in 待在家里 11．turn one's back on 对……置之不理 12．get on 发迹；出人头地 13．check out 检验 14．search for寻找 15．get ahead 取得进步_ 16．set sb/sth apart 使与众不同 熟词生义 1. (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)It might be the time when you helped a friend with their homework, when you did the ironing without being asked, or when you baked cookies after the family had had a tiring day. n.熨烫 2. (2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)It's jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away—from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans. v.拒绝接受 3. (2021·全国乙卷)One afternoon, while attempting to get into bed she collapsed from what was eventually discovered to be a heart attack. v.倒下 句型 1．while连接并列句 He was tired of being regarded as living a successful life, as a person who had everything while_many_people_had_nothing． 他厌倦了被认为过着成功的生活，厌倦了被认为是一个拥有一切而许多人一无所有的人。 2．祈使句＋and＋陈述句 Follow the five secrets and_you_will_succeed! 遵循五个秘密，你就会成功！ 3．no matter what引导让步状语从句 Call it unhealthy if you want, but that is the way I roll, no_matter_what_it_is I'm applying myself to. 你若说这是一种病态也行，但这就是我的做事风格，不管做什么我都会全力以赴。 4．情态动词＋have done I could_have_become_angry_or defensive. 我本可以生气或者辩解一下的。 语法 (1)动词-ing形式作主语、表语和宾语　 (2)冠词 一、词汇清单 知识点1 determined　adj.坚定的，坚决的；有决心的 【教材原句】 First, if you want to be successful, you really need to be passionate and determined about what you do.首先,如果你想要成功,你真的需要对你所做的事情有热情和决心。(教材P107) (1)be determined to do sth.　 下定决心做某事(表示状态) (2)determine v. 确定；决定；下定决心 determine to do sth. 决定做某事(表示动作) determine on/upon (doing) sth. 决定(做)某事 (3)determination n. 决心；决定 with determination 坚决地；果断地 【写作佳句】 He is such a determined person that he will solve the problem however difficult it is. 他是个意志坚定的人,不论多难的问题他都会解决。 单句语法填空 (1)The determined (determine) look on his face showed that he had enough confidence in himself. (2)No matter what the professor determines to_do (do), I would side with him. 句式升级 (3)I'm determined to perform well in the final exam, so I'm occupied in preparing for it. →Determined to perform well in the final exam,_I'm occupied in preparing for it.(形容词短语作状语) 知识点2. committed　adj.坚定的；尽心尽力的，忠诚的 【教材原句】You’ve seemed very committed to your studies recently. 你最近似乎对学习很投入。 (教材P107) (1)be committed to (doing) sth. 致力于(做)某事；保证(做)某事 (2)commit vt. 投入；犯(法、罪等)，干(坏事等)； 承诺；交……保留(或处理) commit sb./oneself to (doing) sth. 专心致志于；献身(做)某事 (3)commitment n． 承诺，保证；承担义务；献身 make a commitment to do/to doing sth. 答应做某事 单句语法填空 (1) Committed (commit)to the project，she seldom played with her child. (2)(2021·天津3月卷) Society pushes us to specialize，to become experts.This requires commitment (commit)to a particular occupation，branch of study or research. 应用文写作之建议信 (3)我强烈建议你每天保证一个小时读英语，这将逐渐提高你的英语口语。 I strongly suggest that you (should) commit your­self to reading English for one hour，which will gradually improve your spoken English. 知识点3. ambitious　adj.有抱负的，有雄心的 【教材原句】Do not be afraid to be ambitious when you set these goals!当你设定这些目标时，不要害怕雄心勃勃！ (1)be ambitious for sth./sb.　　渴望得到某物/希望某人成功 (2)ambition n. 抱负，雄心；追求，夙愿 the ambition to do/of doing sth.做某事的雄心 单句语法填空 (1)It had been his lifelong ambition to coach(coach) a leading team. (2)Her parents were ambitious for her and her brother. 句式升级 (3)As he was ambitious for success, he came to this big city. →Ambitious for success, he came to this big city.(形容词短语作状语) 知识点4. appreciative　adj.感激的 【教材原句】Well, being grateful means you're always appreciative of what you have and what other people have done for you.　嗯，感恩是指你总是感激你所拥有的以及别人为你所做的一切。(教材P107) (1)appreciate vt.　欣赏；理解；鉴赏；感激；意识到 appreciate doing sth. 愿意做某事；感激做某事 I would appreciate it if... 如果……我将不胜感激 (2)appreciation n. 欣赏；理解；鉴赏；感激；评价 in appreciation of 欣赏；感激 【写作佳句】 The Chinese couplet (对联) refers to two poetic lines obeying certain rules, often written on red paper for appreciation. 中国的对联是指遵循一定规则的两行诗, 通常写在红纸上, 用于欣赏。 【名师点津】 appreciate后接动词­ing形式作宾语，不接不定式；不能以“人”作宾语；其后不直接跟从句，需先接it，再接从句。类似用法的动词还有：like、enjoy、hate、love等 单句语法填空/应用文写作之求助信 (1)I appreciate having been given (give) the opportunity to work in your company two years ago. (2)I'm writing to convey my appreciation (appreciate) for what you did for me during my stay in London. (3)如果你能给我一些关于如何提高我的英语口语的实用建议, 我将非常感激, 我期待你的早日答复。 I would appreciate it if you could give me some practical advice on how to improve my oral English and I'm looking forward to your early reply. 知识点5. make sense　解释得通；有意义 【教材原句】Yes, that makes a lot of sense.是的,那很有道理。 (教材P107) (1)make(no)sense of...(不)理解/明白…… It makes(no)sense to do sth做某事(没)有道理/意义 (2)in a sense 从某种意义上说 in no sense 决不(置于句首时，句子主谓部分倒装) There is no sense in doing sth 做某事没道理/意 【写作佳句】 Furthermore，you'd better learn the history of the Tang Dynasty in advance，which can help you make sense of the poems to be learned. 此外，你最好提前了解一下唐朝的历史，这可以帮助你理解要学的诗歌。 (应用文之建议信) 单句语法填空 (1)You are clever enough to make sense of the difficult article. (2)In a sense, I think he likes being responsible for everything. (3)Your cellphone has broken down again! It makes no sense to buy (buy)the cheapest cellphone just to save some dollars. 句型转换 (4)You should in no sense lose heart; keep trying and you will make it sooner or later. →In_no_sense_should_you_lose_heart;__keep trying and you will make it sooner or later.(倒装句) (5)It doesn't make sense to buy that expensive coat when these cheaper ones are just as good. →There_is_no_sense_(in)_buying that expensive coat when these cheaper ones are just as good. 知识点6. injury　n.伤，损害 【教材原句】 Despite many injuries in his career, he always remained determined and focused.尽管在他的职业生涯中多次受伤，他总是保持坚定和专注。(教材P108) (1)do sb.an injury/do an injury to sb. 伤害某人 (2)injure vt. 损伤；伤害 (3)injured adj. 受伤的 the injured 伤者 【写作佳句】I was wearing a seatbelt at that time. If I hadn't been wearing one, I would have been injured.我当时系着安全带。如果我没有系安全带，我就会受伤了。 单句语法填空 (1)Injured (injure) and trapped inside with the muddy water rising quickly, Jack was certain he was going to die. (2)Some were found alive，though they were suffering from terrible injuries (injure)，but others had already stopped breathing when they were discovered. 句式升级 (3)My left foot was seriously injured, so I can't go with you as planned. →With my left foot seriously injured，I can't go with you as planned.(with 复合结构) 知识点7. guilty　adj.内疚的，羞愧的；有罪的 【教材原句】This worried me a lot and I felt very guilty being a rich man without doing anything.这让我非常担心,作为一个富人却什么事情也没做,我感到非常内疚。(教材P31) (1)feel guilty about/at　　对……感到内疚 be guilty of 有……过错；犯……罪 (2)guilt n. 内疚；犯罪 【写作佳句】The couple feel guilty about their absence from their child's growing up. 这对夫妇对他们缺席孩子的成长感到内疚。 单句语法填空 (1)I still feel guilty (guilt) about terrible things I said to my father when I was a teenager. (2)It has been confirmed that her son was guilty of theft. 句式升级 (3)The man was found guilty of murder，and he was condemned to death. →Guilty of murder, the man was condemned to death.(形容词短语作状语) 知识点8. drop out　退出，脱离；辍学 【教材原句】Jason Harley decided to drop out of this kind of lifestyle, and he discovered that having only a little money made him free. 杰森·哈利决定放弃这种生活方式，并且他发现只拥有一点钱就让他自由。(教材P31) drop out of...　　　　　从……中退出 drop in drop back/behind 落在后面；后退；落伍 drop off 下降，减退 drop sb. a line 给某人写一封短信 【写作佳句】 Would you drop in on us tomorrow evening for a chat about our cooperation? 你明晚能顺便过来和我们一起谈谈合作吗？ 单句语法填空 (1)My friend David fell down near the finishing line and injured his right leg. As a consequence, he had to drop out． (2)One day, the poor man dropped in on a wise old man and asked him for advice about changing his life. 完成句子 (3)据我所知，他有可能辍学去照顾他生病的母亲。 As far as I'm aware, it's likely that he will drop out of school to attend to his sick mother. (4)做完所有家务后，玛丽倒在沙发上，松了一口气。 Having finished all the housework，Mary dropped herself into the sofa, sighing in relief. 知识点9. devote　vt.把……奉献给；专心致力于 【教材原句】For more than 50 years, he has devoted his life to rice production...50多年来,他一生都致力于水稻生产…… (教材P108) (1)devote...to...　　 把……奉献于……；致力于 devote oneself to... 献身于……；专心致力于……　 (2)devoted adj. 挚爱的；忠诚的 be devoted to sth./sb. 致力于；献身于；忠诚/热爱…… (3)devotion n. 奉献；热爱；关爱；忠诚 【写作佳句】We should not devote any more time to persuading such a stubborn man to change his mind. 我们不应该再花时间来说服这么顽固的人改变主意。 单句语法填空 (1)We expressed our gratitude to the people devoted (devote) to protecting the ecology in the area. (2)We have learned a great deal from her devotion (devote) to her work and her willingness to help others. (3)I still remember what you have devoted to improving (improve) my oral English and writing skills. 句型转换 (4)As he is devoted to science, he seldom goes home. →Devoted to science, he seldom goes home.(非谓语动词作状语) 知识点10 .limit vt.&n. 限制，限定 (1)set a limit to/on　　限制…… beyond the limit 超过限度 There is a/no limit to... 对……是有限的/无限的 (2)limit...to... 把……限定在……范围内 (3)limited adj. 有限的 be limited to sth 受限制于…… (4)limitation n. 范围；限 【写作佳句】I suggest that you set a limit on the use of your phone and find new ways such as reading and walking to relax yourself. 我建议你限制手机的使用，并找到新的方式，如阅读和散步来放松自己。(应用文之建议信) 【名师点津】　limit... to...和set a limit to sth短语中的to为介词，后接名词、代词或动词­ing形式作宾语。 单句语法填空 ①You are required to limit your essay to 800 words.If your essay is beyond the limit, it will not be accepted. ②Many people in China have limited (limit) exposure to English.That makes it extra hard to learn and practice it. 完成句子 ③我建议你限制手机的使用, 并找到新的方式, 如阅读和散步来放松自己。 I suggest that you set a limit on the use of your phone and find new ways such as reading and walking to relax yourself. 知识点11. convince　vt.说服；使确信，使信服；使信任 【教材原句】Mm, you've convinced me to read this book！嗯，你说服我读这本书了！(教材P109) (1)convince sb.of sth. 使某人相信某事 convince sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事 convince sb. that... 使某人确信…… (2)convinced adj. 相信的；信服的 be convinced of/that... 深信，确信…… (3)convincing adj. 令人信服的 单句语法填空 (1)(2020·天津卷7月)He convinced the police department to_allow(allow) him to set up a couple of “chat benches” in two of their local parks. (2)I'm afraid that I can't accept your argument, for you haven't offered enough convincing(convince) evidence. (3)Convinced (convince) that your advice is of great help to our good performance, I sincerely hope you can do us a favor. 完成句子 (4)(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)然而, 他确信自己能行, 自信地朝我笑了笑。 However, convinced that he can do it, he smiled at me with confidence. 知识点12. apply oneself to sth.　专心致志于某事(to为介词)；努力 【教材原句】Call it unhealthy if you want, but that is the way I roll, no matter what it is I'm applying myself to.如果你想说这是一种病态也行，但这就是我的做事风格，无论做什么我都会全力以赴。(教材P37) (1)apply to...for...　向……申请…… apply to... 应用于……；与……有关 apply...to... 把……运用到……；把……涂到…… (2)applicant n. 申请人 application n. 申请，请求；申请书；运用 【写作佳句】 The young man wanted to apply for a position in this big company.这个年轻人想在这个大公司申请一个职位。 单句语法填空 (1)Apply yourself to studying(study), and you will perform well in the exam. (2)I'd appreciate it if you could take my application(apply) into account at your convenience. 句型转换 (3)If you apply yourself to your study, you will pass your exam. →Apply_yourself_to_your_study_and you will pass your exam. (祈使句＋and) →Applying_yourself_to_your_study,_you will pass your exam.(分词作状语) 知识点13. average　adj.平庸的，普通的；平均的n．平均数；平均水平v．平均为；计算出……的平均数 【教材原句】I'd prefer to have three or four outstanding years of winning stuff than having ten years of being average.　我宁愿有三到四年杰出的获奖经历，也不愿有十年的平庸。(教材P37) above/below (the) average 高/低于平均水平 on (the/an) average 平均；一般地 an average of... 平均有……(后跟数词) the average of... ……的平均数 【写作佳句】Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens.今天的孩子们平均每天花四个半小时看屏幕。 [温馨提示]“an average of＋复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数；“the average of＋复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。 单句语法填空 (1)An average of 10 students were (be) absent each day last term. (2)Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities. 完成句子 (3)我最尊敬的人是我的语文老师, 他中等身材, 戴着一副眼镜。 The person I respect most is my Chinese teacher who is of average height and wears a pair of glasses. 知识点15. recognised　adj.公认的；经过检验的 【教材原句】Lang Ping is one of China's most recognised athletes. 郎平是中国最受认可的运动员之一。(教材P40) (1)It is recognised that...　人们公认…… (2)recognise vt. 辨认出；承认；公认；认识；认可 recognise...as/to be... 把……看作…… (3)recognition n. 认出；认识 beyond recognition 认不出来 【写作佳句】 Along with his contemporary, Du Fu, the classical Chinese poet Li Bai is recognized as one of the two greatest Chinese poets.中国古典诗人李白与同时代的杜甫被认为是中国最伟大的两位诗人之一。 【名师点津】　“被认为是……”短语荟萃： (1)be regarded as　(2)be considered as　(3)be thought of as 单句语法填空 (1)Since then, the beauty of hanfu has gained more and more recognition (recognise) and acceptance by common people. (2)China's image is improving steadily, with more countries recognising (recognise) its role in international affairs. 完成句子 (3)人们公认看英语电影是学习英语的一种有效方法。 It is recognised that watching English movies is an effective way to learn English. 知识点16. contribute　 vi. & vt．增进；捐献；贡献；捐助；投稿；促成，造成 【教材原句】She has been a volleyball star for more than thirty-five years and has contributed greatly to the sport...她成为排球明星超过35年,为这项运动做出了巨大的贡献……(教材P40) (1)contribute...to...　　把……捐献给……；向……投稿 contribute to 捐赠；捐献；有助于；导致；投稿 (2)contribution n.　　　　贡献；捐助 make a contribution/contributions to (doing) sth.　 对(做)某事做出贡献 【写作佳句】I will try my best to realize my dream and contribute to the development of our society. 我将尽我最大的努力实现我的梦想，为我们社会的发展做出贡献。(写作之演讲稿) 【名师点津】 1.表示“引起、导致、有助于”的词汇还有：cause、lead to、result in、bring about、be responsible for、give rise to等。 2. contribute to和make a contribution/contributions to中的to都是介词，后面要接名词、代词或动词­ing形式作宾语。此外contribute还有“vt.投稿”的含义。 单句语法填空 (1)Wilson received several international awards for his great contributions(contribute). (2)The volunteers contribute their own time to the project and have won people's praise. 完成句子 (3)环境保护从我做起，每个人都能为环保做贡献。 Environmental protection starts with me，and everyone can make contributions/a contribution to the cause. 知识点17. advanced　adj.先进的，高级的；晚期的 【教材原句】The disease was so advanced that he had just a couple of months to live.疾病到了晚期,以至于他只能活几个月了。 (教材P43) advance n．& v.　　　　　 前进；促进；提前；发展 in advance 提前，预先 in advance of　　　　 预先，事先；(时间上)在……之前 make an advance/advances in 在……方面取得进步 【经典例句】The club will organize training courses to teach basic and advanced skiing skills. 该俱乐部将组织培训课程,教授基本和高级的滑雪技能。 单句语法填空 (1)You can borrow a history book and learn the history of the Tang Dynasty in advance. (2)The classes are keyed to the needs of advanced(advance) students. 完成句子 (3)(2019·全国卷Ⅲ满分作文)如果你提前告知我你是否有空我将感激不尽。 I'd appreciate it if_you_let_me_know_whether_you_are_available_or_not_in_advance. 知识点18. reference　n.查阅；参考书目；推荐信；谈到，提及 【教材原句】Even from his hospital bed, he continued his work, writing letters of reference for his colleagues and replying to questions from his students.甚至在医院病床上，他还继续工作，为他的同事写推荐信并回复学生提出的问题。(教材P43) (1)in/with reference to　 关于 for reference 以备查阅；以供参考 (2)refer v. 提到；涉及；查阅 refer to 查阅；参考；提到；指的是；关系到，涉及 refer to...as... 把……称作/当作…… refer...to... 将……送交给…… 单句语法填空 (1)You should refer this matter to the teacher who you respect most for a decision. (2)This original version will remain available for reference purposes. 句型转换 (3)The book he referred to is not in the library. →The book referred_to_by_him is not in the library.(分词短语作定语) 知识点19. faith　n.相信；信任；信心；信念 【教材原句】He had great faith in the talent of the up­and­coming generation.他对后起之秀的才华充满信心。(教材P43) (1)have faith in　　　 对……有信心 lose faith in 对……失去信心 (2)faithful adj. 忠实的；忠诚的；可信任的 be faithful to... 忠诚于…… 【写作佳句】It is the astronaut's belief that one cannot be too faithful to one's duty.　对自己的职责再忠诚也不为过，这是这位宇航员的信仰。 单句语法填空 (1)What I want to know is whether you have lost faith in the cooperation. (2)Most dogs are easier to train than cats and are very faithful to their owners. 完成句子 (3)这是他感谢我们对他的信任的特殊方式。 It is his special way of thanking us for the_faith_we_had_in_him. 知识点20. that引导同位语从句 【教材原句】There are certainly no signs that Jason is a rich and successful man！毫无疑问，没有迹象表明杰森是一个富有且成功的人！(教材P30) that引导同位语从句时，应放在某些抽象名词如fact、hope、desire、thought、suggestion、idea、news、problem、possibility、chance、plan等之后，对前面的名词起解释说明的作用；that本身没有任何意义也不作任何成分，只是起连接词的作用，但不能省略。wh­疑问词也可以引导同位语从句，通常放在question、no idea、problem等之后。　 【经典练】 单句语法填空 (1)The possibility that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space. (2)We'd better accept his suggestion that we (should) make (make) good use of this cooperation. 句式升级 (3)The question is still under discussion. The question is whether we can reduce the cost of the product. →The question whether we can reduce the cost of the product is still under discussion.(同位语从句) 知识点21. make＋宾语＋宾语补足语 【教材原句】Jason Harley decided to drop out of this kind of lifestyle, and he discovered that having only a little money made him free.杰森·哈利决定放弃这种生活方式，并且他发现只拥有一点钱就让他自由。(教材P31) 在“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”这一结构中，宾语补足语可以是不带to的不定式、过去分词、名词或形容词。在此结构中通常可用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语置于宾语补足语之后。 当“make＋宾语＋do sth.”变为被动语态时，要加上不定式符号to。　 【写作佳句】 He is stubborn, which makes it no use quarrelling with him about it.　 他很固执，和他争吵是没有用的。 单句语法填空 (1)The man spoke loudly to make himself heard (hear). (2)Mastering the technology makes it possible for us to use the Internet more effectively. 句型转换 (3)The police made the young boy stand against the wall. →The_young_boy_was_made_to stand_against_the_wall by the police.(被动语态) 知识点22. 情态动词＋have＋过去分词 【教材原句】I could have become angry or defensive.我本可以生气或者辩解一下的。(教材P36) “情态动词＋have＋过去分词”的用法： (1)must have done表示对过去行为的推测，意为“一定做过”，语气十分肯定；　 (2)may/might have done表示对过去行为的推测，意为“可能做过”。might所表示的可能性比较弱，语气较委婉。might have done还可表示“本可以做某事而实际未做”； (3)can/could have done表示对过去某种情况的怀疑或不确定，一般用于否定句和疑问句，could　的语气较can弱。could have done还可表示“过去本来可以做的事而没做”。can't/couldn't have done表示“过去不可能做某事”，即对过去发生的事进行语气最强的否定推测； (4)should have done在语义上相当于ought to have done，表示“过去本来应该做而实际上却没有做”；shouldn't/oughtn't to have done表示“过去本来不应该做而实际上却做了”，这一用法往往含有责备的意味； (5)needn't have done表示“本来不必做而实际上却做了”。　 完成句子 (1)他或许已经去图书馆了，但是我不确定。 He may/might_have_gone_to_the_library but I am not sure. (2)他一定是受到了惩罚，因为他今天很沮丧。 He must_have_been_punished, for he is upset today. (3)当时雨下得很大，他们不可能离开。 They can't_have_left; it was raining so heavily then. (4)你本不应该拿走我的笔记本电脑，因为我要用它。 You shouldn't/oughtn't_to_have_taken_away_my_laptop, for I wanted to use it. 知识点23. “would do...rather than do...”意为“宁愿做……而不愿做……” 【教材原句】 From a small girl, I would stay in at lunch time just to get ahead on class work rather than go out and play. 我还是个小女孩时，为了在课业上名列前茅，午餐时间我会留下来学习而不出去玩。(教材P36) (1)would rather do A than do B＝would do A rather than do B＝prefer to do A rather than do B＝prefer doing A to doing B意为“宁愿做A而不愿做B”； (2)rather than意为“而不是；与其……不如……；不愿”， 连接两个并列成分作主语时，谓语与rather than前面的成分在人称和数上保持一致，即“就远原则”。 与之用法类似的词汇还有as well as、(together/along) with、but、except、besides、including、in addition to、apart from等； (3)rather than后接不定式时，不定式可以带to，也可以不带to；但当rather than位于句首时，只能接不带to的不定式。 【写作佳句】He decided to rely on himself rather than (to) seek help from the host. 他决定依靠自己，而不是向主人寻求帮助。 单句语法填空 (1)Rather than write (write) letters, many people prefer to telephone(telephone) now. (2)He is busy preparing for a presentation rather than watching(watch) TV. (3)What I want to stress is that you rather than I are going camping 一句多译 比起看这部乏味的电影，我宁愿待在家里。 (4)I prefer_to_stay_at_home_rather_than_watch/see the boring film. (5)I would_rather_stay_at_home_than_watch/see the boring film. (6)I would_stay_at_home_rather_than_watch/see the boring film. 知识点24. “no matter＋疑问词”引导让步状语从句 【教材原句】Call it unhealthy if you want, but that is the way I roll, no matter what it is I'm applying myself to. 如果你想说这是一种病态也行，但这就是我的做事风格，不管做什么我都会全力以赴。(教材P37) (1)“no matter＋疑问词”引导让步状语从句，可放在主句前或主句后； (2)疑问词­ever也可引导让步状语从句，相当于“no matter＋疑问词”； (3)whatever、whoever、whichever、whomever等还可引导名词性从句，此时不能用“no matter＋疑问词”替换。 【写作佳句】No matter when/Whenever he comes again, he'll be welcome.　不管他何时再来，都会受到欢迎。 单句语法填空 (1)No matter how late it is, his mother is always waiting for him. (2)Whoever asks for advice, my niece is always ready to help. (3)Wherever I go, I see people on their cellphones messaging. 同义替换 (4)Whatever happens, I will stand by you. →No matter what happens, I will stand by you. 知识点25. “not only...but (also)...”意为“不仅……而且……” 【教材原句】She is loved not only because of her devotion to her career, but also because of her huge influence on the sport of volleyball. 她被喜爱不仅是因为她对事业的奉献，而且因为她对排球运动的影响。(教材P40) (1)“not only...but (also)...”连接的两个并列成分作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数遵循“就近原则”； (2)“not only...but (also)...”连接两个并列分句，且not only位于句首时，not only后的分句需部分倒装，but (also)后的分句不倒装； (3)not only只能连用，而but (also)既可连用，也可分开用，also也可省略。　 【写作佳句】You might also begin to notice the effects not only on your health but in your pocket. 你可能也开始注意到这不仅对你的健康有影响，还会影响到你口袋里的钱。 单句语法填空 (1)Not only Tom but also his classmates are (be) coming to visit museum. 句型转换 (2)I not only knew her, but also was her best friend. →Not only did I know_her,_but I was also her best friend.(倒装句) (3)Tom and Mary as well as I are fond of the music. →Not_only_I_but_also_Tom_and_Mary are fond of the music. 知识点26. 强调句型 【教材原句】...it was this experience that helped her to succeed...……正是这次经历帮助她成功了……(教材P44) (1)“It is/was...that...”结构为强调句型。强调句型通常用来强调主语、宾语或状语； (2)如果强调的是人，可以用who替换that，其他情况一律用that； (3)“not...until...”句型的强调句式为：It is/was not until...that... 单句语法填空 (1)It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house that we saw Lily in the passenger seat. (2)The patient looks much better. What is it that has made him what he is today？ 句型转换 (3)I picked up the bag occasionally in the park last Sunday. →It_was_in_the_park_that I picked up the bag occasionally last Sunday.(强调地点状语) →It_was_last_Sunday_that I picked up the bag occasionally in the park.(强调时间状语) (4)I didn't leave until he came. →It was_not_until_he_came_that I left.(强调加黑部分)　 二、语法清单 (1)动词-ing形式作主语、表语和宾语 【感知·语法规律】 1. By reviewing something old, you can learn something new.温故而知新。 2. Mary regrets having been idle when young.玛丽后悔虚度了青春。 3. Tom was very unhappy for not having been invited to the party. 因为没有被邀请参加聚会,汤姆很不高兴。 4. After putting on his yellow boots and rain coat, he followed his father into the rain. 他穿上黄色的靴子和雨衣后,跟着父亲走进了雨里。 【精讲·语法知识】 1．动词-ing形式(动名词)作主语 动名词(短语)具有名词的基本性质，因此动名词(短语)可以在句子中充当主语。单个动名词(短语)作主语时，句子的谓语动词通常用单数。 (1)动名词(短语)在句首直接作主语 动名词(短语)作主语常表示经常性或习惯性的动作，通常放在句首。 Reading aloud is very important for us to learn a foreign language. 大声朗读对我们学外语来说很重要。 (2)it作形式主语，动名词(短语)作真正的主语 动名词(短语)作主语的句子有时可以用it作形式主语，动名词(短语)作真正主语。常见结构有： It's a waste of time doing sth.做某事浪费时间。 It's useless/worthwhile doing sth.做某事是没用的/值得的。 It's no use/no good/no need doing sth.做某事是没用的/没好处的/没必要的。 It was a waste of time reading that book. 读那本书就是在浪费时间。 (此句中It为形式主语，真正的主语为reading that book) (3)There is/was＋ no＋动名词(短语) There was no knowing what he could do. 不知道他能做什么。 There is no denying that only if we deal with and overcome large numbers of difficulties in a correct way will we achieve our dreams. 不可否认，我们只有用正确的方式处理和克服大量的困难，我们才能实现我们的梦想。 　单句语法填空 ①________ (learn) a language requires time and effort. ②It's a waste of time ________ (persuade) such a person to join us. ③________ (save) money now seems impossible. ④It is worthwhile ________ (read) more books. ⑤It's useless ________ (ask) him any more questions about that because he won't answer. ⑥There was no ________ (tell) when she would be back. ①Learning (learn) a language requires time and effort. ②It's a waste of timeLearning (persuade) such a person to join us. ③Learning (save) money now seems impossible. ④It is worthwhile Learning (read) more books. ⑤It's useless _Learning (ask) him any more questions about that because he won't answer. ⑥There was no Learning (tell) when she would be back. 2．动词的-ing形式(动名词、现在分词)作表语 (1)动名词(短语)作表语 动名词(短语)作表语表示一般性、习惯性的动作或抽象的动作，大多数情况下可以与主语互换。 Her job is cleaning offices. 她的工作是打扫办公室。(作表语) Cleaning offices is her job. 打扫办公室是她的工作。(作主语) Her hobby is painting. 她的业余爱好是画画。 My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old. 我的第一份工作是在乌基亚图书馆，那时我16岁。 (2)现在分词(短语)作表语 现在分词(短语)作表语，表示主语具有的特征和属性。 His concern for his mother is most touching. 他对自己母亲的关爱非常感人。 His words are encouraging. 他的话很鼓舞人。 　单句语法填空 ①What he said is convincing (convince), so we can trust him. ②The news is encouraging (astonish); we were all astonished (astonish) at it. ③The result of the exam was disappointing (disappoint)． ④Our duty is to serve/serving (serve) the people heart and soul. ⑤My favourite sport is swimming (swim)． ⑥The news sounds encouraging (encourage)． 3．动词-ing形式(动名词)作宾语 (1)动名词跟在及物动词后作宾语 后面接动词的-ing形式作宾语的动词(短语)汇总：mepscarfid“妹不食咖啡滴”。 M：miss, mind　E：escape, enjoy　P：practise, put off　S：suggest　C：consider, can't stand　A: avoid, admit, advise, allow, appreciate　R：risk, resist　F：finish, forbid, feel like　I：imagine, insist on　D：dislike, delay, deny He managed to escape suffering from the disease. 他设法成功避免了患上那种疾病。 Prof. Smith considered giving his students a reading list before they started the next chapter. 史密斯教授考虑在学生们开始学习下一章之前给他们一份读书清单。 The suspect denied turning on the computer in the office that night. 犯罪嫌疑人否认自己那晚开过办公室的电脑。 特别注意　need，deserve, require后的动名词用主动形式表被动意义。 Your car needs filling. 你的车该加油了。 This city deserves visiting. 这座城市值得游览。 The problem requires studying carefully. 这个问题需要仔细研究。 (2)动名词在介词后作宾语 ①about，against，to，from，of，for等介词后可用动名词作宾语。 They are against using so many animals in experiments. 他们反对用如此多的动物去做实验。 Thank you for offering me so much help. 谢谢你为我提供了这么多帮助。 ②某些“动词＋(名词/形容词/副词)＋介词”后常用动名词作宾语，常见的有： admit to(承认)，be/get/become used to(习惯于)，be equal to(等于；胜任)，devote... to...(把……用于……)，get down to(开始做)，look forward to(期待)，object to(反对)，stick to(坚持)，see to(照料；处理)，contribute... to...(把……贡献给……)，lead to(导致)，pay attention to(注意)等。 I'm looking forward to your coming next time. 我期待着您下一次的到来。 He apologised for interrupting us. 他因打断了我们的谈话而道歉。 知识拓展 ①有些动词既可跟不定式也可跟动名词，但意思上有差别。 ②有些动词接动名词和接动词不定式意思上没什么大的差别。 begin to do/doing sth.开始做某事 start to do/doing sth.开始做某事 like to do/doing sth.喜欢做某事 hate to do/doing sth.讨厌做某事 prefer to do/doing sth.宁愿做某事 continue to do/doing sth.继续做某事 take turns to do/doing sth.轮流做某事 intend to do/doing sth.打算做某事 单句语法填空 ①As I will be away for at least a year, I'd appreciate hearing (hear) from you now and then telling (tell) me how everyone is getting along. ②You should not miss making (make) up for your missed lessons. ③You can never imagine what great trouble I had helping (help) the poor boy and the little dog that were seriously hurt. ④I really appreciate being given (give) the chance to present my opinions on AI at the meeting. ⑤Exercise is the key to improving (improve) your health. ⑥Don't forget to post (post) the letter for me when you pass by the post office. ⑦I didn't mean to eat　(eat) anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn't help trying (try) it. ⑧I do remember receiving (receive) the message, but I cannot find it now. Please send it again if you don't mind. (2)冠词 【感知·语法规律】 1. I saw an old building in the town.我在这个城镇里看见了一座古建筑。 2. Suddenly a football fell just in front of me and almost hit me. 突然一个足球恰好落在我面前,并且差点打到我。 3. The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve people’s well-being and a dream of harmony, peace and development. “中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦,是一个和谐、和平与发展的梦。 【精讲·语法知识】 (1)不定冠词的用法 ①不定冠词表示类别，泛指某一类人或物，相当于any；也可泛指某人或某物，表示不确定的概念，相当于some或a certain。 It's almost impossible to find a horse running on the city road now. 现在在城市道路上发现奔跑的马匹几乎是不可能的了。 A Smith has just called you. 一个叫史密斯的人刚刚给你打电话。 ②不定冠词表示数量“一”的概念，但其数的概念不如one强烈。 I want to buy a pair of shoes.我想买双鞋。 ③不定冠词表示“每一”，相当于every或per。 She goes to see her parents twice a month. 她每个月去看她的父母两次。 ④不定冠词用在序数词前，表示“又一；再一”。 He decided to try a seventh time. 他决定再尝试第七次。 ⑤用于首次提到的，双方不知道的人或物前。 There is a park on the corner of the street. 在这条街的拐角处有一个公园。 ⑥不定冠词用在of结构中，表示“同一性”，相当于the same。 They are of an age. 他们同岁。 ⑦不定冠词用在一些抽象名词前，表示具体的人或事物，即“抽象名词具体化”。常见的词有：surprise，success，failure等。 His coming to the party was a real surprise for me. 他来参加聚会对我来说真的是个惊喜。 ⑧不定冠词用在某些固定搭配中。如：a kind of，in a hurry，in a short while, a knowledge of...，have a．.. life, give sb. a ride。 (2)定冠词的用法 ①定冠词最基本的用法是特指上文已经提到的人或事物，或者说话双方都知道的人或事物。此外，还可用在被短语或定语从句修饰的名词前，表示特指。 I bought the computer yesterday. 我昨天买的这台电脑。 It's too cold. Close the window please! 太冷了。请把这扇窗户关上！ The young man is the student who I taught ten years ago. 这个年轻人是我十年前教过的学生。 特别注意 定冠词the可用在“v.＋sb.＋介词(in/on/by/...)＋the＋部位”结构中，常常表示谓语动词所及的身体部位或衣物。该句型中定冠词the相当于物主代词，避免语义重复。 He hit me on the head. 他打了我的头。 ②定冠词可用在单数名词前表示类别。 The giant panda in China is loved by people all around the world. (注：这里说的大熊猫指的是大熊猫这一类别)中国大熊猫受到全世界人民的喜爱。 ③定冠词用于表示世界上独一无二的事物。 The Pacific is the largest ocean in the world. 太平洋是世界上最大的海洋。 ④定冠词可用在序数词、形容词最高级前以及特指“二者之中比较……的”。 The second girl is the tallest of them all. 第二个女孩是他们所有人中最高的。 ⑤用在某些形容词前，表示某一类人；或用在姓氏复数形式前，表示“一家人”或“夫妻二人”。 We should pay attention to the development of the young. 我们应该重视年轻人的成长。 The Browns will visit us next week. 布朗一家下周要来看望我们。 ⑥用在表示“演奏某种乐器”时，用在乐器名称前。 Tom likes playing the guitar. 汤姆喜欢弹吉他。 ⑦用在表示海洋、河流、山脉、群岛及国家和党派等的名词前。如：the Yellow River, the United States, the Chinese Communist Party。 ⑧用在某些固定搭配中。如：at the moment，at the same time，in the morning。 ⑨用于表示具体的地点、方位、时间或某一天的一部分等的名词前。 如：in the east/south/west/north, on the right/left。 (3)零冠词的用法 ①可数名词复数及不可数名词表示泛指。 Monkeys are clever animals. 猴子是聪明的动物。 Milk goes bad easily in summer. 牛奶在夏天很容易变质。 ②在表示星期、月份、季节、节日、学科、三餐、球类和棋类等的名词前。如：on Sunday，in March，in spring，on Children's Day。但如果具体到某一年的春、夏、秋、冬，则要加定冠词。 I was born in the autumn of 1985. 我出生于1985年秋。 ③某些名词与by连用表示交通方式时。如：by bus/car/bike/train/air/plane/sea/ship. ④表示人名或地名的专有名词前一般不用冠词，如Mike，Shanghai等。但由普通名词构成的专有名词前则要加the，如the United States。 ⑤名词前已有this，that，my等指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格时，一般不加冠词。 My pen is much more expensive than yours. 我的钢笔比你的贵得多。 ⑥某些固定搭配中。如：day and night, here and there, at home, in surprise, at noon, on foot, at night, on duty, at work, on time, for example, on show，in space, in public。 单句语法填空　 ①When we got a call saying she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke. ②_The provincial government and its partners offer many programmes to help students find summer jobs. ③ Of the nineteen recognised polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data. ④In one study, Dr Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys． ⑤Through the Summer Employment Opportunities programme, students are hired each year in a variety of summer positions across the Provincial Public Service, its related agencies and community groups. ⑥Who's eligible：Students aged 15 or older. Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability. 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 本单元的写作主题是人物介绍，人物描写属于记叙文的范畴，它以写人和记事为主，以叙述和描写为主要表达方式。 一篇好的人物描写一般分为三大部分，即生平介绍、事迹叙述和简短的评论。时态的选择要视情况而定，若写人物的过去就用过去时态，若写人物的现在就用现在时态。 1．生平介绍人物的出生时间和地点是必不可少的信息；介绍生平时要尊重客观事实，材料要真实。 2．事迹叙述，选材要着眼于人物的生活背景及其成就和事迹，以形成对比，起到突出人物的特点和树立榜样的作用。选材要有重点，不必面面俱到。 3．尾段：简短的评论，对所描述的人物的评论要客观公正。 【积累·写作素材】 一、必备词汇 1. influential adj.有影响力的   2.sacrifice n.牺牲   3.determined adj.坚定的,坚决的  4.outstanding adj.杰出的,优秀的  5.optimistic adj.乐观的   6. enthusiastic adj.热心的,热衷的  7.devote...to致力于   8.strive for为……努力/奋斗  二、必备句型 1.开头:介绍人物的个人情况 ①He was born into a poor/rich family and lived a hard/happy life.他出生在一个贫穷/富有的家庭,过着艰苦/幸福的生活。 ②He began to make a living at an early age.他很小就开始谋生了。 2.主体:介绍人物的经历和成就 ①He went to study in Peking University in 2004 and graduated 4 years later.他于2004年进入北京大学学习,四年后毕业。 ②He got his bachelor's/master's/doctor's degree in mathematics from...他从……获得了数学学士/硕士/博士学位。 ③He devoted his lifetime to...他把他的一生都奉献给了…… ④He won a prize in...他在……方面获奖了。 ⑤He made great progress in...他在……方面取得了很大的进步。 3.结尾:对人物作出评价 ①He is one of the most outstanding persons.他是最杰出的人物之一。 ②He is regarded/considered as...他被认为是…… ③He has made great contributions to...他为……做出了巨大的贡献。 ④He sets an example to...他为……树立了一个榜样。 【示例·分步写作】 假定你是李华，你的美国朋友杰克(Jack)想要了解中国的科学家。你决定用英文向他介绍2015年获得诺贝尔医学奖的屠呦呦，她发现了青蒿素，为人类防治疟疾做出了巨大贡献。请根据以下要求，写一封回信。 内容：1.屠呦呦简介； 2．对你的影响。 要求：1.词数100左右； 2．可适当增加细节，使行文连贯； 3．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 参考词汇：疟疾(malaria)；青蒿素(artemisinin) Dear Jack， ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Yours， Li Hua 第一步：审题谋篇 第二步：要点翻译 1．我很高兴知道你对中国的伟大科学家感兴趣。(be interested in) I'm glad to know that you_are_interested_in_Chinese_great_scientists． 2．我很高兴向你介绍我最喜欢的科学家。她的名字叫屠呦呦。(more than) I am_more_than_happy to introduce my favorite scientist to you. Her name is Tu Youyou. 3．屠呦呦是一位伟大的科学家，她把大部分时间用于寻找治疗疟疾的方法。(devote...to) Tu Youyou, a great scientist, devoted_most_of_her_time_to_finding__the__cure for malaria. 4．2015年，她因发现青蒿素而获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。(be awarded) In 2015, she was_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine for discovering artemisinin. 5．青蒿素是治疗疟疾的关键。(the key to) Artemisinin is_the_key_to_the_treatment of malaria. 6．她对世界的贡献如此之大，已经成为包括我在内的许多人的偶像。(so...that...) Her contribution is_so_great_to_the_world_that_she_has_become_an_idol_of_many_people,_including me. 7．我受到她的故事的鼓舞，决定更加努力地学习，以实现我的梦想。(be inspired by) I was_inspired_by_her_story and decided to study harder so_as_to_realize_my dream． 第三步：词句升级 1．用定语从句改写第二步中的句2 I_am_more_than_happy_to_introduce_my_favorite_scientist_to_you,_whose_name_is_Tu_Youyou. 2．用定语从句连接第二步中的句4和句5 In_2015,_she_was_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine_for_discovering_artemisinin, which_is_the_key_to_the_treatment_of_malaria. 3．用倒装句改写第二步中的句6 So_great_is_her_contribution_to_the_world_that_she_has_become_an_idol_of_many_people,__including_me. 4．用分词短语作状语改写第二步中的句7 Inspired_by_her_story,_I_decided_to_study_harder_so_as_to_realize_my_dream. 第四步：连句成篇 Dear_Jack, I'm glad to know that you are interested in Chinese great scientists. I am more than happy to introduce my favorite scientist to you, whose name is Tu Youyou. Tu Youyou, a great scientist, devoted most of her time to finding the cure for malaria. In 2015, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering artemisinin, which is the key to the treatment of malaria. So great is her contribution to the world that she has become an idol of many people, including me. Inspired by her story, I decided to study harder so as to realize my dream. I hope her story can also have a positive effect on you. Yours， Li__Hua 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 2 Success 单词 1．___________ n.职业，事业 2．___________ n. 象征，标志 3．___________ adj. 最后的，最终的 4．___________ n. 最少量；最小数；最低限度 5．___________n. 合同；契约 6．___________ vt. 糟蹋；毁坏 7．________ vt. 不做(本来应做的事)；蹦跳着走 8．___________ n.基本部分；要素 9．___________ adj. 自私的，自私自利的 10．___________ n. 牺牲 11．___________ adj. 无数的，数不尽的 12．___________ vt. 租用 13．___________ vi.&vt. (使)沸腾，煮沸 14．___________ adj.巨大的，庞大的 15．___________ adj.&adv.分开；散开 16．____________ adj. 杰出的，优秀的 17．___________ adj.平庸的，普通的；平均的 n. 平均水平；平均数 18．___________ adj. 正常的，平常的 19．___________n. 方式，特点 20．___________vt. 创立，建立 21___________ n. 时尚 22．___________n.便签，标记 vt. 贴标签于 23．___________n.进入许可；入口 24．___________ n. 收入；收益 短语 1．_______ 有意义；解释得通 2．_______退出，脱离；辍学 3．_______致力于 4．__________ 努力；专心致志于某事 5. __________ ……退休 6．__________ 厌烦 7．__________ 泄露；失去；赠送 8．__________被认为 9．___________ 归结为；要点是 10. ___________待在家里 11．__________ 对……置之不理 12．_______ 发迹；出人头地 13．__________ 检验 14．__________寻找 15．__________ 取得进步_ 16．__________ 使与众不同 熟词生义 1. (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)It might be the time when you helped a friend with their homework, when you did the ironing without being asked, or when you baked cookies after the family had had a tiring day. __________ 2. (2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)It's jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away—from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans. __________ 3. (2021·全国乙卷)One afternoon, while attempting to get into bed she collapsed from what was eventually discovered to be a heart attack. __________ 句型 1．while连接并列句 He was tired of being regarded as living a successful life, as a person who had everything ______________________________ 他厌倦了被认为过着成功的生活，厌倦了被认为是一个拥有一切而许多人一无所有的人。 2．祈使句＋and＋陈述句 Follow the five secrets____________________! 遵循五个秘密，你就会成功！ 3．no matter what引导让步状语从句 Call it unhealthy if you want, but that is the way I roll, ____________________ I'm applying myself to. 你若说这是一种病态也行，但这就是我的做事风格，不管做什么我都会全力以赴。 4．情态动词＋have done I _____________________or defensive. 我本可以生气或者辩解一下的。 语法 (1)动词-ing形式作主语、表语和宾语　 (2)冠词 一、词汇清单 知识点1 determined　adj.坚定的，坚决的；有决心的 【教材原句】 First, if you want to be successful, you really need to be passionate and determined about what you do.首先,如果你想要成功,你真的需要对你所做的事情有热情和决心。(教材P107) (1)be determined to do sth.　 下定决心做某事(表示状态) (2)determine v. 确定；决定；下定决心 determine to do sth. 决定做某事(表示动作) determine on/upon (doing) sth. 决定(做)某事 (3)determination n. 决心；决定 with determination 坚决地；果断地 【写作佳句】 He is such a determined person that he will solve the problem however difficult it is. 他是个意志坚定的人,不论多难的问题他都会解决。 单句语法填空 (1)The __________(determine) look on his face showed that he had enough confidence in himself. (2)No matter what the professor determines __________(do), I would side with him. 句式升级 (3)I'm determined to perform well in the final exam, so I'm occupied in preparing for it. →______________________________,_I'm occupied in preparing for it.(形容词短语作状语) 知识点2. committed　adj.坚定的；尽心尽力的，忠诚的 【教材原句】You’ve seemed very committed to your studies recently. 你最近似乎对学习很投入。 (教材P107) (1)be committed to (doing) sth. 致力于(做)某事；保证(做)某事 (2)commit vt. 投入；犯(法、罪等)，干(坏事等)； 承诺；交……保留(或处理) commit sb./oneself to (doing) sth. 专心致志于；献身(做)某事 (3)commitment n． 承诺，保证；承担义务；献身 make a commitment to do/to doing sth. 答应做某事 单句语法填空 (1) __________ (commit)to the project，she seldom played with her child. (2)(2021·天津3月卷) Society pushes us to specialize，to become experts.This requires__________ (commit)to a particular occupation，branch of study or research. 应用文写作之建议信 (3)我强烈建议你每天保证一个小时读英语，这将逐渐提高你的英语口语。 I strongly suggest that ______________________________ for one hour，which will gradually improve your spoken English. 知识点3. ambitious　adj.有抱负的，有雄心的 【教材原句】Do not be afraid to be ambitious when you set these goals!当你设定这些目标时，不要害怕雄心勃勃！ (1)be ambitious for sth./sb.　　渴望得到某物/希望某人成功 (2)ambition n. 抱负，雄心；追求，夙愿 the ambition to do/of doing sth.做某事的雄心 单句语法填空 (1)It had been his lifelong ambition __________(coach) a leading team. (2)Her parents were ambitious __________ her and her brother. 句式升级 (3)As he was ambitious for success, he came to this big city. →______________________________, he came to this big city.(形容词短语作状语) 知识点4. appreciative　adj.感激的 【教材原句】Well, being grateful means you're always appreciative of what you have and what other people have done for you.　嗯，感恩是指你总是感激你所拥有的以及别人为你所做的一切。(教材P107) (1)appreciate vt.　欣赏；理解；鉴赏；感激；意识到 appreciate doing sth. 愿意做某事；感激做某事 I would appreciate it if... 如果……我将不胜感激 (2)appreciation n. 欣赏；理解；鉴赏；感激；评价 in appreciation of 欣赏；感激 【写作佳句】 The Chinese couplet (对联) refers to two poetic lines obeying certain rules, often written on red paper for appreciation. 中国的对联是指遵循一定规则的两行诗, 通常写在红纸上, 用于欣赏。 【名师点津】 appreciate后接动词­ing形式作宾语，不接不定式；不能以“人”作宾语；其后不直接跟从句，需先接it，再接从句。类似用法的动词还有：like、enjoy、hate、love等 单句语法填空/应用文写作之求助信 (1)I appreciate ______________ (give) the opportunity to work in your company two years ago. (2)I'm writing to convey my __________ (appreciate) for what you did for me during my stay in London. (3)如果你能给我一些关于如何提高我的英语口语的实用建议, 我将非常感激, 我期待你的早日答复。 __________________________________________________on how to improve my oral English and I'm looking forward to your early reply. 知识点5. make sense　解释得通；有意义 【教材原句】Yes, that makes a lot of sense.是的,那很有道理。 (教材P107) (1)make(no)sense of...(不)理解/明白…… It makes(no)sense to do sth做某事(没)有道理/意义 (2)in a sense 从某种意义上说 in no sense 决不(置于句首时，句子主谓部分倒装) There is no sense in doing sth 做某事没道理/意 【写作佳句】 Furthermore，you'd better learn the history of the Tang Dynasty in advance，which can help you make sense of the poems to be learned. 此外，你最好提前了解一下唐朝的历史，这可以帮助你理解要学的诗歌。 (应用文之建议信) 单句语法填空 (1)You are clever enough to make sense __________ the difficult article. (2)__________a sense, I think he likes being responsible for everything. (3)Your cellphone has broken down again! It makes no sense__________ (buy)the cheapest cellphone just to save some dollars. 句型转换 (4)You should in no sense lose heart; keep trying and you will make it sooner or later. →_______________________________, keep trying and you will make it sooner or later.(倒装句) (5)It doesn't make sense to buy that expensive coat when these cheaper ones are just as good. →______________________________ that expensive coat when these cheaper ones are just as good. 知识点6. injury　n.伤，损害 【教材原句】 Despite many injuries in his career, he always remained determined and focused.尽管在他的职业生涯中多次受伤，他总是保持坚定和专注。(教材P108) (1)do sb.an injury/do an injury to sb. 伤害某人 (2)injure vt. 损伤；伤害 (3)injured adj. 受伤的 the injured 伤者 【写作佳句】I was wearing a seatbelt at that time. If I hadn't been wearing one, I would have been injured.我当时系着安全带。如果我没有系安全带，我就会受伤了。 单句语法填空 (1)_________ (injure) and trapped inside with the muddy water rising quickly, Jack was certain he was going to die. (2)Some were found alive，though they were suffering from terrible __________ (injure)，but others had already stopped breathing when they were discovered. 句式升级 (3)My left foot was seriously injured, so I can't go with you as planned. →______________________________，I can't go with you as planned.(with 复合结构) 知识点7. guilty　adj.内疚的，羞愧的；有罪的 【教材原句】This worried me a lot and I felt very guilty being a rich man without doing anything.这让我非常担心,作为一个富人却什么事情也没做,我感到非常内疚。(教材P31) (1)feel guilty about/at　　对……感到内疚 be guilty of 有……过错；犯……罪 (2)guilt n. 内疚；犯罪 【写作佳句】The couple feel guilty about their absence from their child's growing up. 这对夫妇对他们缺席孩子的成长感到内疚。 单句语法填空 (1)I still feel __________ (guilt) about terrible things I said to my father when I was a teenager. (2)It has been confirmed that her son was guilty __________ theft. 句式升级 (3)The man was found guilty of murder，and he was condemned to death. →____________________, the man was condemned to death.(形容词短语作状语) 知识点8. drop out　退出，脱离；辍学 【教材原句】Jason Harley decided to drop out of this kind of lifestyle, and he discovered that having only a little money made him free. 杰森·哈利决定放弃这种生活方式，并且他发现只拥有一点钱就让他自由。(教材P31) drop out of...　　　　　从……中退出 drop in drop back/behind 落在后面；后退；落伍 drop off 下降，减退 drop sb. a line 给某人写一封短信 【写作佳句】 Would you drop in on us tomorrow evening for a chat about our cooperation? 你明晚能顺便过来和我们一起谈谈合作吗？ 单句语法填空 (1)My friend David fell down near the finishing line and injured his right leg. As a consequence, he had to drop__________． (2)One day, the poor man dropped in __________ a wise old man and asked him for advice about changing his life. 完成句子 (3)据我所知，他有可能辍学去照顾他生病的母亲。 As far as I'm aware, it's likely that he ____________________ to attend to his sick mother. (4)做完所有家务后，玛丽倒在沙发上，松了一口气。 Having finished all the housework，Mary ______________________________, sighing in relief. 知识点9. devote　vt.把……奉献给；专心致力于 【教材原句】For more than 50 years, he has devoted his life to rice production...50多年来,他一生都致力于水稻生产…… (教材P108) (1)devote...to...　　 把……奉献于……；致力于 devote oneself to... 献身于……；专心致力于……　 (2)devoted adj. 挚爱的；忠诚的 be devoted to sth./sb. 致力于；献身于；忠诚/热爱…… (3)devotion n. 奉献；热爱；关爱；忠诚 【写作佳句】We should not devote any more time to persuading such a stubborn man to change his mind. 我们不应该再花时间来说服这么顽固的人改变主意。 单句语法填空 (1)We expressed our gratitude to the people ___________ (devote) to protecting the ecology in the area. (2)We have learned a great deal from her __________ (devote) to her work and her willingness to help others. (3)I still remember what you have devoted to __________ (improve) my oral English and writing skills. 句型转换 (4)As he is devoted to science, he seldom goes home. →Devoted to science, he seldom goes home.(非谓语动词作状语) 知识点10 .limit vt.&n. 限制，限定 (1)set a limit to/on　　限制…… beyond the limit 超过限度 There is a/no limit to... 对……是有限的/无限的 (2)limit...to... 把……限定在……范围内 (3)limited adj. 有限的 be limited to sth 受限制于…… (4)limitation n. 范围；限 【写作佳句】I suggest that you set a limit on the use of your phone and find new ways such as reading and walking to relax yourself. 我建议你限制手机的使用，并找到新的方式，如阅读和散步来放松自己。(应用文之建议信) 【名师点津】　limit... to...和set a limit to sth短语中的to为介词，后接名词、代词或动词­ing形式作宾语。 单句语法填空 ①You are required to limit your essay __________ 800 words.If your essay is __________ the limit, it will not be accepted. ②Many people in China have __________ (limit) exposure to English.That makes it extra hard to learn and practice it. 完成句子 ③我建议你限制手机的使用, 并找到新的方式, 如阅读和散步来放松自己。 I suggest that you ______________________________ and find new ways such as reading and walking to relax yourself. 知识点11. convince　vt.说服；使确信，使信服；使信任 【教材原句】Mm, you've convinced me to read this book！嗯，你说服我读这本书了！(教材P109) (1)convince sb.of sth. 使某人相信某事 convince sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事 convince sb. that... 使某人确信…… (2)convinced adj. 相信的；信服的 be convinced of/that... 深信，确信…… (3)convincing adj. 令人信服的 单句语法填空 (1)(2020·天津卷7月)He convinced the police department __________(allow) him to set up a couple of “chat benches” in two of their local parks. (2)I'm afraid that I can't accept your argument, for you haven't offered enough ____________________(convince) evidence. (3)____________________ (convince) that your advice is of great help to our good performance, I sincerely hope you can do us a favor. 完成句子 (4)(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)然而, 他确信自己能行, 自信地朝我笑了笑。 However, ______________________________, he smiled at me with confidence. 知识点12. apply oneself to sth.　专心致志于某事(to为介词)；努力 【教材原句】Call it unhealthy if you want, but that is the way I roll, no matter what it is I'm applying myself to.如果你想说这是一种病态也行，但这就是我的做事风格，无论做什么我都会全力以赴。(教材P37) (1)apply to...for...　向……申请…… apply to... 应用于……；与……有关 apply...to... 把……运用到……；把……涂到…… (2)applicant n. 申请人 application n. 申请，请求；申请书；运用 【写作佳句】 The young man wanted to apply for a position in this big company.这个年轻人想在这个大公司申请一个职位。 单句语法填空 (1)Apply yourself to ____________________(study), and you will perform well in the exam. (2)I'd appreciate it if you could take my ____________________(apply) into account at your convenience. 句型转换 (3)If you apply yourself to your study, you will pass your exam. →______________________________ you will pass your exam. (祈使句＋and) →______________________________,_you will pass your exam.(分词作状语) 知识点13. average　adj.平庸的，普通的；平均的n．平均数；平均水平v．平均为；计算出……的平均数 【教材原句】I'd prefer to have three or four outstanding years of winning stuff than having ten years of being average.　我宁愿有三到四年杰出的获奖经历，也不愿有十年的平庸。(教材P37) above/below (the) average 高/低于平均水平 on (the/an) average 平均；一般地 an average of... 平均有……(后跟数词) the average of... ……的平均数 【写作佳句】Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens.今天的孩子们平均每天花四个半小时看屏幕。 [温馨提示]“an average of＋复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数；“the average of＋复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。 单句语法填空 (1)An average of 10 students __________ (be) absent each day last term. (2)Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities,__________ average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities. 完成句子 (3)我最尊敬的人是我的语文老师, 他中等身材, 戴着一副眼镜。 The person I respect most is my Chinese teacher ______________________________ and wears a pair of glasses. 知识点15. recognised　adj.公认的；经过检验的 【教材原句】Lang Ping is one of China's most recognised athletes. 郎平是中国最受认可的运动员之一。(教材P40) (1)It is recognised that...　人们公认…… (2)recognise vt. 辨认出；承认；公认；认识；认可 recognise...as/to be... 把……看作…… (3)recognition n. 认出；认识 beyond recognition 认不出来 【写作佳句】 Along with his contemporary, Du Fu, the classical Chinese poet Li Bai is recognized as one of the two greatest Chinese poets.中国古典诗人李白与同时代的杜甫被认为是中国最伟大的两位诗人之一。 【名师点津】　“被认为是……”短语荟萃： (1)be regarded as　(2)be considered as　(3)be thought of as 单句语法填空 (1)Since then, the beauty of hanfu has gained more and more__________ (recognise) and acceptance by common people. (2)China's image is improving steadily, with more countries ____________________ (recognise) its role in international affairs. 完成句子 (3)人们公认看英语电影是学习英语的一种有效方法。 ____________________ watching English movies is an effective way to learn English. 知识点16. contribute　 vi. & vt．增进；捐献；贡献；捐助；投稿；促成，造成 【教材原句】She has been a volleyball star for more than thirty-five years and has contributed greatly to the sport...她成为排球明星超过35年,为这项运动做出了巨大的贡献……(教材P40) (1)contribute...to...　　把……捐献给……；向……投稿 contribute to 捐赠；捐献；有助于；导致；投稿 (2)contribution n.　　　　贡献；捐助 make a contribution/contributions to (doing) sth.　 对(做)某事做出贡献 【写作佳句】I will try my best to realize my dream and contribute to the development of our society. 我将尽我最大的努力实现我的梦想，为我们社会的发展做出贡献。(写作之演讲稿) 【名师点津】 1.表示“引起、导致、有助于”的词汇还有：cause、lead to、result in、bring about、be responsible for、give rise to等。 2. contribute to和make a contribution/contributions to中的to都是介词，后面要接名词、代词或动词­ing形式作宾语。此外contribute还有“vt.投稿”的含义。 单句语法填空 (1)Wilson received several international awards for his great _______________(contribute). (2)The volunteers contribute their own time __________ the project and have won people's praise. 完成句子 (3)环境保护从我做起，每个人都能为环保做贡献。 Environmental protection starts with me，and everyone ______________________________ the cause. 知识点17. advanced　adj.先进的，高级的；晚期的 【教材原句】The disease was so advanced that he had just a couple of months to live.疾病到了晚期,以至于他只能活几个月了。 (教材P43) advance n．& v.　　　　　 前进；促进；提前；发展 in advance 提前，预先 in advance of　　　　 预先，事先；(时间上)在……之前 make an advance/advances in 在……方面取得进步 【经典例句】The club will organize training courses to teach basic and advanced skiing skills. 该俱乐部将组织培训课程,教授基本和高级的滑雪技能。 单句语法填空 (1)You can borrow a history book and learn the history of the Tang Dynasty __________ advance. (2)The classes are keyed to the needs of __________(advance) students. 完成句子 (3)(2019·全国卷Ⅲ满分作文)如果你提前告知我你是否有空我将感激不尽。 I'd appreciate it ________________________________________. 知识点18. reference　n.查阅；参考书目；推荐信；谈到，提及 【教材原句】Even from his hospital bed, he continued his work, writing letters of reference for his colleagues and replying to questions from his students.甚至在医院病床上，他还继续工作，为他的同事写推荐信并回复学生提出的问题。(教材P43) (1)in/with reference to　 关于 for reference 以备查阅；以供参考 (2)refer v. 提到；涉及；查阅 refer to 查阅；参考；提到；指的是；关系到，涉及 refer to...as... 把……称作/当作…… refer...to... 将……送交给…… 单句语法填空 (1)You should refer this matter__________ the teacher who you respect most for a decision. (2)This original version will remain available__________reference purposes. 句型转换 (3)The book he referred to is not in the library. →The book____________________ is not in the library.(分词短语作定语) 知识点19. faith　n.相信；信任；信心；信念 【教材原句】He had great faith in the talent of the up­and­coming generation.他对后起之秀的才华充满信心。(教材P43) (1)have faith in　　　 对……有信心 lose faith in 对……失去信心 (2)faithful adj. 忠实的；忠诚的；可信任的 be faithful to... 忠诚于…… 【写作佳句】It is the astronaut's belief that one cannot be too faithful to one's duty.　对自己的职责再忠诚也不为过，这是这位宇航员的信仰。 单句语法填空 (1)What I want to know is whether you have lost faith __________ the cooperation. (2)Most dogs are easier to train than cats and are very faithful__________ their owners. 完成句子 (3)这是他感谢我们对他的信任的特殊方式。 It is his special way of thanking us for______________________________. 知识点20. that引导同位语从句 【教材原句】There are certainly no signs that Jason is a rich and successful man！毫无疑问，没有迹象表明杰森是一个富有且成功的人！(教材P30) that引导同位语从句时，应放在某些抽象名词如fact、hope、desire、thought、suggestion、idea、news、problem、possibility、chance、plan等之后，对前面的名词起解释说明的作用；that本身没有任何意义也不作任何成分，只是起连接词的作用，但不能省略。wh­疑问词也可以引导同位语从句，通常放在question、no idea、problem等之后。　 【经典练】 单句语法填空 (1)The possibility__________ there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space. (2)We'd better accept his suggestion that we__________ (make) good use of this cooperation. 句式升级 (3)The question is still under discussion. The question is whether we can reduce the cost of the product. →_______________________________________________________________________________.(同位语从句) 知识点21. make＋宾语＋宾语补足语 【教材原句】Jason Harley decided to drop out of this kind of lifestyle, and he discovered that having only a little money made him free.杰森·哈利决定放弃这种生活方式，并且他发现只拥有一点钱就让他自由。(教材P31) 在“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”这一结构中，宾语补足语可以是不带to的不定式、过去分词、名词或形容词。在此结构中通常可用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语置于宾语补足语之后。 当“make＋宾语＋do sth.”变为被动语态时，要加上不定式符号to。　 【写作佳句】 He is stubborn, which makes it no use quarrelling with him about it.　 他很固执，和他争吵是没有用的。 单句语法填空 (1)The man spoke loudly to make himself __________(hear). (2)Mastering the technology makes __________ possible for us to use the Internet more effectively. 句型转换 (3)The police made the young boy stand against the wall. →__________________________________________________ by the police.(被动语态) 知识点22. 情态动词＋have＋过去分词 【教材原句】I could have become angry or defensive.我本可以生气或者辩解一下的。(教材P36) “情态动词＋have＋过去分词”的用法： (1)must have done表示对过去行为的推测，意为“一定做过”，语气十分肯定；　 (2)may/might have done表示对过去行为的推测，意为“可能做过”。might所表示的可能性比较弱，语气较委婉。might have done还可表示“本可以做某事而实际未做”； (3)can/could have done表示对过去某种情况的怀疑或不确定，一般用于否定句和疑问句，could　的语气较can弱。could have done还可表示“过去本来可以做的事而没做”。can't/couldn't have done表示“过去不可能做某事”，即对过去发生的事进行语气最强的否定推测； (4)should have done在语义上相当于ought to have done，表示“过去本来应该做而实际上却没有做”；shouldn't/oughtn't to have done表示“过去本来不应该做而实际上却做了”，这一用法往往含有责备的意味； (5)needn't have done表示“本来不必做而实际上却做了”。　 完成句子 (1)他或许已经去图书馆了，但是我不确定。 He_______________________________library but I am not sure. (2)他一定是受到了惩罚，因为他今天很沮丧。 He______________________________, for he is upset today. (3)当时雨下得很大，他们不可能离开。 They ______________________________; it was raining so heavily then. (4)你本不应该拿走我的笔记本电脑，因为我要用它。 You ________________________________________, for I wanted to use it. 知识点23. “would do...rather than do...”意为“宁愿做……而不愿做……” 【教材原句】 From a small girl, I would stay in at lunch time just to get ahead on class work rather than go out and play. 我还是个小女孩时，为了在课业上名列前茅，午餐时间我会留下来学习而不出去玩。(教材P36) (1)would rather do A than do B＝would do A rather than do B＝prefer to do A rather than do B＝prefer doing A to doing B意为“宁愿做A而不愿做B”； (2)rather than意为“而不是；与其……不如……；不愿”， 连接两个并列成分作主语时，谓语与rather than前面的成分在人称和数上保持一致，即“就远原则”。 与之用法类似的词汇还有as well as、(together/along) with、but、except、besides、including、in addition to、apart from等； (3)rather than后接不定式时，不定式可以带to，也可以不带to；但当rather than位于句首时，只能接不带to的不定式。 【写作佳句】He decided to rely on himself rather than (to) seek help from the host. 他决定依靠自己，而不是向主人寻求帮助。 单句语法填空 (1)Rather than __________ (write) letters, many people prefer to __________(telephone) now. (2)He is busy preparing for a presentation rather than __________(watch) TV. (3)What I want to stress is that you rather than I __________ going camping 一句多译 比起看这部乏味的电影，我宁愿待在家里。 (4)I ________________________________________ the boring film. (5)I ________________________________________ the boring film. (6)I________________________________________ the boring film. 知识点24. “no matter＋疑问词”引导让步状语从句 【教材原句】Call it unhealthy if you want, but that is the way I roll, no matter what it is I'm applying myself to. 如果你想说这是一种病态也行，但这就是我的做事风格，不管做什么我都会全力以赴。(教材P37) (1)“no matter＋疑问词”引导让步状语从句，可放在主句前或主句后； (2)疑问词­ever也可引导让步状语从句，相当于“no matter＋疑问词”； (3)whatever、whoever、whichever、whomever等还可引导名词性从句，此时不能用“no matter＋疑问词”替换。 【写作佳句】No matter when/Whenever he comes again, he'll be welcome.　不管他何时再来，都会受到欢迎。 单句语法填空 (1)No matter __________ late it is, his mother is always waiting for him. (2)__________ asks for advice, my niece is always ready to help. (3)__________ I go, I see people on their cellphones messaging. 同义替换 (4)Whatever happens, I will stand by you. →__________ __________ happens, I will stand by you. 知识点25. “not only...but (also)...”意为“不仅……而且……” 【教材原句】She is loved not only because of her devotion to her career, but also because of her huge influence on the sport of volleyball. 她被喜爱不仅是因为她对事业的奉献，而且因为她对排球运动的影响。(教材P40) (1)“not only...but (also)...”连接的两个并列成分作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数遵循“就近原则”； (2)“not only...but (also)...”连接两个并列分句，且not only位于句首时，not only后的分句需部分倒装，but (also)后的分句不倒装； (3)not only只能连用，而but (also)既可连用，也可分开用，also也可省略。　 【写作佳句】You might also begin to notice the effects not only on your health but in your pocket. 你可能也开始注意到这不仅对你的健康有影响，还会影响到你口袋里的钱。 单句语法填空 (1)Not only Tom but also his classmates __________ e (be) coming to visit museum. 句型转换 (2)I not only knew her, but also was her best friend. →__________ __________ , but I was also her best friend.(倒装句) (3)Tom and Mary as well as I are fond of the music. →__________ __________ __________ _Mary are fond of the music. 知识点26. 强调句型 【教材原句】...it was this experience that helped her to succeed...……正是这次经历帮助她成功了……(教材P44) (1)“It is/was...that...”结构为强调句型。强调句型通常用来强调主语、宾语或状语； (2)如果强调的是人，可以用who替换that，其他情况一律用that； (3)“not...until...”句型的强调句式为：It is/was not until...that... 单句语法填空 (1)It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house __________ we saw Lily in the passenger seat. (2)The patient looks much better. What is__________ that has made him what he is today？ 句型转换 (3)I picked up the bag occasionally in the park last Sunday. →__________ __________ __________ t I picked up the bag occasionally last Sunday.(强调地点状语) →__________ __________ __________ I picked up the bag occasionally in the park.(强调时间状语) (4) I didn't leave until he came. →__________ __________ __________ I left.(强调加黑部分)　 二、语法清单 (1)动词-ing形式作主语、表语和宾语 【感知·语法规律】 1. By reviewing something old, you can learn something new.温故而知新。 2. Mary regrets having been idle when young.玛丽后悔虚度了青春。 3. Tom was very unhappy for not having been invited to the party. 因为没有被邀请参加聚会,汤姆很不高兴。 4. After putting on his yellow boots and rain coat, he followed his father into the rain. 他穿上黄色的靴子和雨衣后,跟着父亲走进了雨里。 【精讲·语法知识】 1．动词-ing形式(动名词)作主语 动名词(短语)具有名词的基本性质，因此动名词(短语)可以在句子中充当主语。单个动名词(短语)作主语时，句子的谓语动词通常用单数。 (1)动名词(短语)在句首直接作主语 动名词(短语)作主语常表示经常性或习惯性的动作，通常放在句首。 Reading aloud is very important for us to learn a foreign language. 大声朗读对我们学外语来说很重要。 (2)it作形式主语，动名词(短语)作真正的主语 动名词(短语)作主语的句子有时可以用it作形式主语，动名词(短语)作真正主语。常见结构有： It's a waste of time doing sth.做某事浪费时间。 It's useless/worthwhile doing sth.做某事是没用的/值得的。 It's no use/no good/no need doing sth.做某事是没用的/没好处的/没必要的。 It was a waste of time reading that book. 读那本书就是在浪费时间。 (此句中It为形式主语，真正的主语为reading that book) (3)There is/was＋ no＋动名词(短语) There was no knowing what he could do. 不知道他能做什么。 There is no denying that only if we deal with and overcome large numbers of difficulties in a correct way will we achieve our dreams. 不可否认，我们只有用正确的方式处理和克服大量的困难，我们才能实现我们的梦想。 　单句语法填空 ①________ (learn) a language requires time and effort. ②It's a waste of time ________ (persuade) such a person to join us. ③________ (save) money now seems impossible. ④It is worthwhile ________ (read) more books. ⑤It's useless ________ (ask) him any more questions about that because he won't answer. ⑥There was no ________ (tell) when she would be back. 2．动词的-ing形式(动名词、现在分词)作表语 (1)动名词(短语)作表语 动名词(短语)作表语表示一般性、习惯性的动作或抽象的动作，大多数情况下可以与主语互换。 Her job is cleaning offices. 她的工作是打扫办公室。(作表语) Cleaning offices is her job. 打扫办公室是她的工作。(作主语) Her hobby is painting. 她的业余爱好是画画。 My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old. 我的第一份工作是在乌基亚图书馆，那时我16岁。 (2)现在分词(短语)作表语 现在分词(短语)作表语，表示主语具有的特征和属性。 His concern for his mother is most touching. 他对自己母亲的关爱非常感人。 His words are encouraging. 他的话很鼓舞人。 　单句语法填空 ①What he said is __________ (convince), so we can trust him. ②The news is__________ (astonish); we were all__________ (astonish) at it. ③The result of the exam was __________ (disappoint)． ④Our duty is __________ (serve) the people heart and soul. ⑤My favourite sport is __________ (swim)． ⑥The news sounds __________ (encourage)． 3．动词-ing形式(动名词)作宾语 (1)动名词跟在及物动词后作宾语 后面接动词的-ing形式作宾语的动词(短语)汇总：mepscarfid“妹不食咖啡滴”。 M：miss, mind　E：escape, enjoy　P：practise, put off　S：suggest　C：consider, can't stand　A: avoid, admit, advise, allow, appreciate　R：risk, resist　F：finish, forbid, feel like　I：imagine, insist on　D：dislike, delay, deny He managed to escape suffering from the disease. 他设法成功避免了患上那种疾病。 Prof. Smith considered giving his students a reading list before they started the next chapter. 史密斯教授考虑在学生们开始学习下一章之前给他们一份读书清单。 The suspect denied turning on the computer in the office that night. 犯罪嫌疑人否认自己那晚开过办公室的电脑。 特别注意　need，deserve, require后的动名词用主动形式表被动意义。 Your car needs filling. 你的车该加油了。 This city deserves visiting. 这座城市值得游览。 The problem requires studying carefully. 这个问题需要仔细研究。 (2)动名词在介词后作宾语 ①about，against，to，from，of，for等介词后可用动名词作宾语。 They are against using so many animals in experiments. 他们反对用如此多的动物去做实验。 Thank you for offering me so much help. 谢谢你为我提供了这么多帮助。 ②某些“动词＋(名词/形容词/副词)＋介词”后常用动名词作宾语，常见的有： admit to(承认)，be/get/become used to(习惯于)，be equal to(等于；胜任)，devote... to...(把……用于……)，get down to(开始做)，look forward to(期待)，object to(反对)，stick to(坚持)，see to(照料；处理)，contribute... to...(把……贡献给……)，lead to(导致)，pay attention to(注意)等。 I'm looking forward to your coming next time. 我期待着您下一次的到来。 He apologised for interrupting us. 他因打断了我们的谈话而道歉。 知识拓展 ①有些动词既可跟不定式也可跟动名词，但意思上有差别。 ②有些动词接动名词和接动词不定式意思上没什么大的差别。 begin to do/doing sth.开始做某事 start to do/doing sth.开始做某事 like to do/doing sth.喜欢做某事 hate to do/doing sth.讨厌做某事 prefer to do/doing sth.宁愿做某事 continue to do/doing sth.继续做某事 take turns to do/doing sth.轮流做某事 intend to do/doing sth.打算做某事 单句语法填空 ①As I will be away for at least a year, I'd appreciate__________ (hear) from you now and then __________ (tell) me how everyone is getting along. ②You should not miss __________ (make) up for your missed lessons. ③You can never imagine what great trouble I had __________ (help) the poor boy and the little dog that were seriously hurt. ④I really appreciate __________ (give) the chance to present my opinions on AI at the meeting. ⑤Exercise is the key to__________ (improve) your health. ⑥Don't forget __________ (post) the letter for me when you pass by the post office. ⑦I didn't mean__________ 　(eat) anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn't help __________ (try) it. ⑧I do remember__________ (receive) the message, but I cannot find it now. Please send it again if you don't mind. (2)冠词 【感知·语法规律】 1. I saw an old building in the town.我在这个城镇里看见了一座古建筑。 2. Suddenly a football fell just in front of me and almost hit me. 突然一个足球恰好落在我面前,并且差点打到我。 3. The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve people’s well-being and a dream of harmony, peace and development. “中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦,是一个和谐、和平与发展的梦。 【精讲·语法知识】 (1)不定冠词的用法 ①不定冠词表示类别，泛指某一类人或物，相当于any；也可泛指某人或某物，表示不确定的概念，相当于some或a certain。 It's almost impossible to find a horse running on the city road now. 现在在城市道路上发现奔跑的马匹几乎是不可能的了。 A Smith has just called you. 一个叫史密斯的人刚刚给你打电话。 ②不定冠词表示数量“一”的概念，但其数的概念不如one强烈。 I want to buy a pair of shoes.我想买双鞋。 ③不定冠词表示“每一”，相当于every或per。 She goes to see her parents twice a month. 她每个月去看她的父母两次。 ④不定冠词用在序数词前，表示“又一；再一”。 He decided to try a seventh time. 他决定再尝试第七次。 ⑤用于首次提到的，双方不知道的人或物前。 There is a park on the corner of the street. 在这条街的拐角处有一个公园。 ⑥不定冠词用在of结构中，表示“同一性”，相当于the same。 They are of an age. 他们同岁。 ⑦不定冠词用在一些抽象名词前，表示具体的人或事物，即“抽象名词具体化”。常见的词有：surprise，success，failure等。 His coming to the party was a real surprise for me. 他来参加聚会对我来说真的是个惊喜。 ⑧不定冠词用在某些固定搭配中。如：a kind of，in a hurry，in a short while, a knowledge of...，have a．.. life, give sb. a ride。 (2)定冠词的用法 ①定冠词最基本的用法是特指上文已经提到的人或事物，或者说话双方都知道的人或事物。此外，还可用在被短语或定语从句修饰的名词前，表示特指。 I bought the computer yesterday. 我昨天买的这台电脑。 It's too cold. Close the window please! 太冷了。请把这扇窗户关上！ The young man is the student who I taught ten years ago. 这个年轻人是我十年前教过的学生。 特别注意 定冠词the可用在“v.＋sb.＋介词(in/on/by/...)＋the＋部位”结构中，常常表示谓语动词所及的身体部位或衣物。该句型中定冠词the相当于物主代词，避免语义重复。 He hit me on the head. 他打了我的头。 ②定冠词可用在单数名词前表示类别。 The giant panda in China is loved by people all around the world. (注：这里说的大熊猫指的是大熊猫这一类别)中国大熊猫受到全世界人民的喜爱。 ③定冠词用于表示世界上独一无二的事物。 The Pacific is the largest ocean in the world. 太平洋是世界上最大的海洋。 ④定冠词可用在序数词、形容词最高级前以及特指“二者之中比较……的”。 The second girl is the tallest of them all. 第二个女孩是他们所有人中最高的。 ⑤用在某些形容词前，表示某一类人；或用在姓氏复数形式前，表示“一家人”或“夫妻二人”。 We should pay attention to the development of the young. 我们应该重视年轻人的成长。 The Browns will visit us next week. 布朗一家下周要来看望我们。 ⑥用在表示“演奏某种乐器”时，用在乐器名称前。 Tom likes playing the guitar. 汤姆喜欢弹吉他。 ⑦用在表示海洋、河流、山脉、群岛及国家和党派等的名词前。如：the Yellow River, the United States, the Chinese Communist Party。 ⑧用在某些固定搭配中。如：at the moment，at the same time，in the morning。 ⑨用于表示具体的地点、方位、时间或某一天的一部分等的名词前。 如：in the east/south/west/north, on the right/left。 (3)零冠词的用法 ①可数名词复数及不可数名词表示泛指。 Monkeys are clever animals. 猴子是聪明的动物。 Milk goes bad easily in summer. 牛奶在夏天很容易变质。 ②在表示星期、月份、季节、节日、学科、三餐、球类和棋类等的名词前。如：on Sunday，in March，in spring，on Children's Day。但如果具体到某一年的春、夏、秋、冬，则要加定冠词。 I was born in the autumn of 1985. 我出生于1985年秋。 ③某些名词与by连用表示交通方式时。如：by bus/car/bike/train/air/plane/sea/ship. ④表示人名或地名的专有名词前一般不用冠词，如Mike，Shanghai等。但由普通名词构成的专有名词前则要加the，如the United States。 ⑤名词前已有this，that，my等指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格时，一般不加冠词。 My pen is much more expensive than yours. 我的钢笔比你的贵得多。 ⑥某些固定搭配中。如：day and night, here and there, at home, in surprise, at noon, on foot, at night, on duty, at work, on time, for example, on show，in space, in public。 单句语法填空　 ①When we got a call saying she was short-listed, we thought it was __________ joke. ②___________ provincial government and its partners offer many programmes to help students find summer jobs. ③ Of __________ nineteen recognised polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data. ④In one study, Dr Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring__________ least liked, __________ most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys． ⑤Through__________ Summer Employment Opportunities programme, students are hired each year in __________ variety of summer positions across the Provincial Public Service, its related agencies and community groups. ⑥Who's eligible：Students aged 15 or older. Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with__________ disability. 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 本单元的写作主题是人物介绍，人物描写属于记叙文的范畴，它以写人和记事为主，以叙述和描写为主要表达方式。 一篇好的人物描写一般分为三大部分，即生平介绍、事迹叙述和简短的评论。时态的选择要视情况而定，若写人物的过去就用过去时态，若写人物的现在就用现在时态。 1．生平介绍人物的出生时间和地点是必不可少的信息；介绍生平时要尊重客观事实，材料要真实。 2．事迹叙述，选材要着眼于人物的生活背景及其成就和事迹，以形成对比，起到突出人物的特点和树立榜样的作用。选材要有重点，不必面面俱到。 3．尾段：简短的评论，对所描述的人物的评论要客观公正。 【积累·写作素材】 一、必备词汇 1. influential adj.有影响力的   2.sacrifice n.牺牲   3.determined adj.坚定的,坚决的  4.outstanding adj.杰出的,优秀的  5.optimistic adj.乐观的   6. enthusiastic adj.热心的,热衷的  7.devote...to致力于   8.strive for为……努力/奋斗  二、必备句型 1.开头:介绍人物的个人情况 ①He was born into a poor/rich family and lived a hard/happy life.他出生在一个贫穷/富有的家庭,过着艰苦/幸福的生活。 ②He began to make a living at an early age.他很小就开始谋生了。 2.主体:介绍人物的经历和成就 ①He went to study in Peking University in 2004 and graduated 4 years later.他于2004年进入北京大学学习,四年后毕业。 ②He got his bachelor's/master's/doctor's degree in mathematics from...他从……获得了数学学士/硕士/博士学位。 ③He devoted his lifetime to...他把他的一生都奉献给了…… ④He won a prize in...他在……方面获奖了。 ⑤He made great progress in...他在……方面取得了很大的进步。 3.结尾:对人物作出评价 ①He is one of the most outstanding persons.他是最杰出的人物之一。 ②He is regarded/considered as...他被认为是…… ③He has made great contributions to...他为……做出了巨大的贡献。 ④He sets an example to...他为……树立了一个榜样。 【示例·分步写作】 假定你是李华，你的美国朋友杰克(Jack)想要了解中国的科学家。你决定用英文向他介绍2015年获得诺贝尔医学奖的屠呦呦，她发现了青蒿素，为人类防治疟疾做出了巨大贡献。请根据以下要求，写一封回信。 内容：1.屠呦呦简介； 2．对你的影响。 要求：1.词数100左右； 2．可适当增加细节，使行文连贯； 3．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 参考词汇：疟疾(malaria)；青蒿素(artemisinin) Dear Jack， ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Yours， Li Hua 第一步：审题谋篇 第二步：要点翻译 1．我很高兴知道你对中国的伟大科学家感兴趣。(be interested in) I'm glad to know that __________ __________ __________ ． 2．我很高兴向你介绍我最喜欢的科学家。她的名字叫屠呦呦。(more than) I __________ __________ to introduce my favorite scientist to you. Her name is Tu Youyou. 3．屠呦呦是一位伟大的科学家，她把大部分时间用于寻找治疗疟疾的方法。(devote...to) Tu Youyou, a great scientist,__________ __________ __________ __________ for malaria. 4．2015年，她因发现青蒿素而获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。(be awarded) In 2015, she __________________________________________________________for discovering artemisinin. 5．青蒿素是治疗疟疾的关键。(the key to) Artemisinin __________ __________ __________ of malaria. 6．她对世界的贡献如此之大，已经成为包括我在内的许多人的偶像。(so...that...) Her contribution _______ __________ __________ _____________ __________ __________ ______,_including me. 7．我受到她的故事的鼓舞，决定更加努力地学习，以实现我的梦想。(be inspired by) I _______ __________ __________ ______ and decided to study harder _______ __________ __________ ______． 第三步：词句升级 1．用定语从句改写第二步中的句2 _______ __________ __________ _____________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ ______. 2．用定语从句连接第二步中的句4和句5 ______________________________________________________________________________________________ _____. 3．用倒装句改写第二步中的句6 _______ __________ __________ _____________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ ______. 4．用分词短语作状语改写第二步中的句7 _______ __________ __________ _____________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ ______. 第四步：连句成篇 Dear_Jack, _______ __________ __________ _____________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ ______. _______ __________ __________ _____________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ ______. _______ __________ __________ _____________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ ______. _______ __________ __________ _____________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ ______. _______ __________ __________ _____________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ ______. _______ __________ __________ _____________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ ______. _______ __________ __________ _____________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ ______. _______ __________ __________ _____________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ ______. _______ __________ __________ _____________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ ______. 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