Unit 1 Relationships（知识清单）英语北师大版2019选择性必修第一册

Unit 1 Relationships 单词 1．outgoing adj.外向的，好交际的 2．host vt. 主办；做……的东道主 n. 主人；主持人 3．grateful adj.感激的，感谢的 4．practical adj. 实际的；实践的；切实可行的 5．pour vt. 灌，注，倒 6．fuel_ n. 燃料 7．lack vt.缺乏 8．drag vt. 拖，拉 9．worthwhile adj. 值得做的；重要的；有益的 10．handle vt. 处理(难题)；应付(局面) 11．upset adj. 烦恼的，心烦意乱的 vt. 使生气，使心烦意乱 12．raise vt.提出，提起 13． manner_ n. 方式，方法 14．sensitive adj. 敏感的；善解人意的 15．barely adv. 几乎不 16．deadline n. 截止日期，最后期限 17．chase vi.&vt. 努力赢得 n. 追逐，追赶 18．extraordinary_ adj. 令人惊奇的，异乎寻常的 19．intense adj. 紧张的，激烈的；剧烈的 20．delay vi.&vt.推迟，延期 21．bend vi.&vt. 弯腰；俯身 22．behalf n. 代表…… 23．topic n. 话题，题目 24．belong vt. 属于 25．contrast n. 差异，差别 vt. 形成对比 短语 1. for the first time初次，第一次 2. pour into投入(倒)……于某物 3. a couple of一些，几个；一双，一对 4. used to do过去经常做某事 5. on behalf of sb代表某人 6. take up占据 7. in contrast to和……对比 8. set off引爆；出发 9. set up建立；启动 10. associate with 与某人交往 11. obsess over 对……过分担心 12. chatter away 喋喋不休 13. add up to 总计达到 14. lack confidence in 对……缺乏信心 15. if only 要是……就好了 16. have access to 获许进入 17. check through 核查；仔细检查 18. chase after 追逐 19. be ashamed of 为……感到惭愧 20. with the intention of 抱着……目的 21. in a friendly manner 以一种友好的方式 22. be sensitive to 对……敏感 23. turn…into reality 把……变成现实 24. meet the deadline 赶在截止日期之前 25.be desperate for sth 迫切希望得到 熟词生义 1. (2023·全国乙卷)Jacqueline Felice de Almania (c.1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. v.突出；强调 2. (2021·全国乙卷)People have been pouring into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece. v.涌入 3. Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. v. 激发 4. (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)His job is to sit beside the pianist and turn the pages of the score so the musician doesn't have to break the flow of sound by doing it themselves. n. 流 5. (2021·天津3月卷)Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it. v.飘垂 句型 1．find＋宾语＋宾语补足语 I found_it_all_so_boring_and_difficult． 我觉得这一切既无聊又困难。 2．if only引导虚拟条件句 Sometimes I think, if_only_I_could_call_him and ask for his opinion! 有时我想，要是我能打电话给他，征求他的意见就好了！ 3．the first day引导时间状语从句 The_first_day_he_walked_into_my_class,_he was dragging his schoolbag behind him and looking bored... 他第一天走进我的班级时，他的书包在身后拖着，一副百无聊赖的样子…… 4．否定词置于句首的倒装 ...not_once_did she lift her head to enjoy the view outside her window. ……她一次也没有抬起头去欣赏窗外的景色。 语法 过去完成时 一、词汇清单 知识点1 occasionally adv. 偶然；偶尔；有时候 【教材原句】It's good that we take some time occasionally to remember some of the positive things in life, don't you agree？　我们偶尔花点时间回忆一下生活中积极的事情是好的，你不同意吗？(教材P105) (1)occasion n.　　　　　 时刻；时机；盛会；场合 on occasion 偶尔，有时 on this/that occasion 在这个/那个时候 on one occasion 有一次；曾经 (2)occasional adj. 偶尔的；偶然的 【写作佳句】On one occasion, she called me in the middle of the night. 有一次，她深更半夜给我打电话。 【名师点津】 当occasion表示时间，意为“时刻；机会”时，用关系副词when引导定语从句；当occasion表示地点，意为“场合”时，用关系副词where引导定语从句。 单句语法填空 (1) (2020·江苏卷) On the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking. (2)I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel because of ill health. (3)This is not an occasion for laughter, where you must take everything seriously. 同义替换 (4)As he works in a remote area, he visits his parents only occasionally. →As he works in a remote area, he visits his parents only on_occasion． 知识点2 grateful　adj.感激的，感谢的 【教材原句】I’m extremely grateful to him. 我特别感谢他。(教材P106) (1)be grateful (2)I would be grateful if you could do...如果你能做……，我将感激不尽。 【写作佳句】He will be grateful to know that he will host the party.　 知道他将主持这次晚会，他会很感激的。 单句语法填空 (1) I was extremely grateful to her for her help during my stay in England. (2)He gratefully(grateful) accepted the money donated by his friends. 一句多译 如果你能帮我的忙，我将非常感激。 (3)I__would__be__very__grateful if you could lend me a hand.(grateful adj.) (4)I__would__appreciate__it if you could lend me a hand.(appreciate v．) 知识点3 intention n. 意图，目的；打算 【教材原句】But I do understand my teacher’s intention. 但我确实理解我的老师的意图。(教材P106) (1)with an/the intention of　抱有……的目的；打算…… (2)intend vi.& vt. 打算；计划；想要 intend doing/to do sth 打算做某事 had intended to do sth 本来打算做某事 (3)be intended to do sth/for sth 专门为……；专门给… 【写作佳句】Out of guilt and regret, I explained my original intention and apologized. 出于愧疚和遗憾，我解释了我的初衷并道歉。 【名师点津】 intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可用来表示一件本来打算做而实际上没有做的事或者表示过去未曾实现的设想或愿望， 含有某种惋惜之意。 1.单句语法填空 ①The university is known for its language and culture courses intended for international students. ②My parents had intended(intend)to buy a new truck but couldn't afford it. ③This program was set up with an intention(intend)of providing help to homeless people. 2.应用文写作之邀请信 ④我谨代表机器人爱好小组，邀请您加入我们的团队参加即将到来的比赛。 I, on behalf of the Robotics Hobby Group, intend to invite you to join our team in the coming competition. 知识点4. lack　vi.& vt.缺乏；没有　n．缺乏；短缺 【教材原句】The problem was that I lacked confidence in myself. 问题在于我对自己缺乏信心。(教材P8) (1)(a) lack of...　　　　　　缺少…… for/through lack of... 由于缺少…… lack (for) nothing 没有欠缺 (2)lacking adj. 缺少的；缺乏的 be lacking in... 缺少…… 【写作佳句】I'll see that you lack for nothing while you attend college.你上大学时我会保证你的一切需要的。 【名师点津】 lack作及物动词时，其后直接跟宾语，但通常不用被动语态和进行时；lack作名词时，常与of连用。 单句语法填空 (1)Tired and lacking (lack) energy, students skipping breakfast can have poor academic performance and poor health. (2)The plan lacked(lack) support from the government. As a consequence，it broke down soon. 一句多译 由于缺乏足够的训练，我们在即将到来的比赛中将很难取胜。 (3)For lack of enough training ，we will have great trouble in winning the coming match.(介词短语) (4)Lacking enough training，we will have great trouble in winning the coming match.(分词作状语) (5)As we lack enough training，we will have great trouble in winning the coming match.(原因状语从句) 知识点5. presentation　n.报告；陈述，说明 【教材原句】I was interested in the study of the stars and planets and he asked me to give a presentation to the class.我对恒星和行星的研究很感兴趣，他让我向全班做报告。(教材P8) (1)make/give a presentation 做报告/陈述 (2)present v. 授予；提交；展示 adj. 目前的；出席的，在场的 n. 礼物；目前，现在 present sb.with sth. (＝present sth. to sb.) 授予/给予某人某物 be present at... 出席…… make sb.a present of sth. 将某物赠送给某人 at present 现在；目前 【写作佳句】It is said that many teachers and parents were present at the meeting.据说许多老师和父母出席了这次会议。 【名师点津】 present作前置定语时，意为“目前的”；作后置定语时，意为“出席的，在场的”。 写出下列句中present的词性及含义 (1) (2020·全国卷Ⅲ) When he presented his masterpiece to the emperor's chief minister, the old man laughed.v.提交 (2)We do not have any more information at the present time. adj.目前的 (3)There were 200 people present at the meeting. adj.出席的 (4)At present, some countries do not have enough water to produce the food their people need.n.现在 (5)She bought a birthday present for her mother. n.礼物 知识点6. delay　v.延迟；延期，推迟　n．延期；延误 【教材原句】The problem was that I lacked confidence in myself.问题是我对自己缺乏信心。 (教材P8) delay doing sth.　　　　　 延迟做某事 without delay 立即；毫不耽搁 【写作佳句】I was more upset than worried when I heard the news that her flight was delayed because of the bad weather. 单句语法填空 (1)Never delay doing(do) something you should finish today. (2)Traffic was__delayed(delay) by the bad weather. 词汇升级 (3)Those who were exposed to pig flu were separated and treated at once. →Those who were exposed to pig flu were separated and treated without delay． 知识点7 access　n.进入；接触的机会；(接近的)方法 【教材原句】The thing about being a teacher is that you have access to children's minds when they are open and eager to learn.作为一名教师的意义在于，当孩子们的思维开放并渴望学习的时候，你有机会接触他们的思想。(教材P9) (1)have/get/obtain/gain access to... 拥有……的机会；接近；可以利用 give access to 接近；准许进入 (2)accessible adj.　　　　 可接近的；可达到的；易取得的 be accessible to... 可接近/可靠近；可使用…… 【写作佳句】Thus I have been allowed to gain access to the living environment of the educationalist.因此，我被允许接触这个教育家的居住环境。 单句语法填空/单句改错 (1)Medicine should not be kept where it is accessible(access) to children. (2)The only access of that cottage is across the farmland.of→to 一句多译 我们学校的每一个学生都可以使用新图书馆。 (3)Our new school library is_accessible__to every student in our school.(accessible adj.) (4)Every student in our school has/gets/obtains/gains__access__to our new school library.(access n．) 知识点8. worthwhile　adj.值得的；值得做的；重要的；有益的 【教材原句】If what I do as a teacher can help turn a child like Graham into such a successful adult, then I know what I'm doing is worthwhile. 如果作为一名教师，我所做的能将一个像格雷厄姆一样的孩子转变成一个如此成功的大人，那么我知道我现在所做的都是值得的。(教材P9) (1)It is worthwhile doing/to do sth. 做某事是值得的。 (2)worth adj. 值得的 be worth doing... 做……是值得的 (3)worthy adj. 值得的 be worthy of being done/to be done 做……是值得的 【写作佳句】This article is well worth reading, but it is not worthy of being translated/to be translated. 这篇文章很值得一读，但不值得翻译。 一句多译 这个问题不值得一次又一次地讨论。 (1)It__is__not__worthwhile__discussing/to__discuss__the__question again and again. (worthwhile) (2)The__question__is__not__worth__discussing again and again.(worth) (3)The__question__is__not__worthy__of__being__discussed/to__be__discussed again and again.(worthy) 知识点9. preference　n.喜爱，偏爱，偏好 【教材原句】to depend on personal preference 取决于个人的偏好 (教材P12) (1)have a preference for　　 更喜欢…… in preference to 优先于；而不是 (2)prefer v. 更喜欢；宁愿 prefer to do/doing... 更喜欢做…… prefer sb.to do... 更喜欢让某人做…… prefer (doing) A to (doing) B 与(做)B相比更喜欢(做)A prefer to do A rather than do B 宁愿做A也不愿做B 【写作佳句】As a matter of fact, I have a preference for black tea.　事实上，我偏爱红茶。 单句语法填空/单句改错 (1)(2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ) We prefer to__describe/__describing(describe) emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. (2)I would usually choose living in a small town in preference for living in a big city.for→to 一句多译 毕竟，所有的孩子都喜欢表扬而不是批评(scold)。 (3)After all, all kids prefer__to__be__praised__rather__than__be__scolded． (4)After all, all kids prefer__being__praised__to__being__scolded． 知识点10. upset　adj.烦恼的，心烦意乱的；不安的；不适的　 vt.使不安；使生气，使心烦意乱；打翻，碰倒；打扰  【教材原句】to get upset (教材P12) (1)be/get upset about/over/at... 对……感到心烦意乱 be upset to do sth. 对做某事感到不安 (2)It upsets/upset sb.to do sth. 做某事使某人感到不舒服/不安 It upsets/upset sb.that... 让某人感到不高兴的是…… 【写作佳句】I couldn't concentrate in class, and kept sneaking glances at Lisa. She glanced back, looking equally upset. 上课时我无法集中注意力，总是偷偷地看丽莎。她回头看了一眼，显得同样不安。(读后续写之心理描写＋动作描写) 【名师点津】 upset作动词时，其过去式和过去分词形式均为upset；其现在分词形式为upsetting。 　upset作动词时，过去式和过去分词形式都是upset；其现在分词形式为upsetting。 单句语法填空 ①Then all of a sudden, there was an upsetting(upset) knock on her front door. ②She was upset to know(know)that her application for the position was refused. 句多译 凯莉不理睬我，我心烦透顶，孤独如同潮水般涌来。 ③Kelley just ignored me，which made me upset．Loneliness began to flood in.(非限制性定语从句) ④What upset me was that Kelley just ignored me.Loneliness began to flood in.(what引导的主语从句) 知识点11. ashamed 　adj.羞愧的；内疚的；惭愧的 【教材原句】to feel ashamed (教材P12) (1)be ashamed of　　　对……感到羞愧 be ashamed to do... 耻于做…… (2)shame n.　　　　　羞耻；羞愧；惭愧；令人遗憾的事 It's a shame that... ……是令人遗憾的事 (3)shameful adj. 可耻的；丢脸的；不体面的 【写作佳句】We are often ashamed of our shortcomings, our mistakes and our failures. 我们常常对自己的缺点、错误和失败感到羞愧。 单句语法填空/单句改错 (1)Pinksha felt very ashamed of herself and learned that a kind heart is more important than a striking appearance. (2)It is shame that you cannot join us in this reunion.在shame前加a 完成句子 (3)我不好意思告诉他我英语考试不及格。 I was__ashamed__to__tell__him that I had failed in the English exam. 知识点12. reality　n.真实；事实，现实(的事物) 【教材原句】They say that phones bring people closer together but in reality, my mind is always a million miles away.　他们说手机使人们更亲近，但事实上，我的思绪始终在千里之外。(教材P15) (1)in reality 事实上，实际上 come into reality (梦想)实现 become a reality 成为现实 turn...into reality 把……变为现实 make sth. a reality 实现某事 (2)real adj. 真实的 realize vt. 实现；意识到；了解 【写作佳句】Scientists are trying to turn the dream into reality. 科学家正努力把这一梦想变为现实。 单句语法填空 (1)You never know when what you learn today will make your dream a reality. (2)He seems self­confident，but in reality he is very shy.　 一句多译 他上大学的梦想已经实现了。 (3)His dream of going to college has__been__realized． (4)His dream of going to college has__come__true． (5)His dream of going to college has__become__a__reality． (6)His dream of going to college has__come__into__reality． 知识点13. desperate 　adj.绝望的；拼命的 【教材原句】I'm desperate to get back to the online world and the intense activity that it provides. 我就非常渴望回到网络世界和它提供的紧张活动中。(教材P15) (1)be desperate for　 　　极想要……；渴望…… be desperate to do sth. 极想做某事 in desperate need of 急需…… (2)desperately adv. 绝望地；不顾一切地 【写作佳句】Occasionally, we are desperate to search for something but it is just under our noses. 有时，我们拼命地找某个东西，但其实它就在我们的面前。 【名师点津】 此外desperate还有“adj.铤而走险的，不顾一切的；非常需要的”的含义。 [联想]　“渴望某物/做某事”的短语还有： (1)be eager for sth/to do sth (2)be anxious for sth/to do sth (3)long for sth/to do sth (4)desire for sth/to do sth (5)be dying for sth/to do sth 单句语法填空 (1)His survival story is a journey of desperation(desperate) and almost superhuman endurance! (2)After ten years of hard study，he was desperate to pass(pass)the College Entrance Examination and enter an ideal university. (3)Desperate for the chance to be a volunteer，I do hope you can offer me the precious opportunity. 句式升级 (4)Seeing the result of the exam，I was so desperate that I felt as if I were thrown into a world of darkness. →Seeing the result of the exam，so desperate was I that I felt as if I were thrown into a world of darkness.(倒装句) 知识点14. depressed　adj.(感到)沮丧的，忧愁的 【教材原句】I constantly feel depressed, dissatisfied and alone.我经常感到沮丧、不满和孤独。(教材P15) (1)be/get depressed at/about/by 对……感到沮丧 (2)depression n. 抑郁；沮丧；萧条 suffer from depression 得了抑郁症 to one's depression 让某人感到沮丧的是 (3)depress v. 使沮丧；使意志消沉；使心灰意冷 depressing adj. 令人沮丧的 【写作佳句】There is no point in getting depressed about it now—it's no use crying over spilt milk. 现在为这件事感到沮丧是没有意义的，为洒了的牛奶哭泣是没有用的。 单句语法填空 (1)(2020·天津卷7月)Loneliness is a serious social problem that can contribute to depression(depress) and even crimes. (2)Looking for a job these days can be very depressing(depress) sometimes. 句型转换 (3)What depressed her was that she lost her purse on her way to work. →To__her__depression,__she lost her purse on her way to work. 知识点15. complain　vi.& vt.抱怨；不满；发牢骚；投诉 【教材原句】On a family holiday last summer, my sister spent all her time complaining that she needed to charge her phone. 在去年夏天的一次度假中，我的妹妹一直在抱怨她需要给她的手机充电。(教材P15) (1)complain to sb.of/about　　 向某人抱怨；诉说 (2)complaint n. 抱怨，怨言；不满，委屈 make a complaint of/about... 投诉/抱怨…… make a complaint to sb. 向某人抱怨/投诉 【写作佳句】Several passengers complained to the air company about the bad service on the flight. 许多旅客向航空公司投诉班机上服务差。 单句语法填空 (1)He complained to me that he had done everything with all his strength, but failed to pass the tests. (2)The patient is making a complaint(complain) to the doctor of his bad headache. 完成句子 (3)我还记得你从来没有抱怨过我的英语很差，你一直致力于提高我的英语口语和英语写作。 I still remember you never complain to me that my English is poor and you have been devoted to improving my oral English and English writing. 知识点16. appointment　n.约定；约会；预约；任命，委派 【教材原句】 I can't even imagine going without social networking for a week—think of all the important appointments, invitations and news updates you would miss! 我甚至不能想象一周没有社交网络——想一下你会错过的所有重要的约会、邀请和最新的新闻！(教材P15) (1)have/make/fix an appointment with sb. 与某人约会/预约 keep/break an appointment 守/违约 (2)appoint vt. 任命；委派 appoint sb.as/to be... 任命某人为…… appoint sb.to do sth. 指派某人做某事 (3)appointed adj. 指定的；约定的 【写作佳句】He was extremely honored to be appointed as sales manager of the company. 被任命为公司的销售经理，他感到非常荣幸。 单句语法填空 (1)Amie Salmon, disabled, is attended throughout her school days by a nurse appointed to_guard(guard) her. (2)—Good morning, Mr. Lee's office. —Good morning. I'd like to make an appointment for next Wednesday afternoon. (3)My patient didn't turn up at the appointed (appoint)time; that is，she broke an appointment (appoint). 应用文写作之道歉信 (4)我不得不向你道歉，因为我不能在约定的时间陪你去书店了。 I have to apologize to you for not being able to accompany you to the bookshop at the appointed time． 知识点17. associate with　与某人交往 【教材原句】I have a never-ending flow of messages and updates from all the people I associate with online. 我总是不停地收到交往的网友发来的信息和最新消息。(教材P16) (1)associate...with...　 把……和……联系起来 (2)associated adj. 有关联的，相关的；联合的 be associated with 和……有关 (3)association n. 协会；社团；联合；结合；交往 in association with 和……联合；与……有关 【写作佳句】If you associate with positive­thinking people, you are definitely going to achieve success. 如果你与积极思考的人交往，你肯定会取得成功。 单句语法填空 (1)(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated(associate) with running, such as runner's knee, are uncommon among race walkers. (2)(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Just as importantly, we tend to associate fresh air with health care. 同义替换 (3)There are many serious health problems which are associated with smoking. →There are many serious health problems in_association__with smoking. 知识点18. behalf　n.代表…… 【教材原句】I'm writing on behalf of the school's Student Union.　我代表学校的学生会写信。(教材P18) on behalf of sb.＝on sb.'s behalf 代表或代替某人；为了某人的利益 【写作佳句】 I'm honored to be here to extend a warm welcome to you on behalf of our school. 我很荣幸能代表我们学校在这里向你们表示热烈的欢迎。 一句多译 我将代表我们学校参加运动会。 (1)I will take__part__in__the__sports__meeting__on__behalf__of__our__school． (2)I will represent__our__school__to__take__part__in__the__sports__meeting． 知识点19. engagement　n.参与；订婚；约定；雇用 【教材原句】Competitors should be judged on their pronunciation, clarity and fluency, and also progression of ideas and audience engagement. 参与者的发音、清晰度和流畅度，以及想法的进展和观众的参与度都是评判的标准。(教材P18) (1) have an engagement with　与……有约定 (2)engage vi. 参加；参与(活动) vt. 吸引(注意力、兴趣) engage in 从事；参与 engage one's attention 吸引某人的注意力 engage sb./oneself in... 使某人/自己参与 (3)engaged adj.忙于……的；已订婚的；被占用的 be engaged in 忙于…… be/get/become engaged to sb.　和某人订婚 【写作佳句】He had an engagement with her at eight tonight. 他今晚8点和她有个约会。 【名师点津】　此外engagement还有“n.订婚，约定”的含义。 单句语法填空/语境辨义 (1)Engaging in exploring splendid Chinese culture gives him a chance to act as a cultural messenger. (2)Whether for a special occasion such as an engagement (engage) or a wedding or simply as a gift, diamond rings make the ideal choice. (3)It is a movie that engages both the mind and the eye.吸引 词汇、句式升级 (4)I am busy preparing for the Entrance College Examination, so I can't go with you. →I am engaged in preparing for the Entrance College Examination, so I can't go with you.(engage) →Engaged in preparing for the Entrance College Examination, I can't go with you.(非谓语动词作状语) 知识点20. take up　拿起；接受；开始从事；继续；占据(时间、空间等) 【教材原句】We would not take up too much of your time. 我们不会占用你太多时间的。(教材P18) take in　　　收留(某人)；吸收；领会，理解；欺骗；包括 take off (飞机等)起飞；脱下 take on 呈现；雇用；承担 take out 取出；切除，摘除 take over 接管 【写作佳句】The city has been developing very fast and it has taken on a new look. 这座城市飞速发展，已经呈现出新的面貌。 写出下列句中take up的含义 (1)Thinking twice, she finally took up his invitation.接受 (2)Joan took up the story when her sister forgot the next detail.继续 (3)The girl took up her bag and left the dorm.拿起 (4)That big clock will have to go; it takes up too much space in the small dorm.占据 (5)At the age of sixty he took up the study of Russian.开始从事 词汇升级 (6)Don't be fooled by his promises for he never realizes them. →Don't be taken__in by his promises for he never realizes them. 知识点21. belong　v. 应在(某处)；适应；属于 【教材原句】We all want to be part of a group and feel like we belong to our community.　我们都想成为小组中的一份子，也都想感觉我们属于我们的社区。(教材P21) (1)belong to　　　 是……的成员；属于 (2)belonging n. 归属　 a sense of belonging 归属感 (3)belongings n. 所有物；财产 【写作佳句】Everyone has a desire for success while success only belongs to the hard­working people. 每个人都渴望成功，而成功只属于勤奋的人。(应用文之发言稿) 【名师点津】　(1)belong to既不能用于被动语态，也不能用于进行时态； (2)belong to常用作动词­ing形式作后置定语。 单句语法填空 (1)All the belongings(belong) being showed at the hall belong to the artist. (2)First of all，uniforms help the school look smart. The students feel that they belong to a particular group. 一句多译 剪纸有1 500多年的历史，属于中国传统的艺术。 (3)Paper cutting has a history of over 1,500 years，which belongs to traditional art in China.(定语从句) (4)Paper cutting has a history of over 1,500 years，belonging to traditional art in China.(分词作状语) 知识点22. approval　n.赞成，同意；通过；认可；批准；赞许 (教材P21) (1)meet with one's approval　　得到某人的赞许 give one's approval to sth. 某人批准某事 (2)approve vi. 赞成，同意 vt. 批准 approve of 赞成，同意 (3)approving adj. 赞许的；许可的 【写作佳句】My mother doesn't approve of my attending such a party, because it finishes at midnight. 我母亲不同意我参加这样的晚会，因为它在午夜结束。 【名师点津】　approve意为“赞成，同意”时，是不及物动词，“赞成某人做某事”不可译成approve sb.to do sth.或在其后跟that从句，应用approve of sb./sb.'s doing sth.。 单句语法填空 (1)My son made an incredible decision without my approval(approve). (2)She doesn't approve of my leaving school this year. 一句多译 老师同意我们制作视频来记录我们的在校经历。 (3)The teacher gave__his__approval__to__us__making__a__video to record our experiences at school. (approval n．) (4)The teacher approved__of__us__making__a__video to record our experiences at school. (approve v．) 知识点23. defend 　vi.& vt.保护，保卫 【教材原句】Bullies pick easy targets—people who are outside the peer group and whom the group is unlikely to defend.　欺凌者选择容易的目标——那些在同伴群体之外并且该群体不太可能会保护的人。(教材P21) (1)defend...from/against (doing...) 保护……免受…… defend oneself 自卫 (2)defence n. 防御；保卫，保证 in defence (of) 保护；为了保卫；(为……)辩护 in one's defence 为某人辩护；站在某人一边 【写作佳句】The trees around the schoolyard looked like huge men with silver clothes defending our school. 校园周围的树就像穿着银装的巨人保卫着我们的校园。(读后续写之环境描写) 单句语法填空 (1)In order to defend our country from outside attack, we must strengthen our national defence (defend). (2)She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands as if in defence. 一句多译 看到这条凶猛的蛇，他像箭一样冲过去保护他的儿子。 (3)Seeing the fierce snake，he rushed to defend his son like an arrow.(defend) (4)Seeing the fierce snake，he rushed in defence of his son like an arrow.(defence) 知识点24. “if only...”意为“要是……就好了” 【教材原句】Sometimes I think, if only I could call him and ask for his opinion! 有时我甚至想，要是能打电话征求他的意见就好了！(教材P8) (1)“if only...”意为“要是……就好了”，句中要用虚拟语气。 ①若表示与将来事实相反的情况，句中谓语则用would/could＋do； ②若表示与现在事实相反，句中谓语则用动词的过去式(be用were)； ③若表示与过去事实相反，句中谓语则用had done。 (2)“only if”意为“只有，只要……就”，only仅起强调作用。only if引导的状语从句位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。 【写作佳句】If only I had the chance to become an educationalist! 要是我有机会成为一个教育家，那该多好！ 单句语法填空 (1)My niece said, “If only I had__come(come) to the party yesterday！” (2)If only the committee would/could__approve(approve) the regulations and put them into effect. 句式升级 (3)A student is allowed to leave the classroom only if a teacher has given permission. →Only__if__a__teacher__has__given__permission__is__a__student__allowed__to__leave__the__classroom.(倒装) 知识点25. the first day/time引导时间状语从句 【教材原句】The first day he walked into my class, he was dragging his schoolbag behind him and looking bored...他第一天走进我的班级时，书包在身后拖着，一副百无聊赖的样子……(教材P9) (1)the first day用作连词，引导时间状语从句，意为“第一天……时”。 (2)引导时间状语从句的名词短语还有every time、each time、the last time、the moment、the minute、the second、the instant、the month、the year等，起从属连词的作用。 【写作佳句】Next time you come, do remember to bring your nephew here. 下次来的时候，一定记着把你侄子带来。 完成句子 (1)我每次见他，他都随身带着他的笔记本电脑。 Every/Each__time__I__meet__him,__he always carries his notebook computer. (2)铃一响，孩子们就冲了出去。 The__moment/The__minute/The__second/The__instant__the__bell__rang,__out rushed the children. 知识点26. “否定词＋比较级”表达最高级含义 【教材原句】But he's also never felt more alone. 但他却也从未感到如此孤独。(教材P14) 最高级含义的其他表达： (1)比较级＋than＋ (2)否定词＋so/as＋形容词/副词原级＋as (3)the＋形容词/副词最高级 【写作佳句】In his view, nothing is more enjoyable than reading books in the original in his spare time. 在他看来，在空闲时间阅读原著最有趣。 一句多译 汤姆是他班上最聪明的学生。 (1)Tom is more intelligent than any__other student in his class. (2)Tom is more intelligent than any__of the other students in his class. (3)Tom is more intelligent than all the__other students in his class. (4)Tom is more intelligent than anyone else in his class. (5)No__one is as intelligent as Tom in his class. (6)No one is more intelligent than Tom in his class. (7)Tom is the__most intelligent student in his class. 知识点 27. 序数词＋to do... 【教材原句】 If you're one of my 500 friends online, you'll always be the first to know. 如果你是我的500个网友之一，你会一直是第一个知道的。(教材P14) (1)英语中序数词、最高级或no、all、any等限定词后，常用不定式作后置定语。 (2)ability、chance、opportunity、attempt、anxiety、decision、curiosity、desire、plan、promise、offer、tendency、wish、way、need等名词后常跟不定式作后置定语。 【写作佳句】His ability to get along well with others is his chief advantage. 他能和他人相处融洽是他的最大优势。 单句语法填空 (1)You haven't kept your promise to__write(write) us regularly. (2)I think sport is the best thing to__do(do) because it helps you to relax and keeps you in a great shape and a healthy body. 完成句子 (3)她很幸运因为她是这次事故唯一的幸存者。 She was lucky because she was the__only__one__to__survive__the__accident． (4)我认为亨利不是做这项工作的最佳人选。 I don't think Henry is the__best__man__to__do__the__job． 知识点28. 否定词置于句首引起的部分倒装 【教材原句】...not once did she lift her head to enjoy the view outside her window. (教材P15) ……她一次也没有抬起头欣赏窗外的景色。 not once置于句首时要用部分倒装，即将系动词/情态动词/助动词等提到主语前面，其他否定意义的副词如neither、nor、never、hardly、seldom、not、little等位于句首时也需部分倒装。 【写作佳句】I don't know about his secrets.Nor/Neither do I care. 我不知道他的秘密，我也不关心。 单句语法填空/单句改错 (1)If you don't agree to our plan, neither will they. (2)Having not seen my nephew for ten years, hardly did I remember what he looks like.did→do 句式升级 (3)You can in no way miss the chance to be sent abroad for further education. →In__no__way__can__you__miss__the__chance to be sent abroad for further education.(倒装) 二、语法清单 过去完成时 【感知·语法规律】 Last night, after I ①had finished supper, I went to the cinema with Xiao Ming. When we got to the cinema, the film ②hadn't begun, but most of the audience had taken their seats. After the film began, the audience quieted down immediately. It was the first time that I ③had seen the documentary, so I watched it especially attentively. This was the best film I had ever seen and I ④hadn't thought it would be so attractive. 【精讲·语法知识】 一、构成 过去完成时由“had＋动词的过去分词”构成。 二、基本用法 1．表示在过去某一时刻或过去某一动作之前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。 By nine o'clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。 When they arrived, the enemy had abandoned the town and run away. 他们到达时，敌人已经放弃了那个镇子，逃走了。 2．表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态。常与for、since等表示一段时间的状语连用。 When Jack arrived, he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.　杰克到达时才得知玛丽已经离开差不多一个小时了。 3．表示未曾实现的愿望或打算。后接动词不定式时，意为“本来希望或打算做某事(但却没做)”。表示希望或打算的动词有hope、want、expect、think、suppose、plan、mean、intend等。 I had hoped to be back last night, but I didn't catch the train. 我原本希望昨天晚上回来，但我没有赶上火车。 4．用于特殊句型中。 hardly/scarcely...when..., no sooner...than... It/This/That was the first/second/...time (that) ..., No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.　他刚到就又走了。 It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.　这是他那一年第三次失业了。 用所给动词的适当形式填空 1．I finally picked up the classic novel I had wanted (want) to read and was soon lost in the beautiful language. 2．By the time we arrived, everyone had received (receive) medical care. 3．I asked Tom to help me sweep the floor, but he said the teacher had assigned (assign) him to clean the windows. 4．By the end of last year, this company had produced (produce) 20,000 cars. 5．Since the city had undergone (undergo) too much pollution, citizens undertook to reduce carbon emissions. 6．The team had started (start) a campaign to save endangered species before the media answered the call. 7．He had intended (intend) to park here but was stopped. It’s an emergency exit. 三、过去完成时与其他时态的区别 1．过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。 I have lived in China for ten years so far. 到目前为止，我在中国已经生活10年了。 I had lived in China for ten years before I came to Japan.　在去日本之前，我已经在中国生活10年了。 2．过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 (1)时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。 They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 昨天他们10点钟到的车站。 (2)在没有明确的时间状语作为标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须根据上下文来判断。先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。 I had finished my homework before my mother came back.　在妈妈回来前，我已经把作业写完了。 (3)先后发生的一系列动作，但并不强调先后时，最后两个动词用then、and、but等连接，用一般过去时。在before、after、as soon as引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。 He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. 他走进房间，打开灯，然后看晚报。 I (had) called her before I left the office. 我离开办公室前给她打了电话。 (4)叙述历史事实或标志词为“in＋过去的年份”时，用一般过去时。 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 我们的老师告诉我们哥伦布于1492年发现了美洲。 用所给动词的适当形式填空 (1)The scientist is doing experiments no one has attempted(attempt) so far. (2)Six hundred trees had been planted(plant) before last Wednesday. (3)After he had done/did(do) his homework, he went to bed. (4)He has lived(live) here since five years ago. (5)All the tickets had_been_sold(sell) out when Mary got to the cinema. (6)I had finished (finish) cooking dinner before you came back. (7)(2021·全国卷甲改编)The Xi'an City Wall was built (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty. (8)(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Actually, I started (start) to learn kung fu when I was seven years old, yet I have long been out of practice. 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 邀请信是邀请收信人参加某项活动的书信，要说明活动的内容、时间、地点及其精彩之处。在写作时，要注意邀请信的交际性，语气要热情有礼，态度要诚恳真挚。 1．根据邀请信的性质可将其分为普通邀请信和正式邀请信。普通邀请信对内容和格式的要求都不高，只要说明活动的内容、时间、地点等即可。正式邀请信的措辞要正式、语气要热情有礼，态度要诚恳； 2．邀请信的末尾要表达希望对方参加或出席的愿望； 3．时态：多用一般将来时。 4．具体写作结构为： 【积累·写作素材】 【必备词块】 1. 邀请 invite/ invitation 　　2. 做演讲 make/deliver a speech 　　3. 评委 judge 　　4. 感激 appreciate (vi. )/ be grateful 　　5. 荣幸 honor (v./n.) 　　6. 欢迎 welcome (v./n./adj.) 　　7. 接受邀请 accept sb’s invitation 　　8.代表学校 on behalf of our school 　　9. 我想邀请你做... I’d like to invite you to... 　　10. 举办活动的目的是... The purpose of the activity is to 　　11. 活动的细节有... Here are some details about the activity... 　　12.如果……我将感到荣幸 It’s my honor if... 　　13.欢迎你参加 You are welcome to... 【万能句式】 【篇首句】介绍自己，简要说明活动，并邀请对方。 1. I’m Wang Ming from YuWen School，the president of the Student Union. 我是来自育文学校的王明，学生会主席。 2. An English speaking contest of our school will be held on August 6. 我们学校有一场英语演讲比赛将在8月6号举行。学科&网 3. There will be a party in my garden on Sunday. 周日，在我的花园里会举行一场聚会。 4. I’d like to invite you to judge it. 我想邀请你做它的裁判。 5. I’m writing to invite you to... 我写信是邀请你…… 6. I wonder if you can come to... 我想知道你是否能来…… 7. We sincerely hope you can attend it. 我们真诚希望你能够参加。 8. It’s my pleasure/a great honour for me to invite you to... 我很荣幸的邀请你…… 9. It’s a pity that you have to go back to America soon. So a farewell party for you will be held in the Sun Club this Saturday evening. Could you come at 6:00 pm? 很遗憾你不久就要回美国了。所以，这周六，在阳光俱乐部我们会为你举行一个欢送会。下午六点你能来吗？ 【篇中句】介绍活动具体内容，并说明受邀人参加理由。 1. It will begin at 2:00 pm and last two hours, during which time 15 well-prepared contestants will deliver their speeches. 它将于下午两点钟开始，四点钟结束，在此期间将会有十五位准备充分的参赛者发表演讲。 2. We will start at 8:00 am and arrive there at 9:00. 我们将会在上午八点出发，九点到达那里。 3. During the afternoon, we’ll...together. 下午，我们会一起…… 4. Remember to take water and lunch with you. 记得带上水和午餐。 5. By the way, you may take Bus No. 322 in front of your apartment and it will take you directly to the club. 顺便说一下，你可以乘坐你家公寓前的322路公交车，它会直接把你带到俱乐部。 6. I know you are a native speaker of English and an English teacher, and I, on behalf of our school, sincerely invite you to be part of the contest. 我知道你的母语是英语，还是一个英语老师。我，代表我们学校，真诚的邀请你来比赛现场。 7. Since you are so eager to improve your English, it will prove to be a great chance. 既然你如此渴望提高英语，这会是一个很好的机会。 8. I’m sure that you will enjoy yourself there. 我保证你在那里会过得很愉快。 【篇尾句】期待对方接受邀请，并期待对方尽快回复。 1. Will you be available during that time? Please contact me at 1234567 at your earliest convenience. 那期间你有空吗？请方便时尽快给我打电话1234567。 2. Would you please let me know as soon as possible if you can accept my invitation? 请尽快告诉我你能否接受我的邀请好吗？ 3. We will feel much honored if you could come.如果你能来，我们会非常荣幸。 4. We are looking forward to your coming.我们期待着你的到来。 5. I am longing to see you soon.我期待着尽早见到你。 【写作模板】 模板① Dear________, ________(开门见山地点、活动)，It would be pleasant to have you here(表达邀请愿望). Will you give me the pleasure of your company(正式发出邀请)？ During the party/conference, we will have a lots of activities you will be interested in (开始介绍活动内容). First, __________(介绍举行的活动一). Second, _________(介绍举行的活动二). I know/believe you be very interested in _________(引出受邀请人参加的理由). First/For one thing________(希望受邀人参加的理由一)，Second/For another__________(希望受邀人参加的理由二)。 The party/conference would not be complete without you(总结受邀人参加的必要性). The party/conference will begin at ________(提出活动的地点). It is possible for us to meet at ________(提出具体约定时间). We do hope you can come ________(再次发出邀请). Yours Li Hua 模板② Dear________, There will be a________(内容) at/in________(地点) on________(时间). We would be honored to have you there with us. The occasion will start at________________(具体时间). This will be followed by a________(进一步的安排). At ________________(时间), we will have ________________________(另一个安排). I really hope you can make it. RSVP before_________________________(通知你的最后期限). Yours Sincerely, Li Hua 【示例·分步写作】 假定你是李华，你校图书馆新开设“小组学习室”，请你给你的留学生同学Michael写一封信，邀请他一同体验，内容包括： 1.位置与开放时间； 2.室内设施和功能。 注意：1. 词数80左右； 2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第一步：审题谋篇 体裁 邀请信 人称 第一人称与第二人称为主 时态 一般现在时（描述设施）、一般将来时（邀请行动） 框架 第一段：问候+邀请目的； 第二段：位置/时间→设施/功能； 第三段：重申邀请+期待回复。 第二步：要点翻译 1. 位置：位于图书馆二楼。（locate） → It is located on the second floor of the library. 2. 开放时间：每天早8点到晚9点。（open） → It opens from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. every day. 3. 配备桌椅、电脑和电子白板。（be equipped with） → It is equipped with tables, chairs, computers and an electronic whiteboard. 4. 支持小组讨论和在线查资料。（support） → It supports group discussions and online research. 5. 我想邀请你一起去体验。（invite） → I’d like to invite you to try it out with me. 第三步：词句升级 合并要点1+2（用非谓语动词扩展）： → Located on the second floor, the study room is open daily from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. 合并要点3+4（用非限制性定语从句）： → The room is equipped with modern facilities, including computers and an electronic whiteboard, which allow us to hold discussions and search for information online. 强化邀请句式（用委婉语气）： → Would you like to join me in experiencing this fantastic space? 第四步：连句成篇 Dear Michael, I’m writing to invite you to try our library’s newly opened group study room. Located on the second floor, it opens daily from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. The room is equipped with modern facilities, including tables, computers and an electronic whiteboard, which not only support group discussions but also allow us to access online resources easily. It’s a perfect place for collaborative learning. Would you like to join me there this Friday afternoon? I believe it will greatly benefit our project. Looking forward to your reply! Yours, Li Hua 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 1 Relationships 单词 1．_______ adj.外向的，好交际的 2．_______ vt. 主办；做……的东道主 n. 主人；主持人 3．_______ adj.感激的，感谢的 4．_______ adj. 实际的；实践的；切实可行的 5．_______ vt. 灌，注，倒 6．________ n. 燃料 7．_______ vt.缺乏 8．_______ vt. 拖，拉 9．_______ adj. 值得做的；重要的；有益的 10．_______ vt. 处理(难题)；应付(局面) 11．_______adj. 烦恼的，心烦意乱的 vt. 使生气，使心烦意乱 12．_______ vt.提出，提起 13． _______ n. 方式，方法 14．_______ adj. 敏感的；善解人意的 15．_______ adv. 几乎不 16．_______n. 截止日期，最后期限 17．_______vi.&vt. 努力赢得 n. 追逐，追赶 18．________ adj. 令人惊奇的，异乎寻常的 19．_______ adj. 紧张的，激烈的；剧烈的 20．_______ vi.&vt.推迟，延期 21．_______ vi.&vt. 弯腰；俯身 22．_______ n. 代表…… 23．_______ n. 话题，题目 24．_______ vt. 属于 25．_______n. 差异，差别 vt. 形成对比 短语 1. _________初次，第一次 2._______投入(倒)……于某物 3._________一些，几个；一双，一对 4._______过去经常做某事 5.____________代表某人 6. _______占据 7.__________和……对比 8._______引爆；出发 9._______建立；启动 10. __________ 与某人交往 11. __________对……过分担心 12.__________ 喋喋不休 13._______ 总计达到 14. ____________ 对……缺乏信心 15._______要是……就好了 16. _____________获许进入 17. _____________核查；仔细检查 18. _____________ 追逐 19. _____________ 为……感到惭愧 20._____________抱着……目的 21. _____________ 以一种友好的方式 22._____________对……敏感 23. _____________把……变成现实 24. _____________赶在截止日期之前 25.________________ 迫切希望得到 熟词生义 1. (2023·全国乙卷)Jacqueline Felice de Almania (c.1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced.____________ 2. (2021·全国乙卷)People have been pouring into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece._______ 3. Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas._______ 4. (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)His job is to sit beside the pianist and turn the pages of the score so the musician doesn't have to break the flow of sound by doing it themselves._______ 5. (2021·天津3月卷)Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it. _______ 句型 1．find＋宾语＋宾语补足语 I ________________________________． 我觉得这一切既无聊又困难。 2．if only引导虚拟条件句 Sometimes I think, ____________________ and ask for his opinion! 有时我想，要是我能打电话给他，征求他的意见就好了！ 3．the first day引导时间状语从句 _________________________he was dragging his schoolbag behind him and looking bored... 他第一天走进我的班级时，他的书包在身后拖着，一副百无聊赖的样子…… 4．否定词置于句首的倒装 ._____________ she lift her head to enjoy the view outside her window. ……她一次也没有抬起头去欣赏窗外的景色。 语法 过去完成时 一、词汇清单 知识点1 occasionally adv. 偶然；偶尔；有时候 【教材原句】It's good that we take some time occasionally to remember some of the positive things in life, don't you agree？　我们偶尔花点时间回忆一下生活中积极的事情是好的，你不同意吗？(教材P105) (1)occasion n.　　　　　 时刻；时机；盛会；场合 on occasion 偶尔，有时 on this/that occasion 在这个/那个时候 on one occasion 有一次；曾经 (2)occasional adj. 偶尔的；偶然的 【写作佳句】On one occasion, she called me in the middle of the night. 有一次，她深更半夜给我打电话。 【名师点津】 当occasion表示时间，意为“时刻；机会”时，用关系副词when引导定语从句；当occasion表示地点，意为“场合”时，用关系副词where引导定语从句。 单句语法填空 (1) (2020·江苏卷) ____ the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking. (2)I can remember very few occasions ______ he had to cancel because of ill health. (3)This is not an occasion for laughter, _______ you must take everything seriously. 同义替换 (4)As he works in a remote area, he visits his parents only occasionally. →As he works in a remote area, he visits his parents only _____________． 知识点2 grateful　adj.感激的，感谢的 【教材原句】I’m extremely grateful to him. 我特别感谢他。(教材P106) (1)be grateful (2)I would be grateful if you could do...如果你能做……，我将感激不尽。 【写作佳句】He will be grateful to know that he will host the party.　 知道他将主持这次晚会，他会很感激的。 单句语法填空 (1) I was extremely grateful____ her for her help during my stay in England. (2)He _____________(grateful) accepted the money donated by his friends. 一句多译 如果你能帮我的忙，我将非常感激。 (3________________________ if you could lend me a hand.(grateful adj.) (4)_______________________ if you could lend me a hand.(appreciate v．) 知识点3 intention n. 意图，目的；打算 【教材原句】But I do understand my teacher’s intention. 但我确实理解我的老师的意图。(教材P106) (1)with an/the intention of　抱有……的目的；打算…… (2)intend vi.& vt. 打算；计划；想要 intend doing/to do sth 打算做某事 had intended to do sth 本来打算做某事 (3)be intended to do sth/for sth 专门为……；专门给… 【写作佳句】Out of guilt and regret, I explained my original intention and apologized. 出于愧疚和遗憾，我解释了我的初衷并道歉。 【名师点津】 intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可用来表示一件本来打算做而实际上没有做的事或者表示过去未曾实现的设想或愿望， 含有某种惋惜之意。 1.单句语法填空 ①The university is known for its language and culture courses intended _____ international students. ②My parents_____________(intend)to buy a new truck but couldn't afford it. ③This program was set up with an __________(intend)of providing help to homeless people. 2.应用文写作之邀请信 ④我谨代表机器人爱好小组，邀请您加入我们的团队参加即将到来的比赛。 I, on behalf of the Robotics Hobby Group, __________________________ in the coming competition. 知识点4. lack　vi.& vt.缺乏；没有　n．缺乏；短缺 【教材原句】The problem was that I lacked confidence in myself. 问题在于我对自己缺乏信心。(教材P8) (1)(a) lack of...　　　　　　缺少…… for/through lack of... 由于缺少…… lack (for) nothing 没有欠缺 (2)lacking adj. 缺少的；缺乏的 be lacking in... 缺少…… 【写作佳句】I'll see that you lack for nothing while you attend college.你上大学时我会保证你的一切需要的。 【名师点津】 lack作及物动词时，其后直接跟宾语，但通常不用被动语态和进行时；lack作名词时，常与of连用。 单句语法填空 (1)Tired and _____________(lack) energy, students skipping breakfast can have poor academic performance and poor health. (2)The plan_____________(lack) support from the government. As a consequence，it broke down soon. 一句多译 由于缺乏足够的训练，我们在即将到来的比赛中将很难取胜。 (3)_________________ ，we will have great trouble in winning the coming match.(介词短语) (4_________________________，we will have great trouble in winning the coming match.(分词作状语) (5)_____________________，we will have great trouble in winning the coming match.(原因状语从句) 知识点5. presentation　n.报告；陈述，说明 【教材原句】I was interested in the study of the stars and planets and he asked me to give a presentation to the class.我对恒星和行星的研究很感兴趣，他让我向全班做报告。(教材P8) (1)make/give a presentation 做报告/陈述 (2)present v. 授予；提交；展示 adj. 目前的；出席的，在场的 n. 礼物；目前，现在 present sb.with sth. (＝present sth. to sb.) 授予/给予某人某物 be present at... 出席…… make sb.a present of sth. 将某物赠送给某人 at present 现在；目前 【写作佳句】It is said that many teachers and parents were present at the meeting.据说许多老师和父母出席了这次会议。 【名师点津】 present作前置定语时，意为“目前的”；作后置定语时，意为“出席的，在场的”。 写出下列句中present的词性及含义 (1) (2020·全国卷Ⅲ) When he presented his masterpiece to the emperor's chief minister, the old man laughed_____________ (2)We do not have any more information at the present time._____________ (3)There were 200 people present at the meeting. _____________ (4)At present, some countries do not have enough water to produce the food their people need._____________ (5)She bought a birthday present for her mother. _____________ 知识点6. delay　v.延迟；延期，推迟　n．延期；延误 【教材原句】The problem was that I lacked confidence in myself.问题是我对自己缺乏信心。 (教材P8) delay doing sth.　　　　　 延迟做某事 without delay 立即；毫不耽搁 【写作佳句】I was more upset than worried when I heard the news that her flight was delayed because of the bad weather. 单句语法填空 (1)Never delay_________(do) something you should finish today. (2)Traffic _____________(delay) by the bad weather. 词汇升级 (3)Those who were exposed to pig flu were separated and treated at once. →Those who were exposed to pig flu were separated and treated_____________． 知识点7 access　n.进入；接触的机会；(接近的)方法 【教材原句】The thing about being a teacher is that you have access to children's minds when they are open and eager to learn.作为一名教师的意义在于，当孩子们的思维开放并渴望学习的时候，你有机会接触他们的思想。(教材P9) (1)have/get/obtain/gain access to... 拥有……的机会；接近；可以利用 give access to 接近；准许进入 (2)accessible adj.　　　　 可接近的；可达到的；易取得的 be accessible to... 可接近/可靠近；可使用…… 【写作佳句】Thus I have been allowed to gain access to the living environment of the educationalist.因此，我被允许接触这个教育家的居住环境。 单句语法填空/单句改错 (1)Medicine should not be kept where it is _____________(access) to children. (2)The only access of that cottage is across the farmland._____________ 一句多译 我们学校的每一个学生都可以使用新图书馆。 (3)Our new school library _____________every student in our school.(accessible adj.) (4)Every student in our school _____________________________ our new school library.(access n．) 知识点8. worthwhile　adj.值得的；值得做的；重要的；有益的 【教材原句】If what I do as a teacher can help turn a child like Graham into such a successful adult, then I know what I'm doing is worthwhile. 如果作为一名教师，我所做的能将一个像格雷厄姆一样的孩子转变成一个如此成功的大人，那么我知道我现在所做的都是值得的。(教材P9) (1)It is worthwhile doing/to do sth. 做某事是值得的。 (2)worth adj. 值得的 be worth doing... 做……是值得的 (3)worthy adj. 值得的 be worthy of being done/to be done 做……是值得的 【写作佳句】This article is well worth reading, but it is not worthy of being translated/to be translated. 这篇文章很值得一读，但不值得翻译。 一句多译 这个问题不值得一次又一次地讨论。 (1______________________________________________________ again and again. (worthwhile) (2)_________________________________________ again and again.(worth) (3)The__question__is__not__worthy__of__being__discussed/to__be__discussed again and again.(worthy) 知识点9. preference　n.喜爱，偏爱，偏好 【教材原句】to depend on personal preference 取决于个人的偏好 (教材P12) (1)have a preference for　　 更喜欢…… in preference to 优先于；而不是 (2)prefer v. 更喜欢；宁愿 prefer to do/doing... 更喜欢做…… prefer sb.to do... 更喜欢让某人做…… prefer (doing) A to (doing) B 与(做)B相比更喜欢(做)A prefer to do A rather than do B 宁愿做A也不愿做B 【写作佳句】As a matter of fact, I have a preference for black tea.　事实上，我偏爱红茶。 单句语法填空/单句改错 (1)(2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ) We prefer_____________________(describe) emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. (2)I would usually choose living in a small town in preference for living in a big city._____________ 一句多译 毕竟，所有的孩子都喜欢表扬而不是批评(scold)。 (3)After all, all kids_____________________________________________． (4)After all, all kids_____________________________________________． 知识点10. upset　adj.烦恼的，心烦意乱的；不安的；不适的　 vt.使不安；使生气，使心烦意乱；打翻，碰倒；打扰  【教材原句】to get upset (教材P12) (1)be/get upset about/over/at... 对……感到心烦意乱 be upset to do sth. 对做某事感到不安 (2)It upsets/upset sb.to do sth. 做某事使某人感到不舒服/不安 It upsets/upset sb.that... 让某人感到不高兴的是…… 【写作佳句】I couldn't concentrate in class, and kept sneaking glances at Lisa. She glanced back, looking equally upset. 上课时我无法集中注意力，总是偷偷地看丽莎。她回头看了一眼，显得同样不安。(读后续写之心理描写＋动作描写) 【名师点津】 upset作动词时，其过去式和过去分词形式均为upset；其现在分词形式为upsetting。 　upset作动词时，过去式和过去分词形式都是upset；其现在分词形式为upsetting。 单句语法填空 ①Then all of a sudden, there was an_____________(upset) knock on her front door. ②She was upset_____________(know)that her application for the position was refused. 句多译 凯莉不理睬我，我心烦透顶，孤独如同潮水般涌来。 ③Kelley just ignored me，__________________．Loneliness began to flood in.(非限制性定语从句) ④_______________________ Kelley just ignored me.Loneliness began to flood in.(what引导的主语从句) 知识点11. ashamed 　adj.羞愧的；内疚的；惭愧的 【教材原句】to feel ashamed (教材P12) (1)be ashamed of　　　对……感到羞愧 be ashamed to do... 耻于做…… (2)shame n.　　　　　羞耻；羞愧；惭愧；令人遗憾的事 It's a shame that... ……是令人遗憾的事 (3)shameful adj. 可耻的；丢脸的；不体面的 【写作佳句】We are often ashamed of our shortcomings, our mistakes and our failures. 我们常常对自己的缺点、错误和失败感到羞愧。 单句语法填空/单句改错 (1)Pinksha felt very ashamed______herself and learned that a kind heart is more important than a striking appearance. (2)It is shame that you cannot join us in this reunion._____________ 完成句子 (3)我不好意思告诉他我英语考试不及格。 I ______________________ that I had failed in the English exam. 知识点12. reality　n.真实；事实，现实(的事物) 【教材原句】They say that phones bring people closer together but in reality, my mind is always a million miles away.　他们说手机使人们更亲近，但事实上，我的思绪始终在千里之外。(教材P15) (1)in reality 事实上，实际上 come into reality (梦想)实现 become a reality 成为现实 turn...into reality 把……变为现实 make sth. a reality 实现某事 (2)real adj. 真实的 realize vt. 实现；意识到；了解 【写作佳句】Scientists are trying to turn the dream into reality. 科学家正努力把这一梦想变为现实。 单句语法填空 (1)You never know when what you learn today will make your dream_______reality. (2)He seems self­confident，but______ reality he is very shy.　 一句多译 他上大学的梦想已经实现了。 (3)His dream of going to college_______________________． (4)His dream of going to college_____________________． (5)His dream of going to college______________________． (6)His dream of going to college ____________________． 知识点13. desperate 　adj.绝望的；拼命的 【教材原句】I'm desperate to get back to the online world and the intense activity that it provides. 我就非常渴望回到网络世界和它提供的紧张活动中。(教材P15) (1)be desperate for　 　　极想要……；渴望…… be desperate to do sth. 极想做某事 in desperate need of 急需…… (2)desperately adv. 绝望地；不顾一切地 【写作佳句】Occasionally, we are desperate to search for something but it is just under our noses. 有时，我们拼命地找某个东西，但其实它就在我们的面前。 【名师点津】 此外desperate还有“adj.铤而走险的，不顾一切的；非常需要的”的含义。 [联想]　“渴望某物/做某事”的短语还有： (1)be eager for sth/to do sth (2)be anxious for sth/to do sth (3)long for sth/to do sth (4)desire for sth/to do sth (5)be dying for sth/to do sth 单句语法填空 (1)His survival story is a journey of___________(desperate) and almost superhuman endurance! (2)After ten years of hard study，he was desperate___________(pass)the College Entrance Examination and enter an ideal university. (3)Desperate_______ the chance to be a volunteer，I do hope you can offer me the precious opportunity. 句式升级 (4)Seeing the result of the exam，I was so desperate that I felt as if I were thrown into a world of darkness. →Seeing the result of the exam，________________I felt as if I were thrown into a world of darkness.(倒装句) 知识点14. depressed　adj.(感到)沮丧的，忧愁的 【教材原句】I constantly feel depressed, dissatisfied and alone.我经常感到沮丧、不满和孤独。(教材P15) (1)be/get depressed at/about/by 对……感到沮丧 (2)depression n. 抑郁；沮丧；萧条 suffer from depression 得了抑郁症 to one's depression 让某人感到沮丧的是 (3)depress v. 使沮丧；使意志消沉；使心灰意冷 depressing adj. 令人沮丧的 【写作佳句】There is no point in getting depressed about it now—it's no use crying over spilt milk. 现在为这件事感到沮丧是没有意义的，为洒了的牛奶哭泣是没有用的。 单句语法填空 (1)(2020·天津卷7月)Loneliness is a serious social problem that can contribute to_____________(depress) and even crimes. (2)Looking for a job these days can be very_____________(depress) sometimes. 句型转换 (3)What depressed her was that she lost her purse on her way to work. →___________________,she lost her purse on her way to work. 知识点15. complain　vi.& vt.抱怨；不满；发牢骚；投诉 【教材原句】On a family holiday last summer, my sister spent all her time complaining that she needed to charge her phone. 在去年夏天的一次度假中，我的妹妹一直在抱怨她需要给她的手机充电。(教材P15) (1)complain to sb.of/about　　 向某人抱怨；诉说 (2)complaint n. 抱怨，怨言；不满，委屈 make a complaint of/about... 投诉/抱怨…… make a complaint to sb. 向某人抱怨/投诉 【写作佳句】Several passengers complained to the air company about the bad service on the flight. 许多旅客向航空公司投诉班机上服务差。 单句语法填空 (1)He complained_______me that he had done everything with all his strength, but failed to pass the tests. (2)The patient is making a _____________(complain) to the doctor of his bad headache. 完成句子 (3)我还记得你从来没有抱怨过我的英语很差，你一直致力于提高我的英语口语和英语写作。 _____________________________________________ and you have been devoted to improving my oral English and English writing. 知识点16. appointment　n.约定；约会；预约；任命，委派 【教材原句】 I can't even imagine going without social networking for a week—think of all the important appointments, invitations and news updates you would miss! 我甚至不能想象一周没有社交网络——想一下你会错过的所有重要的约会、邀请和最新的新闻！(教材P15) (1)have/make/fix an appointment with sb. 与某人约会/预约 keep/break an appointment 守/违约 (2)appoint vt. 任命；委派 appoint sb.as/to be... 任命某人为…… appoint sb.to do sth. 指派某人做某事 (3)appointed adj. 指定的；约定的 【写作佳句】He was extremely honored to be appointed as sales manager of the company. 被任命为公司的销售经理，他感到非常荣幸。 单句语法填空 (1)Amie Salmon, disabled, is attended throughout her school days by a nurse appointed___________(guard) her. (2)—Good morning, Mr. Lee's office. —Good morning. I'd like to make an appointment________ next Wednesday afternoon. (3)My patient didn't turn up at the____________ (appoint)time; that is，she broke an______________ (appoint). 应用文写作之道歉信 (4)我不得不向你道歉，因为我不能在约定的时间陪你去书店了。 I have to apologize to you for not___________________________________________________________ 知识点17. associate with　与某人交往 【教材原句】I have a never-ending flow of messages and updates from all the people I associate with online. 我总是不停地收到交往的网友发来的信息和最新消息。(教材P16) (1)associate...with...　 把……和……联系起来 (2)associated adj. 有关联的，相关的；联合的 be associated with 和……有关 (3)association n. 协会；社团；联合；结合；交往 in association with 和……联合；与……有关 【写作佳句】If you associate with positive­thinking people, you are definitely going to achieve success. 如果你与积极思考的人交往，你肯定会取得成功。 单句语法填空 (1)(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)As a result, she says, some of the injuries_____________(associate) with running, such as runner's knee, are uncommon among race walkers. (2)(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Just as importantly, we tend to associate fresh air____________ health care. 同义替换 (3)There are many serious health problems which are associated with smoking. →There are many serious health problems ________________ smoking. 知识点18. behalf　n.代表…… 【教材原句】I'm writing on behalf of the school's Student Union.　我代表学校的学生会写信。(教材P18) on behalf of sb.＝on sb.'s behalf 代表或代替某人；为了某人的利益 【写作佳句】 I'm honored to be here to extend a warm welcome to you on behalf of our school. 我很荣幸能代表我们学校在这里向你们表示热烈的欢迎。 一句多译 我将代表我们学校参加运动会。 (1)I will ________________________________________________________________． (2)I will_________________________________________________________________． 知识点19. engagement　n.参与；订婚；约定；雇用 【教材原句】Competitors should be judged on their pronunciation, clarity and fluency, and also progression of ideas and audience engagement. 参与者的发音、清晰度和流畅度，以及想法的进展和观众的参与度都是评判的标准。(教材P18) (1) have an engagement with　与……有约定 (2)engage vi. 参加；参与(活动) vt. 吸引(注意力、兴趣) engage in 从事；参与 engage one's attention 吸引某人的注意力 engage sb./oneself in... 使某人/自己参与 (3)engaged adj.忙于……的；已订婚的；被占用的 be engaged in 忙于…… be/get/become engaged to sb.　和某人订婚 【写作佳句】He had an engagement with her at eight tonight. 他今晚8点和她有个约会。 【名师点津】　此外engagement还有“n.订婚，约定”的含义。 单句语法填空/语境辨义 (1)Engaging_______exploring splendid Chinese culture gives him a chance to act as a cultural messenger. (2)Whether for a special occasion such as an______________(engage) or a wedding or simply as a gift, diamond rings make the ideal choice. (3)It is a movie that engages both the mind and the eye.___________ 词汇、句式升级 (4)I am busy preparing for the Entrance College Examination, so I can't go with you. →I _____________preparing for the Entrance College Examination, so I can't go with you.(engage) →_____________preparing for the Entrance College Examination, I can't go with you.(非谓语动词作状语) 知识点20. take up　拿起；接受；开始从事；继续；占据(时间、空间等) 【教材原句】We would not take up too much of your time. 我们不会占用你太多时间的。(教材P18) take in　　　收留(某人)；吸收；领会，理解；欺骗；包括 take off (飞机等)起飞；脱下 take on 呈现；雇用；承担 take out 取出；切除，摘除 take over 接管 【写作佳句】The city has been developing very fast and it has taken on a new look. 这座城市飞速发展，已经呈现出新的面貌。 写出下列句中take up的含义 (1)Thinking twice, she finally took up his invitation_____________ (2)Joan took up the story when her sister forgot the next detail._____________ (3)The girl took up her bag and left the dorm._____________ (4)That big clock will have to go; it takes up too much space in the small dorm._____________ (5)At the age of sixty he took up the study of Russian._____________ 词汇升级 (6)Don't be fooled by his promises for he never realizes them. →Don't be _____________ by his promises for he never realizes them. 知识点21. belong　v. 应在(某处)；适应；属于 【教材原句】We all want to be part of a group and feel like we belong to our community.　我们都想成为小组中的一份子，也都想感觉我们属于我们的社区。(教材P21) (1)belong to　　　 是……的成员；属于 (2)belonging n. 归属　 a sense of belonging 归属感 (3)belongings n. 所有物；财产 【写作佳句】Everyone has a desire for success while success only belongs to the hard­working people. 每个人都渴望成功，而成功只属于勤奋的人。(应用文之发言稿) 【名师点津】　(1)belong to既不能用于被动语态，也不能用于进行时态； (2)belong to常用作动词­ing形式作后置定语。 单句语法填空 (1)All the _____________(belong) being showed at the hall belong to the artist. (2)First of all，uniforms help the school look smart. The students feel that they belong______ a particular group. 一句多译 剪纸有1 500多年的历史，属于中国传统的艺术。 (3)Paper cutting has a history of over 1,500 years，____________________________ in China.(定语从句) (4)Paper cutting has a history of over 1,500 years，_________________________ in China.(分词作状语) 知识点22. approval　n.赞成，同意；通过；认可；批准；赞许 【教材原句】(教材P21) (1)meet with one's approval　　得到某人的赞许 give one's approval to sth. 某人批准某事 (2)approve vi. 赞成，同意 vt. 批准 approve of 赞成，同意 (3)approving adj. 赞许的；许可的 【写作佳句】My mother doesn't approve of my attending such a party, because it finishes at midnight. 我母亲不同意我参加这样的晚会，因为它在午夜结束。 【名师点津】　approve意为“赞成，同意”时，是不及物动词，“赞成某人做某事”不可译成approve sb.to do sth.或在其后跟that从句，应用approve of sb./sb.'s doing sth.。 单句语法填空 (1)My son made an incredible decision without my _____________(approve). (2)She doesn't approve_________ my leaving school this year. 一句多译 老师同意我们制作视频来记录我们的在校经历。 (3)The teacher_________________________________ to record our experiences at school. (approval n．) (4)The teacher _________________________________ to record our experiences at school. (approve v．) 知识点23. defend 　vi.& vt.保护，保卫 【教材原句】Bullies pick easy targets—people who are outside the peer group and whom the group is unlikely to defend.　欺凌者选择容易的目标——那些在同伴群体之外并且该群体不太可能会保护的人。(教材P21) (1)defend...from/against (doing...) 保护……免受…… defend oneself 自卫 (2)defence n. 防御；保卫，保证 in defence (of) 保护；为了保卫；(为……)辩护 in one's defence 为某人辩护；站在某人一边 【写作佳句】The trees around the schoolyard looked like huge men with silver clothes defending our school. 校园周围的树就像穿着银装的巨人保卫着我们的校园。(读后续写之环境描写) 单句语法填空 (1)In order to defend our country________ outside attack, we must strengthen our national ___________(defend). (2)She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands as if _________ defence. 一句多译 看到这条凶猛的蛇，他像箭一样冲过去保护他的儿子。 (3)Seeing the fierce snake，he_______________________ like an arrow.(defend) (4)Seeing the fierce snake，he_________________________like an arrow.(defence) 知识点24. “if only...”意为“要是……就好了” 【教材原句】Sometimes I think, if only I could call him and ask for his opinion! 有时我甚至想，要是能打电话征求他的意见就好了！(教材P8) (1)“if only...”意为“要是……就好了”，句中要用虚拟语气。 ①若表示与将来事实相反的情况，句中谓语则用would/could＋do； ②若表示与现在事实相反，句中谓语则用动词的过去式(be用were)； ③若表示与过去事实相反，句中谓语则用had done。 (2)“only if”意为“只有，只要……就”，only仅起强调作用。only if引导的状语从句位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。 【写作佳句】If only I had the chance to become an educationalist! 要是我有机会成为一个教育家，那该多好！ 单句语法填空 (1)My niece said, “If only I _____________(come) to the party yesterday！” (2)If only the committee ___________________(approve) the regulations and put them into effect. 句式升级 (3)A student is allowed to leave the classroom only if a teacher has given permission. →___________________________________________________________________________________(倒装) 知识点25. the first day/time引导时间状语从句 【教材原句】The first day he walked into my class, he was dragging his schoolbag behind him and looking bored...他第一天走进我的班级时，书包在身后拖着，一副百无聊赖的样子……(教材P9) (1)the first day用作连词，引导时间状语从句，意为“第一天……时”。 (2)引导时间状语从句的名词短语还有every time、each time、the last time、the moment、the minute、the second、the instant、the month、the year等，起从属连词的作用。 【写作佳句】Next time you come, do remember to bring your nephew here. 下次来的时候，一定记着把你侄子带来。 完成句子 (1)我每次见他，他都随身带着他的笔记本电脑。 _____________________________________________he always carries his notebook computer. (2)铃一响，孩子们就冲了出去。 __________________________________________________out rushed the children. 知识点26. “否定词＋比较级”表达最高级含义 【教材原句】But he's also never felt more alone. 但他却也从未感到如此孤独。(教材P14) 最高级含义的其他表达： (1)比较级＋than＋ (2)否定词＋so/as＋形容词/副词原级＋as (3)the＋形容词/副词最高级 【写作佳句】In his view, nothing is more enjoyable than reading books in the original in his spare time. 在他看来，在空闲时间阅读原著最有趣。 一句多译 汤姆是他班上最聪明的学生。 (1)Tom is more intelligent than _____________ student in his class. (2)Tom is more intelligent than _____________the other students in his class. (3)Tom is more intelligent than all _____________ students in his class. (4)Tom is more intelligent than anyone _____________ in his class. (5)_____________ is as intelligent as Tom in his class. (6)No one is _____________ intelligent than Tom in his class. (7)Tom is_____________ intelligent student in his class. 知识点 27. 序数词＋to do... 【教材原句】 If you're one of my 500 friends online, you'll always be the first to know. 如果你是我的500个网友之一，你会一直是第一个知道的。(教材P14) (1)英语中序数词、最高级或no、all、any等限定词后，常用不定式作后置定语。 (2)ability、chance、opportunity、attempt、anxiety、decision、curiosity、desire、plan、promise、offer、tendency、wish、way、need等名词后常跟不定式作后置定语。 【写作佳句】His ability to get along well with others is his chief advantage. 他能和他人相处融洽是他的最大优势。 单句语法填空 (1)You haven't kept your promise _____________(write) us regularly. (2)I think sport is the best thing _____________(do) because it helps you to relax and keeps you in a great shape and a healthy body. 完成句子 (3)她很幸运因为她是这次事故唯一的幸存者。 She was lucky because she was _______________________________________． (4)我认为亨利不是做这项工作的最佳人选。 I don't think Henry is______________________________________________． 知识点28. 否定词置于句首引起的部分倒装 【教材原句】...not once did she lift her head to enjoy the view outside her window. (教材P15) ……她一次也没有抬起头欣赏窗外的景色。 not once置于句首时要用部分倒装，即将系动词/情态动词/助动词等提到主语前面，其他否定意义的副词如neither、nor、never、hardly、seldom、not、little等位于句首时也需部分倒装。 【写作佳句】I don't know about his secrets.Nor/Neither do I care. 我不知道他的秘密，我也不关心。 单句语法填空/单句改错 (1)If you don't agree to our plan, neither_____________ they. (2)Having not seen my nephew for ten years, hardly did I remember what he looks like._____________ 句式升级 (3)You can in no way miss the chance to be sent abroad for further education. →______________________________________ to be sent abroad for further education.(倒装) 二、语法清单 过去完成时 【感知·语法规律】 Last night, after I ①had finished supper, I went to the cinema with Xiao Ming. When we got to the cinema, the film ②hadn't begun, but most of the audience had taken their seats. After the film began, the audience quieted down immediately. It was the first time that I ③had seen the documentary, so I watched it especially attentively. This was the best film I had ever seen and I ④hadn't thought it would be so attractive. 【精讲·语法知识】 一、构成 过去完成时由“had＋动词的过去分词”构成。 二、基本用法 1．表示在过去某一时刻或过去某一动作之前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。 By nine o'clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。 When they arrived, the enemy had abandoned the town and run away. 他们到达时，敌人已经放弃了那个镇子，逃走了。 2．表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态。常与for、since等表示一段时间的状语连用。 When Jack arrived, he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.　杰克到达时才得知玛丽已经离开差不多一个小时了。 3．表示未曾实现的愿望或打算。后接动词不定式时，意为“本来希望或打算做某事(但却没做)”。表示希望或打算的动词有hope、want、expect、think、suppose、plan、mean、intend等。 I had hoped to be back last night, but I didn't catch the train. 我原本希望昨天晚上回来，但我没有赶上火车。 4．用于特殊句型中。 hardly/scarcely...when..., no sooner...than... It/This/That was the first/second/...time (that) ..., No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.　他刚到就又走了。 It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.　这是他那一年第三次失业了。 用所给动词的适当形式填空 1．I finally picked up the classic novel I _____________ (want) to read and was soon lost in the beautiful language. 2．By the time we arrived, everyone _____________ (receive) medical care. 3．I asked Tom to help me sweep the floor, but he said the teacher_____________ (assign) him to clean the windows. 4．By the end of last year, this company_____________ (produce) 20,000 cars. 5．Since the city_____________(undergo) too much pollution, citizens undertook to reduce carbon emissions. 6．The team_____________ (start) a campaign to save endangered species before the media answered the call. 7．He_____________ (intend) to park here but was stopped. It’s an emergency exit. 三、过去完成时与其他时态的区别 1．过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。 I have lived in China for ten years so far. 到目前为止，我在中国已经生活10年了。 I had lived in China for ten years before I came to Japan.　在去日本之前，我已经在中国生活10年了。 2．过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 (1)时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。 They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 昨天他们10点钟到的车站。 (2)在没有明确的时间状语作为标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须根据上下文来判断。先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。 I had finished my homework before my mother came back.　在妈妈回来前，我已经把作业写完了。 (3)先后发生的一系列动作，但并不强调先后时，最后两个动词用then、and、but等连接，用一般过去时。在before、after、as soon as引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。 He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. 他走进房间，打开灯，然后看晚报。 I (had) called her before I left the office. 我离开办公室前给她打了电话。 (4)叙述历史事实或标志词为“in＋过去的年份”时，用一般过去时。 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 我们的老师告诉我们哥伦布于1492年发现了美洲。 用所给动词的适当形式填空 (1)The scientist is doing experiments no one_____________(attempt) so far. (2)Six hundred trees_____________(plant) before last Wednesday. (3)After he _____________(do) his homework, he went to bed. (4)He_____________(live) here since five years ago. (5)All the tickets_____________(sell) out when Mary got to the cinema. (6)I_____________(finish) cooking dinner before you came back. (7)(2021·全国卷甲改编)The Xi'an City Wall __________(build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty. (8)(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Actually, I_____________(start) to learn kung fu when I was seven years old, yet I have long been out of practice. 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 邀请信是邀请收信人参加某项活动的书信，要说明活动的内容、时间、地点及其精彩之处。在写作时，要注意邀请信的交际性，语气要热情有礼，态度要诚恳真挚。 1．根据邀请信的性质可将其分为普通邀请信和正式邀请信。普通邀请信对内容和格式的要求都不高，只要说明活动的内容、时间、地点等即可。正式邀请信的措辞要正式、语气要热情有礼，态度要诚恳； 2．邀请信的末尾要表达希望对方参加或出席的愿望； 3．时态：多用一般将来时。 4．具体写作结构为： 【积累·写作素材】 【必备词块】 1. 邀请 invite/ invitation 　　2. 做演讲 make/deliver a speech 　　3. 评委 judge 　　4. 感激 appreciate (vi. )/ be grateful 　　5. 荣幸 honor (v./n.) 　　6. 欢迎 welcome (v./n./adj.) 　　7. 接受邀请 accept sb’s invitation 　　8.代表学校 on behalf of our school 　　9. 我想邀请你做... I’d like to invite you to... 　　10. 举办活动的目的是... The purpose of the activity is to 　　11. 活动的细节有... Here are some details about the activity... 　　12.如果……我将感到荣幸 It’s my honor if... 　　13.欢迎你参加 You are welcome to... 【万能句式】 【篇首句】介绍自己，简要说明活动，并邀请对方。 1. I’m Wang Ming from YuWen School，the president of the Student Union. 我是来自育文学校的王明，学生会主席。 2. An English speaking contest of our school will be held on August 6. 我们学校有一场英语演讲比赛将在8月6号举行。学科&网 3. There will be a party in my garden on Sunday. 周日，在我的花园里会举行一场聚会。 4. I’d like to invite you to judge it. 我想邀请你做它的裁判。 5. I’m writing to invite you to... 我写信是邀请你…… 6. I wonder if you can come to... 我想知道你是否能来…… 7. We sincerely hope you can attend it. 我们真诚希望你能够参加。 8. It’s my pleasure/a great honour for me to invite you to... 我很荣幸的邀请你…… 9. It’s a pity that you have to go back to America soon. So a farewell party for you will be held in the Sun Club this Saturday evening. Could you come at 6:00 pm? 很遗憾你不久就要回美国了。所以，这周六，在阳光俱乐部我们会为你举行一个欢送会。下午六点你能来吗？ 【篇中句】介绍活动具体内容，并说明受邀人参加理由。 1. It will begin at 2:00 pm and last two hours, during which time 15 well-prepared contestants will deliver their speeches. 它将于下午两点钟开始，四点钟结束，在此期间将会有十五位准备充分的参赛者发表演讲。 2. We will start at 8:00 am and arrive there at 9:00. 我们将会在上午八点出发，九点到达那里。 3. During the afternoon, we’ll...together. 下午，我们会一起…… 4. Remember to take water and lunch with you. 记得带上水和午餐。 5. By the way, you may take Bus No. 322 in front of your apartment and it will take you directly to the club. 顺便说一下，你可以乘坐你家公寓前的322路公交车，它会直接把你带到俱乐部。 6. I know you are a native speaker of English and an English teacher, and I, on behalf of our school, sincerely invite you to be part of the contest. 我知道你的母语是英语，还是一个英语老师。我，代表我们学校，真诚的邀请你来比赛现场。 7. Since you are so eager to improve your English, it will prove to be a great chance. 既然你如此渴望提高英语，这会是一个很好的机会。 8. I’m sure that you will enjoy yourself there. 我保证你在那里会过得很愉快。 【篇尾句】期待对方接受邀请，并期待对方尽快回复。 1. Will you be available during that time? Please contact me at 1234567 at your earliest convenience. 那期间你有空吗？请方便时尽快给我打电话1234567。 2. Would you please let me know as soon as possible if you can accept my invitation? 请尽快告诉我你能否接受我的邀请好吗？ 3. We will feel much honored if you could come.如果你能来，我们会非常荣幸。 4. We are looking forward to your coming.我们期待着你的到来。 5. I am longing to see you soon.我期待着尽早见到你。 【写作模板】 模板① Dear________, ________(开门见山地点、活动)，It would be pleasant to have you here(表达邀请愿望). Will you give me the pleasure of your company(正式发出邀请)？ During the party/conference, we will have a lots of activities you will be interested in (开始介绍活动内容). First, __________(介绍举行的活动一). Second, _________(介绍举行的活动二). I know/believe you be very interested in _________(引出受邀请人参加的理由). First/For one thing________(希望受邀人参加的理由一)，Second/For another__________(希望受邀人参加的理由二)。 The party/conference would not be complete without you(总结受邀人参加的必要性). The party/conference will begin at ________(提出活动的地点). It is possible for us to meet at ________(提出具体约定时间). We do hope you can come ________(再次发出邀请). Yours Li Hua 模板② Dear________, There will be a________(内容) at/in________(地点) on________(时间). We would be honored to have you there with us. The occasion will start at________________(具体时间). This will be followed by a________(进一步的安排). At ________________(时间), we will have ________________________(另一个安排). I really hope you can make it. RSVP before_________________________(通知你的最后期限). Yours Sincerely, Li Hua 【示例·分步写作】 假定你是李华，你校图书馆新开设“小组学习室”，请你给你的留学生同学Michael写一封信，邀请他一同体验，内容包括： 1.位置与开放时间； 2.室内设施和功能。 注意：1. 词数80左右； 2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第一步：审题谋篇 体裁 邀请信 人称 第一人称与第二人称为主 时态 一般现在时（描述设施）、一般将来时（邀请行动） 框架 第一段：问候+邀请目的； 第二段：位置/时间→设施/功能； 第三段：重申邀请+期待回复。 第二步：要点翻译 1. 位置：位于图书馆二楼。（locate） → It _____________ the second floor of the library. 2. 开放时间：每天早8点到晚9点。（open） → It_____________from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. every day. 3. 配备桌椅、电脑和电子白板。（be equipped with） → It _____________ tables, chairs, computers and an electronic whiteboard. 4. 支持小组讨论和在线查资料。（support） → It _____________ group discussions and online research. 5. 我想邀请你一起去体验。（invite） → I’d like to_____________ you to try it out with me. 第三步：词句升级 合并要点1+2（用非谓语动词扩展）： →__________________________________________________________________________ 合并要点3+4（用非限制性定语从句）： →__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 强化邀请句式（用委婉语气）： → ___________________________________________________________________ 第四步：连句成篇 Dear Michael, _____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$