2025年人教版高一英语初高中英语衔接学习资料 教师版+学生版

2025年人教版高一英语初高中英语衔接学习资料 适用于全国 学生版 资料导航 第一部分 音标篇：48个国际音标到音节拼读体系构建 第一章 48个国际音标的系统解析 第二章 音节划分与拼读规则 第三章 音标与自然拼读的衔接应用 第二部分 语法篇 第一章 句子成分与基本句型（WELCOME UNIT） 第二章 名词短语、形容词短语、副词短语（UNIT 1） 第三章 现在进行时态表将来（UNIT 2） 第四章 附加疑问句（UNIT 3） 第五章 定语从句（UNIT 4 & 5） 第三部分 单词&课文篇（单元同步） WELCOME UNIT 词汇预先知：核心词块/拓展词汇/短语 课文精研读：文本解析/填空练习 随堂训练：单词拼写/词形变化/阅读理解 UNIT 1 TEENAGE LIFE 词汇预先知：课程相关术语（freshman/advanced literature等） 课文精研读：挑战主题文本/结构分析 随堂训练：学术词汇应用/阅读理解 UNIT 2 TRAVELLING AROUND 词汇预先知：旅行场景词（visa/accommodation等） 课文精研读：秘鲁旅行指南文本 随堂训练：词义辨析/文化背景阅读 UNIT 3 SPORTS AND FITNESS 词汇预先知：运动项目术语（marathon/gymnastics等） 课文精研读：体育传奇人物传记 随堂训练：运动场景表达/冠军精神讨论 UNIT 4 NATURAL DISASTERS 词汇预先知：灾害词汇（earthquake/evacuate等） 课文精研读：唐山地震纪实文本 随堂训练：灾难报道术语/语法整合 UNIT 5 LANGUAGES AROUND THE WORLD 词汇预先知：语言学术语（dialect/calligraphy等） 课文精研读：汉字发展史文本 随堂训练：文化词汇应用/全球语言话题讨论 第一部分 音标篇 48 个国际音标到音节拼读体系构建 前言: 音标学习的重要性 国际音标（IPA）是英语发音的基石，尤其对于初高中衔接阶段的学生而言，规范的音标认知能有效解决 "单词记不住、发音不标准、听力听不懂" 的三大痛点。初中阶段已初步接触音标符号，但常存在 "会认不会读、会读不会用" 的问题，而高中英语对语音的要求提升至重音、语调、连读等深层维度。本手册将系统整合 48 个音标的发音要领、音节划分规则及拼读应用，帮助学生实现从 "机械模仿" 到 "自主拼读" 的能力跃升。 第一章 48个国际音标的系统解析 一、元音系统: 20 个核心发音 （一）5个长元音——发音时需保持口型稳定拉长 音标 发音要领 口型图示 高中课标词汇例词 记忆技巧 /iː/ 舌尖抵下齿，嘴角向两侧拉伸，类似 "衣" 但更舒展 口型扁平，齿间可容一指 see /siː/, machine /məˈʃiːn/ 想象 "警察说 'Freeze!'" 的长音 /ɑː/ 口腔全开，舌尖离下齿，声带振动 嘴张大如发 "啊"，但舌位更低 car /kɑː/, father /ˈfɑːðə(r)/ 联想 "开车时感叹 ' 啊！好大的车！'" /ɔː/ 舌后抬高，双唇收圆并向前突出 口型似吹蜡烛，比 /ɒ/ 更紧张 ball /bɔːl/, door /dɔː(r)/ 模仿 "哦！球进了！" 的拖长音 /ɜː/ 舌中部抬高，嘴唇自然放松 口腔呈中性状态，类似 "饿" 的延长 bird /bɜːd/, nurse /nɜːs/ 记 "鸟儿饿（ɜː）了要吃虫" /uː/ 舌后高抬，双唇收圆收紧 口型比 /ʊ/ 更小更圆，似 "乌" blue /bluː/, food /fuːd/ 想象 "火车鸣笛 ' 呜呜（uː）' 声" 对比练习: · /iː/vs/ɪ/: see /siː/vs sit /sɪt/（长音嘴角更紧，短音更松弛） · /ɑː/vs/ʌ/: car /kɑː/vs cup /kʌp/（前者开口更大，后者舌位稍高） （二）短元音（7 个）—— 发音短促有力，避免拖长 音标 发音要领 典型错误 例词 纠正技巧 /ɪ/ 舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬，口型微张 误发为长音 /iː/ sit /sɪt/, city /ˈsɪti/ 手捏下巴限制开口度，快速发音 /ʌ/ 舌尖轻触下齿，舌中部压低 误发为 "啊" cup /kʌp/, sun /sʌn/ 想象 "突然被烫到的短促叫声" /ɒ/ 舌后压低，双唇稍圆 误发为 /ɔː/ hot /hɒt/, box /bɒks/ 口型比 /ɔː/ 更大，类似 "哦" 的短音 /ʊ/ 舌后稍抬，双唇略圆 误发为长音 /uː/ book /bʊk/, put /pʊt/ 口型比 /uː/ 松弛，似 "乌" 的短音 /ə/ 舌身放平，口腔最放松 忽略发音或发成 /e/ about /əˈbaʊt/, pencil /ˈpensl/ 发 "呃" 音，出现在非重读音节 /e/ 舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬 开口度过大 bed /bed/, pen /pen/ 两指宽开口，类似 "诶" 的短音 /æ/ 舌尖抵下齿，口腔打开 开口度不足 cat /kæt/, map /mæp/ 三指宽开口，发 "嗳" 音时嘴角向两侧拉 绕口令强化: · /ɪ/-/iː/: She sees a sheep eating leaves in the green field. （区分 see /siː/ 与 sheep /ʃiːp / 中的长音，eating /ˈiːtɪŋ/ 中的短音 /ɪ/） （三）双元音（8 个）—— 由两个元音滑动构成，注意过渡自然 音标 滑动路径 例词 注意事项 /eɪ/ /e/→/ɪ/ day /deɪ/, name /neɪm/ 避免发成单一的 "ei"，需体现从开口到闭口的滑动 /aɪ/ /ɑː/→/ɪ/ time /taɪm/, like /laɪk/ 从 "啊" 滑向 "衣"，注意声带振动 /ɔɪ/ /ɔː/→/ɪ/ boy /bɔɪ/, coin /kɔɪn/ 从圆唇的 "哦" 滑向扁唇的 "衣" /aʊ/ /ɑː/→/ʊ/ now /naʊ/, house /haʊs/ 从开口 "啊" 滑向闭口 "乌"，类似 "傲" /əʊ/ /ə/→/ʊ/ go /gəʊ/, home /həʊm/ 从放松的 "呃" 滑向圆唇 "乌"，勿发成 "欧" /ɪə/ /ɪ/→/ə/ here /hɪə(r)/, ear /ɪə(r)/ 从短 "衣" 滑向轻 "呃"，舌尖轻触下齿 /eə/ /e/→/ə/ air /eə(r)/, bear /beə(r)/ 从 "诶" 滑向 "呃"，开口度逐渐减小 /ʊə/ /ʊ/→/ə/ tour /tʊə(r)/, sure /ʃʊə(r)/ 从圆唇 "乌" 滑向 "呃"，注意唇形变化 发音技巧: · 双元音的重点在滑动过程，而非首尾两个音的单独呈现，可通过慢读感受口型变化。 · 例: /aɪ/ 发音时，先张大嘴发 /ɑː/，再迅速收唇发 /ɪ/，类似 "哎呀" 的连读。 二、辅音系统: 28 个发音要点 （一）清辅音与浊辅音（10 对）—— 核心区别在于声带是否振动 清辅音（声带不振动） 发音方法 浊辅音（声带振动） 对比例词 /p/ 泼水音 双唇紧闭，气流爆破而出 /b/ 拨香蕉 pen /pen/ vs ben /ben/ /t/ 轻拍舌尖 舌尖抵上齿龈，气流冲出 /d/ 拍打下颌 tea /tiː/ vs day /deɪ/ /k/ 咳嗽音 舌后抵软腭，气流爆破 /g/ 哥哥音 key /kiː/ vs guy /gaɪ/ /f/ 咬唇音 上齿轻触下唇，送气 /v/ 油门音 fish /fɪʃ/ vs voice /vɔɪs/ /θ/ 咬舌音 舌尖轻触上齿，送气 /ð/ 咬舌浊音 think /θɪŋk/ vs this /ðɪs/ /s/ 嘶嘶声 舌尖靠近上齿龈，送气 /z/ 蜜蜂声 sun /sʌn/ vs zoo /zuː/ /ʃ/ 嘘声 舌身抬高，靠近上颚 /ʒ/ 日音 she /ʃiː/ vs treasure /ˈtreʒə(r)/ /tʃ/ 吃音 舌端抵齿龈，气流摩擦 /dʒ/ 吱音 chair /tʃeə(r)/ vs jump /dʒʌmp/ /tr/ 戳动音 舌尖抵齿龈，气流摩擦 /dr/ 啄米音 tree /triː/ vs drive /draɪv/ /ts/ 差音 舌尖抵齿龈，气流冲出 /dz/ 自音 cats /kæts/ vs beds /bedz/ 检测方法: · 手按喉部发音，浊辅音会有振动感，清辅音无。 · 例: 对比 /f/ 和 /v/，发 /f/ 时手无振动，发 /v/ 时手能感受到声带震动。 （二）鼻音、似拼音与半元音（8 个）—— 特殊发音类别 分类 音标 发音要领 例词 常见错误 鼻音 /m/ 闭嘴鼻音 双唇紧闭，气流从鼻腔出 man /mæn/, name /neɪm/ 误发成 /n/（需闭嘴） /n/ 开口鼻音 舌尖抵上齿龈，气流从鼻腔出 no /nəʊ/, pen /pen/ 勿与 /ŋ/ 混淆 /ŋ/ 后鼻音 舌后抵软腭，气流从鼻腔出 sing /sɪŋ/, long /lɒŋ/ 避免发成 /n/（例: think /θɪŋk / 而非 /θɪnk/） 似拼音 /l/ 舌边音 舌尖抵上齿龈，气流从舌两侧出 like /laɪk/, ball /bɔːl/ 注意在词尾时舌位更靠后（如 ball /bɔːl/） /r/ 卷舌音 舌尖向上卷起，靠近上颚 red /red/, car /kɑː/ 非英式发音中勿过度卷舌 /h/ 呵气音 气流通过声门摩擦而出 hat /hæt/, happy /ˈhæpi/ 勿与 /w/ 混淆（例: he /hiː/ 非 /wiː/） 半元音 /w/ 圆唇音 双唇收圆，类似 "乌" 的轻音 we /wiː/, water /ˈwɔːtə(r)/ 勿发成长元音 /uː/ /j/ 耶音 舌前部抬高，类似 "衣" 的轻音 yes /jes/, year /jɪə(r)/ 避免发成 /iː/（例: you /juː/ 非 /juːiː/） 对比练习: · /n/-/ŋ/: She sang a song under the sun. （sang /sæŋ/, sun /sʌn/，注意鼻腔发音位置的前后差异） 第二章 音节划分与拼读规则 一、音节的基本概念 1. 定义: 音节是发音的基本单位，由元音（核心） 和辅音（辅助） 构成，一个元音至少构成一个音节。 2. 分类: 1. 开音节: 以元音结尾（如 no /nəʊ/）或 "元音 + 不发音 e"（如 name /neɪm/）。 1. 闭音节: 以辅音结尾（如 cat /kæt/）。 1. 成音节: 辅音 /m/, /n/, /l/ 在词尾可构成音节（如 button /ˈbʌtn / 中的 /tn/）。 二、音节划分四大规则（附高中词汇实例） 1. 一归后 —— 两元音间单辅音归后一音节 · 规则: 单词结构为 "元音 + 辅音 + 元音" 时，辅音划给后一音节。 · 例: 2. aˈbiˈliˈty /əˈbɪləti/（a-bi-li-ty，注意重音位置） 2. ˈnevˈer /ˈnevə(r)/（nev-er） 2. ˈnaˈtive /ˈneɪtɪv/（na-tive） 2. ˈheavˈy /ˈhevi/（heav-y） 2. 二分手 —— 两元音间双辅音分属前后音节 · 规则: 双辅音若为不同音素，前后各分一个（除非是不可拆分的辅音组合）。 · 例: 2. aˈtach /əˈtætʃ/（a-tach，注意 /tʃ/ 是组合音不拆分） 2. ˈcanˈnot /ˈkænɒt/（can-not） 2. ˈnumˈber /ˈnʌmbə(r)/（num-ber） 2. ˈdocˈtor /ˈdɒktə(r)/（doc-tor） 2. comˈpare /kəmˈpeə(r)/（com-pare） 3. 三一二 —— 两元音间三辅音前一分一，后分二 · 规则: 结构为 "元音 + 三辅音 + 元音" 时，前一个辅音归前，后两个归后。 · 例: 2. inˈstead /ɪnˈsted/（in-stead，s+t+d 中 s 归前，td 归后） 2. sucˈcessˈful /səkˈsesfl/（suc-cess-ful，c+c+s 中 c 归前，cs 归中） 2. transˈport /trænˈspɔːt/（trans-port，n+s+p 中 n 归前，sp 归后） 2. inˈclude /ɪnˈkluːd/（in-clude，n+c+l 中 n 归前，cl 归后） 2. conˈgress /ˈkɒŋgres/（con-gress，n+g+r 中 n 归前，gr 归后） 4. 辅音组合不分手 —— 常见不可拆分组合 · 常见组合: pr, fr, cl, sp, st, sk, gr, pl, bl, tr, dr 等。 · 例: 2. ˈproˈcess /ˈprəʊses/（pro-cess，pr 不拆分） 2. ˈfree /friː/（free，fr 不拆分） 2. ˈclean /kliːn/（clean，cl 不拆分） 2. ˈstand /stænd/（stand，st 不拆分） 2. ˈgreen /griːn/（green，gr 不拆分） 三、音节划分与重音规则 1. 重音符号（ˈ）: 标注在重读音节之前，影响单词发音的语调与节奏。 2. 重音规律: 2. 双音节名词 / 形容词: 重音多在前（如ˈstudent, ˈhappy）。 2. 双音节动词 / 介词: 重音多在后（如 stuˈdy, aˈbout）。 2. 多音节词: 重音常落在倒数第三音节（如 uniˈversity）。 练习设计: · 标出下列单词的音节及重音: technology /tekˈnɒlədʒi/, environment /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/, communication /kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃn/ 第三章 音标与自然拼读的衔接应用 一、26 个字母的自然拼读规律 字母 常见发音（国际音标） 词汇例词 特殊情况 A /æ/（短元音） /eɪ/（长元音） cat /kæt/（猫） age /eɪdʒ/（年龄） 在 “water” 中发 /ɔː/（water /ˈwɔːtə(r)/）；在 “many” 中发 /e/（many /ˈmeni/）。 B /b/ bike /baɪk/（自行车） 在 “climb”“doubt” 中不发音（climb /klaɪm/，doubt /daʊt/）。 C /k/（在 a/o/u 前） /s/（在 e/i/y 前） car /kɑː(r)/（汽车） city /ˈsɪti/（城市） 在 “ch” 组合中发 /tʃ/（如 change /tʃeɪndʒ/）；在 “ache” 中发 /k/（ache /eɪk/）。 D /d/ dog /dɒɡ/（狗） 在 “bridge” 中可能与 g 组合发 /dʒ/（bridge /brɪdʒ/）。 E /e/（短元音） /iː/（长元音） pen /pen/（钢笔） she /ʃiː/（她） 在 “silent” 中不发音（silent /ˈsaɪlənt/）；在 “been” 中发 /iː/（been /biːn/）。 F /f/ fact /fækt/（事实） 通常无特殊情况，少数词中双写 “ff” 发音不变（如 staff /stɑːf/）。 G /ɡ/（在 a/o/u 前） /dʒ/（在 e/i/y 前） get /ɡet/（得到） giant /ˈdʒaɪənt/（巨大的） 在 “gh” 组合中可能不发音（如 night /naɪt/）或发 /f/（如 laugh /lɑːf/）。 H /h/ hot /hɒt/（热的） 在 “honest”“hour” 中不发音（honest /ˈɒnɪst/，hour /ˈaʊə(r)/）。 I /ɪ/（短元音） /aɪ/（长元音） sit /sɪt/（坐） like /laɪk/（喜欢） 在 “machine” 中发 /iː/（machine /məˈʃiːn/）；在 “foreign” 中发 /ə/（foreign /ˈfɒrən/）。 J /dʒ/ job /dʒɒb/（工作） 通常无特殊情况，少数外来词中可能发其他音（如 “jalapeno” 发音特殊）。 K /k/ key /kiː/（钥匙） 在 “knife”“know” 中 k 不发音（knife /naɪf/，know /nəʊ/）。 L /l/（清晰音，在元音前） /l/（模糊音，在辅音或词尾） light /laɪt/（光） ball /bɔːl/（球） 在 “walk”“talk” 中可能弱化发音（walk /wɔːk/，talk /tɔːk/）。 M /m/ man /mæn/（男人） 通常无特殊情况，在 “mn” 组合中 m 不发音（如 autumn /ˈɔːtəm/）。 N /n/ not /nɒt/（不） 在 “ink”“bank” 中发 /ŋ/（ink /ɪŋk/，bank /bæŋk/）。 O /ɒ/（短元音） /əʊ/（长元音） hot /hɒt/（热的） note /nəʊt/（笔记） 在 “love” 中发 /ʌ/（love /lʌv/）；在 “women” 中发 /ɪ/（women /ˈwɪmɪn/）。 P /p/ pen /pen/（钢笔） 在 “psychology” 中 p 不发音（psychology /saɪˈkɒlədʒi/）。 Q /kw/（与 u 组合） queen /kwiːn/（女王） 单独出现时需与 u 搭配，如 “quit”/kwɪt/（离开）。 R /r/ red /red/（红色） 在美音中发卷舌音 /r/，在英音中词尾 r 不发音（如 car /kɑː(r)/）。 S /s/（清辅音） /z/（浊辅音） sit /sɪt/（坐） his /hɪz/（他的） 在 “sure”“pleasure” 中发 /ʃ/ 或 /ʒ/（sure /ʃʊə(r)/，pleasure /ˈpleʒə(r)/）。 T /t/ ten /ten/（十） 在 “water”“button” 中发 /d/（water /ˈwɔːtə(r)/，button /ˈbʌtn/）。 U /ʌ/（短元音） /juː/（长元音） cup /kʌp/（杯子） use /juːz/（使用） 在 “put” 中发 /ʊ/（put /pʊt/）；在 “build” 中发 /ɪ/（build /bɪld/）。 V /v/ very /ˈveri/（非常） 通常无特殊情况，注意与 /u/ 发音区分（如 vest /vest/vs. west /west/）。 W /w/ water /ˈwɔːtə(r)/（水） 在 “write”“wrong” 中 w 不发音（write /raɪt/，wrong /rɒŋ/）。 X /eks/（词首） /ɪɡz/（词中或词尾） exit /ˈeksɪt/（出口） exam /ɪɡˈzæm/（考试） 在 “xylophone” 中发 /zaɪ/（xylophone /ˈzaɪləfəʊn/）。 Y /j/（辅音，词首） /aɪ/ 或 /ɪ/（元音，词尾） yes /jes/（是） cry /kraɪ/（哭） happy /ˈhæpi/（快乐） 在 “myth” 中发 /ɪ/（myth /mɪθ/）；在 “style” 中发 /aɪ/（style /staɪl/）。 Z /z/ zero /ˈzɪərəʊ/（零） 在 “adze” 中发 /z/（adze /ædz/），少数外来词中可能发 /s/（如 “zeal”/ziːl/）。 补充说明 1. 字母组合规律: 自然拼读中字母组合（如 ch, sh, th, ph）的发音需单独记忆，例如 “th” 在 “thank” 中发 /θ/，在 “this” 中发 /ð/。 2. 重音影响: 同一字母在不同重音位置可能发音不同，如 “record” 作名词时重音在前发 /ˈrekɔːd/，作动词时重音在后发 /rɪˈkɔːd/。 3. 特殊词汇: 英语中存在大量不符合拼读规律的单词（如 “colonel” 发音 /ˈkɜːnəl/），需通过积累强化记忆。 2、 常见字母组合发音表 （一）元音字母组合发音表 组合 发音 例词 ai/ay /eɪ/ rain（雨）、train（火车）、play（玩）、day（天） ee/ea /iː/ meet（遇见）、see（看见）、tea（茶）、read（读） ea /e/ bread（面包）、head（头）、heavy（重的） ea /iə/ real（真实的）、idea（想法） oo /uː/ food（食物）、tooth（牙齿）、room（房间） oo /ʊ/ good（好的）、book（书）、look（看） ou/ow /aʊ/ out（出去）、house（房子）、how（如何）、cow（奶牛） ou/ow /əʊ/ know（知道）、show（展示）、soul（灵魂）、though（虽然） ie /aɪ/ lie（躺）、die（死亡）、tie（领带） ie /iː/ field（田野）、piece（片） ui /uː/ fruit（水果）、juice（果汁） ui /jʊ/ suit（适合）、build（建造） ar /ɑː/ car（汽车）、park（公园）、hard（努力的） er/ir/or/ur /ɜː(r)/ her（她的）、girl（女孩）、work（工作）、nurse（护士） or /ɔː/ order（命令）、short（短的）、fork（叉子） ay /eɪ/ say（说）、way（方式）、today（今天） oy/oi /ɔɪ/ boy（男孩）、joy（快乐）、oil（油）、noise（噪音） au/aw /ɔː/ autumn（秋天）、draw（画）、law（法律） （二）辅音字母组合发音表 组合 发音 例词 ch /tʃ/ chair（椅子）、teach（教）、child（孩子） ch /k/ chemistry（化学）、school（学校）、stomach（胃） ch /ʃ/ machine（机器）、chef（厨师） sh /ʃ/ ship（船）、she（她）、fish（鱼）、wash（洗） th /θ/（清辅音） think（思考）、thank（感谢）、three（三） th /ð/（浊辅音） this（这个）、that（那个）、there（那里） ph /f/ phone（电话）、photo（照片）、phrase（短语） wh /w/ what（什么）、when（何时）、white（白色） wh /h/ who（谁）、whose（谁的）、whole（整个） ng /ŋ/ sing（唱歌）、long（长的）、young（年轻的） nk /ŋk/ think（想）、bank（银行）、drink（喝） kn /n/ know（知道）、knife（刀）、knee（膝盖） wr /r/ write（写）、wrong（错误的）、wrap（包裹） mb /m/ climb（爬）、comb（梳子）、bomb（炸弹） gh 不发音 night（夜晚）、light（灯）、though（虽然） gh /f/ enough（足够的）、tough（艰难的）、cough（咳嗽） 三、特殊字母组合发音表 组合 发音 例词 tion /ʃn/ station（车站）、nation（国家）、attention（注意） sion /ʃn/ decision（决定）、television（电视） sion /ʒn/ vision（视力）、occasion（场合） ture /tʃə(r)/ culture（文化）、picture（图片）、future（未来） sure /ʃə(r)/ sure（确定）、pleasure（快乐）、measure（测量） ough /əʊ/ though（虽然）、although（尽管） ough /ɔː/ thought（思考）、bought（买） ough /ʌf/ tough（艰难的）、enough（足够的） ough /aʊ/ plough（犁）、drought（干旱） 学习小贴士 1. 规律与例外并存: 如 “ough” 组合发音多样，需通过例句强化记忆； 2. 结合音标与拼读: 先掌握基础发音规则，再通过阅读积累特殊情况； 3. 多听多练: 通过单词录音或英文素材感受字母组合的实际发音。 2025年高一英语初高中英语衔接学习资料 第二部分 语法篇 第一章 句子成分与基本句型 （取材: WELCOME UNIT） 一、语法聚焦: 句子成分与基本句型 二、重点速记: 七种句子成分 1. 主语(subject) 主语是一句话的主体，表明句子说的是谁或是什么。它一般放在谓语之前，通常由名词(名词短语)、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词以及主语从句等担任。 TV news often gives us lots of information. (名词)电视新闻常常给我们许多信息。 Something is wrong with my computer. (代词)我的电脑坏了。 Seven－tenths of the earth surface is covered with water. 十分之七的地球表面被水覆盖。(数词) To see is to believe. (动词不定式)眼见为实。 Cycling and boating are my favorite free time interests. 骑车和划船是我最喜欢的业余爱好。(动名词) That she was admitted into a key university greatly comforted her parents. (主语从句) 她被重点大学录取这件事给了她父母极大的安慰。 2. 谓语(verb，指谓语部分的主要动词，也称谓词) 谓语是对主语的有关问题加以说明的部分。谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或者怎么样。谓语位于主语之后，由动词担任。凡是由一个动词或动词词组构成的谓语，无论处在什么时态、语态、语气下，都被称之为谓语。谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语。 He practises running every morning. (简单谓语)他每天早晨跑步锻炼。 Great changes have taken place in Shanghai. (复合谓语)上海发生了巨大的变化。 3. 表语(predicative) 表语是说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的句子成分。它由名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词不定式及短语、副词、介词短语等充当。 My favorite attraction is the Great Wall. (名词)我最喜欢的旅游景点是长城。 —Who is there？(副词)——谁在那儿？ —It’s me. (代词)——是我。 English is both useful and important. (形容词)英语有用且很重要。 The Forbidden City is at the centre of Beijing. 紫禁城位于北京市中心。(介词短语) The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. (动词不定式短语) 最大的快乐就是为大家的快乐而工作。 My hobby is collecting stamps. (动名词短语)我的爱好是集邮。 My belief is that our country will become stronger and stronger. (表语从句) 我相信，我们的国家将变得越来越强大。 4. 宾语(object) 宾语是及物动词所表示的动作的对象，或是介词所表示的某种联系的对象。宾语放在及物动词的后面。宾语一般由名词、代词、数词、非谓语动词及短语或名词性从句等充当。 The children are flying kites. (名词)孩子们正在放风筝。 Call me any time. (代词)请随时打电话给我。 I decide to pick up a new foreign language. (动词不定式短语)我决定学一门新的外语。 Do you mind passing me the dictionary？(动名词短语)请把字典递给我，好吗？ Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. (宾语从句) 你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。 5. 宾语补足语(object complement) 有些及物动词带了宾语后意义仍不够完整，还需要加上宾语补足语来补充说明宾语的行为、状态、身份或特征等。宾语补足语通常放在宾语之后，一般由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词及短语等充当。 He has proved himself an experienced teacher. (名词)他证明自己是一名经验丰富的教师。 We have decided to paint the room pink. (形容词)我们决定把房间漆成粉红色。 My mother always keeps everything in good order. 我妈妈总是把一切安排得井然有序。(介词短语) The teacher asked us not to make so much noise. (动词不定式短语)老师叫我们不要制造那么多的噪音。 I heard the telephone ringing. (现在分词)我听见电话铃正在响。 He was very happy to see the homeless children taken good care of at the orphanage. (过去分词短语)他很高兴看见流浪儿童在孤儿院得到很好的照顾。 6. 定语(attributive) 定语是用来修饰、限制名词或代词的。一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等充当。 These are apple trees. (名词)这些是苹果树。 The men here are always busy working on the farm. 这里的男人总是忙于在田间干活。(副词) There is nothing to do today. (不定式)今天没有事要做。 The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. (现在分词、过去分词短语) 那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。 7. 状语(adverbial) 状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。一般由副词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格和从句等充当。 I’m very pleased to see you. (副词)见到你我非常高兴。 I’ll be back in a while. (介词短语)我一会儿就回来。 When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian. 她12岁的时候，开始在大连生活。(状语从句) Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper. (分词)和妻子吵了一架后，他愤怒地离开了家。 写出下列句中加黑部分所作的句子成分 ①The manager made them work day and night. 宾语补足语 ②A lot of green lands have been opened to the public. 谓语 ③The best method of keeping slim is to do exercise regularly. 表语 ④They lived in the room above. 定语 ⑤He gave me a basket full of eggs. 定语 三、重点理清: 八种基本句子结构 1. 主语＋谓语(S＋V) 这种句子结构中的谓语动词为不及物动词(短语)，故其后不能直接接宾语，也没有被动语态。主谓结构常用来表示主语的动作或状态。 常见的不及物动词(短语)有: rise, matter, begin, come, go, happen, last, appear, work, come true, take place等。 说明: 主语“____”；谓语“　　”；宾语“　　”；表语“　　”；宾补　　；状语“[　　]”；定语“(　　)”。 The sun is rising. 太阳正在升起。 The little boy is crying. 小男孩正在哭泣。 2. 主语＋谓语＋宾语(S＋V＋O) (1)这种句子结构中的谓语动词必须是及物动词或动词短语，一般有被动语态。用作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词或从句等。 He is watching TV. 他正在看电视。 [Last weekend] our class held a speech contest. 上个周末, 我们班举行了演讲比赛。 (2)在“动词＋介词”的动词短语中，宾语只能接在介词之后；在“动词＋副词”的动词短语中，作宾语的名词放于副词前后皆可；作宾语的代词只能放在副词之前。 Please wake Li Ling up (＝wake up Li Ling) at 6: 30 in the morning. (√) Please wake her up at 6: 30 in the morning. (√) Please wake up her at 6: 30 in the morning. (×) 请在早晨6∶30叫醒她。 3. 主语＋(系动词＋)表语(S＋P) 这种句子结构中的谓语动词为系动词，无被动语态，也无进行时态。常见的系动词有be动词，还有感官系动词(sound, look, smell, taste, feel)；变化系动词(become, get, grow, turn, go, fall, run)；持续系动词(remain, keep, hold, stay)；表象系动词(seem, appear, look)等。表语由名词、形容词、介词短语、分词、不定式或从句充当。 Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。 Computers are useful [in people’s life]. 电脑在人们的生活中很有用。 The__problem remains to be settled. 问题依然需要被解决。 4. 主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语(S＋V＋IO＋DO) 这种句子结构中的及物动词后跟双宾语，指人的宾语称为间接宾语，指物的宾语称为直接宾语。通常间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后，也可把间接宾语置于直接宾语后，但间接宾语前需用介词for或to。间接宾语之前用介词to的常见动词有: give, tell, teach, write, bring, lend, hand, show, offer, send, pay, order等。间接宾语之前用介词for的常见动词有: buy, fetch, save, choose, sing等。 He bought me a birthday present. ＝He bought a birthday present for me. 他给我买了一份生日礼物。 I showed him my pictures. ＝I showed my pictures to him. 我给他看我的照片。 5. 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语(S＋V＋O＋C) 该结构中的宾语补足语可以由名词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语等充当。该句式常用于三类动词: (1)使役动词: keep, make, let, have, leave, get等； (2)感官动词或短语: see, watch, notice, observe, find, catch, look at, listen to, hear, feel, smell等； (3)ask, tell, order, request, permit, persuade 等。 Mike told me not to go [now]. 迈克告诉我不要现在走。 They painted the door green. 他们把门漆成了绿色。 6. 主语＋谓语＋状语(S＋V＋A) 该句型的谓语动词通常为不及物动词；副词或介词短语在句中作状语，修饰或说明谓语动词。 They talked [for half an hour]. 他们谈了半个小时。 The__time passed [quickly]. 时间很快过去了。 7. 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语(S＋V＋O＋A) 该句型的谓语动词通常为及物动词、副词或介词短语，在句中作状语，修饰或说明谓语动词。 I waited for him [at the school gate]. 我在校门口等他。 8. 存现句(There be. . . ) There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人，基本结构是There is/are/was/were. . . ＋地点状语。谓语动词有时候可用表示存在的其他动词，如live, stand, lie, seem/appear to be (好像有), happen to be (碰巧有), used to be (曾经有) 等。 There is a piano in my study room. 在我的书房里有一架钢琴。 There are 56 students in my class. 我的班里有56名学生。 · 学以致用 一. 写出下列句子所属的句子结构 ①This kind of food tastes terrible. ②He studies hard. ③There are several books on the desks. ④He made me very angry. ⑤I visited many places of interest with my family last week. ⑥Tom will bring me several English books tomorrow. 二. 写出下列句中加黑部分充当什么句子成分 1. The question is that no one knows the location of the new hospital. 2. To be or not to be is a question. 3. His confidence enabled him to finish the task successfully. 4. The class teacher had us clean the classroom yesterday. 5. Is he the man who wants to see you？ 6. This book gives me some ideas on how to make friends. 7. I feel it our duty to serve the people heart and soul. 8. What you explained just now didn’t satisfy me. 9. We must get together again some day. 10. If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you. 三. . 写出下列句子属于哪类句子结构 1. I found the problem easy. 2. I have never cooked at home. 3. There are ten boys under the big tree. 4. Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present. 5. The boss made him do the work all day. 6. The tree has grown much taller than before. 第二章 名词短语、形容词短语、副词短语 （取材: UNIT1 TEENAGE LIFE） 语法聚焦: 短语或词组是具有一定意义但不构成句子或从句的一组词, 在句子里可以单独构成一种句子成分。 一、名词短语（NP）（Noun Phrase） 指以一个名词为中心构成的短语,在句中的功能相当于名词。名词短语通常是由名词及其修饰语构成。 （一）名词短语的组成 1. 前置定语+名词 作前置定语的主要有: 限定词、名词所有格、数词、形容词、名词、单个的分词或动名词等。 限定词包括: 冠词 (a/an/the ) 指示代(this/that/these/those) 物主代(my/your/his/her/their) 不定代(some/no/neither/both) The online shop sells children’s and men’s shoes at a very low price. 网店以低廉的价格销售儿童和男士的鞋子。 Our school has fifty-six women teachers. 我们学校有56个女教师。 The sleeping child is his son. 正在睡觉的孩子是他的儿子. The fallen leaves are like a thick blanket on the ground. 落叶像一层厚厚的毯子盖在地上。 2. 名词+ 后置定语 作后置定语的主要有: 介词短语、分词、不定式等。 If you don’t know the way to the science museum, here is a map of the city. 如果你不知道去科技博物馆的路，这是城市地图。 There are some boys playing basketball over there. 有一些男孩正在那边打篮球。 The problem discussed yesterday has been solved. 昨天讨论的问题被解决了。 （二）名词短语的功能 名词短语在句中当作名词用，一般用作主语、宾语、表语或宾语补足语。 1. 作主语 The houses built last year are for the teachers. 去年建成的那些房子是为老师们建的。 2. 作宾语 Jack’s mother can’t go to the parents’ meeting because she is too busy. 杰克的妈妈不能参加家长会，因为她太忙了。 3. 作表语 He was the best man to do the job. 他是做这个工作最好的人选。 This is the method of cooking the tasty cookie. 这是做这种美味甜饼的方法。 4. 作宾补 We made Tom our group leader. 我们选汤姆当我们的组长。 More and more foreigners consider Beijing Opera an important part of Chinese culture. 越来越多的外国人认为京剧是中国文化的一个重要组成部分。 二. 形容词短语（AdjP）（Adjective Phrase） 指以一个形容词为中心构成的短语，在句中的功能相当于形容词。形容词短语通常是由形容词及其修饰语构成。 （1） 形容词短语的组成 1. 副词+形容词 注意: enough修饰形容词，放在所修饰的形容词之后。 The little boy is very /quite/ really clever. 这个小男孩很/真的聪明。 I’m terribly sorry. 我非常抱歉。 Tom is much more friendly. 汤姆更友好。 This coat was much too expensive. 这件大衣太贵了。 This movie wasn’t interesting enough. 这部电影不足够有趣。 You can’t be careful enough. 你怎么小心也不为过。 2. 形容词+介词短语 His face was white with anger. 他的脸气得发白。 The bottle is full of water. 瓶子里装满了水。 3. 形容词+不定式短语 He is sure to come. 他一定会来的。 He is eager to see his parents. 他急切地想见到父母。 （二）形容词短语的功能 形容词短语在句中当作形容词用，一般可用作定语（修饰名词或代词）、表语、宾语补足语或状语。 1. 作定语 My little sister is a very curious girl and she always asks me strange questions. 我的小妹妹是一个好奇心强的女孩，她总是问我奇怪的问题。 Tom is a student always ready to help others. 汤姆是个学生，总是乐于助人。 2. 作表语 Robot is so busy that he even has no time to stay with his children at weekends. 罗伯特如此忙,以至于周末他没有时间和孩子待在一起。 He can't do anything, he's completely good for nothing!他什么都干不了，一点也没用。 3. 作宾补 Helping others makes us very proud. 帮助别人使我们非常自豪。 I find the book easy to understand. 我发现这本书很好懂。 4. 作状语 After the long journey, the three of them went back home, hungry and tired. 长途旅行后他们三人回家了，又累又饿。 Curious enough，Danny opened the box to see what was in it. 出于好奇，丹尼打开了那只盒子，想看看里面是什么。 三. 副词短语（AdvP）（Adverbial Phrase） 指以一个副词为中心构成的短语,在句中的功能相当于副词。副词短语通常是由副词及其修饰语构成。 （1） 副词短语的组成 副词+副词 注意: very ,quite, extremely等程度副词修饰副词时，放在所修饰的副词之前；enough修饰副词时，放在所修饰的副词之后。 He runs very quickly. 他跑的很快。 You are speaking too fast. Can you speak a little more slowly?你说得太快了，你能说慢一点儿吗？ You speak clearly enough. I can follow you. 你讲得足够清楚，我能听懂。 （2） 副词短语的功能 1. 修饰动词 He speaks English quite fluently. 他英语说得很流利。 2. 修饰形容词 The instructions on the box are really very confusing. 盒子上的使用说明令人费解。 3. 修饰副词 The fire spread far too fast. 大火蔓延得太快了。 4. 修饰句子 Luckily enough, we won the first prize for the competition. 足够幸运的是，我们获得了比赛的第一名。 总之，短语是英语中较大的词块,灵活地掌握词块,对丰富学生的词汇量,提高学生的阅读和写作水平会起到事半功倍的作用。 · 学以致用 一. 画出并标记句子中名词短语，形容词短语和副词短语 1. The first week was a little confusing. 2. The building is so big that I'm completely lost. 3. The kids over there are putting something on a round paper plate. 4. Linda thinks and speaks quite quickly , and she can do well in the debate. 5. The new coach told me that I didn't play well enough. 6. My first French class was very confusing. The teacher spoke so fast! 二. 用括号里的短语回答问题。 1. How soon do you think you'll finish your homework? (pretty soon) 2. What do you think of your new teachers? (very nice and patient) 3. How many clubs have you joined this year? (two clubs) 4. How well does Rita play the violin? We need a new violinist in our music club. (quite well) 5. What did your adviser say about the advanced literature course?(too difficult but very interesting) 三. Joyce写好了一个草稿，用名词短语、形容词短语、副词短语帮助她润色这篇文章，增添更多信息。 Cheerleader Try-outs I've always wanted to be a cheerleader. Yesterday, I tried out for the team. It was hard. First, we had to dance. The teacher showed us how to move, and then we tried. Second, we practiced singing a song about the school basketball team. Finally, some girls had to lift their partners. The other girls jumped and cheered. I think I did well, but the other girls were better, I'm not sure if I'll make the team or not. I've always wanted to be a high school cheerleader. Yesterday, I tried out for my school's cheerleading team. It was really hard. First,. . . 四. 了解多个形容词作定语 多个形容词修饰名词时，其排序规律是: (限定词+程度副词+) 描绘性形容词+表示大小(长短、高低)、形状、年龄(新旧)的形容词+表颜色的形容词+表国籍或产地的形容词+表物质材料的形容词+表类别或用途的形容词+名词。如: a beautiful big round new black Russian wooden table (1) John Smith, a successful businessman, has a _____car. A. large German white B. large white German C. white large German D. German large white (2) ______ students are required to take part in the boat race. A. Ten strong young Chinese B. Ten Chinese strong young C. Chinese ten young strong D. Young strong ten Chinese 五. 画出下例句中的形容词短语并指明构成形式 (1). Our country is becoming more and more beautiful. ____________________________________________________________________________________ (2). The road is long enough. __________________________________________ (3). The medicine is good for stomach. ____________________________________________________________________________________ 六. 将下列短语按照类型进行归类: a really big challenge a little confusing very carefully the school advisor a very difficult language quite difficult much more carefully far too fast all the subjects a senior high school student my advanced course strong enough 名词短语: _____________________________________________________________________________ 形容词短语: ___________________________________________________________________________ 副词短语: _____________________________________________________________________________ 第三章 现在进行时态表将来 （取材 UNIT2 TRAVELLING AROUND） 语法聚焦: “将来时”的表达法 一. 现在进行时表示将来的用法 1. 位移动词的进行时表示将来 现在进行时表示将来，主要用于表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作，常有“意图，安排，打算”的含义。这种用法通常要带一个表示将来的时间状语。有些用法的动词多是位移动词，如arrive, come, go, leave, return, start, take off, fly等。 Eg: (1)They are coming here this afternoon. (2)She is leaving tomorrow and you had better see her off. (3) The plane is taking off at 10 a. m. 2. 非位移动词的进行时表示将来 现在进行时表示将来，除使用位移动词外，也可使用某些非位移动词，如do, work, meet, have, play, spend等，此时句中一般要有表示将来的时间状语。 Eg: (1) What are you doing next Sunday？ (2)The young man is meeting his girlfriend this afternoon. (3) We are spending next winter in Sanya. 语法填空/完成句子 (1)The summer holiday ________ (come). My classmates and I are talking about what to do during the holiday. (2)Now I ________ (leave) home for college. At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever I need help. (3)—____________ (彼得要来吗)？(come) —No, he changed his mind after a phone call at the last minute. 二. 一般将来时的其他几种表达法 1. will/shall do will可用于各种人称，而shall多用于第一人称。 will可表示根据当时的情况, 临时做的打算。 Eg: (1)—Mr. Wang is ill in hospital. —Oh, I'll go and see him. (2) I'll tell him the truth if I see him tomorrow. (3) I shall/will work harder to make greater progress. (4) My brother will leave for the United States next week. 语法填空 (1) —Wasn't Joan supposed to be here by now? —Don't worry. She ________ (be) here in about twenty minutes. (2)—Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment. —All right. I ____________ (call) him later. (3)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts ______________ (reward) with success in the end. 2. be going to do 表示现在打算或计划将来要做的事情(预先考虑)，还可以表示说话者根据现在的迹象或征兆“预测”即将发生的事情(常指自然现象)。 Eg: (1) —What are you going to do tonight? —I'm going to watch the football game on TV. (2) Look at the dark clouds! It's going to rain. [注意] be going to和will的区别: be going to表示说话人经过事先考虑的想法或有迹象表明某事将要发生；will表示说话人临时决定做的事情或说话人主观认为某事会发生。 Eg: I'm going to pick him up at the railway station this afternoon. 今天下午我要去火车站接他。(已经考虑过了) —This is a very heavy box. 这个箱子很重。 —I'll help you carry it. 我来帮你搬。(临时作出的决定) 单项填空 —I ________ see the doctor at 10: 00. I've made an appointment (预约). —You don't have to. You ________ be all right soon if you take the medicine. A. am going to; will B. will; am going to C. would; are going to D. am to; would 3. be to do(不定式作表语) 表示预先安排好的计划或约定(受别人的指令或安排将要做)；表示决定会发生的事情；表示说话人的意志、意图、职责、命令、义务等。 Eg: (1)The meeting is to take place next Monday. (2)His continuous effort is to make him a successful man. (3)You're to be back by 9 o'clock. 4. be about to do 表示正要做某事，指眼前的将来，不能和表示将来的时间状语连用。常用于be about to do. . . when. . . 句型，意为“正要做……，这时……”。 Eg:I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang. [注意] be about to do不与具体的表示将来的时间状语连用。 节目将在10分钟之后开演。 【误】The programme is about to begin in ten minutes. 【正】The programme is to begin in ten minutes. 5. 一般现在时表示将来，有两种情况: (1)常用于表示按计划、按规定或是按时刻表将进行的未来动作，仅限于一些位移动词，如go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, begin等。 Eg: The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. —When does the bus start？ —It starts in ten minutes. (2)用于时间和条件状语从句中。 Eg: We are going fishing if it doesn't rain tomorrow. 单项填空/语法填空 (1)A Midsummer Night's Dream ________ at the Theatre Royal on 19th June, and then tours throughout Scotland. A. opens B. is opened C. will open D. will be opened (2)You'd better write down her phone number before you ______ (forget) it. (3)They often get up early and water the vegetables together. . . When summer ________ (come), they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables! 学以致用 1、 现在进行时表示将来的练习 1. My uncle __________________(come)back from abroad next week. 我叔叔下周要从国外回来了。 2. —Hurry up! The movie_________________. 快点，电影就要开始了。 —Don’t worry. There is still a little time left. 不用担心，还有一点时间。 3. Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane_________________________. 女士们，先生们，请系好安全带。飞机就要起飞了。 4. We _______________(have) a few guests over tomorrow. 明天有几位客人要来。 5. Food supplies in the flood-stricken area________________. We must act immediately before there’s none left. 灾区的食物快要吃完了，在吃完之前，我们必须立刻行动。 二、一般将来时的其他几种表达法的练习 1. With the development of science and technology, robot cooks _____________(appear) in our families in the future. 随着科技的发展，未来机器人厨师会出现在家庭中。 2. — Just a minute. I ________________(check) it for you. 请稍等，我现在就帮你看一下。 —Ann is in hospital. 安住院了。 —Oh, really? I didn’t know. I ______________(go) and visit her. 真的吗？我不知道啊，我要去探望她。 3. Look at the dark clouds. _________________________. 看这乌云，要下雨了。 4. Oh , it's 8:20. I________________ late for my class. 现在是8点20分。我上课要迟到了。 5. The examination is __________ ____________ _____________next week. (take place) 6. 如果你想要成功，比必须努力工作。 我们就要出发了。 7. We will go for a picnic if it _____________ _________________(rain) this Sunday. 如果本周日不下雨，我们将去野餐。 8. The students ________ __________ ___________(meet) at the school gate tomorrow. 明天学生们将在学校大门口集会。 9. Please tell him the news as soon as he ______(arrive). 他一来，你就告诉他这个消息。 三、用所给单词正确形式填空 1. —Is everybody here?—No. The speaker _________ (come)soon. 2. The weather _________ (get) warmer and warmer. 3. I _________ (write) a new book these days. 4. The girl ____ always ________(leave) things about. 5. —I’m going to the to study law. —How long _______ you _______ (stay)there? 6. What will you want to be when you ______ (grow) up? 7. Look at the lightning. It_________ (rain). 8. Our English teacher _________ (leave )Shanghai in a few days. 9. —Jim is in town for a few days. —Really? Great! I _________ (give) him a call. Is he staying at his Aunt Rosa’s? 10. Don’t make noises. Father ________ (listen)to the news. 四、按照要求翻译下列句子。 你要在北京待多久？ (用现在进行时表示) ________________________________________________________________________ 今天下午我要去看牙医。(用现在进行时表示) ________________________________________________________________________ 我将更加努力以取得更大的进步。（shall/will do ; make progress） ________________________________________________________________________ 你今天晚上打算做什么？（be going to do） ________________________________________________________________________ 你必须九点以前回来。（be to do; back） ________________________________________________________________________ 我正要上床睡觉，这时电话响了。（be about to do; ring） ________________________________________________________________________ 火车明天早上六点开。（一般现在时表将来） ________________________________________________________________________ 第四章 附加疑问句 （取材 UNIT 3 Sports and Fitness） 反义疑问句 即附加疑问句。它表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证实。 它表示提问人的看法，没有把握，需要对方证实。反义疑问句由两部分组成:前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，两部分的人称时态应保持一致。 1、陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式 2、陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式 They work hare, don’t they? She was ill yesterday, wasn’t she? You didn’t go, did you? He can’t ride a bike, can he? 请注意以下句型的反义疑问句的用法: 1、当陈述部分的主语是I , everyone, everything, nobody 时，后面的疑问句应表示为: I am a student, aren’t I Everyone is in the classroom, aren’t they? Everything begins to grow in spring, doesn’t it? Nobody will go, will they? 2. 当陈述部分有never，seldom, hardly，few，little，barely, scarcely, nothing 等否定词时，后面的疑问句则表示为: There are few apples in the basket, are there? He can hardly swim, can he? They seldom come late, do they? 3. 当陈述部分是I think 加从句时，疑问句应和从句的人称时态保持一致。 I think chickens can swim, can’t they? I think Lucy is a good girl, isn’t she? I didn't think he was happy, was he? 4. 陈述部分有had better 时，疑问句应用hadn’t开头: you’d better get up early, hadn’t you? 5. 当陈述部分是祈使句时，疑问句要根据语气来表达 Let’s go out for a walk, shall we? Let us go our for a walk, will you? Turn on the radio, will you? 6. 反义疑问句的回答用yes, no, 但是，当陈述部分是否定形式时，回答要按事实。如: They don’t work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作，是吗, Yes, they do. 不，他们工作努力。/No, they don’t. 对, 他们工作不努力。 学以致用: 一、单项选择 1. Let’s have a good rest, _____? A. will you B. shall we C. won’t you D. don’t you 2. She hardly goes to parties, ________? A. hasn’t she B. has she C. does she D. doesn’t she 3. Michael started to play basketball in college, ________? A. doesn’t he B. isn’t he C. didn’t he D. don’t he 4. —Few of the children here have traveled abroad, ________? —________. Most of them are from poor families in the rural areas. A. haven’t they; Yes, they have B. haven’t they; No, they haven’t C. have they; No, they haven’t D. have they; Yes, they have 5. You have to learn to _________, Claire. Let Peter play with your toys as well, _________ you? A. support; don’t B. care; will C. spare; won’t D. share; will 6. Nowadays in China some officers are unfit for their positions, ________? A. are they B. aren’t they C. don’t they D. do they 7. --Why is Tom absent? --He must be sick, __________? A. isn’t he B. must he C. is he D. mustn’t he 8. Let’s go to the park,________? A. will you B. won’t you C. shall we D. shouldn’t we 9. Be sure to get there on time, ______? A. mustn’t you B. aren’t you C. don’t you D. will you 10. Let’s watch the movie together, ______ ? A. will you B. can we C. shall we D. won’t you 11. John can hardly understand any Chinese, ______he? A. can’t B. doesn’t C. can D. does 12. Nothing can stop you from finishing these tasks on time, ________? A. can’t it B. can it C. can’t they D. can they 13. There’s hardly _____ milk in the bottle,_____? A. no, isn’t it B. some, is it C. little, isn’t there D. any, is there 14. We never dared to ask him a question, ___________? A. did we B. didn’t we C. dared we D. daren’t we 15. It’s the third time that John has been late, ________? A. hasn’t he B. isn’t he C. isn’t it D. hasn’t it 16. Let us pass ______? A. shan’t we B. shall we C. won’t we D. will you 17. ―Your uncle isn’t an engineer, is he? ― _______ A. Yes, he isn’t B. No, he isn’t C. No, he is D. He is 18. Nothing is difficult in the world if you put your heart into it _________? A. aren’t they B. are they C. isn’t it D. is it 19. Jack has coffee with breakfast,________ ? A. hasn’t Jack B. doesn’t Jack C. hasn’t he D. doesn’t he 20. When the teacher speaks, we have to keep quiet, ________ ? A. mustn’t we B. doesn’t he C. weren’t we D. don’t we 21. I don’t think what Ms. Huang said just now can be reasonable, ________? A. do I B. is it C. can I D. did she 22. Mary was dissatisfied with the result of the experiment conducted yesterday,________ ? A. wasn’t she B. was she C. were she D. weren’t she 23. ---Mary didn’t have breakfast this morning , did she? ---________That’s because she was in a hurry for work. A. Yes, she had. B. No. she hadn’t. C. Yes, she did. D. No, she didn’t. 24. I don’t think he will give up easily, ________? A. will he B. do you C. won’t he D. do I 25. Let’s go on an outing, _______? A. shall we B. will you C. won’t you D. don’t you 26. I don’t think it is polite to break in when people are having a conversation, ________? A. isn’t it B. do I C. is it D. do you 27. She seldom reads such kind of books, _________? A. did she B. does she C. didn’t she D. doesn’t she 28. Mrs. Black doesn’t believe her husband is able to design a digital camera, ? A. is he B. isn’t he C. doesn’t she D. does she 29. I don’t expect you can finish the work in three days, ? A. don’t I B. do I C. can you D. can’t you 30. There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert  ended, ? A. wasn’t there B. was there C. didn’t it D. did it 二、完成反意疑问句 31. They will leave for Beijing tomorrow night, ________ they? 32. It must be he that has stolen Mr. Smith’s purse, _________it? 33. There are no museums in our city,________? 34. There is little water in the cup,________? 35. You don’t think he will come today, _________? 36. Joe can speak English and French very well,________he? 37. She is going to see you,_____________? 38. You must have studied English for many years, ______________? 39. Do pay attention to my work and keep your eyes open all the time,_____________? 40. Let John finish the work all by himself,______________? 41. Nothing the boy did was right,_______________? 42. Let’s go and have a walk,_____________? 43. It is the first time that she has been to United States, _____________? 44. I don’t think he had his supper at the school,______________? 45. Jack had dinner with his mother at home yesterday,_____________? 46. I suppose the meeting will last about two hours,_____________? 47. Tom isn’t a hard-working student, for it is the third time that he has been late,_____________? 48. Everyone is surprised at the news,_____________? 49. You don’t have to go to school on Sundays,_____________? 50. You don’t think Lily is right, ________? 第五章 定语从句 （取材 UNIT 4 & 5） 55 / 83 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 语法聚焦: 一. 定语从句的定义 二. 定语从句的种类 三. 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别 四. 关系代词的用法 五. 关系副词的用法 六. 关系代词和关系副词的选用 七. as引导的定语从句 八. as引导的非限定性定语从句 九. 介词+关系代词 重点速记 一. 定语从句的定义 在复合句中，用于修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。引导定语从句的词称为关系词。关系词包括关系代词who（宾格whom，所有格whose），that，which和关系副词where，when，why等。 The boy who is wearing a black coat bought an iPod yesterday. 穿着黑色外套的男孩昨天买了一个iPod. The noodles that/which my mother cooked were delicious. 我妈妈煮的面条很好吃。 The school where I learned judo was very large. 我学习柔道的学校非常大。 I remember the day when our band was formed. 我记得我们乐队成立的日子。 I don’t know the reason why she got so angry this morning. 我不知道她今天早上为什么那么生气。 说明: 这几个例子中，先行词分别是boy，noodles，school，day，reason。 加下划线的部分为定语从句。 处在先行词和定语从句之间的who，that和which是关系代词，where，when和why是关系代词。 二. 定语从句的种类 定语从句可以为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。学习时要明确两者的意义和区别。 1. 限定性定语从句 限定性定语从句又称为限制性定语从句，它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的主语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或者就完全失去意义。限定性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。 Do you know the girl who just came in?你认识刚才进来的那个女孩吗？ Shanghai is a city (that) I’ve always wanted to visit. 上海是一座我一直想要去游览的城市。 Her sister married a man (who/whom/that) she met on a plane. 她的姐姐嫁给了一个她在飞机上认识的人。 The time when I first met Mr. White was a very difficult period of my life. 第一次见到怀特先生的时候，我正处于一生中非常艰难的时期。 2. 非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句又称为非限制性定语从句，它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚、完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导，关系词不可以省略。 The old woman,who lives on her own,has a cat for company. 那位老妇人一个人住，有一只猫作伴。 Lori is going to marry Mark,whom she does not love. 罗丽准备嫁给马克，可她并不爱他。 Beijing,which is the capital of China,is a very beautiful city. 中国的首都北京是一座非常美丽的城市。 三. 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别 限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句 与先行词关系密切 （删掉后影响整个意思的表达） 与先行词关系不密切 （是一种补充说明，删掉后不影响整个意思的表达） 不用逗号隔开 一般使用逗号隔开 可用关系代词that 不可用关系代词that 关系代词可以省略 （that，who，which在从句中担任宾语时可以省略） 关系代词不可以省略 关系代词可以替代 （whom作宾语可用who或that替代） 关系代词不能替代 读时不停顿 读时停顿，用降调 只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分。 可以修饰主句或主句的一部分，此时一定有逗号分开，只能由which或as引导。 四. 关系代词的用法 在定语从句中，关系代词起着连接主句与从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。 先行词 在从句中作主语 在从句中作宾语 在从句中作定语 指代人 who/that whom/who/that whose 指代物 which/that which/that whose/of which 1. 关系代词who和whom的用法 两者都用于指代人，但在用法上存在差别。 基本用法 who可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom。但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom，即“介词+whom”。 Johnny is a person who always has novel ideas. 约翰尼是一个经常会有新奇想法的人。 （关系代词who在从句中作主语） The girl who won the first prize is from Zhejiang. 获得一等奖的女孩来自浙江。 She is the girl who/whom I will go to Shanghai with. 她就是要和我一起去上海的那个女孩。 （关系代词在从句中作宾语，who可以替whom） The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr. Depp. =The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Depp. 刚刚和你谈话的人是德普先生。 说明: 因为把介词to提到宾语从句的句首，所以只能用whom，而不能用who。 We’ll go to the hospital to see the patients,most of whom are children. 我们要去医院看病人，这些病人大多数都是儿童。 2. 只用who而不用that的情况 在定语从句中who和that指代人时可以通用，但在下列情况下只能用who，而不能用that。 A. 先行词是one，ones和anyone时，宜用who。 One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. 一个无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。 The ones who flatter me don’t please me. 那些奉承我的人并不能取悦于我。 Anyone who laughs last laughs best. 笑到最后的人是笑得最好的人。 Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized. 任何不能完成指定任务的人，都应受到批评。 B. 先行词是those时，宜用who。 No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake. 对于那些在地震中为营救生还者而辛苦工作的人，任何言语都无法表达我们的感激之情。 C. 当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。 I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew uup in western Yunnan province. 昨天我在街上遇到一个在云南西部长大的女孩。 D. 一个句子中带有两个定语从句时， 其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who。 The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. 昨晚你遇见的那个男孩是个学习非常努力的组长。 E. 在there be开头的句子中，宜用who。 There is a young man who wants to see your father. 有个年轻人想要见你父亲。 There are many old men who are against this plan. 有许多老人反对这个计划。 There was a king who was kind to his people. 有一位国王，他对他的臣民很仁慈。 2. 关系代词whose的用法 关系代词whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物。当whose指代物时，相当于of which。whose引导的定语从句既可以是限定性定语从句，也可以是非限定性定语从句。 Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company? =Do you know Peter?His father happens to be working in your company. 你认识彼得吗？他的父亲恰巧正在你们公司工作。 The tourist wanted to book a room whose window faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room. The room’s window faces south. 这位游客想要预订一间窗户朝南的房间。 We went to see our teacher Miss Styles,whose husband lost his life in the earthquake. 我们去看望了我们的老师斯泰尔斯小姐，她的丈夫在地震中丧生了。 Xi’an,whose walls remain as good as before,is one of the few cities with city walls. 西安是少数几座有城墙的城市之一，它的城墙保持得和以前一样好。 3. 关系代词that和which的用法 两者都可用于指代物，但使用场合存在差别。 1. 在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which和that一般可以通用 The new house that/which I have just bought is about six miles away. 我新买的房子在大约6英里以外。 They planted some trees that/which didn’t need much water. 他们种了一些不需要太多水的树。 4. 限定性定语从句中只用that而不用which的情况 A. 主句已有疑问句who或which时 Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you? 旅馆前面的小汽车中哪辆属于你？ Who is the man that is sitting by the lake?坐在湖边的男人是谁？ B. 先行词既有人又有物时 He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited. 他谈到了他访问过的学校和老师。 The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 撞倒一位老人的那辆自行车和骑车人都被送到了警察局。 C. 先行词为all，much，few，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代词时 It’s easy to do the repair. All that you need is a hammer and some nails. 做修理很容易。你所需要的全部东西是一把锤子和一些钉子。 We haven’t got much that we can offer you. 我们没有太多能向你们提供的东西。 I’d like to tell you something that will make you surprised. 我想告诉你一件会使你感到惊奇的事。 D. 先行词有形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best way that has been used against pollution. 这是用来防止污染的最好的办法。 Polly is the most direct young woman that I have ever come across. 波莉是我所见到的最直爽的年轻女性。 E. 先行词有序数词修饰时 This is the third time that they have met. 这是他们第三次见面。 The first time that Lester saw the film,he made up his mind to become a director. 莱特斯第一次观看那部电影时，就下定决心要成为一名导演。 F. 先行词有the very，the only，the same，any，few，little，no，all，one of等词修饰时 This is the very room that I slept in that evening. 这正是我那天晚上睡过的房间。 Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher. 李明是惟一一个想当老师的人。 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. 我们惟一能够做的，就是给你一些钱。 G. 有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. 爱迪生建了一家工厂，生产过去从未见到过的东西。 5. 只用which而不用that的情况 A. 引导非限定性定语从句时只用which而不用that （正）The fish,which I bought this morning,is very fresh. （误）The fish,that I bought this morning,is very fresh. 我今天早上买的鱼很新鲜。 My house,which I bought two years ago,has got a lovely garden. 我两年前买的那幢房子，带一座漂亮的花园。 Jim passed the driving test,which surprised everybody in the office. 吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使得办公室里的每一个人都很惊讶。 注意: 在非限定性定语从句中，有时关系代词是指代整个句子，而不是指代一个单词，本句中which指代“吉姆通过了驾驶考试”这件事。 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,which,of course,made the others envy him. 海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多，这当然使得其他孩子嫉妒他。 说明: 本句中，which指代“海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多”这件事。 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,most of which are sold abroad. 这家工厂每年生产50万双鞋，大都销往国外。 补充: which前常用none/neither/most/both/each/all/a little of等词修饰。 London,which is the capital of the UK,is a very beautiful city. 英国的首都伦敦是一座非常美丽的城市。 B. 在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时只用which而不用that I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important. 我被置于一个要被迫接受低人一等现实的境地。 This is the hotel in which you will stay. =This is the hotel (which/that) you will stay in. 这就是你将要住的旅馆。 说明: 在这句话中，介词in放在了句子的后面，那么关系代词既可以用which，也可以用that，还可以省略。 C. 在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that，那么另一句的关系词就需用which Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open. 让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。 6. 关系代词which和that的用法总结 which和that在定语从句中作关系代词的主要区别 which ①可用于非限定性定语从句中，代替物、整个句子或主句中的一部分 ②可用于介词之后，构成“介词+which” that 不能用于上述两种情况 单句语法填空 1. After each cycle of trading, companies ________ have leftover carbon allowances (限额) can sell them to others. 2. The letter was one of the earliest documents on record ________ mentioned tofu in the West. 3. What makes something a sport? Traditional definitions usually included some physical activities ________ show athletic ability or strength. 4. The character “three” is shaped like a book, ________ represents the long historical tradition of Rong Bao Zhai. 5. Instead of an economy of the typical take-make-dispose model, ChopValue seeks to create one ________ transforms waste into a usable resource. 五. 关系副词的用法 关系副词和关系代词一样，具有各种作用: 在定语从句中代替先行词、在从句中作状语、把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句等。由于关系副词在从句中均作状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。 先行词 关系副词 关系副词在从句中充当的句子成分 指地点 where 地点状语 指时间 when 时间状语 指原因 why 原因状语 1. 关系副词where的用法 由where引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如building，city，room等，where在从句中作地点状语。 ①The hotel was very clean. 那家旅馆很干净。 ②We stayed there/at the hotel. 我呆在那儿/那家旅馆。 ③=①+②The hotel where we stayed was very clean. 我们呆过的那家旅馆很干净。 先行词 定语从句 （where在从句中代替there或at the hotel，作地点状语） 补充: 可以用关系代词表述 The hotel (that/which) we stayed at was very clean. =The hotel at which we stayed was very clean. I got to the stage where I wasn’t coping any more. =I got to the stage (which/that) I wasn’t coping with any more. =I got to the stage with which I wasn’t coping any more. 我已经到了无法应付的阶段。 This is the house where I was born. 这就是我出生的那所房子。 2. 关系副词when的用法 由when引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的名词，如time，day，date等，when在从句中作时间状语。 I’ll never forget the time when we first met. 我永远不会忘记我们第一次相遇时的情景。 先行词 定语从句 （when在从句中代替during the time，作时间状语） 补充: 可以用关系代词表述: I’ll never forget the time during which we first met. The date (when/that) he joined the ANC Youth League was August 5th. 他加入南非国民议会青年同盟的日期是8月5日。 注意: 从语法来讲，这个句子中的定语从句只能用when引导，但在口语中，常用that代替when，也可以省略。 3. 关系副词why的用法 由why引导的定语从句，经常会用在先行词reason的后面，why在从句中作原因状语。 The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard. 我获得一份工作的原因是我工作努力。 先行词 定语从句 （why在从句中代替reason，作原因状语） 补充: 可以用关系代词表述: The reason (that/for) which I got a job was that I worked hard. The reason why she was late was that she missed her plane. =The reason (that) she was late was that she missed her plane. 注意: 一般来讲，在定语从句中，只要先行词是the reason，它的关系副词就是why；和when一样，在口语中，关系副词why常被that代替，也可以省略。 =The reason for which she was late was that she missed her plane. 她迟到的原因是她错过了班机。 Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason why she left. =Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason (that) she left. =Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason for which she left. 艾米没有获得加薪，但是这并不是她离开的主要原因。 The reason why I’m calling you is to invite you to a party. =The reason (that) I’m calling you is to invite you to a party. =The reason for which I’m calling you is to invite you to a party. 我给你打电话的原因是想邀请你参加一个聚会。 补充: 带reason的定语从句与表语从句的常用句型 定语从句“The reason why/that. . . ”或“. . . the reason why/that. . . ” I know the reason why she studies so well. 我知道她学习好的原因。 表语从句“The reason is that. . . ”（不能用why，否则就重复了） The reason is that he is always careless in his work. 原因是他在工作中总是粗心大意。 单句语法填空 1. The reason ________ this traditional flatbread happening to be popular among the ethnic groups here lies in its being easy to bake, store and transport. 2. Wherever you go in Xinjiang, whether north or south of the Tianshan Mountains, you'll notice small stands ________some crispy and delicious nang is sold. 3. The government has also introduced a new proposal in order to limit the amount of after-school education kids can attend, especially during holidays and festivals, ________ kids should be having fun. 六. 关系代词和关系副词的选用 对于同一个先行词，要想确定是用关系代词还是用关系副词，关键是要弄清楚关系词在定语从句中担任什么成分。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，就是关系代词；如果关系词作状语，就是关系副词，口语用法除外。 ①This is the college (that/which) I visited. 这就是我参观过的学院。 ②This is the college where I studied three years ago. 这就是我3年前在那儿学习过的学院。 说明: 两句中的先行词都是the college，但关系词不一样。①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词visited的宾语。②用关系副词where，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于there或in the college。 ①I’ll never forget the day (that/which) we spent together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的那一天。 ②I’ll never forget the day when I got married. 我永远忘不了我结婚的那一天。 说明: 两句中的先行词都是the day，但是它们的关系词不一样。①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词spent的宾语。②用关系副词when，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于介词短语on the way。 七. as引导的定语从句 as作为关系代词既可以引导限定性定语从句，也可以引导非限定性定语从句。 1. as引导的限定性定语从句 1. such. . . as. . . 和the same. . . as. . . 的用法 such. . . as. . . 意为“像……一样的，像……之类”；the same. . . as. . . 意为“和……同样的”。在这两个句型中，as是关系代词，such和same作定语，修饰主句里的某个名词（或代词），这个名词（或代词）是由as引导的定语从句的先行词，as在从句中可担任主语、宾语或表语。 We have found such materials as are used in their factory. （as在从句中作主语） 我们找到了（像）他们厂里用的那种材料。 I seldom give my students such a difficult problem as they cannot work out. 我从来不会给我的学生出这样一道他们不能解决的难题。（as在从句中作宾语） The result is not the same as they had expected. （as在从句中作宾语） 结果和他们预想的不一样。 比较: the same. . . that. . . 和the same. . . as. . . 两者都引导定语从句。that从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一个，as从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一类，而非同一个。 He is reading the same book that you bought yesterday. 他看的书就是你昨天买的那本。 He is reading the same book as you bought yesterday. 他看的书和你昨天买的书是一样的。 （指同一本书；指同一种书，但并不是你买的那一本） This is the same pen that I lost. 这支钢笔就是我丢的那一支。 This is the same (kind/type/sort of) pen as I lost. 这支钢笔跟我丢的那支笔一模一样。 （指同一支笔；指同类型的笔，但并不是我丢失的那一支） 2. such as. . . 的用法 such as. . . 中的such为代词，意思为“这样的人或物”，as在从句中作宾语，修饰先行词such。 This book is not such as I expect. 这不是一本我所盼望的书。 He told me of his experience such as I had never had before. 他给我讲了他的经验，我从来没有那种经验。 I have not many,but I will send you such as I have. 我有的不多，但我愿把我所有的都送给你。 补充: such as还可以表示“诸如，例如，像……那样的”的意思，此时其后跟名词或名词短语等，如: They bought a lot of fruit,such as apples,oranges,etc. 他们买了许多水果，如苹果、橘子等。 八. as引导的非限定性定语从句 as可以像which一样引导非限定性定语从句，用来代表整个句子的内容，它的先行词可以是名词，也可以是不定式短语或整个句子。as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。此外，有些as引导的定语从句已成为固定用法。 as we know正如我们所知 as is often the case像通常那样 as has been said before如上所述 as is reported正如报道的那样 as is well known众所周知 as was expected正如预料的那样 She is very careful,as her work shows. 正如她的工作所展现的那样，她是个细心的人。 As we know,smoking is harmful to one’s health. 正如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。 As is often the case,we have worked out the production plan. 像通常那样，我们已经制定出了生产计划。 比较: as和which引导的非限定性定语从句的联系和区别 as和which都可以代替整个句子，当定语从句至于主句之后时，as和which可以互换使用。 He didn’t tell me any news,as/which upset me. 他没有告诉我任何消息，这使我很不安。 which引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时不能放在主句之前。as引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时可放在主句之前或之后，有时也可放在主语与谓语之间。 As is reported in the newspapers,talks between the two countries are making progress. =Talks between the two countries,as is reported in the newspapers,are making progress. 正如报道的那样，这两个国家之间的会谈正在进展中。 九. 介词+关系代词 句型: 名词/代词+介词+关系代词 简单句①The professor gave a lecture to us yesterday. 那位教师昨天给我们上了一堂课。 简单句②I couldn’t understand the meaning of the lecture completely. 我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。 合成为定语从句③=①+②The professor gave us a lecture yesterday,the meaning of which I couldn’t understand completely. 名词+介词+关系代词 那位教授昨天给我们上了一堂课，我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。 简单句①There are around 400 students in our grade. 我们年级大约有400名学生。 简单句②Most of us are from the Xicheng District. 我们中的大多数人都来自西城区。 合成为定语从句③=①+②There are around 400 students in our grade,most of whom are from the Xicheng District. 代词+介词+关系代词 我们年级大约有400名学生，其中大多数都来自西城区。 单句语法填空 1. Project Hope, launched by the China Youth Development Foundation in 1989, is committed to sending poor children to schools, and has made a difference in the lives of 6 million students from poor families nationwide over the past three decades, among ________ is Su. 2. Nowadays an increasing number of people in various parts of China have begun to celebrate their flower festival again, some of ________, dressed in hanfu, a type of traditional Chinese costume, perform a series of ceremonies. 3. Last year, Cambridge University Library announced that two of Charles Darwin's notebooks had been missing from their collection, one of ________ contains Darwin's “Tree of Life” sketch. · 难点强化 使用定语从句需注意的事项 1. 定语从句中的主谓一致 A. 定语从句中的关系代词作主语时，从句谓语要与先行词的人称、数一致。 Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的那个人吗？ B. as，which作主语引导非限定性定语从句，指全句时，从句谓语用单数。 As is usual,he came to school late this morning. 像往常一样，他今天早晨上学又迟到了。 Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸气，这叫做蒸发。 C. 先行词为“one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用复数。 Freddy is one of the students who want to be diplomats in our class. 弗雷迪是我们班想当外交官的学生之一。 D. 先行词为“the only one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用单数。 He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years. 他是惟一一个连续三年获得奖学金的学生。 2. what和how不能用于定语从句中 A. what不能用作关系代词来引导定语从句，但是what引导的宾语从句可以与that引导的定语从句互换。 （正）Tell me anything (that) you know. （正）Tell me what you know. 告诉我你所知道的一切。 说明: what引导的宾语从句相当于“anything/all+that”引导的定语从句。 （误）Tell me anything what you know. B. how不能用作关系副词来引导定语从句。修饰表示方式的way的定语从句用in which来引导，也可用that或省略。 （正）This is the way (that/in which) that boy worked out the problem. （正）This is how that boy worked out the problem. （how引导表语从句） （误）This is the way how that boy worked out the problem. 这就是那个男孩解出这道题的方法。 3. 关系代词和关系副词的省略 1. 关系代词的省略 A. 在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词不可以省略。 Jane Hasek,who was my former English teacher,retired last year. 简·哈塞克今天退休了，他曾经是我的英语老师。 B. 在限定性定语从句中，关系代词用作动词宾语时可以省略。 Sorry,I forget to bring the magazine (which/that) you want. 对不起，我忘了把你要的杂志带过来。（which和that代替magazine，作动词want的宾语，可以省略） C. 关系代词作介词宾语，如果介词位于关系代词之前，关系代词不可以省略；如果介词位于定语从句的句末，关系代词可以省略。 （正）This is the government building in which my father works. （正）This is the government building (which/that) my father works in. （误）This is the government building in my father works. 这是我父亲工作的政府大楼。 D. there be句型之后的定语从句中，作主语或宾语的关系代词常可以省略。 There’s nothing (that) I can do about it. 对此我毫无办法。 2. 关系副词的省略 A. 非限定性定语从句中关系副词不可以省略。 She lived in Nagoya for a couple of years,where she taught Chinese. 她在名古屋住了几年，在那儿教中文。 B. 限定性定语从句中，若在口语和非正式语体中，某些表示地点、时间的名词后的关系副词可以省略。先行词the reason后面的关系副词why也可以省略。 This is the plane (where) we first met two years ago. 这就是我们两年前初次见面的地方。 He still remembers the time (when) he studied in Berlin. 他还记得他在柏林学习的那些日子。 补充: 可以省略关系副词when的时间名词有the time，every time，each time，the moment等。 Tell me the reason (why) your brother was absent yesterday. 告诉我你哥哥昨天缺席的原因。 5. 定语从句和同位语从句的区别 1. 根据that在从句中是否作成分来判定 that在定语从句中担任句子成分，而在同位语从句中不作成分。 The news (that) you told me last week is not true. 你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。 （that引导的定语从句，说明是哪一个news，that在从句中担任told的宾语。） The news that the leader will come here is not true. 领导将要来这儿的消息不是真的。 （that引导的同位语从句，说明news的具体内容，that在从句中不担任任何成分。） 2. 根据意思来判断 在引导词前加is后，如果句子成立就是同位语从句，否则就不是，还是以上面两个例句为例。 The news that you told me last week is not true. →（误）The news is that you told me last week. 你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。 （因为the news不能等于you told me last week，所以句子不成立，不是同位语从句，而是定语从句。） The news that the leader will come here is not true. →（正）The news is that the leader will come here. 领导将要来这儿的消息不是真的。 （句子成立，所以是同位语从句。） 3. 根据that前的名词判断 同位语从句中that前的名词必须是表示事实的抽象名词，如fact，news，information，order，belief，reply，answer，saying等，而定语从句前的先行词没有这个限制，但这一点不是决定因素，主要还要依前面所述的两点来判断。 · 学以致用 一. 单句语法填空 1. The app does this by monitoring their time ________the users go to sleep, which means that you will feel less sleepy when you wake up every morning. 2. The six greatest 18th-century carved marble (大理石) sculptures in the East Sculpture Hall ________ sustained the most damage will receive conservation treatment. 3. An additional reason ________ it can be so desirable is that it tends to come from resources that are free. 4. In the US, Diane Ott Whealy and her husband founded Heritage Farm, a place ________ people can store and trade seeds. 5. This story about self-respect and self-love, ________ characters are Chinese, is set in Europe. 6. The first space launch led to the first human space flight, ________ led to the first moonwalk. 7. The Double Ninth Festival is also a time ________ the chrysanthemum (菊花) blooms. 8. Gig workers, often referred to as independent contractors (承包人) or temporary workers, are those such as delivery drivers and online sales hosts ________ often enter into contracts with on-demand companies to provide services for their clients. 9. By the time of the Ming Dynasty, people could use the abacus in addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, ________ were widely used for calculating the weight, amount, space and volume. 10. Shaxian snacks is a shining example of Chinese food chain brands, ________ most likely include foods such as steamed dumplings, noodles and huntun. 二. 语篇填空 A girl who has a gift for drawing I went to an exhibition last month, 1 I admired a lot of wonderful paintings. Mary, 2 drawings were shown at the exhibition, is a model student 3 is often praised for her good work at school. As soon as we got into the exhibition hall 4 the paintings were on show, our eyes were caught by a very large picture 5 was hung on the wall in front of us. The horse 6 was drawn in the picture was exactly like a real horse. The man 7 was riding on it looked like a living man. It was the best picture 8 I had ever seen, and I should say Mary is the best young painter 9 I have ever heard of. However, you will be quite mistaken if you think that Mary was born a good painter. One of her teachers told me that it had taken Mary thousands of hours to learn and practise drawing before she became the best young painter 10 has ever been heard of in her hometown. But if you say that she has learned to be so good at drawing only by working hard at it, I will certainly agree with you. 2025年高一英语初高中英语衔接学习资料 第四部分 单词&课文篇 WELCOME UNIT--Reading and Thinking单词，课文预习 · 词汇预先知 Ⅰ. 单词——记其形 1. an student　一个交换生 2. a logo 设计商标 3. be about exams 担心考试 4. be about the mistake 对这个错误感到生气 5. an girl 一个外向的女孩 6. carry out the 做实验 7. the city 探索这座城市 Ⅱ. 单词——知其意 1. lecture n. 2. female adj. 3. male adj. 4. formal adj. 5. guy n. 6. awkward adj. 三、拓展词汇——通其变 1. registration n. 登记；注册；挂号→ vt. &vi. 登记；注册 2. nationality n. 国籍；民族→ n. 国家；民族；国民 3. frightened adj. 惊吓的；害怕的→ vt. 使惊恐；使惊吓→fright n. 恐惧；害怕→ adj令人恐惧的；可怕的 4. impression n. 印象；感想→ vt. 使钦佩；给……留下深刻的好印象 vi. 留下印象；引人注目 5. confident adj. 自信的；有把握的→ __n. 信心；信任 Ⅱ. 核心短语 1. on campus 2. senior high school 3. at last 4. Make an impression 5. concentrate on 6. leave. . . alone 7. junior high school 8. make friends 9. tell a story 10. next to · 课文精研读 原文呈现 FIRST IMPRESSIONS Han Jing’s World 7: 00 a. m. So this is it—senior high school at last！I’m not outgoing so I’m a little anxious right now. I want to make a good first impression. Will I make any friends？What if no one talks to me? 12: 30 p. m. I just had my first maths class at senior high school！The class was difficult, but the teacher was kind and friendly. He even told us a funny story, and everyone laughed so much！I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful【1】. 【1】此处为“find＋宾语＋形容词”结构，most of my classmates and teachers为宾语，friendly and helpful作宾语补足语。 5: 32 p. m. This afternoon, we had our chemistry class in the science lab. The lab is new and the lesson was great, but the guy next to me tried to talk to me the whole time. I couldn’t concentrate on the experiment. I really wanted to tell him to please be quiet and leave me alone！ 10: 29 p. m. What a day【2】！This morning, I was worried that no one would talk to me. But I was wrong. I didn’t feel awkward or frightened at all. I miss my friends from junior high school, but I believe I will make new friends here, and there’s a lot to explore at senior high【3】. I feel much more confident than I felt this morning. I think that tomorrow will be a great day! 【2】此句为What引导的感叹句。 【3】这是一个there be句型；不定式to explore在句中作后置定语，修饰a lot。 Fill in the blanks according to the text. On the first day of high school, some people are excited, some are nervous, and others even feel frightened. Here 1. (be) a look at Han Jing’s feelings on her first senior high school day. Han Jing wasn’t 2. outgoing girl, so she was a bit anxious at first. She was very worried that no one would make friends with her. So she wanted to make a good first 3. (impress). That morning, she had the first maths class. Although the class was difficult 4. (understand), the teacher was kind and humorous. He made everyone laugh a lot by 5. (tell) a funny story. At that time, Han Jing was happy to find her teachers and classmates friendly and helpful. That afternoon, they went to the science lab to do 6. (experiment). However, the boy next to Han Jing kept on talking to her so that she couldn’t concentrate on the experiment. That was so 7. (annoy) that she even wanted to tell him to leave her alone. After the first day, Han Jing no longer 8. (feel) awkward and frightened. She had more confidence in the new school life 9. last. What a perfect day she had, and she expected 10. that the next day would be another perfect day. 随堂精训练题组A 基础过关练 一. 单词拼写 1. As an (外向的) girl，I get along well with my classmates. 2. Each of us is equal in the world in spite of his or her sex, religion or (国籍). 3. As we all know, a lack of (正规的) education will limit your job opportunities. 4. The news that our schoolmates had won the game soon spread over the whole (校园). 5. Tom arrived at school late again，which made him feel (令人尴尬的). 6. The following simple (实验) is used to separate different liquids. 7. The boss in that company is unwilling to employ (女性的) workers. 8. Though Jack is younger than Ann, he is (级别高的) to her. 二. 词形变化 1. Although it was hard at first, Jane came to enjoy working as a fashion (design). 2. By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they are building their children’s (confident). 3. The audience is waiting (anxious) to see which team will win at last. 4. It is very important to make a good first (impress) at a job interview. 5. At that time, Mr Green was too (frighten) to escape from the danger. 6. I get (annoy) when someone talks to me while I’m reading. 7. The deadline for (register) was brought forward to 2 p. m. instead of the scheduled 5: 30 p. m. 8. It’s the sort of work that calls for a high level of (concentrate). 9. This project was designed (help)the students in need. 10. He and his team are (explore) new ways to make the game fun and practical. 能力提升练 A Outside of school, Laurent Simons is a common 9－year－old child. He plays video games with others, spends time online, and loves to travel. But when it comes to studying, he is a lot better than those ten years older than him. The most surprising thing is that he got a degree from university at age nine. Laurent Simons completed his final project at Eindhoven University of Technology and got a degree in electrical engineering (电气工程). Most people take three years to complete the same program, but Laurent completed the program in just 10 months. Peter Baltus, one of his teachers, said，“Laurent has the ability to learn and take in lots of information in very little time. He learned more in short period of time, so I went through the courses much faster. ” Laurent’s grandparents would tell him that he was special from a very young age. He started primary school when he was four, and at six years old he was already in high school. Then he started university and professors there couldn’t stop talking about how excellent Laurent Simons was. Laurent says he wants to study medicine later, and works on artificial organs (人造器官). His reasons are personal. The grandparents he grew up with suffer from heart disease, which influences his choice. Laurent has appeared in many interviews. However, some people think Laurent’s parents shouldn’t allow him to go to so many interviews. They say that his parents have taken away his childhood. However, the boy’s father says that everything his son has achieved hasn’t been forced on him, but that it’s “who he is”. 1. What makes Laurent Simons special? A. He is good at playing video games. B. He always feels himself successful. C. He is a well－known boy on the Internet. D. He finished university at a very young age. 2. What do Peter Baltus’ words show? A. Laurent is really a quick learner. B. He offered Laurent more courses. C. Laurent spends most of his time studying. D. Laurent knows more than his classmates do. 3. Why does Laurent Simons want to study medicine? A. To choose a popular job. B. To meet his parents’ wishes. C. To help people like his grandparents. D. To further study his favourite subject. 4. What can be the best title for the text? A. Laurent Simons Is Just a Nine－Year－Old Boy. B. A Nine－Year－Old Boy Got a Degree from University. C. A Nine－Year－Old Boy Dreams of Studying Medicine. D. Laurent Simons Is Smarter than His Classmates. B Running can be a polarizing (两极分化的) subject. Most people fall into one of two camps: those who love running every morning, and those who would sooner do anything to avoid it. For most of my life, I was planted in the second camp. I always hated running. At age 12, I remember entering a neighborhood 5K with my dad；I also remember placing dead last, followed by only the police car driving patiently behind me. Three years later, I didn’t make the junior volleyball team because I couldn’t run a mile in under 10 minutes. Every time I ran, I felt as though failure (失败)—in some form or another—was the only possible result. The summer after my freshman year, though. I took a job at a summer camp in Connecticut, where I got paid to be a kid again. I spent my days keeping an eye on different camp activities. When it came to exercise, running was my only choice. So, I made myself a promise: Every day, I would run for a while. By most runners’ standards, it wasn’t far. I guessed it was only about a mile. But I decided to do it every day, no matter how long it took. The exercise lasted for 61 days—the entire time I spent at camp that summer. I started to feel better about myself. But to my great surprise, I learned to love running too. I went from fearing the sport to loving it. I’ve finished seven marathons (马拉松) and more shorter races than I can remember, and I am now a running coach. These were the secrets I discovered to changing my way of looking at life. 5. What was the author’s attitude to running at first? A. He deeply loved it. B. He refused to do it. C. He was uninterested in it. D. He thought it was a waste of time. 6. What can we say about the author from Paragraph 2? A. He didn’t like to do any sport. B. He didn’t believe he could do sports. C. He didn’t do well in running－related sports. D. He didn’t join in the volleyball team on purpose. 7. What decision did the author make in the camp? A. To run every day. B. To do a part－time job. C. To fully relax himself in the camp. D. To take part in different activities. 8. How does the author look at running after the camp? A. It is a difficult thing to do. B. It has become a boring sport. C. It makes no difference to him. D. It has changed his life in a good way. UNIT 1 TEENAGE LIFE --Reading and Thinking 单词，课文预习 1． 词汇预先知 Ⅰ. 单词——记其形 61 / 83 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. to protect the endangered animals志愿保护濒危动物 2. a heated 一场激烈的辩论 3. jazz 更喜欢爵士乐 4. the of the planets 行星的运动 5. a really big 一个巨大的挑战 6. from college 大学毕业 7. joining in the activity 建议参加这项活动 8. smoking 戒烟 9. in advance of the time 比预定的时间提前 10. speak English 说一口流利的英语 Ⅱ. 单词——知其意 1. ballet n. 2. content n. 3. greenhouse n. 4. title n. 5. topic n. 6. freshman n. 7. literature n. 8. extra－curricular adj. 9. extra adj. 10. solution n. 11. editor n. Ⅲ. 拓展单词——通其变 1. teenage adj. 十几岁的(指13至19岁)；青少年的→ n. (13至19岁之间的)青少年 2. suitable adj. 合适的；适用的→ vt. 适合；使适宜 3. actually adv. 事实上；的确→ adj. 真实的；实际的 4. confuse vt. 使糊涂；使迷惑→ adj. 难以理解的；不清楚的→ adj. 糊涂的；迷惑的 5. advance n. 前进；发展 vi. 前进；发展 vt. 发展；促进→ adj. 高级的；高等的；先进的 6. obviously adv. 显然；明显地→ adj. 显而易见的 7. responsible adj. 负责的；有责任的→ n. 责任；义务 Ⅳ. 必备词块——英汉译 1. prefer. . . to. . . 2. clean up 3. be suitable for 4. sign up (for sth) 5. be responsible for 6. join a club 7. be good at 8. hand out 9. keep up with 10. be well prepared for 课文精研读 原文呈现 THE FRESHMAN CHALLENGE Hi! My name is Adam and I’m a freshman at senior high school. Going from junior high school to senior high school【1】is a really big challenge. The first week was a little confusing. 【1】 画线部分是动词－ing短语作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。 First，I had to think very carefully about which courses I wanted to take【2】. The school adviser helped me choose the suitable ones: maths, English, chemistry, world history, and Chinese. I know that Chinese is a very difficult language, but I hope to be fluent when I graduate. My adviser recommended that I should sign up for advanced literaturebecause I like English and I’m good at it. 【2】画线部分是which引导的宾语从句，作介词about的宾语。 I had to choose extra－curricular activities, too. I tried to join the school football team, but the coach told me that I didn’t play well enough. Obviously，I was unhappy, but I won’t quit. I’ll find a way to improve【3】 on my own so that I can make the team next year【4】. I joined a volunteer club instead. Every Wednesday, we work at a soup kitchen and hand out food to homeless people in the community. 【3】to improve为不定式作定语修饰way；way后可跟不定式或者of doing作定语。 【4】画线部分为so that引导的目的状语从句。 I know I’ll have to study harder as a senior high school student and get used to being responsible for a lot more. I’m a bit worried about keeping up with the other students in my advanced course, and it’ll be quite difficult to get used to all the homework【5】. Still，I’m happy to be here. Studying hard isn’t always fun, but I’ll be well prepared for university or whatever else comes in the future【6】. 【5】 画线部分属于“it＋be＋adj. (＋for sb/sth)＋to do sth”结构。 【6】 画线部分是whatever引导的宾语从句，whatever在从句中作主语。 Fill in the blanks according to the text. Adam is a freshman at senior high school. He is faced with many 1. (challenge) at this time. At first，he didn’t know which courses 2. (choose)，but his adviser helped him solve this problem. Though he chose Chinese，he thought 3. was very difficult and hoped to be fluent when he graduated. His adviser also recommended that he 4. (sign) up for 5. (advance) literature. In addition，he wanted to join the school football team but 6. (refuse)，7. made him unhappy. He didn’t give up and decided to find a way 8. (improve) on his own and make the team next year. Now he is a volunteer，9. (hand) out food to homeless people. 10. (study) hard isn’t always fun，but he will try his best to keep up with others. 随堂精训练【小题夯基】 一. 单词拼写 1. Studying abroad is a big (挑战) to you，but it’s really interesting. 2. If you really want my advice, I don’t think you should (放弃) school. 3. I enjoy Chinese classic (文学) and has spent some time reading Tang Poetry. 4. She likes dancing and joined the (芭蕾舞) club last week. 5. Because of the bad weather, the project is several weeks behind (工作计划). 6. Since his parents died early, he had to support himself when he was a (青少年). 7. I learned from the Notice Board that you want a word (编辑) for the English Weekly. 8. The speech calls on people to control (温室) gases. 9. You had better allow (额外的) time for your journey. 10. Recently we had a class meeting on the (话题) of My Chinese Dream. 二. 词形变化 1. It is our responsibility to learn (advance) science and technology to build our country. 2. I can’t find (suit) words to express my excitement. 3. People are (confuse) about what they should eat to stay healthy. 4. (obvious), she is telling a lie to her parents. 5. In other words, every action and (move) in Beijing Opera is important. 6. Kate (graduate) from medical school last year. 7. __(actual), helping others is helping ourselves. 8. The love and (responsible) have made him get through many hardships. 9. Having stayed in China for many years, he can speak Chinese (fluent). 10. The (solve) to the problem has been supported by most people. 【大题提能】 A My teacher，Mr August J. Bachmann，was the most impressive teacher I ever had. I had gotten into trouble in his class: Another student had pushed me for fun，and I became angry and began to hit him. Mr Bachmann stopped the fight，but instead of sending me to the office，he sat me down and asked a simple question，“Penna，why are you wasting your life？Why aren’t you going to college？” I didn’t know anything about colleges or scholarships. No one had ever considered that a fatherless boy from the poorest neighborhood had a future. That day，instead of rushing off for lunch，he stayed and explained possible education options to me. At the end of our talk，he sent me to see a secretary who had a child at a state college. This was in 1962 at Emerson High School in Union City，New Jersey. Well，55 years have passed，and what have I done with the knowledge he gave me？I gained a PhD from Fordham University when I was only 29. I taught English and social studies and then moved up the chain of command from teacher to headmaster. I’ve sat on the board for Magnet Schools of America and represented that organization at the United Nations. I’ve won a number of great educational awards. But where would I be if a truly caring teacher had not taken the time out of his lunch period to speak to me？It was without question only his confidence in me that helped me forward. I have repaid his kindness hundreds of times by encouraging misguided youngsters to aim higher. If I have saved any children，it is because of him. If I have been a successful educator，it is because I had a great role model in Mr Bachmann. 1. The writer ________ before Mr Bachmann talked to him. A. was an active boy B. was an aimless boy C. liked making troubles in class D. would get punished by his teachers 2. Which of the following best describes Mr Bachmann? A. Fair. B. Confident. C. Inspiring. D. Humorous. 3. How did Mr Bachmann influence the writer? A. He set the writer on the right path. B. He was strict with the writer. C. He helped the writer with his study. D. He tried to set a good example to the writer. 4. What does the writer think of his achievement? A. He is very proud of himself. B. He feels his effort paid off at last. C. He owes his achievement to Mr Bachmann. D. He thinks it an honor to be a successful educator. B For many years, scientists and animal lovers have worked to make the world safer for endangered species (濒危物种). Now, there is something that needs protection from these protected animals—a famous French cheese called Roquefort, known as the “King of Cheeses”. Roquefort is made from sheep’s milk in the southern part of the French mountains. Farmers have been making Roquefort for thousands of years, and they follow many rules when making it, to be sure that it is done in the traditional way. One of the rules is that they must let their sheep live freely in the mountains. However, following these rules has become very dangerous. Wolves have moved into the area, and they have killed 62 sheep. The wolves are an endangered species, and have not been seen in the French mountains since the 1920s. No one is allowed to kill the wolves, but the farmers are now saying it is impossible for their sheep to live in the same mountains as the wolves. Farmers have dogs to protect the sheep and have also built electric fences (电栅栏), but they say they will not have enough money to continue making Roquefort once they have spent it all on keeping their sheep safe. Many people have said that wolves that attack (袭击) sheep should be killed, since they have become a threat to the farmers’ jobs. Others think that anyone who wants the wolves killed is trying to make them become extinct(灭绝的). Maybe it would not be a problem if Roquefort became extinct instead，and the wolves were able to live in the mountains. But then the farmers would not have jobs. Will the people of Southern France be able to find a way that protects both the wolves and the King of Cheeses? Let’s wait and see. 5. What can we learn about Roquefort? A. It is produced in many places in France. B. It has been made in modern ways. C. It has a long history. D. It is easy to make. 6. What problem do the sheep face? A. They have been endangered since the 1920s. B. They are in danger of being attacked. C. They are too expensive to feed. D. They are killed by people. 7. What may happen if farmers fight with the wolves? A. They can’t afford to make the cheese. B. They have no time to make the cheese. C. They have no idea how to sell the cheese. D. They can’t produce the cheese with high quality. 8. What do people think of the wolves? A. They agree with killing the wolves. B. They support leaving the wolves as they are. C. They are divided on the ways of protecting the wolves. D. They hold different ideas about how to deal with the wolves. UNIT 2　TRAVELLING AROUND --Reading and Thinking 单词，课文预习 一. 词汇预先知 Ⅰ. 单词——记其形 65 / 83 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. for a visa　申请签证 2. up the things into the suitcase把东西装到了手提箱里 3. of information 信息的来源 4. a mountain path 一条狭窄的山路 5. an language 官方语言 6. these of books 这些种类的书籍 7. the animal 独特的动物 8. popular holiday 受欢迎的度假去处 9. between the two organizations这两个机构的联系 10. go 去远足 Ⅱ. 单词——知其意 1. castle n. 2. visa n. 3. rent vt. 4. flat adj. 5. empire n. 6. emperor n. 7. site n. 8. flight n. 9. accommodation n. 10. path n. 11. brochure n. 12. package n. 13. transport n. 14. civilisation n. 15. soldier n. Ⅲ. 单词——通其变 1． amazing adj. 令人惊奇的；令人惊喜的→ adj. 惊奇的；惊喜的→ vt. 使吃惊；使惊讶 → n. 惊奇，惊诧 2. arrangement n. 安排；筹备→ vt. 安排 3. extremely adv. 极其；非常→ adj. 极端的；极度的 4. powerful adj. 强有力的；有权势的；有影响力的→ n. 权力；能力；控制力；影响力；力量 5. recognise vt. 辨别出；承认；认可→ n. 认出；认识 6. admire vt. 钦佩；赞赏→ n. 钦佩；羡慕 7. architecture n. 建筑设计；建筑学→ n. 建筑设计师 Ⅳ. 词块——英汉译 1. apply for 2. take control of 3. get ready for 4. encourage sb to do sth 5. spend some time doing sth 6. an extremely beautiful place 7. inspire sb to do sth 8. in the 16th century 9. explore the rainforest 10. be unique to 课文精研读 原文呈现 PERU is a country on the Pacific coast of South America with three main areas: narrow, dry, fla land running along the coast【1】, the Andes Mountains, and the Amazon rainforest. 【1】running along the coast为现在分词短语作定语，修饰land。 In the 1400s and 1500s，Peru was the centre of the powerful ancient Inca Empire. The Inca emperor lived in the now－famous site Machu Picchu. Spain took control of Peru in the 16th century and ruled until 1821. It is for this reason that Spanish is the main official language of Peru【2】. 【2】本句是强调句型，强调的是原因状语for this reason。 TRAVEL PERU Amazon Rainforest Tour A short flight from Cusco takes you from the Andes into the Amazon rainforest【1】. From there, you’ll spend one day travelling by boat to your accommodation in the middle of the forest. You can then spend three days exploring the rainforest with a local guide and enjoying the plants and animals unique to the rainforest. 【1】此句和第二段中的第一句都使用了“. . . take(s) you. . . ”句型，这是旅游英语中的常用句型。 Machu Picchu Tour This four－day walking tour will take you on amazing paths through the Andes Mountains on the way to the city of Machu Picchu. After reaching your destination, you will have a day to explore and be amazed by this ancient city. Especially amazing is the Incas’ dry stone method of building【2】. Inca builders cut stones to exact sizes so that nothing was needed to hold walls together other than the perfect fit of the stones【3】. 【2】本句是表语提前引起的全部倒装结构，句子的主语是the Incas’ dry stone method of building。 【3】此处是so that引导的结果状语从句。 Cusco Tour Spend four days enjoying the unique Spanish and local Indian culture high in the Andes at Cusco，the capital of the Inca Empire from the 13th until the 16th century【4】. Stay in a local hotel, visit the museums, admire the architecture, enjoy the excellent local food, and go shopping at the local markets. 【4】“the capital. . . until the 16th century”作Cusco的同位语。 Lake Titicaca Tour Enjoy the beautiful countryside as you spend a day driving along the new highway connecting Cusco to Lake Titicaca【5】. There, a boat will take you to stay with a local Uros family on an island for three days. Both the island and the Uros homes are made of water plants from the lake. So come and experience what Peru has to offer【6】: everything from the ancient Inca culture and centuries－old Spanish villages to deep rainforests，high mountains, and a beautiful coastline. For more brochures about other package tours around Peru, contact us at tourinfo@travelperu. org. 【5】此处是as引导的时间状语从句。 【6】本句为祈使句，what引导宾语从句。 Fill in the blanks according to the text. Peru is a country on the central western coast of South America facing the Pacific Ocean. It consists 1. three parts: narrow, dry, flat land 2. (run) along the coast, the Andes Mountains, and the Amazon rainforest. Spanish is the main language of Peru. It is because Peru 3. (rule) by Spain from the 16th century to 1821. But before that, Peru was the centre of the ancient Inca Empire, and its emperor lived in what is now known as the site Machu Picchu. Peru is an 4. (amaze) destination with something for tourists. Here 5. (be) two magical tours: Amazon Rainforest Tour and Machu Picchu Tour. In Amazon Rainforest Tour, you can first take 6. short flight into the Amazon rainforest and then will travel for a day to your 7. (accommodate) by boat. In the following three days, you can explore the unique rainforest with a local guide. In the other tour, you can take a four－day hike through the Andes to the city of Machu Picchu. After 8. (explore) the ancient city, you will find it very amazing, 9. (especial) the Incas’ dry stone method of building. Inca builders cut stones 10. exactly that nothing was needed to hold walls together. 随堂精训练【小题夯基】 一. 单词拼写 1. With a local villager guiding us, we finally found the ancient (城堡). 2. As we all know，the Internet is a useful (来源) of information for us. 3. Sara lives in a (公寓) in central London with her husband and children. 4. Let me see your passport and (签证) please. 5. We would like to go over the house before deciding to (租用) it. 6. The (小路) was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning. 7. This text probably comes from a tourist (手册). 8. Both English and French are (官方的) languages in Canada. 9. Having said goodbye to their friends, they set off for their (目的地). 10. As the idea of low－carbon life is now widely accepted, more and more people travel by public (交通). 二. 词形变化 1. What made me disappointed was that our (fly) was put off because of the terrible storm. 2. The school is widely (admire) for its excellent teaching. 3. When I began my senior high school, I found it (extreme) difficult to learn English well. 4. The hall (pack) with excited students when the lecture began. 5. Liang Sicheng majored in (architect) in Tsinghua University. 6. I have told him about the (arrange) of the meeting. 7. It was (amaze) that he should have survived the big fire. 8. Alexander tried to get his work (recognise) in the medical circle. 9. Parents and coaches are (power) teachers because children usually look up to them. 10. She told me that she (narrow) escaped the accident that day. 【大题提能】 A Have you ever traveled by airplane? After arriving at the airport, you might be told that you can’t take your suitcase on the airplane. Where does it go？What happens to your suitcase? Baggage handling systems (行李处理系统) differ from airport to airport，but they have three main jobs. First, they carry your baggage to the airplane that you’ll be flying on. Secondly, you may have to change airplanes in your trip. At this time, they move your baggage to the new airplane. Finally, the systems move your baggage from the airplane to a central collection area at the end of your journey. In 2018, about 24，800，000 bags were lost or damaged (损坏) around the world. It seems like a big number. But you won’t think so when you compare it with the number of all passengers in the same year: 4，360，000，000 people. If each passenger brings at least one bag, only 0. 6% of all bags were lost or damaged. Besides, only 5% of all missing baggage was not finally returned to their owners. If you truly lost your baggage, it may end up at one place: the Unclaimed Baggage Center (UBC). At UBC, all items (物品) are divided into three groups: things sold in the store, trash, and items given away to organizations for helping the poor. About 7，000 new items arrive every day. These include clothes, personal computer, guitars, ect. Only the best items are chosen to be sold again. And they can be sold at 20%－80% off. New technology (技术) is helping airlines and passengers to keep a closer eye on their baggage during their journeys. Besides, there are also a few steps passengers can take to watch their baggage. . . 1. What does the second paragraph tell us? A. Where you can find your baggage. B. Where baggage is put on the airplane. C. Why baggage handling systems differ. D. How baggage handling systems work. 2. What do the numbers in the third paragraph show? A. Airlines fail to deal with our baggage well. B. Passengers cannot find their baggage if it is lost. C. The chance of losing your baggage is very small. D. Passengers should keep important items with them. 3. Which of the following can be used to describe UBC? A. A big space full of trash. B. A treasure house of cheap items. C. A dream place to find what you need. D. A big supermarket with expensive items. 4. What might be discussed in the following paragraph? A. How to avoid losing your baggage. B. What to do after losing your baggage. C. Where to find your lost baggage back. D. Whom to turn to after losing your baggage. B Before my family moved to a new home in Eldridge, my 6－year－old son Hayden had shared a room with his sister. Now his sister excitedly had her own room. But the boy refused to sleep alone. “Bad guys will attack (攻击) me at night. I’m afraid of them，” said the boy. I’d tried everything to get him to sleep in his own room, but nothing was helping. Hayden said he couldn’t stop the terrible thoughts. He asked me to call the police to help him. At first, I was afraid that the police officers would pay no attention to us. But, after I took Hayden to the Eldridge Police Department, he made friends with Officer Schwartz at once. In the Eldridge Police Department, Hayden talked with Officer Schwartz. Then, Officer Schwartz came over to our home. He fully inspected my son’s bedroom to make him believe that there were no bad guys in his room. Schwartz said to my son, “I experienced such thoughts before bedtime, too. But I always made them go away by thinking about happier things instead. ”Hayden slept alone in his room for the first time that night. But Schwartz’s bad guy fighting skills did not stop. The next day, Officer Schwartz returned to our home for a follow－up and to send Hayden off to his first day of school. I am more than thankful that Officer Schwartz took time out of his busy day to talk with Hayden. I know he will remember the kindness he has shown him forever. 5. Why did Hayden refuse to sleep alone? A. He did not like his new room. B. He met some bad guys during the day. C. He feared to be taken away by policemen. D. He believed there were bad guys in his room. 6. What did the author worry about before going to the Eldridge Police Department with her son? A. Her son would not get better. B. The officers would not help them. C. The officers would laugh at her son. D. Her son couldn’t make friends with the officers. 7. What does the underlined word “inspected” in Paragraph 3 mean? A. Cleaned. B. Visited. C. Checked. D. Painted. 8. What is Officer Schwartz like? A. Kind and caring. B. Brave and curious. C. Serious and careful. D. Smart and honest. UNIT 3　SPORTS AND FITNESS --Reading and Thinking 单词，课文预习 一. 词汇预先知 Ⅰ. 单词——记其形 1. one of the most popular 最受欢迎的赛事之一 2. wipe the from her face 擦去她脸上的汗水 3. a natural 天生的运动健儿 4. have a good of English 精通英语 5. have the to be invited 有幸被邀请 6. elect him 选他作队长 7. win for her motherland 为她的祖国赢得荣誉 8. won a gold 赢得了一枚金牌 Ⅱ. 单词——知其意 1. soccer n. 2. stadium n. 3. boxing n. 4. badminton n. 5. marathon n. 6. ski adj. 7. track n. 8. gym n. 9. gymnastics n. 10. legend n. 11. graceful adj. Ⅲ. 单词——通其变 1. fitness n. 健康；健壮；适合→ adj. 健康的；适合 2. host vt. 主办；主持 n. 主人；东道主；节目主持人→ n. 女主人；女主持人 3. champion n. 冠军；优胜者→ n. 锦标赛；冠军赛；冠军称号 4. determination n. 决心；决定→ vt. 决定；确定；下定决心→ adj. 坚决的；有决心的 5. injure vt. 使受伤；损害→ adj. 受伤的；有伤的→ n. 伤害；损伤 6. strength n. 力量；体力→ vt. 加强；巩固→ adj. 强壮的；坚强的 7. failure n. 失败；失败的人(或事物)→ vi. 失败 Ⅳ. 词块——英汉译 1. apply for　 2. take control of 3. get ready for 4. encourage sb to do sth 5. spend some time (in) doing sth 6. as a coach 7. world championships 8. face difficulties 9. share his success with others 10. become a coach 课文精研读 原文呈现 LIVING LEGENDS Help us choose some “Living Legends of Sports” . They must be athletes who are masters in their sports and also set good examples for others. Here are our first two choices. Lang Ping As a player, Lang Ping brought honour and glory to her country. As a coach, she led the China women’s volleyball team to medals at world championships and the Olympics. As a person, Lang Ping is loved by fans at home and abroad. When the Chinese team was preparing for the 2015 World Cup, her determination was tested. The team that Lang Ping had built was falling apart. One of the best players had been injured, and the team captain had to leave because of heart problems. Losing two important players【1】 was a big challenge，but Lang Ping did not lose heart. She had faced difficulties before，and she knew that her young players could win if they worked together as a team【2】．Two weeks later, they were world champions! Then in 2016，Lang Ping led her volleyball team to Olympic gold in Brazil. 【1】Losing. . . players为动名词短语作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。 【2】that her. . . team为that引导的宾语从句，其中还包含了一个由if引导的条件状语从句。 Michael Jordan When Michael Jordan’s feet left the ground, time seemed to stand still. The player who became known as “Air Jordan” changed basketball with his graceful moves and jumps. Jordan’s skills were impressive, but the mental strength that he showed made him unique. In the final seconds of a game，Jordan always seemed to find a way to win【3】．Jordan says that the secret to his success is learning from his failures 【4】．“I can accept failure; everyone fails at something. But I can’t accept not trying. ” Losing games taught him to practise harder and never give up. In life，Jordan has learnt to share his success with others. The Boys and Girls Club which he started in Chicago has been helping young people since 1996【5】． 【3】to win为不定式作后置定语，修饰a way。 【4】learning. . . failures为动名词短语作表语。 【5】本句为复合句。其中which. . . Chicago为定语从句，修饰The Boys and Girls Club；主句的时态为现在完成进行时，表示help这一动作从1996年开始，一直延续到现在，还有可能延续下去，强调动作的延续性。 Send your suggestions for “ Living Legends of Sports” to LLS@sports. net. Fill in the blanks according to the text. “Living Legends of Sports” are athletes who are 1. (master) in their sports and also set good examples for others, like Lang Ping and Michael Jordan. Lang Ping, who is a former Chinese volleyball player, is now the coach of the Chinese national women’s volleyball team. She brought honour and glory to her country both as a player and as a coach, 2. (win) the love from fans at home and abroad. At the 2015 World Cup, Chinese women’s team met with many difficulties. The team that Lang Ping had built was falling apart because of 3. (lose) two important players. 4. (face) with such a big challenge, she didn’t lose heart. She believed that her players had the 5. (determine) and talent to win by working together as a team. They did make 6. . Michael Jordan is one of the most famous basketball players in the world. He played so well 7. people called him “Air Jordan”. Not only were his skills 8. (impress), but also the mental strength he showed 9. (be) unique. He says the secret to success is learning from failures. Failures taught him to practise harder and never give 10. . He started the Boys and Girls Club in Chicago in 1996, and he has been helping young people since then. 随堂精训练 【小题夯基】 一. 单词拼写 1. For example, they can play basketball, tennis, volleyball and (足球). 2. Running a (马拉松赛跑) will leave you out of breath. 3. The girl replaced her brother as a volunteer to serve the sports (比赛项目). 4. Nowadays any country can take part if their (运动员) are good enough. 5. I was strongly impressed with her (优美的) movements. 6. To begin with, a new (体育场) has been built，which has become the new landmark in our school. 7. Without hard training, he could have never won six gold (奖章)at the 13th Chinese National Games. 8. Obviously，the (冠军) was too tired to walk any further. 9. She was (队长) of the badminton team at school. 10. We make good use of the (体育馆)to do sports after class every day. 二. 词形变化 1. As far as I’m concerned, students should place their study, (fit) and safety before the other things. 2. I feel greatly (honour) to be welcomed into their society. 3. Now that you have expressed your (determine), you should take action. 4. I am very much surprised to hear that he got badly (injure)in a motorcar accident. 5. The businessman has achieved great success in his career，but as a father，he is a (fail). 6. (master) English means we can see the world through a new window. 7. The ability to keep calm is one of his (strong). 8. You should set aside some time to consider your successes and (fail). 9. After the heavy work，he sat on the ground, (sweat) all over. 【大题提能】 A Tom Brady, a Californian，was an excellent quarterback (四分卫) at Junipero Serra High School. But when he arrived at the University of Michigan, he didn’t see much playing time during his first three years on campus. He considered going back to a college in California, but he decided to stick it out. He didn’t become a starter until the second half of his senior year. After becoming a National Football League (NFL) player，he was not allowed to play as a starter. However, he kept improving his skills and preparing each week like he was the starter. In 2001, his second season, he only got in on the act because the starter was injured. Fans thought Tom would be just a fill－in. But Tom led his team New England Patriots to a victory in his first start, then they won four of five, and then finished the year with six victories. Each week he seemed to get a little better, and people began to recognize him as a dark horse. New England Patriots got into the Super Bowl, fighting against the defending (卫冕的) champions St. Louis Rams. Tom led a final－minute game－winning drive. He was no longer a nobody. Today, Brady is considered perhaps the greatest quarterback ever. He’d become a superstar. Yet he had never lost that fire, that drive, and that sense that the world didn’t believe in him. At 37, he said that he would play until fifty if his body allowed him to do so. And he even told his teammates that he wanted to play forever if possible. His teammates had dreamed of being him. Hogan was thirteen in February of 2002 when Brady and New England Patriots beat St. Louis Rams. Lengel was eleven at the time, watching with his grandfather in Kentucky. White was ten in Florida. Mitchell was nine in Georgia. These teammates were Tom’s big fans who since childhood had viewed from TV how he did the impossible. “He gave us the encouragement，”Hogan said. He kept telling his teammates to keep going when the game wasn’t over. He isn’t the biggest, the fastest, and the strongest football player in the world. But he may be the most strong－minded. 1. When did Brady start to become known? A. After he took the place of a NFL player as a starter. B. When he entered a team of a college in California. C. After he played for the University of Michigan. D. When he became a NFL player. 2. What can we say about Brady after he achieved fame? A. He cares less about winning or losing. B. He has kept his strong liking for football. C. He spends more time improving his team. D. He has changed his style of playing football. 3. Why were Brady’s teammates mentioned in Paragraph 4? A. To show his friendliness to others. B. To show he has a very strong will. C. To show he has the best teammates. D. To show his big influence on others. 4. What can we learn from Brady’s experiences? A. Never judge a book by its cover. B. The secret of success is to stick it out. C. To eat the fruit, you must climb the tree. D. In time of danger, one’s mind works fast. B Born on September 5，1961 in Canada, Marc－Andr Hamelin is a great pianist and composer (作曲家). Besides performing (演奏) around the world，Hamelin also composes music and judges competitions. So far, Marc－Andr Hamelin has received 11 Grammy Award nominations (格莱美奖提名), being one of the top pianists on the world stage today. At the age of five, Hamelin was introduced to the piano by his father who was a piano lover with a “good ear”. Marc－Andr Hamelin was nine years old when he won the top prize in a Canadian music competition. Hamelin made up his mind to work towards music, although he was only twelve then. Marc－Andr Hamelin is internation$$2025年人教版高一英语初高中英语衔接学习资料 适用于全国 教师版 资料导航 第一部分 音标篇：48个国际音标到音节拼读体系构建 第一章 48个国际音标的系统解析 第二章 音节划分与拼读规则 第三章 音标与自然拼读的衔接应用 第二部分 语法篇 第一章 句子成分与基本句型（WELCOME UNIT） 第二章 名词短语、形容词短语、副词短语（UNIT 1） 第三章 现在进行时态表将来（UNIT 2） 第四章 附加疑问句（UNIT 3） 第五章 定语从句（UNIT 4 & 5） 第三部分 单词&课文篇（单元同步） WELCOME UNIT 词汇预先知：核心词块/拓展词汇/短语 课文精研读：文本解析/填空练习 随堂训练：单词拼写/词形变化/阅读理解 UNIT 1 TEENAGE LIFE 词汇预先知：课程相关术语（freshman/advanced literature等） 课文精研读：挑战主题文本/结构分析 随堂训练：学术词汇应用/阅读理解 UNIT 2 TRAVELLING AROUND 词汇预先知：旅行场景词（visa/accommodation等） 课文精研读：秘鲁旅行指南文本 随堂训练：词义辨析/文化背景阅读 UNIT 3 SPORTS AND FITNESS 词汇预先知：运动项目术语（marathon/gymnastics等） 课文精研读：体育传奇人物传记 随堂训练：运动场景表达/冠军精神讨论 UNIT 4 NATURAL DISASTERS 词汇预先知：灾害词汇（earthquake/evacuate等） 课文精研读：唐山地震纪实文本 随堂训练：灾难报道术语/语法整合 UNIT 5 LANGUAGES AROUND THE WORLD 词汇预先知：语言学术语（dialect/calligraphy等） 课文精研读：汉字发展史文本 随堂训练：文化词汇应用/全球语言话题讨论 第一部分 音标篇 48 个国际音标到音节拼读体系构建 前言: 音标学习的重要性 国际音标（IPA）是英语发音的基石，尤其对于初高中衔接阶段的学生而言，规范的音标认知能有效解决 "单词记不住、发音不标准、听力听不懂" 的三大痛点。初中阶段已初步接触音标符号，但常存在 "会认不会读、会读不会用" 的问题，而高中英语对语音的要求提升至重音、语调、连读等深层维度。本手册将系统整合 48 个音标的发音要领、音节划分规则及拼读应用，帮助学生实现从 "机械模仿" 到 "自主拼读" 的能力跃升。 第一章 48个国际音标的系统解析 一、元音系统: 20 个核心发音 （一）5个长元音——发音时需保持口型稳定拉长 音标 发音要领 口型图示 高中课标词汇例词 记忆技巧 /iː/ 舌尖抵下齿，嘴角向两侧拉伸，类似 "衣" 但更舒展 口型扁平，齿间可容一指 see /siː/, machine /məˈʃiːn/ 想象 "警察说 'Freeze!'" 的长音 /ɑː/ 口腔全开，舌尖离下齿，声带振动 嘴张大如发 "啊"，但舌位更低 car /kɑː/, father /ˈfɑːðə(r)/ 联想 "开车时感叹 ' 啊！好大的车！'" /ɔː/ 舌后抬高，双唇收圆并向前突出 口型似吹蜡烛，比 /ɒ/ 更紧张 ball /bɔːl/, door /dɔː(r)/ 模仿 "哦！球进了！" 的拖长音 /ɜː/ 舌中部抬高，嘴唇自然放松 口腔呈中性状态，类似 "饿" 的延长 bird /bɜːd/, nurse /nɜːs/ 记 "鸟儿饿（ɜː）了要吃虫" /uː/ 舌后高抬，双唇收圆收紧 口型比 /ʊ/ 更小更圆，似 "乌" blue /bluː/, food /fuːd/ 想象 "火车鸣笛 ' 呜呜（uː）' 声" 对比练习: · /iː/vs/ɪ/: see /siː/vs sit /sɪt/（长音嘴角更紧，短音更松弛） · /ɑː/vs/ʌ/: car /kɑː/vs cup /kʌp/（前者开口更大，后者舌位稍高） （二）短元音（7 个）—— 发音短促有力，避免拖长 音标 发音要领 典型错误 例词 纠正技巧 /ɪ/ 舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬，口型微张 误发为长音 /iː/ sit /sɪt/, city /ˈsɪti/ 手捏下巴限制开口度，快速发音 /ʌ/ 舌尖轻触下齿，舌中部压低 误发为 "啊" cup /kʌp/, sun /sʌn/ 想象 "突然被烫到的短促叫声" /ɒ/ 舌后压低，双唇稍圆 误发为 /ɔː/ hot /hɒt/, box /bɒks/ 口型比 /ɔː/ 更大，类似 "哦" 的短音 /ʊ/ 舌后稍抬，双唇略圆 误发为长音 /uː/ book /bʊk/, put /pʊt/ 口型比 /uː/ 松弛，似 "乌" 的短音 /ə/ 舌身放平，口腔最放松 忽略发音或发成 /e/ about /əˈbaʊt/, pencil /ˈpensl/ 发 "呃" 音，出现在非重读音节 /e/ 舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬 开口度过大 bed /bed/, pen /pen/ 两指宽开口，类似 "诶" 的短音 /æ/ 舌尖抵下齿，口腔打开 开口度不足 cat /kæt/, map /mæp/ 三指宽开口，发 "嗳" 音时嘴角向两侧拉 绕口令强化: · /ɪ/-/iː/: She sees a sheep eating leaves in the green field. （区分 see /siː/ 与 sheep /ʃiːp / 中的长音，eating /ˈiːtɪŋ/ 中的短音 /ɪ/） （三）双元音（8 个）—— 由两个元音滑动构成，注意过渡自然 音标 滑动路径 例词 注意事项 /eɪ/ /e/→/ɪ/ day /deɪ/, name /neɪm/ 避免发成单一的 "ei"，需体现从开口到闭口的滑动 /aɪ/ /ɑː/→/ɪ/ time /taɪm/, like /laɪk/ 从 "啊" 滑向 "衣"，注意声带振动 /ɔɪ/ /ɔː/→/ɪ/ boy /bɔɪ/, coin /kɔɪn/ 从圆唇的 "哦" 滑向扁唇的 "衣" /aʊ/ /ɑː/→/ʊ/ now /naʊ/, house /haʊs/ 从开口 "啊" 滑向闭口 "乌"，类似 "傲" /əʊ/ /ə/→/ʊ/ go /gəʊ/, home /həʊm/ 从放松的 "呃" 滑向圆唇 "乌"，勿发成 "欧" /ɪə/ /ɪ/→/ə/ here /hɪə(r)/, ear /ɪə(r)/ 从短 "衣" 滑向轻 "呃"，舌尖轻触下齿 /eə/ /e/→/ə/ air /eə(r)/, bear /beə(r)/ 从 "诶" 滑向 "呃"，开口度逐渐减小 /ʊə/ /ʊ/→/ə/ tour /tʊə(r)/, sure /ʃʊə(r)/ 从圆唇 "乌" 滑向 "呃"，注意唇形变化 发音技巧: · 双元音的重点在滑动过程，而非首尾两个音的单独呈现，可通过慢读感受口型变化。 · 例: /aɪ/ 发音时，先张大嘴发 /ɑː/，再迅速收唇发 /ɪ/，类似 "哎呀" 的连读。 二、辅音系统: 28 个发音要点 （一）清辅音与浊辅音（10 对）—— 核心区别在于声带是否振动 清辅音（声带不振动） 发音方法 浊辅音（声带振动） 对比例词 /p/ 泼水音 双唇紧闭，气流爆破而出 /b/ 拨香蕉 pen /pen/ vs ben /ben/ /t/ 轻拍舌尖 舌尖抵上齿龈，气流冲出 /d/ 拍打下颌 tea /tiː/ vs day /deɪ/ /k/ 咳嗽音 舌后抵软腭，气流爆破 /g/ 哥哥音 key /kiː/ vs guy /gaɪ/ /f/ 咬唇音 上齿轻触下唇，送气 /v/ 油门音 fish /fɪʃ/ vs voice /vɔɪs/ /θ/ 咬舌音 舌尖轻触上齿，送气 /ð/ 咬舌浊音 think /θɪŋk/ vs this /ðɪs/ /s/ 嘶嘶声 舌尖靠近上齿龈，送气 /z/ 蜜蜂声 sun /sʌn/ vs zoo /zuː/ /ʃ/ 嘘声 舌身抬高，靠近上颚 /ʒ/ 日音 she /ʃiː/ vs treasure /ˈtreʒə(r)/ /tʃ/ 吃音 舌端抵齿龈，气流摩擦 /dʒ/ 吱音 chair /tʃeə(r)/ vs jump /dʒʌmp/ /tr/ 戳动音 舌尖抵齿龈，气流摩擦 /dr/ 啄米音 tree /triː/ vs drive /draɪv/ /ts/ 差音 舌尖抵齿龈，气流冲出 /dz/ 自音 cats /kæts/ vs beds /bedz/ 检测方法: · 手按喉部发音，浊辅音会有振动感，清辅音无。 · 例: 对比 /f/ 和 /v/，发 /f/ 时手无振动，发 /v/ 时手能感受到声带震动。 （二）鼻音、似拼音与半元音（8 个）—— 特殊发音类别 分类 音标 发音要领 例词 常见错误 鼻音 /m/ 闭嘴鼻音 双唇紧闭，气流从鼻腔出 man /mæn/, name /neɪm/ 误发成 /n/（需闭嘴） /n/ 开口鼻音 舌尖抵上齿龈，气流从鼻腔出 no /nəʊ/, pen /pen/ 勿与 /ŋ/ 混淆 /ŋ/ 后鼻音 舌后抵软腭，气流从鼻腔出 sing /sɪŋ/, long /lɒŋ/ 避免发成 /n/（例: think /θɪŋk / 而非 /θɪnk/） 似拼音 /l/ 舌边音 舌尖抵上齿龈，气流从舌两侧出 like /laɪk/, ball /bɔːl/ 注意在词尾时舌位更靠后（如 ball /bɔːl/） /r/ 卷舌音 舌尖向上卷起，靠近上颚 red /red/, car /kɑː/ 非英式发音中勿过度卷舌 /h/ 呵气音 气流通过声门摩擦而出 hat /hæt/, happy /ˈhæpi/ 勿与 /w/ 混淆（例: he /hiː/ 非 /wiː/） 半元音 /w/ 圆唇音 双唇收圆，类似 "乌" 的轻音 we /wiː/, water /ˈwɔːtə(r)/ 勿发成长元音 /uː/ /j/ 耶音 舌前部抬高，类似 "衣" 的轻音 yes /jes/, year /jɪə(r)/ 避免发成 /iː/（例: you /juː/ 非 /juːiː/） 对比练习: · /n/-/ŋ/: She sang a song under the sun. （sang /sæŋ/, sun /sʌn/，注意鼻腔发音位置的前后差异） 第二章 音节划分与拼读规则 一、音节的基本概念 1. 定义: 音节是发音的基本单位，由元音（核心） 和辅音（辅助） 构成，一个元音至少构成一个音节。 2. 分类: 1. 开音节: 以元音结尾（如 no /nəʊ/）或 "元音 + 不发音 e"（如 name /neɪm/）。 1. 闭音节: 以辅音结尾（如 cat /kæt/）。 1. 成音节: 辅音 /m/, /n/, /l/ 在词尾可构成音节（如 button /ˈbʌtn / 中的 /tn/）。 二、音节划分四大规则（附高中词汇实例） 1. 一归后 —— 两元音间单辅音归后一音节 · 规则: 单词结构为 "元音 + 辅音 + 元音" 时，辅音划给后一音节。 · 例: 2. aˈbiˈliˈty /əˈbɪləti/（a-bi-li-ty，注意重音位置） 2. ˈnevˈer /ˈnevə(r)/（nev-er） 2. ˈnaˈtive /ˈneɪtɪv/（na-tive） 2. ˈheavˈy /ˈhevi/（heav-y） 2. 二分手 —— 两元音间双辅音分属前后音节 · 规则: 双辅音若为不同音素，前后各分一个（除非是不可拆分的辅音组合）。 · 例: 2. aˈtach /əˈtætʃ/（a-tach，注意 /tʃ/ 是组合音不拆分） 2. ˈcanˈnot /ˈkænɒt/（can-not） 2. ˈnumˈber /ˈnʌmbə(r)/（num-ber） 2. ˈdocˈtor /ˈdɒktə(r)/（doc-tor） 2. comˈpare /kəmˈpeə(r)/（com-pare） 3. 三一二 —— 两元音间三辅音前一分一，后分二 · 规则: 结构为 "元音 + 三辅音 + 元音" 时，前一个辅音归前，后两个归后。 · 例: 2. inˈstead /ɪnˈsted/（in-stead，s+t+d 中 s 归前，td 归后） 2. sucˈcessˈful /səkˈsesfl/（suc-cess-ful，c+c+s 中 c 归前，cs 归中） 2. transˈport /trænˈspɔːt/（trans-port，n+s+p 中 n 归前，sp 归后） 2. inˈclude /ɪnˈkluːd/（in-clude，n+c+l 中 n 归前，cl 归后） 2. conˈgress /ˈkɒŋgres/（con-gress，n+g+r 中 n 归前，gr 归后） 4. 辅音组合不分手 —— 常见不可拆分组合 · 常见组合: pr, fr, cl, sp, st, sk, gr, pl, bl, tr, dr 等。 · 例: 2. ˈproˈcess /ˈprəʊses/（pro-cess，pr 不拆分） 2. ˈfree /friː/（free，fr 不拆分） 2. ˈclean /kliːn/（clean，cl 不拆分） 2. ˈstand /stænd/（stand，st 不拆分） 2. ˈgreen /griːn/（green，gr 不拆分） 三、音节划分与重音规则 1. 重音符号（ˈ）: 标注在重读音节之前，影响单词发音的语调与节奏。 2. 重音规律: 2. 双音节名词 / 形容词: 重音多在前（如ˈstudent, ˈhappy）。 2. 双音节动词 / 介词: 重音多在后（如 stuˈdy, aˈbout）。 2. 多音节词: 重音常落在倒数第三音节（如 uniˈversity）。 练习设计: · 标出下列单词的音节及重音: technology /tekˈnɒlədʒi/, environment /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/, communication /kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃn/ 第三章 音标与自然拼读的衔接应用 一、26 个字母的自然拼读规律 字母 常见发音（国际音标） 词汇例词 特殊情况 A /æ/（短元音） /eɪ/（长元音） cat /kæt/（猫） age /eɪdʒ/（年龄） 在 “water” 中发 /ɔː/（water /ˈwɔːtə(r)/）；在 “many” 中发 /e/（many /ˈmeni/）。 B /b/ bike /baɪk/（自行车） 在 “climb”“doubt” 中不发音（climb /klaɪm/，doubt /daʊt/）。 C /k/（在 a/o/u 前） /s/（在 e/i/y 前） car /kɑː(r)/（汽车） city /ˈsɪti/（城市） 在 “ch” 组合中发 /tʃ/（如 change /tʃeɪndʒ/）；在 “ache” 中发 /k/（ache /eɪk/）。 D /d/ dog /dɒɡ/（狗） 在 “bridge” 中可能与 g 组合发 /dʒ/（bridge /brɪdʒ/）。 E /e/（短元音） /iː/（长元音） pen /pen/（钢笔） she /ʃiː/（她） 在 “silent” 中不发音（silent /ˈsaɪlənt/）；在 “been” 中发 /iː/（been /biːn/）。 F /f/ fact /fækt/（事实） 通常无特殊情况，少数词中双写 “ff” 发音不变（如 staff /stɑːf/）。 G /ɡ/（在 a/o/u 前） /dʒ/（在 e/i/y 前） get /ɡet/（得到） giant /ˈdʒaɪənt/（巨大的） 在 “gh” 组合中可能不发音（如 night /naɪt/）或发 /f/（如 laugh /lɑːf/）。 H /h/ hot /hɒt/（热的） 在 “honest”“hour” 中不发音（honest /ˈɒnɪst/，hour /ˈaʊə(r)/）。 I /ɪ/（短元音） /aɪ/（长元音） sit /sɪt/（坐） like /laɪk/（喜欢） 在 “machine” 中发 /iː/（machine /məˈʃiːn/）；在 “foreign” 中发 /ə/（foreign /ˈfɒrən/）。 J /dʒ/ job /dʒɒb/（工作） 通常无特殊情况，少数外来词中可能发其他音（如 “jalapeno” 发音特殊）。 K /k/ key /kiː/（钥匙） 在 “knife”“know” 中 k 不发音（knife /naɪf/，know /nəʊ/）。 L /l/（清晰音，在元音前） /l/（模糊音，在辅音或词尾） light /laɪt/（光） ball /bɔːl/（球） 在 “walk”“talk” 中可能弱化发音（walk /wɔːk/，talk /tɔːk/）。 M /m/ man /mæn/（男人） 通常无特殊情况，在 “mn” 组合中 m 不发音（如 autumn /ˈɔːtəm/）。 N /n/ not /nɒt/（不） 在 “ink”“bank” 中发 /ŋ/（ink /ɪŋk/，bank /bæŋk/）。 O /ɒ/（短元音） /əʊ/（长元音） hot /hɒt/（热的） note /nəʊt/（笔记） 在 “love” 中发 /ʌ/（love /lʌv/）；在 “women” 中发 /ɪ/（women /ˈwɪmɪn/）。 P /p/ pen /pen/（钢笔） 在 “psychology” 中 p 不发音（psychology /saɪˈkɒlədʒi/）。 Q /kw/（与 u 组合） queen /kwiːn/（女王） 单独出现时需与 u 搭配，如 “quit”/kwɪt/（离开）。 R /r/ red /red/（红色） 在美音中发卷舌音 /r/，在英音中词尾 r 不发音（如 car /kɑː(r)/）。 S /s/（清辅音） /z/（浊辅音） sit /sɪt/（坐） his /hɪz/（他的） 在 “sure”“pleasure” 中发 /ʃ/ 或 /ʒ/（sure /ʃʊə(r)/，pleasure /ˈpleʒə(r)/）。 T /t/ ten /ten/（十） 在 “water”“button” 中发 /d/（water /ˈwɔːtə(r)/，button /ˈbʌtn/）。 U /ʌ/（短元音） /juː/（长元音） cup /kʌp/（杯子） use /juːz/（使用） 在 “put” 中发 /ʊ/（put /pʊt/）；在 “build” 中发 /ɪ/（build /bɪld/）。 V /v/ very /ˈveri/（非常） 通常无特殊情况，注意与 /u/ 发音区分（如 vest /vest/vs. west /west/）。 W /w/ water /ˈwɔːtə(r)/（水） 在 “write”“wrong” 中 w 不发音（write /raɪt/，wrong /rɒŋ/）。 X /eks/（词首） /ɪɡz/（词中或词尾） exit /ˈeksɪt/（出口） exam /ɪɡˈzæm/（考试） 在 “xylophone” 中发 /zaɪ/（xylophone /ˈzaɪləfəʊn/）。 Y /j/（辅音，词首） /aɪ/ 或 /ɪ/（元音，词尾） yes /jes/（是） cry /kraɪ/（哭） happy /ˈhæpi/（快乐） 在 “myth” 中发 /ɪ/（myth /mɪθ/）；在 “style” 中发 /aɪ/（style /staɪl/）。 Z /z/ zero /ˈzɪərəʊ/（零） 在 “adze” 中发 /z/（adze /ædz/），少数外来词中可能发 /s/（如 “zeal”/ziːl/）。 补充说明 1. 字母组合规律: 自然拼读中字母组合（如 ch, sh, th, ph）的发音需单独记忆，例如 “th” 在 “thank” 中发 /θ/，在 “this” 中发 /ð/。 2. 重音影响: 同一字母在不同重音位置可能发音不同，如 “record” 作名词时重音在前发 /ˈrekɔːd/，作动词时重音在后发 /rɪˈkɔːd/。 3. 特殊词汇: 英语中存在大量不符合拼读规律的单词（如 “colonel” 发音 /ˈkɜːnəl/），需通过积累强化记忆。 2、 常见字母组合发音表 （一）元音字母组合发音表 组合 发音 例词 ai/ay /eɪ/ rain（雨）、train（火车）、play（玩）、day（天） ee/ea /iː/ meet（遇见）、see（看见）、tea（茶）、read（读） ea /e/ bread（面包）、head（头）、heavy（重的） ea /iə/ real（真实的）、idea（想法） oo /uː/ food（食物）、tooth（牙齿）、room（房间） oo /ʊ/ good（好的）、book（书）、look（看） ou/ow /aʊ/ out（出去）、house（房子）、how（如何）、cow（奶牛） ou/ow /əʊ/ know（知道）、show（展示）、soul（灵魂）、though（虽然） ie /aɪ/ lie（躺）、die（死亡）、tie（领带） ie /iː/ field（田野）、piece（片） ui /uː/ fruit（水果）、juice（果汁） ui /jʊ/ suit（适合）、build（建造） ar /ɑː/ car（汽车）、park（公园）、hard（努力的） er/ir/or/ur /ɜː(r)/ her（她的）、girl（女孩）、work（工作）、nurse（护士） or /ɔː/ order（命令）、short（短的）、fork（叉子） ay /eɪ/ say（说）、way（方式）、today（今天） oy/oi /ɔɪ/ boy（男孩）、joy（快乐）、oil（油）、noise（噪音） au/aw /ɔː/ autumn（秋天）、draw（画）、law（法律） （二）辅音字母组合发音表 组合 发音 例词 ch /tʃ/ chair（椅子）、teach（教）、child（孩子） ch /k/ chemistry（化学）、school（学校）、stomach（胃） ch /ʃ/ machine（机器）、chef（厨师） sh /ʃ/ ship（船）、she（她）、fish（鱼）、wash（洗） th /θ/（清辅音） think（思考）、thank（感谢）、three（三） th /ð/（浊辅音） this（这个）、that（那个）、there（那里） ph /f/ phone（电话）、photo（照片）、phrase（短语） wh /w/ what（什么）、when（何时）、white（白色） wh /h/ who（谁）、whose（谁的）、whole（整个） ng /ŋ/ sing（唱歌）、long（长的）、young（年轻的） nk /ŋk/ think（想）、bank（银行）、drink（喝） kn /n/ know（知道）、knife（刀）、knee（膝盖） wr /r/ write（写）、wrong（错误的）、wrap（包裹） mb /m/ climb（爬）、comb（梳子）、bomb（炸弹） gh 不发音 night（夜晚）、light（灯）、though（虽然） gh /f/ enough（足够的）、tough（艰难的）、cough（咳嗽） 三、特殊字母组合发音表 组合 发音 例词 tion /ʃn/ station（车站）、nation（国家）、attention（注意） sion /ʃn/ decision（决定）、television（电视） sion /ʒn/ vision（视力）、occasion（场合） ture /tʃə(r)/ culture（文化）、picture（图片）、future（未来） sure /ʃə(r)/ sure（确定）、pleasure（快乐）、measure（测量） ough /əʊ/ though（虽然）、although（尽管） ough /ɔː/ thought（思考）、bought（买） ough /ʌf/ tough（艰难的）、enough（足够的） ough /aʊ/ plough（犁）、drought（干旱） 学习小贴士 1. 规律与例外并存: 如 “ough” 组合发音多样，需通过例句强化记忆； 2. 结合音标与拼读: 先掌握基础发音规则，再通过阅读积累特殊情况； 3. 多听多练: 通过单词录音或英文素材感受字母组合的实际发音。 2025年高一英语初高中英语衔接学习资料 第二部分 语法篇 第一章 句子成分与基本句型 （取材: WELCOME UNIT） 一、语法聚焦: 句子成分与基本句型 二、重点速记: 七种句子成分 1. 主语(subject) 主语是一句话的主体，表明句子说的是谁或是什么。它一般放在谓语之前，通常由名词(名词短语)、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词以及主语从句等担任。 TV news often gives us lots of information. (名词)电视新闻常常给我们许多信息。 Something is wrong with my computer. (代词)我的电脑坏了。 Seven－tenths of the earth surface is covered with water. 十分之七的地球表面被水覆盖。(数词) To see is to believe. (动词不定式)眼见为实。 Cycling and boating are my favorite free time interests. 骑车和划船是我最喜欢的业余爱好。(动名词) That she was admitted into a key university greatly comforted her parents. (主语从句) 她被重点大学录取这件事给了她父母极大的安慰。 2. 谓语(verb，指谓语部分的主要动词，也称谓词) 谓语是对主语的有关问题加以说明的部分。谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或者怎么样。谓语位于主语之后，由动词担任。凡是由一个动词或动词词组构成的谓语，无论处在什么时态、语态、语气下，都被称之为谓语。谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语。 He practises running every morning. (简单谓语)他每天早晨跑步锻炼。 Great changes have taken place in Shanghai. (复合谓语)上海发生了巨大的变化。 3. 表语(predicative) 表语是说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的句子成分。它由名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词不定式及短语、副词、介词短语等充当。 My favorite attraction is the Great Wall. (名词)我最喜欢的旅游景点是长城。 —Who is there？(副词)——谁在那儿？ —It’s me. (代词)——是我。 English is both useful and important. (形容词)英语有用且很重要。 The Forbidden City is at the centre of Beijing. 紫禁城位于北京市中心。(介词短语) The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. (动词不定式短语) 最大的快乐就是为大家的快乐而工作。 My hobby is collecting stamps. (动名词短语)我的爱好是集邮。 My belief is that our country will become stronger and stronger. (表语从句) 我相信，我们的国家将变得越来越强大。 4. 宾语(object) 宾语是及物动词所表示的动作的对象，或是介词所表示的某种联系的对象。宾语放在及物动词的后面。宾语一般由名词、代词、数词、非谓语动词及短语或名词性从句等充当。 The children are flying kites. (名词)孩子们正在放风筝。 Call me any time. (代词)请随时打电话给我。 I decide to pick up a new foreign language. (动词不定式短语)我决定学一门新的外语。 Do you mind passing me the dictionary？(动名词短语)请把字典递给我，好吗？ Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. (宾语从句) 你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。 5. 宾语补足语(object complement) 有些及物动词带了宾语后意义仍不够完整，还需要加上宾语补足语来补充说明宾语的行为、状态、身份或特征等。宾语补足语通常放在宾语之后，一般由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词及短语等充当。 He has proved himself an experienced teacher. (名词)他证明自己是一名经验丰富的教师。 We have decided to paint the room pink. (形容词)我们决定把房间漆成粉红色。 My mother always keeps everything in good order. 我妈妈总是把一切安排得井然有序。(介词短语) The teacher asked us not to make so much noise. (动词不定式短语)老师叫我们不要制造那么多的噪音。 I heard the telephone ringing. (现在分词)我听见电话铃正在响。 He was very happy to see the homeless children taken good care of at the orphanage. (过去分词短语)他很高兴看见流浪儿童在孤儿院得到很好的照顾。 6. 定语(attributive) 定语是用来修饰、限制名词或代词的。一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等充当。 These are apple trees. (名词)这些是苹果树。 The men here are always busy working on the farm. 这里的男人总是忙于在田间干活。(副词) There is nothing to do today. (不定式)今天没有事要做。 The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. (现在分词、过去分词短语) 那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。 7. 状语(adverbial) 状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。一般由副词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格和从句等充当。 I’m very pleased to see you. (副词)见到你我非常高兴。 I’ll be back in a while. (介词短语)我一会儿就回来。 When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian. 她12岁的时候，开始在大连生活。(状语从句) Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper. (分词)和妻子吵了一架后，他愤怒地离开了家。 写出下列句中加黑部分所作的句子成分 ①The manager made them work day and night. 宾语补足语 ②A lot of green lands have been opened to the public. 谓语 ③The best method of keeping slim is to do exercise regularly. 表语 ④They lived in the room above. 定语 ⑤He gave me a basket full of eggs. 定语 三、重点理清: 八种基本句子结构 1. 主语＋谓语(S＋V) 这种句子结构中的谓语动词为不及物动词(短语)，故其后不能直接接宾语，也没有被动语态。主谓结构常用来表示主语的动作或状态。 常见的不及物动词(短语)有: rise, matter, begin, come, go, happen, last, appear, work, come true, take place等。 说明: 主语“____”；谓语“　　”；宾语“　　”；表语“　　”；宾补　　；状语“[　　]”；定语“(　　)”。 The sun is rising. 太阳正在升起。 The little boy is crying. 小男孩正在哭泣。 2. 主语＋谓语＋宾语(S＋V＋O) (1)这种句子结构中的谓语动词必须是及物动词或动词短语，一般有被动语态。用作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词或从句等。 He is watching TV. 他正在看电视。 [Last weekend] our class held a speech contest. 上个周末, 我们班举行了演讲比赛。 (2)在“动词＋介词”的动词短语中，宾语只能接在介词之后；在“动词＋副词”的动词短语中，作宾语的名词放于副词前后皆可；作宾语的代词只能放在副词之前。 Please wake Li Ling up (＝wake up Li Ling) at 6: 30 in the morning. (√) Please wake her up at 6: 30 in the morning. (√) Please wake up her at 6: 30 in the morning. (×) 请在早晨6∶30叫醒她。 3. 主语＋(系动词＋)表语(S＋P) 这种句子结构中的谓语动词为系动词，无被动语态，也无进行时态。常见的系动词有be动词，还有感官系动词(sound, look, smell, taste, feel)；变化系动词(become, get, grow, turn, go, fall, run)；持续系动词(remain, keep, hold, stay)；表象系动词(seem, appear, look)等。表语由名词、形容词、介词短语、分词、不定式或从句充当。 Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。 Computers are useful [in people’s life]. 电脑在人们的生活中很有用。 The__problem remains to be settled. 问题依然需要被解决。 4. 主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语(S＋V＋IO＋DO) 这种句子结构中的及物动词后跟双宾语，指人的宾语称为间接宾语，指物的宾语称为直接宾语。通常间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后，也可把间接宾语置于直接宾语后，但间接宾语前需用介词for或to。间接宾语之前用介词to的常见动词有: give, tell, teach, write, bring, lend, hand, show, offer, send, pay, order等。间接宾语之前用介词for的常见动词有: buy, fetch, save, choose, sing等。 He bought me a birthday present. ＝He bought a birthday present for me. 他给我买了一份生日礼物。 I showed him my pictures. ＝I showed my pictures to him. 我给他看我的照片。 5. 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语(S＋V＋O＋C) 该结构中的宾语补足语可以由名词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语等充当。该句式常用于三类动词: (1)使役动词: keep, make, let, have, leave, get等； (2)感官动词或短语: see, watch, notice, observe, find, catch, look at, listen to, hear, feel, smell等； (3)ask, tell, order, request, permit, persuade 等。 Mike told me not to go [now]. 迈克告诉我不要现在走。 They painted the door green. 他们把门漆成了绿色。 6. 主语＋谓语＋状语(S＋V＋A) 该句型的谓语动词通常为不及物动词；副词或介词短语在句中作状语，修饰或说明谓语动词。 They talked [for half an hour]. 他们谈了半个小时。 The__time passed [quickly]. 时间很快过去了。 7. 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语(S＋V＋O＋A) 该句型的谓语动词通常为及物动词、副词或介词短语，在句中作状语，修饰或说明谓语动词。 I waited for him [at the school gate]. 我在校门口等他。 8. 存现句(There be. . . ) There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人，基本结构是There is/are/was/were. . . ＋地点状语。谓语动词有时候可用表示存在的其他动词，如live, stand, lie, seem/appear to be (好像有), happen to be (碰巧有), used to be (曾经有) 等。 There is a piano in my study room. 在我的书房里有一架钢琴。 There are 56 students in my class. 我的班里有56名学生。 · 学以致用 一．写出下列句子所属的句子结构 ①This kind of food tastes terrible.S＋P ②He studies hard.S＋V＋A ③There are several books on the desks.There__be... ④He made me very angry.S＋V＋O＋C ⑤I visited many places of interest with my family last week.__S＋V＋O＋A ⑥Tom will bring me several English books tomorrow.S＋V＋IO＋DO 二．写出下列句中加黑部分充当什么句子成分 1．The question is that no one knows the location of the new hospital.表语 2．To be or not to be is a question.主语 3．His confidence enabled him to finish the task successfully.宾语补足语 4．The class teacher had us clean the classroom yesterday.宾语补足语 5．Is he the man who wants to see you？定语 6．This book gives me some ideas on how to make friends.宾语 7．I feel it our duty to serve the people heart and soul.宾语 8．What you explained just now didn’t satisfy me.主语 9．We must get together again some day.状语 10．If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.状语 三．.写出下列句子属于哪类句子结构 1．I found the problem easy.S＋V＋O＋C 2．I have never cooked at home.S＋V＋A 3．There are ten boys under the big tree.There__be... 4．Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.S＋V＋IO＋DO 5．The boss made him do the work all day.S＋V＋O＋C 6．The tree has grown much taller than before.S＋P 第二章 名词短语、形容词短语、副词短语 （取材: UNIT1 TEENAGE LIFE） 语法聚焦: 短语或词组是具有一定意义但不构成句子或从句的一组词, 在句子里可以单独构成一种句子成分。 一、名词短语（NP）（Noun Phrase） 指以一个名词为中心构成的短语,在句中的功能相当于名词。名词短语通常是由名词及其修饰语构成。 （一）名词短语的组成 1. 前置定语+名词 作前置定语的主要有: 限定词、名词所有格、数词、形容词、名词、单个的分词或动名词等。 限定词包括: 冠词 (a/an/the ) 指示代(this/that/these/those) 物主代(my/your/his/her/their) 不定代(some/no/neither/both) The online shop sells children’s and men’s shoes at a very low price. 网店以低廉的价格销售儿童和男士的鞋子。 Our school has fifty-six women teachers. 我们学校有56个女教师。 The sleeping child is his son. 正在睡觉的孩子是他的儿子. The fallen leaves are like a thick blanket on the ground. 落叶像一层厚厚的毯子盖在地上。 2. 名词+ 后置定语 作后置定语的主要有: 介词短语、分词、不定式等。 If you don’t know the way to the science museum, here is a map of the city. 如果你不知道去科技博物馆的路，这是城市地图。 There are some boys playing basketball over there. 有一些男孩正在那边打篮球。 The problem discussed yesterday has been solved. 昨天讨论的问题被解决了。 （二）名词短语的功能 名词短语在句中当作名词用，一般用作主语、宾语、表语或宾语补足语。 1. 作主语 The houses built last year are for the teachers. 去年建成的那些房子是为老师们建的。 2. 作宾语 Jack’s mother can’t go to the parents’ meeting because she is too busy. 杰克的妈妈不能参加家长会，因为她太忙了。 3. 作表语 He was the best man to do the job. 他是做这个工作最好的人选。 This is the method of cooking the tasty cookie. 这是做这种美味甜饼的方法。 4. 作宾补 We made Tom our group leader. 我们选汤姆当我们的组长。 More and more foreigners consider Beijing Opera an important part of Chinese culture. 越来越多的外国人认为京剧是中国文化的一个重要组成部分。 二. 形容词短语（AdjP）（Adjective Phrase） 指以一个形容词为中心构成的短语，在句中的功能相当于形容词。形容词短语通常是由形容词及其修饰语构成。 （1） 形容词短语的组成 1. 副词+形容词 注意: enough修饰形容词，放在所修饰的形容词之后。 The little boy is very /quite/ really clever. 这个小男孩很/真的聪明。 I’m terribly sorry. 我非常抱歉。 Tom is much more friendly. 汤姆更友好。 This coat was much too expensive. 这件大衣太贵了。 This movie wasn’t interesting enough. 这部电影不足够有趣。 You can’t be careful enough. 你怎么小心也不为过。 2. 形容词+介词短语 His face was white with anger. 他的脸气得发白。 The bottle is full of water. 瓶子里装满了水。 3. 形容词+不定式短语 He is sure to come. 他一定会来的。 He is eager to see his parents. 他急切地想见到父母。 （二）形容词短语的功能 形容词短语在句中当作形容词用，一般可用作定语（修饰名词或代词）、表语、宾语补足语或状语。 1. 作定语 My little sister is a very curious girl and she always asks me strange questions. 我的小妹妹是一个好奇心强的女孩，她总是问我奇怪的问题。 Tom is a student always ready to help others. 汤姆是个学生，总是乐于助人。 2. 作表语 Robot is so busy that he even has no time to stay with his children at weekends. 罗伯特如此忙,以至于周末他没有时间和孩子待在一起。 He can't do anything, he's completely good for nothing!他什么都干不了，一点也没用。 3. 作宾补 Helping others makes us very proud. 帮助别人使我们非常自豪。 I find the book easy to understand. 我发现这本书很好懂。 4. 作状语 After the long journey, the three of them went back home, hungry and tired. 长途旅行后他们三人回家了，又累又饿。 Curious enough，Danny opened the box to see what was in it. 出于好奇，丹尼打开了那只盒子，想看看里面是什么。 三. 副词短语（AdvP）（Adverbial Phrase） 指以一个副词为中心构成的短语,在句中的功能相当于副词。副词短语通常是由副词及其修饰语构成。 （1） 副词短语的组成 副词+副词 注意: very ,quite, extremely等程度副词修饰副词时，放在所修饰的副词之前；enough修饰副词时，放在所修饰的副词之后。 He runs very quickly. 他跑的很快。 You are speaking too fast. Can you speak a little more slowly?你说得太快了，你能说慢一点儿吗？ You speak clearly enough. I can follow you. 你讲得足够清楚，我能听懂。 （2） 副词短语的功能 1. 修饰动词 He speaks English quite fluently. 他英语说得很流利。 2. 修饰形容词 The instructions on the box are really very confusing. 盒子上的使用说明令人费解。 3. 修饰副词 The fire spread far too fast. 大火蔓延得太快了。 4. 修饰句子 Luckily enough, we won the first prize for the competition. 足够幸运的是，我们获得了比赛的第一名。 总之，短语是英语中较大的词块,灵活地掌握词块,对丰富学生的词汇量,提高学生的阅读和写作水平会起到事半功倍的作用。 · 学以致用 一．画出并标记句子中名词短语，形容词短语和副词短语 1. The first week was a little confusing. 2. The building is so big that I'm completely lost. 3. The kids over there are putting something on a round paper plate. 4. Linda thinks and speaks quite quickly , and she can do well in the debate. 5. The new coach told me that I didn't play well enough. 6. My first French class was very confusing. The teacher spoke so fast! 1. The first week was a little confusing. 2. The building is so big that I'm completely lost. 3. The kids over there are putting something on a round paper plate. 4. Linda thinks and speaks quite quickly , and she can do well in the debate. 5. The new coach told me that I didn't play well enough. 6. My first French class was very confusing. The teacher spoke so fast! 二．用括号里的短语回答问题。 1. How soon do you think you'll finish your homework? (pretty soon) 2. What do you think of your new teachers? (very nice and patient) 3. How many clubs have you joined this year? (two clubs) 4. How well does Rita play the violin? We need a new violinist in our music club. (quite well) 5.What did your adviser say about the advanced literature course?(too difficult but very interesting) 1.I'll finish my homework pretty soon. 2. My new teachers are very nice and patient. 3. I have joined two clubs. 4. She plays the violin quite well. 5. The advanced literature course is too difficult but very interesting. 三．Joyce写好了一个草稿，用名词短语、形容词短语、副词短语帮助她润色这篇文章，增添更多信息。 Cheerleader Try-outs I've always wanted to be a cheerleader. Yesterday, I tried out for the team. It was hard. First, we had to dance. The teacher showed us how to move, and then we tried. Second, we practiced singing a song about the school basketball team. Finally, some girls had to lift their partners. The other girls jumped and cheered. I think I did well, but the other girls were better, I'm not sure if I'll make the team or not. I've always wanted to be a high school cheerleader. Yesterday, I tried out for my school's cheerleading team. It was really hard. First,... I' ve always wanted to be a high school cheerleader. Yesterday, I tried out for my school's cheerleading team. It was really hard. First, we had to dance to the strong beat of music. The dance teacher showed us how to move very energetically, and we tried very hard. Second, we practice singing an inspiring song about the school basketball team. Finally, some girls had to lift their partners. The other girls jumped and cheered very happily. I think I did quite well, but the other girls were even better. I'm not quite sure if I'll make the cheerleanding team or not. 四．了解多个形容词作定语 多个形容词修饰名词时，其排序规律是：(限定词+程度副词+) 描绘性形容词+表示大小(长短、高低)、形状、年龄(新旧)的形容词+表颜色的形容词+表国籍或产地的形容词+表物质材料的形容词+表类别或用途的形容词+名词。如：a beautiful big round new black Russian wooden table (1) John Smith, a successful businessman, has a _____car. A. large German white B. large white German C. white large German D. German large white (2) ______ students are required to take part in the boat race. A. Ten strong young Chinese B. Ten Chinese strong young C. Chinese ten young strong D. Young strong ten Chinese 1、B 解析： 按“大小+颜色+产地”的顺序排列。 2、A 解析：数词是限定词，应排在形容词前，排除C和D；又strong是描绘，young是年龄，Chinese是国籍，其先后应为“描绘＋年龄＋国籍”。 五．画出下例句中的形容词短语并指明构成形式 (1).Our country is becoming more and more beautiful. ____________________________________________________________________________________ (2).The road is long enough. __________________________________________ (3).The medicine is good for stomach. ____________________________________________________________________________________ Our country is becoming more and more beautiful. 构成形式：副词+and+副词+名词 The road is long enough. 构成形式：副词+enough The medicine is good for stomach.构成形式：形容词+介词短语 六．将下列短语按照类型进行归类： a really big challenge a little confusing very carefully the school advisor a very difficult language quite difficult much more carefully far too fast all the subjects a senior high school student my advanced course strong enough 名词短语：_____________________________________________________________________________ 形容词短语：___________________________________________________________________________ 副词短语：_____________________________________________________________________________ 名词短语：a really big challenge; the school advisor; a very difficult language; all the subjects; a senior high school student; my advanced course 形容词短语：a little confusing; quite difficult; strong enough 副词短语： very carefully; far too fast; much more carefully_ 第三章 现在进行时态表将来 （取材 UNIT2 TRAVELLING AROUND） 语法聚焦: “将来时”的表达法 一．现在进行时表示将来的用法 1．位移动词的进行时表示将来 现在进行时表示将来，主要用于表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作，常有“意图，安排，打算”的含义。这种用法通常要带一个表示将来的时间状语。有些用法的动词多是位移动词，如arrive, come, go, leave, return, start, take off, fly等。 Eg: (1)They are coming here this afternoon. (2)She is leaving tomorrow and you had better see her off. (3) The plane is taking off at 10 a．m. 2．非位移动词的进行时表示将来 现在进行时表示将来，除使用位移动词外，也可使用某些非位移动词，如do, work, meet, have, play, spend等，此时句中一般要有表示将来的时间状语。 Eg: (1) What are you doing next Sunday？ (2)The young man is meeting his girlfriend this afternoon. (3) We are spending next winter in Sanya. 语法填空/完成句子 (1)The summer holiday ________ (come). My classmates and I are talking about what to do during the holiday. (2)Now I ________ (leave) home for college. At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever I need help. (3)—____________ (彼得要来吗)？(come) —No, he changed his mind after a phone call at the last minute. 1.is coming 2.am leaving 3.Is Peter coming 二．一般将来时的其他几种表达法 1.will/shall do will可用于各种人称，而shall多用于第一人称。 will可表示根据当时的情况， 临时做的打算。 Eg: (1)—Mr. Wang is ill in hospital. —Oh, I'll go and see him. (2) I'll tell him the truth if I see him tomorrow. (3) I shall/will work harder to make greater progress. (4) My brother will leave for the United States next week. 语法填空 (1) —Wasn't Joan supposed to be here by now? —Don't worry. She ________ (be) here in about twenty minutes. (2)—Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment. —All right. I ____________ (call) him later. (3)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts ______________ (reward) with success in the end. 1.will be 2.will/shall call 3.will be rewarded 2．be going to do 表示现在打算或计划将来要做的事情(预先考虑)，还可以表示说话者根据现在的迹象或征兆“预测”即将发生的事情(常指自然现象)。 Eg: (1) —What are you going to do tonight? —I'm going to watch the football game on TV. (2) Look at the dark clouds! It's going to rain. [注意] be going to和will的区别：be going to表示说话人经过事先考虑的想法或有迹象表明某事将要发生；will表示说话人临时决定做的事情或说话人主观认为某事会发生。 Eg: I'm going to pick him up at the railway station this afternoon. 今天下午我要去火车站接他。(已经考虑过了) —This is a very heavy box.这个箱子很重。 —I'll help you carry it.我来帮你搬。(临时作出的决定) 单项填空 —I ________ see the doctor at 10：00. I've made an appointment (预约)． —You don't have to. You ________ be all right soon if you take the medicine. A．am going to; will B．will; am going to C．would; are going to D．am to; would A 3．be to do(不定式作表语) 表示预先安排好的计划或约定(受别人的指令或安排将要做)；表示决定会发生的事情；表示说话人的意志、意图、职责、命令、义务等。 Eg: (1)The meeting is to take place next Monday. (2)His continuous effort is to make him a successful man. (3)You're to be back by 9 o'clock. 4．be about to do 表示正要做某事，指眼前的将来，不能和表示将来的时间状语连用。常用于be about to do... when...句型，意为“正要做……，这时……”。 Eg:I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang. [注意] be about to do不与具体的表示将来的时间状语连用。 节目将在10分钟之后开演。 【误】The programme is about to begin in ten minutes. 【正】The programme is to begin in ten minutes. 5．一般现在时表示将来，有两种情况： (1)常用于表示按计划、按规定或是按时刻表将进行的未来动作，仅限于一些位移动词，如go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, begin等。 Eg: The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. —When does the bus start？ —It starts in ten minutes. (2)用于时间和条件状语从句中。 Eg: We are going fishing if it doesn't rain tomorrow. 单项填空/语法填空 (1)A Midsummer Night's Dream ________ at the Theatre Royal on 19th June, and then tours throughout Scotland. A．opens B．is opened C．will open D．will be opened (2)You'd better write down her phone number before you ______ (forget) it. (3)They often get up early and water the vegetables together... When summer ________ (come), they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables! 1.A 2.forget 3. comes 学以致用 1、 现在进行时表示将来的练习 1. My uncle __________________(come)back from abroad next week. 我叔叔下周要从国外回来了。 2. —Hurry up! The movie_________________. 快点，电影就要开始了。 —Don’t worry. There is still a little time left. 不用担心，还有一点时间。 3. Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane_________________________. 女士们，先生们，请系好安全带。飞机就要起飞了。 4. We _______________(have) a few guests over tomorrow. 明天有几位客人要来。 5. Food supplies in the flood-stricken area________________. We must act immediately before there’s none left. 灾区的食物快要吃完了，在吃完之前，我们必须立刻行动。 二、一般将来时的其他几种表达法的练习 1. With the development of science and technology, robot cooks _____________(appear) in our families in the future. 随着科技的发展，未来机器人厨师会出现在家庭中。 2. — Just a minute. I ________________(check) it for you. 请稍等，我现在就帮你看一下。 —Ann is in hospital. 安住院了。 —Oh, really? I didn’t know. I ______________(go) and visit her. 真的吗？我不知道啊，我要去探望她。 3. Look at the dark clouds. _________________________. 看这乌云，要下雨了。 4. Oh , it's 8:20. I________________ late for my class. 现在是8点20分。我上课要迟到了。 5. The examination is __________ ____________ _____________next week. (take place) 6. 如果你想要成功，比必须努力工作。 我们就要出发了。 7. We will go for a picnic if it _____________ _________________(rain) this Sunday. 如果本周日不下雨，我们将去野餐。 8. The students ________ __________ ___________(meet) at the school gate tomorrow. 明天学生们将在学校大门口集会。 9. Please tell him the news as soon as he ______(arrive). 他一来，你就告诉他这个消息。 三、用所给单词正确形式填空 1. —Is everybody here?—No. The speaker _________ (come)soon. 2. The weather _________ (get) warmer and warmer. 3. I _________ (write) a new book these days. 4. The girl ____ always ________(leave) things about. 5. —I’m going to the to study law. —How long _______ you _______ (stay)there? 6. What will you want to be when you ______ (grow) up? 7. Look at the lightning. It_________ (rain). 8. Our English teacher _________ (leave )Shanghai in a few days. 9. —Jim is in town for a few days. —Really? Great! I _________ (give) him a call. Is he staying at his Aunt Rosa’s? 10. Don’t make noises. Father ________ (listen)to the news. 四、按照要求翻译下列句子。 你要在北京待多久？ (用现在进行时表示) ________________________________________________________________________ 今天下午我要去看牙医。(用现在进行时表示) ________________________________________________________________________ 我将更加努力以取得更大的进步。（shall/will do ; make progress） ________________________________________________________________________ 你今天晚上打算做什么？（be going to do） ________________________________________________________________________ 你必须九点以前回来。（be to do; back） ________________________________________________________________________ 我正要上床睡觉，这时电话响了。（be about to do; ring） ________________________________________________________________________ 火车明天早上六点开。（一般现在时表将来） ________________________________________________________________________ 一、1.is coming 2.is beginning3. is taking off 4. are having 5.are running out 二、1.will appear2.will check； will go 3.It is going to rain. 4. am going to be5.to take place 6.If you are to succeed, you must work as hard as possible. We are about to start.7.doesn’t rain8.are to meet9.arrives. 三、1.is coming 2. is getting 3. am writing 4. is; leaving 5. are ;staying 6. grow 7. is going to rain 8. is leaving 9. will give/going to give 10.is listening 四、1.How long are you staying in Beijing? 2.I’m seeing the dentist this afternoon. 3. I shall/will work harder to make greater progress. 4. What are you going to do tonight? 5. You’re to be back by 9 o’clock. 6.I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang. 7.The train leaves at six tomorrow morning 第四章 附加疑问句 （取材 UNIT 3 Sports and Fitness） 反义疑问句 即附加疑问句。它表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证实。 它表示提问人的看法，没有把握，需要对方证实。反义疑问句由两部分组成:前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，两部分的人称时态应保持一致。 1、陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式 2、陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式 They work hare, don’t they? She was ill yesterday, wasn’t she? You didn’t go, did you? He can’t ride a bike, can he? 请注意以下句型的反义疑问句的用法: 1、当陈述部分的主语是I , everyone, everything, nobody 时，后面的疑问句应表示为: I am a student, aren’t I Everyone is in the classroom, aren’t they? Everything begins to grow in spring, doesn’t it? Nobody will go, will they? 2. 当陈述部分有never，seldom, hardly，few，little，barely, scarcely, nothing 等否定词时，后面的疑问句则表示为: There are few apples in the basket, are there? He can hardly swim, can he? They seldom come late, do they? 3. 当陈述部分是I think 加从句时，疑问句应和从句的人称时态保持一致。 I think chickens can swim, can’t they? I think Lucy is a good girl, isn’t she? I didn't think he was happy, was he? 4. 陈述部分有had better 时，疑问句应用hadn’t开头: you’d better get up early, hadn’t you? 5. 当陈述部分是祈使句时，疑问句要根据语气来表达 Let’s go out for a walk, shall we? Let us go our for a walk, will you? Turn on the radio, will you? 6. 反义疑问句的回答用yes, no, 但是，当陈述部分是否定形式时，回答要按事实。如: They don’t work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作，是吗, Yes, they do. 不，他们工作努力。/No, they don’t. 对, 他们工作不努力。 学以致用: 一、单项选择 1．Let’s have a good rest, _____? A．will you B．shall we C．won’t you D．don’t you 2．She hardly goes to parties, ________? A．hasn’t she B．has she C．does she D．doesn’t she 3．Michael started to play basketball in college, ________? A．doesn’t he B．isn’t he C．didn’t he D．don’t he 4．—Few of the children here have traveled abroad, ________? —________. Most of them are from poor families in the rural areas. A．haven’t they; Yes, they have B．haven’t they; No, they haven’t C．have they; No, they haven’t D．have they; Yes, they have 5．You have to learn to _________, Claire. Let Peter play with your toys as well, _________ you? A．support; don’t B．care; will C．spare; won’t D．share; will 6．Nowadays in China some officers are unfit for their positions, ________? A．are they B．aren’t they C．don’t they D．do they 7．--Why is Tom absent? --He must be sick, __________? A．isn’t he B．must he C．is he D．mustn’t he 8．Let’s go to the park,________? A．will you B．won’t you C．shall we D．shouldn’t we 9．Be sure to get there on time, ______? A．mustn’t you B．aren’t you C．don’t you D．will you 10．Let’s watch the movie together, ______ ? A．will you B．can we C．shall we D．won’t you 11．John can hardly understand any Chinese, ______he? A．can’t B．doesn’t C．can D．does 12．Nothing can stop you from finishing these tasks on time, ________? A．can’t it B．can it C．can’t they D．can they 13．There’s hardly _____ milk in the bottle,_____? A．no, isn’t it B．some, is it C．little, isn’t there D．any, is there 14．We never dared to ask him a question, ___________? A．did we B．didn’t we C．dared we D．daren’t we 15．It’s the third time that John has been late, ________? A．hasn’t he B．isn’t he C．isn’t it D．hasn’t it 16．Let us pass ______? A．shan’t we B．shall we C．won’t we D．will you 17．―Your uncle isn’t an engineer, is he? ― _______ A．Yes, he isn’t B．No, he isn’t C．No, he is D．He is 18．Nothing is difficult in the world if you put your heart into it _________? A．aren’t they B．are they C．isn’t it D．is it 19．Jack has coffee with breakfast,________ ? A．hasn’t Jack B．doesn’t Jack C．hasn’t he D．doesn’t he 20．When the teacher speaks, we have to keep quiet, ________ ? A．mustn’t we B．doesn’t he C．weren’t we D．don’t we 21．I don’t think what Ms. Huang said just now can be reasonable, ________? A．do I B．is it C．can I D．did she 22．Mary was dissatisfied with the result of the experiment conducted yesterday,________ ? A．wasn’t she B．was she C．were she D．weren’t she 23．---Mary didn’t have breakfast this morning , did she? ---________That’s because she was in a hurry for work. A．Yes, she had. B．No. she hadn’t. C．Yes, she did. D．No, she didn’t. 24．I don’t think he will give up easily, ________? A．will he B．do you C．won’t he D．do I 25．Let’s go on an outing, _______? A．shall we B．will you C．won’t you D．don’t you 26．I don’t think it is polite to break in when people are having a conversation, ________? A．isn’t it B．do I C．is it D．do you 27．She seldom reads such kind of books, _________? A．did she B．does she C．didn’t she D．doesn’t she 28．Mrs.Black doesn’t believe her husband is able to design a digital camera, ? A．is he B．isn’t he C．doesn’t she D．does she 29．I don’t expect you can finish the work in three days， ? A．don’t I B．do I C．can you D．can’t you 30．There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert  ended, ? A．wasn’t there B．was there C．didn’t it D．did it 参考答案： 1．B 【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：让我们好好休息一下，好吗？此处考查祈使句的反义疑问句，Let’s…开头的祈使句，应用shall we? 构成反义疑问句。故选B项。 2．C 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：她几乎不参加聚会，是吗？此处hardly为否定意义副词，goes说明为一般现在时，且反意疑问句中问句部分的动词与陈述部分的动词在语气上成相反的对应关系，即：肯定+否定？否定+肯定？故选C。 3．C 【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：迈克尔从大学开始打篮球，是吗？分析句子，设空处与前文构成反义疑问句结构，前文使用一般过去时，同时为肯定句结构，故反义疑问句使用助动词否定形式+主语的结构。故选C。 4．C 【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：——这里的孩子中很少有人出国旅游，是吗?——是的，他们没有。他们大多来自农村的贫困家庭。反义疑问句的疑问部分遵循前肯定后否定，前否定后肯定的原则。本句的陈述部分是否定含义，时态为现在完成时，主语为“the children”，所以疑问部分为肯定，助动词用have，主语为they；反义疑问句的回答依据事实回答，根据语境“他们大多来自农村的贫困家庭”可知，他们没有出国旅游过，故回答应为否定形式。故选C。 5．D 【详解】考查动词词义辨析和反义疑问句。句意：你得学会分享，克莱尔。让彼得也玩你的玩具，好吗？A. support支持；B. care关心；C. spare留出；D. share分享。由“Let Peter play with your toys as well”可知，句子表示“你得学会分享克莱尔”，第一空意为“分享”，是share；Let Peter play with your toys as well是祈使句，第二空所在处是反义疑问句，用will you，故选D。 6．B 【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：现在中国有些军官不适合担任他们的职务，对吗?反义疑问句遵循前肯后否，前否后肯；本句陈述部分为肯定句，且前文有are，故反义疑问部分用aren’t they。故选B。 7．A 【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：——汤姆为什么缺席了？——他一定是生病了，不是吗？句中must be是对当前情况的推测，反义疑问部分用be，且陈述部分为肯定，反义疑问句用否定形式，即isn’t。故选A项。 8．C 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：让我们一起去公园吧，好吗？反意疑问句的变化规则是“前肯后否，前否后肯”，而主句中对于“Let’s”的反意疑问句是“shall we”。故选C项。 9．D 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：一定要准时到达那儿，好吗？祈使句后的简短问句除了Let’s开头的用shall we，一般都用will you。故选D项。 10．C 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：我们一起看电影吧，好吗? let’s开头的反义疑问句要用shall we。故选C。 11．C 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：约翰几乎听不懂中文，是吗？反意疑问句的基本规律是“前否定，后肯定”，hardly是否定词，根据前文助动词can可知，此处应用can。故选C项。 12．B 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：没有什么能阻止你按时完成这些任务，不是吗? 分析可知，该句为反意疑问句，主语“Nothing”是第三人称单数，用“it”代替，且表示否定含义，因此，遵循前否后肯原则，应是“can it”。故选B项。 13．D 【详解】考查不定代词和反义疑问句。句意：瓶子里几乎没有任何牛奶了，是吗？分析句子结构和意思可知，第一个空所在的句子中有hardly表示否定，否定句用any，意为“任何”，修饰不可数名词milk；第二个空考查there be句型的反义疑问句，前面陈述句部分是否定句，后面要用肯定句形式进行反问。故选D。 14．A 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：我们从来都不敢问他问题，对吧？分析句子可知，本题考查反意疑问句，反意疑问句是由陈述句和附在其后的附加疑问句组成。由陈述句中的never可知，陈述句为否定句，所以附加疑问句应为肯定疑问句，且主句谓语动词dared为实义动词的一般过去时形式，所以空处的附加疑问句应借助助动词did，主语保持一致，用we，综上，应填did we。故选A。 15．C 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：这是John第三次迟到了，对吗？分析句子结构可知，此处应为反意疑问句，反意疑问句部分要与主句人称和时态一致，该句中主句主语为it，谓语动词is用一般现在时态，主句部分为肯定句时，反意疑问句应为否定形式，且使用疑问句语序，所以反意疑问句部分为isn’t it。故选C项。 16．D 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：你让我们及格，好吗？分析句子结构可知，本句是祈使句的反义疑问句，反义疑问部分为肯定形式，要用shall或者will，Let us表示第二人称的祈使句，反义疑问句为“will you?”。故选D项。 17．B 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：——你叔叔不是工程师，是吗？——是的，他不是。反意疑问句一定要用yes或no回答，且前后须一致，四个选择项中只有B选择项符合。故选B。 18．D 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：世上无难事，只怕有心人。if引导的条件状语从句，反意疑问句与主句保持一致。当陈述部分的主语是nothing，something，anything，something时，附加疑问部分主语应用it，nothing是否定意义，反意疑问句遵循前否后肯。故选D项。 19．D 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：杰克早餐时喝咖啡，是吗。反意疑问句遵循“前否后肯，前肯后否”的原则，前语句为一般现在时，应用doesn’t he。故选D项。 20．D 【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：当老师讲话时，我们必须保持安静，不是吗? 反义疑问句由陈述部分和疑问部分组成，陈述句部分主句主语we，谓语部分为have to do结构，疑问部分是把陈述部分改为疑问语序，遵循前否后肯或前肯后否原则，have to 句型变疑问语序时，不可提前，应使用助动词do，陈述部分为肯定句，所以应填：don't we？故选D项。 21．B 【详解】考查反义疑问句用法。句意：我觉得黄女士刚才说的没道理吧？反意疑问句的陈述部分为I/We don't think/believe/suppose/consider+ that/what从句时，从句为否定意义，问句部分的动词和主语仍与that从句保持一致且用肯定式。故选B项。 22．A 【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：玛丽对昨天进行的实验结果不满意，是吗? 该题是考查反义疑问句，反义疑问句的谓语动词应该和主语she保持一致，所以应该用单数形式；陈述部分的句子虽然有含否定前缀的dissatisfied，但仍然看作是肯定句，所以反义疑问句应该用否定形式。故选A项。 23．D 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：——玛丽今天早上没吃早餐，对吗？——是的，她没吃。因为她着急去工作。根据“That’s because she was in a hurry for work”可知，玛丽早上没吃早餐，故用No来回答，根据“did she”可知，要用一般过去时，助动词用did，故完整回答应是No, she didn’t have breakfast this morning。故选D项。 24．A 【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：我认为他不会轻易放弃，是吗？分析句子可知，该句为宾语从句中的反义疑问句，其附加问句的主语和谓语应该与从句保持一致，再结合“前否后肯”的原则，此处为will he。故选A项。 25．A 【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：我们去郊游，好吗？以Let’s开头的句子，进行反义疑问时，应用shall we。故选A项。 26．C 【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：我认为打断别人谈话是不礼貌的，是吗？分析句子，当主句的主语是第一人称时，反义疑问句和从句一致，并且将否定转移。故用is it。故选C。 27．B 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：她很少读这样的书，是吗？反意疑问句中问句部分的动词与陈述部分的动词在语气上成相反的对应关系，即：肯定+否定？否定+肯定？seldom为否定副词，反意疑问句应用肯定，且为一般现在时。故选B。 28．D 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：布莱克夫人不相信她丈夫能设计出数码相机，是吗？主语是第三人称，反意疑问句应与主句保持一致，且用肯定形式。故选D。 29．C 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：我没有想到你会在三天之内完成工作，你能吗？含有think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect等动词后接宾语从句构成的主从复合句在构成反意疑问句时，且人称为第一人称时。反意疑问句部分助动词与从句助动词一致，陈述句部分是否定句，疑问句部分应用肯定形式。故选C项。 30．A 【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：音乐会结束后，后台立刻传来一声尖叫，不是吗？分析句子结构和意思可知，这里考查there be句型的反意疑问句结构：be的适当形式＋there，又因前面陈述句部分为肯定形式，是一般过去时，反义疑问句用was的否定形式＋there。故选A。 二、完成反意疑问句 31．They will leave for Beijing tomorrow night, ________ they? 32．It must be he that has stolen Mr. Smith’s purse, _________it? 33．There are no museums in our city,________? 34．There is little water in the cup,________? 35．You don’t think he will come today, _________? 36．Joe can speak English and French very well,________he? 37．She is going to see you,_____________? 38．You must have studied English for many years, ______________? 39．Do pay attention to my work and keep your eyes open all the time,_____________? 40．Let John finish the work all by himself,______________? 41．Nothing the boy did was right,_______________? 42．Let’s go and have a walk,_____________? 43．It is the first time that she has been to United States, _____________? 44．I don’t think he had his supper at the school,______________? 45．Jack had dinner with his mother at home yesterday,_____________? 46．I suppose the meeting will last about two hours,_____________? 47．Tom isn’t a hard-working student, for it is the third time that he has been late,_____________? 48．Everyone is surprised at the news,_____________? 49．You don’t have to go to school on Sundays,_____________? 50．You don’t think Lily is right, ________? 31．won’t 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：他们明天晚上去北京，是吗?分析句子结构可知，本句是反意疑问句句型，陈述句部分是肯定句，所以疑问句部分应用否定句。故填won’t。 32．isn’t 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：一定是他偷了史密斯先生的钱包，对吗? 强调句型的反意疑问句，现在或将来用isn’t it? 过去用wasn’t it? 根据must be和句意可知，是对现在事情的推测，所以用一般现在时。故填isn’t。 33．are there 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：我们城市没有博物馆，是吗？分析句子结构可知，此处应为反意疑问句，陈述句为否定句，且为there be句形，所以反意疑问句部分为肯定句，疑问句语序，即把are放在句首。故填are there。 34．is there 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：杯子里几乎没有水，是吗？分析句子结构可知，此处应为反意疑问句，陈述句为否定句，且为there be句形，所以反意疑问句部分为肯定句，疑问句语序，即将is放在句首。故填is there。 35．will he? 【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：你认为他今天不会来，是吗？分析句子结构，主句You don’t think he will come today为否定迁移句子，在含有I think （believe，suppose ...）that ...结构的句子中，其反意疑问句的肯定与否定形式看主句，反意疑问部分的主谓形式，须与从句的主语、谓语保持一致。故填will he。 36．can’t 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：Joe能说英语和法语，难道不是吗？根据前文的情态动词can可知，此处反意疑问应用否定形式can’t，故填can’t。 37．isn’t she 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：她会来看你的，是吗？分析句子可知，设空处是反义疑问句反问部分， 根据“前肯后否”原则， 反问部分应使用否定形式， 主句时态是一般将来时，是助动词be going to主语是she。故填isn’t she。 38．haven’t you 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：你一定学了很多年英语，对吧？根据反意疑问句“前肯后否，前否后肯”的原则可知，空处需要用否定形式； 当must用来表示对过去的情况进行推测时，如果强调动作的完成，则反意疑问句部分要用haven't/hasn't+主语，主语为You，反意疑问句需要保持一致。故填haven't you。 39．will you 【详解】考查时态以及反意疑问句。句意：一定要注意我的工作，时刻睁大眼睛，好吗？根据句式结构可知此处为反义疑问句的疑问部分， 主句部分是祈使句， 反意疑问句的助动词使用will，主语是you。故填will you。 40．will you 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：让约翰自己完成这项工作，好吗？分析句子，设空处构成的反义疑问句结构，let sb的翻译为句结构为will you，其表示请求语气。故填will you。 41．was it 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：这个男孩做的事情没有一件是对的，是吗？根据前面的nothing可知，陈述句部分是否定句，反意疑问句部分应用肯定句，前半句为一般过去时可知应填was it（用it指代nothing）。故填was it。 42．shall we 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：我们去散散步，好吗？分析句子结构，设空处构成的是反义疑问句。对let’s进行反义疑问句的结构是shall we。故填shall we。 43．isn’t it 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：这是她第一次去美国，是不是？反义疑问句遵循“前肯后否，前否后肯”的规则，本题中前半句为肯定式，故反义疑问句用否定式。前半句为“It is the +序数词+完成时”的句型，反意疑问句的人称及时态要与句型中的it is保持一致。故填isn't it。 44．did he 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：我想他没有在学校吃晚饭，是吗？分析句子可知，设空处是反义疑问句反问部分， 主句带有I don’t think此处是宾语从句的否定转移，根据“前否后肯”原则， 反问部分应使用肯定形式， 时态是一般过去时，主语是he,故填did he。 45．didn’t he 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：杰克昨天和他妈妈在家吃饭，不是吗？反意疑问句中要遵循“前肯后否，前否后肯”的原则。本句陈述部分为肯定，所以反意疑问句用否定，根据提示“Jack had dinner”可知，空处填didn’t he。故答案为didn’t he。 46．won’t it 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：我预计这个会议将会持续两个小时，不是吗？含有think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect等动词后接宾语从句构成的主从复合句在构成反意疑问句时，反意疑问句部分助动词与从句助动词一致，陈述句部分是肯定句，疑问句部分应用否定形式。故填won’t it。 47．is he 【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：汤姆不是个用功的学生，因为这是他第三次迟到了，是吗？分析句子，设空处构成的是反义疑问句结构，句中for后的内容表示对前面事实原因的补充，所以该反义疑问句应该看for前面的句子。根据反义疑问句“前肯后否，前否后肯”的原则判定，反义疑问句部分用肯定。故填is he。 48．aren’t they 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：每个人都对这个消息很惊讶，不是吗？根据反意疑问句“前肯后否，前否后肯”的原则，可知此处反意疑问句用否定；主语为表示人的复合不定代词，其后反意疑问句的人称代词用they，be动词用are。故填aren’t they。 49．do you 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：你周天不用上学，对吧？陈述部分为否定形式，根据“前肯后否，前否后肯”的原则，反意疑问句使用肯定形式；陈述部分助动词是don’t，反意疑问句动词形式与陈述部分一致，用do即可。故填do you。 50．do you 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：你不认为莉莉是对的，是吗? you/he/she/they...think，反义疑问句根据think前面的主语而来。主句为否定形式，反意疑问句为肯定形式。故填do you。 第五章 定语从句 （取材 UNIT 4 & 5） 55 / 83 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 语法聚焦: 一. 定语从句的定义 二. 定语从句的种类 三. 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别 四. 关系代词的用法 五. 关系副词的用法 六. 关系代词和关系副词的选用 七. as引导的定语从句 八. as引导的非限定性定语从句 九. 介词+关系代词 重点速记 一.定语从句的定义 在复合句中，用于修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。引导定语从句的词称为关系词。关系词包括关系代词who（宾格whom，所有格whose），that，which和关系副词where，when，why等。 The boy who is wearing a black coat bought an iPod yesterday. 穿着黑色外套的男孩昨天买了一个iPod. The noodles that/which my mother cooked were delicious.我妈妈煮的面条很好吃。 The school where I learned judo was very large.我学习柔道的学校非常大。 I remember the day when our band was formed.我记得我们乐队成立的日子。 I don’t know the reason why she got so angry this morning. 我不知道她今天早上为什么那么生气。 说明：这几个例子中，先行词分别是boy，noodles，school，day，reason。 加下划线的部分为定语从句。 处在先行词和定语从句之间的who，that和which是关系代词，where，when和why是关系代词。 二.定语从句的种类 定语从句可以为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。学习时要明确两者的意义和区别。 1.限定性定语从句 限定性定语从句又称为限制性定语从句，它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的主语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或者就完全失去意义。限定性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。 Do you know the girl who just came in?你认识刚才进来的那个女孩吗？ Shanghai is a city (that) I’ve always wanted to visit.上海是一座我一直想要去游览的城市。 Her sister married a man (who/whom/that) she met on a plane. 她的姐姐嫁给了一个她在飞机上认识的人。 The time when I first met Mr.White was a very difficult period of my life. 第一次见到怀特先生的时候，我正处于一生中非常艰难的时期。 2.非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句又称为非限制性定语从句，它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚、完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导，关系词不可以省略。 The old woman,who lives on her own,has a cat for company. 那位老妇人一个人住，有一只猫作伴。 Lori is going to marry Mark,whom she does not love.罗丽准备嫁给马克，可她并不爱他。 Beijing,which is the capital of China,is a very beautiful city. 中国的首都北京是一座非常美丽的城市。 三.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别 限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句 与先行词关系密切 （删掉后影响整个意思的表达） 与先行词关系不密切 （是一种补充说明，删掉后不影响整个意思的表达） 不用逗号隔开 一般使用逗号隔开 可用关系代词that 不可用关系代词that 关系代词可以省略 （that，who，which在从句中担任宾语时可以省略） 关系代词不可以省略 关系代词可以替代 （whom作宾语可用who或that替代） 关系代词不能替代 读时不停顿 读时停顿，用降调 只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分。 可以修饰主句或主句的一部分，此时一定有逗号分开，只能由which或as引导。 四.关系代词的用法 在定语从句中，关系代词起着连接主句与从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。 先行词 在从句中作主语 在从句中作宾语 在从句中作定语 指代人 who/that whom/who/that whose 指代物 which/that which/that whose/of which 1.关系代词who和whom的用法 两者都用于指代人，但在用法上存在差别。 1.基本用法 who可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom。但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom，即“介词+whom”。 Johnny is a person who always has novel ideas.约翰尼是一个经常会有新奇想法的人。 （关系代词who在从句中作主语） The girl who won the first prize is from Zhejiang.获得一等奖的女孩来自浙江。 She is the girl who/whom I will go to Shanghai with.她就是要和我一起去上海的那个女孩。 （关系代词在从句中作宾语，who可以替whom） The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr.Depp. =The person to whom you just talked is Mr.Depp.刚刚和你谈话的人是德普先生。 说明：因为把介词to提到宾语从句的句首，所以只能用whom，而不能用who。 We’ll go to the hospital to see the patients,most of whom are children. 我们要去医院看病人，这些病人大多数都是儿童。 2.只用who而不用that的情况 在定语从句中who和that指代人时可以通用，但在下列情况下只能用who，而不能用that。 A.先行词是one，ones和anyone时，宜用who。 One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. 一个无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。 The ones who flatter me don’t please me.那些奉承我的人并不能取悦于我。 Anyone who laughs last laughs best.笑到最后的人是笑得最好的人。 Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized. 任何不能完成指定任务的人，都应受到批评。 B.先行词是those时，宜用who。 No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake. 对于那些在地震中为营救生还者而辛苦工作的人，任何言语都无法表达我们的感激之情。 C.当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。 I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew uup in western Yunnan province. 昨天我在街上遇到一个在云南西部长大的女孩。 D.一个句子中带有两个定语从句时， 其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who。 The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. 昨晚你遇见的那个男孩是个学习非常努力的组长。 E.在there be开头的句子中，宜用who。 There is a young man who wants to see your father.有个年轻人想要见你父亲。 There are many old men who are against this plan.有许多老人反对这个计划。 There was a king who was kind to his people.有一位国王，他对他的臣民很仁慈。 2.关系代词whose的用法 关系代词whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物。当whose指代物时，相当于of which。whose引导的定语从句既可以是限定性定语从句，也可以是非限定性定语从句。 Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company? =Do you know Peter?His father happens to be working in your company. 你认识彼得吗？他的父亲恰巧正在你们公司工作。 The tourist wanted to book a room whose window faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room.The room’s window faces south. 这位游客想要预订一间窗户朝南的房间。 We went to see our teacher Miss Styles,whose husband lost his life in the earthquake. 我们去看望了我们的老师斯泰尔斯小姐，她的丈夫在地震中丧生了。 Xi’an,whose walls remain as good as before,is one of the few cities with city walls. 西安是少数几座有城墙的城市之一，它的城墙保持得和以前一样好。 3.关系代词that和which的用法 两者都可用于指代物，但使用场合存在差别。 1.在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which和that一般可以通用 The new house that/which I have just bought is about six miles away. 我新买的房子在大约6英里以外。 They planted some trees that/which didn’t need much water. 他们种了一些不需要太多水的树。 2.限定性定语从句中只用that而不用which的情况 A.主句已有疑问句who或which时 Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you? 旅馆前面的小汽车中哪辆属于你？ Who is the man that is sitting by the lake?坐在湖边的男人是谁？ B.先行词既有人又有物时 He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.他谈到了他访问过的学校和老师。 The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 撞倒一位老人的那辆自行车和骑车人都被送到了警察局。 C.先行词为all，much，few，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代词时 It’s easy to do the repair.All that you need is a hammer and some nails. 做修理很容易。你所需要的全部东西是一把锤子和一些钉子。 We haven’t got much that we can offer you.我们没有太多能向你们提供的东西。 I’d like to tell you something that will make you surprised. 我想告诉你一件会使你感到惊奇的事。 D.先行词有形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best way that has been used against pollution.这是用来防止污染的最好的办法。 Polly is the most direct young woman that I have ever come across. 波莉是我所见到的最直爽的年轻女性。 E.先行词有序数词修饰时 This is the third time that they have met.这是他们第三次见面。 The first time that Lester saw the film,he made up his mind to become a director. 莱特斯第一次观看那部电影时，就下定决心要成为一名导演。 F.先行词有the very，the only，the same，any，few，little，no，all，one of等词修饰时 This is the very room that I slept in that evening.这正是我那天晚上睡过的房间。 Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.李明是惟一一个想当老师的人。 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.我们惟一能够做的，就是给你一些钱。 G.有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. 爱迪生建了一家工厂，生产过去从未见到过的东西。 3.只用which而不用that的情况 A.引导非限定性定语从句时只用which而不用that （正）The fish,which I bought this morning,is very fresh. （误）The fish,that I bought this morning,is very fresh.我今天早上买的鱼很新鲜。 My house,which I bought two years ago,has got a lovely garden. 我两年前买的那幢房子，带一座漂亮的花园。 Jim passed the driving test,which surprised everybody in the office. 吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使得办公室里的每一个人都很惊讶。 注意：在非限定性定语从句中，有时关系代词是指代整个句子，而不是指代一个单词，本句中which指代“吉姆通过了驾驶考试”这件事。 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,which,of course,made the others envy him.海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多，这当然使得其他孩子嫉妒他。 说明：本句中，which指代“海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多”这件事。 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,most of which are sold abroad. 这家工厂每年生产50万双鞋，大都销往国外。 补充：which前常用none/neither/most/both/each/all/a little of等词修饰。 London,which is the capital of the UK,is a very beautiful city. 英国的首都伦敦是一座非常美丽的城市。 B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时只用which而不用that I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important. 我被置于一个要被迫接受低人一等现实的境地。 This is the hotel in which you will stay. =This is the hotel (which/that) you will stay in.这就是你将要住的旅馆。 说明：在这句话中，介词in放在了句子的后面，那么关系代词既可以用which，也可以用that，还可以省略。 C.在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that，那么另一句的关系词就需用which Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open. 让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。 4.关系代词which和that的用法总结 which和that在定语从句中作关系代词的主要区别 which ①可用于非限定性定语从句中，代替物、整个句子或主句中的一部分 ②可用于介词之后，构成“介词+which” that 不能用于上述两种情况 提高题 单句语法填空 1．After each cycle of trading, companies ________ have leftover carbon allowances (限额) can sell them to others. 2．The letter was one of the earliest documents on record ________ mentioned tofu in the West. 3．What makes something a sport? Traditional definitions usually included some physical activities ________ show athletic ability or strength. 4．The character “three” is shaped like a book, ________ represents the long historical tradition of Rong Bao Zhai. 5．Instead of an economy of the typical take-make-dispose model, ChopValue seeks to create one ________ transforms waste into a usable resource. 1．答案与解析：that/which　定语从句。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，该空引导定语从句修饰先行词companies，先行词指物，该空在定语从句中作主语，故应填that/which。 2．答案与解析：that　定语从句关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句且在从句中作主语，先行词指物，且因为先行词中含有形容词最高级，故空处只能填关系代词that。 3．答案与解析：which/that　定语从句关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是表示物的名词短语physical activities，关系词在从句中作主语，所以空处填which/that。 4．答案与解析：which　定语从句。分析句子结构可知，该空引导非限制性定语从句，且空处在定语从句中作主语，指代主句“The character ‘three’ is shaped like a book”，故填which。 5．答案与解析：that　定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词one，且在从句中作主语，所以填that。one为不定代词，其后定语从句不宜用which引导。 五.关系副词的用法 关系副词和关系代词一样，具有各种作用：在定语从句中代替先行词、在从句中作状语、把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句等。由于关系副词在从句中均作状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。 先行词 关系副词 关系副词在从句中充当的句子成分 指地点 where 地点状语 指时间 when 时间状语 指原因 why 原因状语 1.关系副词where的用法 由where引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如building，city，room等，where在从句中作地点状语。 ①The hotel was very clean.那家旅馆很干净。 ②We stayed there/at the hotel.我呆在那儿/那家旅馆。 ③=①+②The hotel where we stayed was very clean.我们呆过的那家旅馆很干净。 先行词 定语从句 （where在从句中代替there或at the hotel，作地点状语） 补充：可以用关系代词表述 The hotel (that/which) we stayed at was very clean. =The hotel at which we stayed was very clean. I got to the stage where I wasn’t coping any more. =I got to the stage (which/that) I wasn’t coping with any more. =I got to the stage with which I wasn’t coping any more.我已经到了无法应付的阶段。 This is the house where I was born.这就是我出生的那所房子。 2.关系副词when的用法 由when引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的名词，如time，day，date等，when在从句中作时间状语。 I’ll never forget the time when we first met.我永远不会忘记我们第一次相遇时的情景。 先行词 定语从句 （when在从句中代替during the time，作时间状语） 补充：可以用关系代词表述：I’ll never forget the time during which we first met. The date (when/that) he joined the ANC Youth League was August 5th. 他加入南非国民议会青年同盟的日期是8月5日。 注意：从语法来讲，这个句子中的定语从句只能用when引导，但在口语中，常用that代替when，也可以省略。 3.关系副词why的用法 由why引导的定语从句，经常会用在先行词reason的后面，why在从句中作原因状语。 The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard.我获得一份工作的原因是我工作努力。 先行词 定语从句 （why在从句中代替reason，作原因状语） 补充：可以用关系代词表述：The reason (that/for) which I got a job was that I worked hard. The reason why she was late was that she missed her plane. =The reason (that) she was late was that she missed her plane. 注意：一般来讲，在定语从句中，只要先行词是the reason，它的关系副词就是why；和when一样，在口语中，关系副词why常被that代替，也可以省略。 =The reason for which she was late was that she missed her plane. 她迟到的原因是她错过了班机。 Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason why she left. =Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason (that) she left. =Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason for which she left. 艾米没有获得加薪，但是这并不是她离开的主要原因。 The reason why I’m calling you is to invite you to a party. =The reason (that) I’m calling you is to invite you to a party. =The reason for which I’m calling you is to invite you to a party. 我给你打电话的原因是想邀请你参加一个聚会。 补充：带reason的定语从句与表语从句的常用句型 定语从句“The reason why/that...”或“...the reason why/that...” I know the reason why she studies so well.我知道她学习好的原因。 表语从句“The reason is that...”（不能用why，否则就重复了） The reason is that he is always careless in his work.原因是他在工作中总是粗心大意。 单句语法填空 1．The reason ________ this traditional flatbread happening to be popular among the ethnic groups here lies in its being easy to bake, store and transport. 2．Wherever you go in Xinjiang, whether north or south of the Tianshan Mountains, you'll notice small stands ________some crispy and delicious nang is sold. 3．The government has also introduced a new proposal in order to limit the amount of after-school education kids can attend, especially during holidays and festivals, ________ kids should be having fun. 1．答案与解析：why　考查定语从句。句意：这种传统的大饼之所以能在这里的少数民族中流行，是因为它易于烘烤、储存和运输。分析句子可知，空格处为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词reason，关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作原因状语，表示“由于这个原因”，应使用关系副词why引导该定语从句。 2．答案与解析：where　考查定语从句。句意：在新疆，无论你走到哪里，无论是在天山的北边还是南边，你都会看到一些卖酥脆可口的馕的小摊。分析句子可知，空格处为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词stands，关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，表示“在这些小摊上”，应使用关系副词where引导该定语从句。 3．答案与解析：when　考查定语从句。句意：政府还提出了一项新的建议，以限制孩子们可以参加的课外教育的数量，特别是在假期和节日期间，孩子们本应该享受乐趣。分析句子可知，此处是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是holidays and festivals，在从句中作时间状语，要用关系副词when引导。 六．关系代词和关系副词的选用 对于同一个先行词，要想确定是用关系代词还是用关系副词，关键是要弄清楚关系词在定语从句中担任什么成分。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，就是关系代词；如果关系词作状语，就是关系副词，口语用法除外。 ①This is the college (that/which) I visited.这就是我参观过的学院。 ②This is the college where I studied three years ago.这就是我3年前在那儿学习过的学院。 说明：两句中的先行词都是the college，但关系词不一样。①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词visited的宾语。②用关系副词where，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于there或in the college。 ①I’ll never forget the day (that/which) we spent together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的那一天。 ②I’ll never forget the day when I got married.我永远忘不了我结婚的那一天。 说明：两句中的先行词都是the day，但是它们的关系词不一样。①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词spent的宾语。②用关系副词when，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于介词短语on the way。 七．as引导的定语从句 as作为关系代词既可以引导限定性定语从句，也可以引导非限定性定语从句。 1.as引导的限定性定语从句 1.such...as...和the same...as...的用法 such...as...意为“像……一样的，像……之类”；the same...as...意为“和……同样的”。在这两个句型中，as是关系代词，such和same作定语，修饰主句里的某个名词（或代词），这个名词（或代词）是由as引导的定语从句的先行词，as在从句中可担任主语、宾语或表语。 We have found such materials as are used in their factory.（as在从句中作主语） 我们找到了（像）他们厂里用的那种材料。 I seldom give my students such a difficult problem as they cannot work out. 我从来不会给我的学生出这样一道他们不能解决的难题。（as在从句中作宾语） The result is not the same as they had expected.（as在从句中作宾语） 结果和他们预想的不一样。 比较：the same...that...和the same...as... 两者都引导定语从句。that从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一个，as从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一类，而非同一个。 He is reading the same book that you bought yesterday.他看的书就是你昨天买的那本。 He is reading the same book as you bought yesterday.他看的书和你昨天买的书是一样的。 （指同一本书；指同一种书，但并不是你买的那一本） This is the same pen that I lost.这支钢笔就是我丢的那一支。 This is the same (kind/type/sort of) pen as I lost.这支钢笔跟我丢的那支笔一模一样。 （指同一支笔；指同类型的笔，但并不是我丢失的那一支） 2.such as...的用法 such as...中的such为代词，意思为“这样的人或物”，as在从句中作宾语，修饰先行词such。 This book is not such as I expect.这不是一本我所盼望的书。 He told me of his experience such as I had never had before. 他给我讲了他的经验，我从来没有那种经验。 I have not many,but I will send you such as I have.我有的不多，但我愿把我所有的都送给你。 补充：such as还可以表示“诸如，例如，像……那样的”的意思，此时其后跟名词或名词短语等，如：They bought a lot of fruit,such as apples,oranges,etc. 他们买了许多水果，如苹果、橘子等。 八．as引导的非限定性定语从句 as可以像which一样引导非限定性定语从句，用来代表整个句子的内容，它的先行词可以是名词，也可以是不定式短语或整个句子。as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。此外，有些as引导的定语从句已成为固定用法。 as we know正如我们所知 as is often the case像通常那样 as has been said before如上所述 as is reported正如报道的那样 as is well known众所周知 as was expected正如预料的那样 She is very careful,as her work shows.正如她的工作所展现的那样，她是个细心的人。 As we know,smoking is harmful to one’s health.正如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。 As is often the case,we have worked out the production plan. 像通常那样，我们已经制定出了生产计划。 比较：as和which引导的非限定性定语从句的联系和区别 as和which都可以代替整个句子，当定语从句至于主句之后时，as和which可以互换使用。 He didn’t tell me any news,as/which upset me.他没有告诉我任何消息，这使我很不安。 which引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时不能放在主句之前。as引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时可放在主句之前或之后，有时也可放在主语与谓语之间。 As is reported in the newspapers,talks between the two countries are making progress. =Talks between the two countries,as is reported in the newspapers,are making progress. 正如报道的那样，这两个国家之间的会谈正在进展中。 九．介词+关系代词 句型：名词/代词+介词+关系代词 简单句①The professor gave a lecture to us yesterday.那位教师昨天给我们上了一堂课。 简单句②I couldn’t understand the meaning of the lecture completely. 我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。 合成为定语从句③=①+②The professor gave us a lecture yesterday,the meaning of which I couldn’t understand completely. 名词+介词+关系代词 那位教授昨天给我们上了一堂课，我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。 简单句①There are around 400 students in our grade.我们年级大约有400名学生。 简单句②Most of us are from the Xicheng District.我们中的大多数人都来自西城区。 合成为定语从句③=①+②There are around 400 students in our grade,most of whom are from the Xicheng District. 代词+介词+关系代词 我们年级大约有400名学生，其中大多数都来自西城区。 单句语法填空 1．Project Hope, launched by the China Youth Development Foundation in 1989, is committed to sending poor children to schools, and has made a difference in the lives of 6 million students from poor families nationwide over the past three decades, among ________ is Su. 2．Nowadays an increasing number of people in various parts of China have begun to celebrate their flower festival again, some of ________， dressed in hanfu, a type of traditional Chinese costume, perform a series of ceremonies. 3．Last year, Cambridge University Library announced that two of Charles Darwin's notebooks had been missing from their collection, one of ________ contains Darwin's “Tree of Life” sketch. 1．答案与解析：whom　定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处考查“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句的用法。又因此处先行词指人，故填whom。 2．答案与解析：whom　分析句子结构可知， “Nowadays...again”是一个完整的句子， 后面是“不定代词＋of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。该从句的先行词是people, 空前有some of , 故关系代词只能用whom。 3．答案与解析：which　句意：去年，剑桥大学图书馆宣布，查尔斯·达尔文的两本笔记本从他们的收藏中丢失了，其中一本里有达尔文的“生命之树”素描。分析句子结构可知，空处指代“two of Charles Darwin's notebooks”，因此空后是“不定代词＋介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是物，故填which。 难点强化 使用定语从句需注意的事项 1.定语从句中的主谓一致 A.定语从句中的关系代词作主语时，从句谓语要与先行词的人称、数一致。 Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的那个人吗？ B.as，which作主语引导非限定性定语从句，指全句时，从句谓语用单数。 As is usual,he came to school late this morning.像往常一样，他今天早晨上学又迟到了。 Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸气，这叫做蒸发。 C.先行词为“one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用复数。 Freddy is one of the students who want to be diplomats in our class. 弗雷迪是我们班想当外交官的学生之一。 D.先行词为“the only one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用单数。 He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years. 他是惟一一个连续三年获得奖学金的学生。 2.what和how不能用于定语从句中 A.what不能用作关系代词来引导定语从句，但是what引导的宾语从句可以与that引导的定语从句互换。 （正）Tell me anything (that) you know. （正）Tell me what you know.告诉我你所知道的一切。 说明：what引导的宾语从句相当于“anything/all+that”引导的定语从句。 （误）Tell me anything what you know. B.how不能用作关系副词来引导定语从句。修饰表示方式的way的定语从句用in which来引导，也可用that或省略。 （正）This is the way (that/in which) that boy worked out the problem. （正）This is how that boy worked out the problem.（how引导表语从句） （误）This is the way how that boy worked out the problem. 这就是那个男孩解出这道题的方法。 3.关系代词和关系副词的省略 1.关系代词的省略 A.在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词不可以省略。 Jane Hasek,who was my former English teacher,retired last year. 简·哈塞克今天退休了，他曾经是我的英语老师。 B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词用作动词宾语时可以省略。 Sorry,I forget to bring the magazine (which/that) you want.对不起，我忘了把你要的杂志带过来。（which和that代替magazine，作动词want的宾语，可以省略） C.关系代词作介词宾语，如果介词位于关系代词之前，关系代词不可以省略；如果介词位于定语从句的句末，关系代词可以省略。 （正）This is the government building in which my father works. （正）This is the government building (which/that) my father works in. （误）This is the government building in my father works.这是我父亲工作的政府大楼。 D.there be句型之后的定语从句中，作主语或宾语的关系代词常可以省略。 There’s nothing (that) I can do about it.对此我毫无办法。 2.关系副词的省略 A.非限定性定语从句中关系副词不可以省略。 She lived in Nagoya for a couple of years,where she taught Chinese. 她在名古屋住了几年，在那儿教中文。 B.限定性定语从句中，若在口语和非正式语体中，某些表示地点、时间的名词后的关系副词可以省略。先行词the reason后面的关系副词why也可以省略。 This is the plane (where) we first met two years ago.这就是我们两年前初次见面的地方。 He still remembers the time (when) he studied in Berlin.他还记得他在柏林学习的那些日子。 补充：可以省略关系副词when的时间名词有the time，every time，each time，the moment等。 Tell me the reason (why) your brother was absent yesterday.告诉我你哥哥昨天缺席的原因。 5.定语从句和同位语从句的区别 1.根据that在从句中是否作成分来判定 that在定语从句中担任句子成分，而在同位语从句中不作成分。 The news (that) you told me last week is not true.你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。 （that引导的定语从句，说明是哪一个news，that在从句中担任told的宾语。） The news that the leader will come here is not true.领导将要来这儿的消息不是真的。 （that引导的同位语从句，说明news的具体内容，that在从句中不担任任何成分。） 2.根据意思来判断 在引导词前加is后，如果句子成立就是同位语从句，否则就不是，还是以上面两个例句为例。 The news that you told me last week is not true. →（误）The news is that you told me last week.你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。 （因为the news不能等于you told me last week，所以句子不成立，不是同位语从句，而是定语从句。） The news that the leader will come here is not true. →（正）The news is that the leader will come here.领导将要来这儿的消息不是真的。 （句子成立，所以是同位语从句。） 3.根据that前的名词判断 同位语从句中that前的名词必须是表示事实的抽象名词，如fact，news，information，order，belief，reply，answer，saying等，而定语从句前的先行词没有这个限制，但这一点不是决定因素，主要还要依前面所述的两点来判断。 学以致用 一、.单句语法填空 1．The app does this by monitoring their time ________the users go to sleep, which means that you will feel less sleepy when you wake up every morning. 2．The six greatest 18th-century carved marble (大理石) sculptures in the East Sculpture Hall ________ sustained the most damage will receive conservation treatment. 3．An additional reason ________ it can be so desirable is that it tends to come from resources that are free. 4．In the US, Diane Ott Whealy and her husband founded Heritage Farm, a place ________ people can store and trade seeds. 5．This story about self-respect and self-love, ________ characters are Chinese, is set in Europe. 6．The first space launch led to the first human space flight, ________ led to the first moonwalk. 7．The Double Ninth Festival is also a time ________ the chrysanthemum (菊花) blooms. 8．Gig workers, often referred to as independent contractors (承包人) or temporary workers, are those such as delivery drivers and online sales hosts ________ often enter into contracts with on-demand companies to provide services for their clients. 9．By the time of the Ming Dynasty, people could use the abacus in addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, ________ were widely used for calculating the weight, amount, space and volume. 10．Shaxian snacks is a shining example of Chinese food chain brands, ________ most likely include foods such as steamed dumplings, noodles and huntun. 1．答案与解析：when　考查定语从句。句意：该应用程序通过监测用户睡觉的时间来实现这一点，这意味着每天早上醒来时你会感觉不那么困了。分析句子结构可知，此处“________ the users go to sleep”是限定性定语从句，先行词是time，指时间，从句缺少时间状语，故填when。 2．答案与解析：that　考查定语从句。句意：受损最严重的东方雕塑馆的6座18世纪最伟大的大理石雕塑将接受保护处理。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的是定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词sculptures是物，且被最高级greatest修饰，因此空格处用关系代词that，故填that。 3．答案与解析：why　考查定语从句。句意：它如此可取的另一个原因是，它往往来自免费的资源。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词reason，在从句中做原因状语，故填why。 4．答案与解析：where　考查定语从句。句意：在美国，黛安·奥特·惠里和她的丈夫创立了传统农场，人们可以在这里储存和交易种子。分析句子结构可知，先行词是place，指地点，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故填where。 5．答案与解析：whose　考查定语从句。句意：这个关于自尊和自爱的故事，主人公是中国人，故事发生在欧洲。此处考查非限定性定语从句的关系词，先行词为This story，先行词与characters为所属关系，设空处应用关系代词whose，后接characters，表示“故事的”。 6．答案与解析：which　考查定语从句。句意：第一次太空发射引领了第一次人类太空飞行，这引发了第一次月球行走。分析句子结构，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前边的整个句子，故填which。 7．答案与解析：when　考查定语从句。句意：重阳节也是菊花盛开的时节。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的是定语从句，先行词time是时间，因此空格处用关系副词when。 8．答案与解析：who　定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为those，指人，空处在从句中作主语，故用关系代词who。 9．答案与解析：which　定语从句关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为addition, subtraction, multiplication and division，空处在从句中作主语，所以填which。 10．答案与解析：which　定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知，此句为一个非限制性定语从句，先行词指物，且关系词在定语从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导。 二．语篇填空 A girl who has a gift for drawing I went to an exhibition last month, 1 I admired a lot of wonderful paintings. Mary, 2 drawings were shown at the exhibition, is a model student 3 is often praised for her good work at school. As soon as we got into the exhibition hall 4 the paintings were on show, our eyes were caught by a very large picture 5 was hung on the wall in front of us. The horse 6 was drawn in the picture was exactly like a real horse. The man 7 was riding on it looked like a living man. It was the best picture 8 I had ever seen, and I should say Mary is the best young painter 9 I have ever heard of. However, you will be quite mistaken if you think that Mary was born a good painter. One of her teachers told me that it had taken Mary thousands of hours to learn and practise drawing before she became the best young painter 10 has ever been heard of in her hometown. But if you say that she has learned to be so good at drawing only by working hard at it, I will certainly agree with you. 【答案】1. where 2. whose 3. who/that 4. where 5. that/which 6. that/ which 7. who/that 8. that 9. that 10. that 【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者去看画展的一次经历。 1.考查非限制性定语从句关系副词。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为an exhibition，关系副词where在从句中作地点状语，意为“在那里”。故填where。 2.考查非限制性定语从句关系代词。句意：玛丽的画作在展览会上展出，她是一个模范学生，经常因为她在学校的出色表现而受到表扬。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为Mary，关系代词whose在从句中作定语，表示所有关系。故填whose。 3.考查定语从句关系代词。先行词为a model student，关系代词who/that在从句中作主语，指人。故填who/that。 4.考查定语从句关系副词。句意：当我们进入展览大厅的时候，我们的眼睛被挂在我们面前墙上的巨幅画吸引住了。先行词为the exhibition hall，关系副词where在从句中作地点状语。故填where。 5.考查定语从句关系代词。先行词为picture，关系代词that/ which在从句中作主语，指物。故填that/which。 6.考查定语从句关系代词。句意：画中的马和真正的马一模一样。先行词为The horse，关系代词that/which在从句中作主语，指物。故填that/which。 7.考查定语从句关系代词。句意：骑在上面的人看起来像个活人。先行词为The man，关系代词who/that在从句中作主语，指人。故填who/that。 8.考查定语从句关系代词。句意：这是我见过的最好的画，我应该说Mary是我听说过的最好的年轻画家。先行词为the best picture，关系代词that在从句中作宾语，指物，因为先行词由最高级修饰，所以只能用that不用which。故填that。 9.考查定语从句关系代词。先行词为the best young painter，关系代词that在从句中作宾语，指人，因为先行词由最高级修饰，所以只能用that不用who。故填that。 10.考查定语从句关系代词。句意：她的一个老师告诉我，玛丽花了几千个小时学习和练习画画，才成为她家乡听说过的最好的年轻画家。先行词为the best young painter，关系代词that在从句中作主语，指人，因为先行词由最高级修饰，所以只能用that不用who。故填that。 【点拨】定语从句中关系词的选择可考虑以下二点： （1）一看先行词的意义，即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因（如指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which等。 （2）二看关系词的句法功能，即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等（如作定语通常用whose，有时也用which；作状语要用when，where，why。） （3）三看定语从句的种类，即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句（如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句）。 2025年高一英语初高中英语衔接学习资料 第四部分 单词&课文篇 WELCOME UNIT--Reading and Thinking单词，课文预习 · 词汇预先知 Ⅰ. 单词——记其形 1．an exchange student　一个交换生 2．design a logo 设计商标 3．be anxious about exams 担心考试 4．be annoyed about the mistake 对这个错误感到生气 5．an outgoing girl 一个外向的女孩 6．carry out the experiment 做实验 7．explore the city 探索这座城市 Ⅱ.单词——知其意 1．lecture n. 讲座；讲课；教训vi. (开)讲座；讲课vt. 训斥 2．female adj. 女(性)的；雌的n. 雌性动(植)物；女子 3．male adj. 男(性)的；雄的n. 雄性动(植)物；男子 4．formal adj. 正式的；正规的 5．guy n. 小伙子；男人；家伙 6．awkward adj. 令人尴尬的；难对付的 三、拓展词汇——通其变 1．registration n．登记；注册；挂号→register vt.&vi.登记；注册 2．nationality n．国籍；民族→nation n．国家；民族；国民 3．frightened adj.惊吓的；害怕的→frighten vt.使惊恐；使惊吓→fright n．恐惧；害怕→frightening adj令人恐惧的；可怕的 4．impression n．印象；感想→impress vt.使钦佩；给……留下深刻的好印象 vi.留下印象；引人注目 5．confident adj.自信的；有把握的→confidence__n．信心；信任 Ⅱ.核心短语 1．on campus 在校园里 2．senior high school (美国)高中 3．at last 终于；最终 4．Make an impression 留下好印象 5．concentrate on 集中精力于 6．leave...alone 不打扰；不惊动 7．junior high school (美国)初级中学 8．make friends 交朋友 9．tell a story 讲故事 10．next to 靠近 · 课文精研读 原文呈现 FIRST IMPRESSIONS Han Jing’s World 7: 00 a. m. So this is it—senior high school at last！I’m not outgoing so I’m a little anxious right now. I want to make a good first impression. Will I make any friends？What if no one talks to me? 12: 30 p. m. I just had my first maths class at senior high school！The class was difficult, but the teacher was kind and friendly. He even told us a funny story, and everyone laughed so much！I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful【1】. 【1】此处为“find＋宾语＋形容词”结构，most of my classmates and teachers为宾语，friendly and helpful作宾语补足语。 5: 32 p. m. This afternoon, we had our chemistry class in the science lab. The lab is new and the lesson was great, but the guy next to me tried to talk to me the whole time. I couldn’t concentrate on the experiment. I really wanted to tell him to please be quiet and leave me alone！ 10: 29 p. m. What a day【2】！This morning, I was worried that no one would talk to me. But I was wrong. I didn’t feel awkward or frightened at all. I miss my friends from junior high school, but I believe I will make new friends here, and there’s a lot to explore at senior high【3】. I feel much more confident than I felt this morning. I think that tomorrow will be a great day! 【2】此句为What引导的感叹句。 【3】这是一个there be句型；不定式to explore在句中作后置定语，修饰a lot。 Fill in the blanks according to the text. On the first day of high school, some people are excited, some are nervous, and others even feel frightened.Here 1.is (be) a look at Han Jing’s feelings on her first senior high school day. Han Jing wasn’t 2.an outgoing girl, so she was a bit anxious at first.She was very worried that no one would make friends with her.So she wanted to make a good first 3.impression (impress)． That morning, she had the first maths class.Although the class was difficult 4.to__understand (understand), the teacher was kind and humorous.He made everyone laugh a lot by 5.telling (tell) a funny story.At that time, Han Jing was happy to find her teachers and classmates friendly and helpful.That afternoon, they went to the science lab to do 6.experiments (experiment)．However, the boy next to Han Jing kept on talking to her so that she couldn’t concentrate on the experiment.That was so 7.annoying (annoy) that she even wanted to tell him to leave her alone. After the first day, Han Jing no longer 8.felt (feel) awkward and frightened.She had more confidence in the new school life 9.at last.What a perfect day she had, and she expected 10.that the next day would be another perfect day. 随堂精训练题组A 基础过关练 一．单词拼写 1．As an outgoing(外向的) girl，I get along well with my classmates. 2．Each of us is equal in the world in spite of his or her sex, religion or nationality (国籍)． 3．As we all know, a lack of formal (正规的) education will limit your job opportunities. 4．The news that our schoolmates had won the game soon spread over the whole campus(校园)． 5．Tom arrived at school late again，which made him feel awkward (令人尴尬的)． 6．The following simple experiment (实验) is used to separate different liquids. 7．The boss in that company is unwilling to employ female (女性的) workers. 8．Though Jack is younger than Ann, he is senior (级别高的) to her. 二．词形变化 1．Although it was hard at first, Jane came to enjoy working as a fashion designer(design)． 2．By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they are building their children’s confidence(confident)． 3．The audience is waiting anxiously (anxious) to see which team will win at last. 4．It is very important to make a good first impression (impress) at a job interview. 5．At that time, Mr Green was too frightened (frighten) to escape from the danger. 6．I get annoyed (annoy) when someone talks to me while I’m reading. 7．The deadline for registration (register) was brought forward to 2 p．m.instead of the scheduled 5：30 p．m. 8．It’s the sort of work that calls for a high level of concentration (concentrate)． 9．This project was designed to__help(help)the students in need. 10．He and his team are exploring (explore) new ways to make the game fun and practical. 能力提升练 A Outside of school, Laurent Simons is a common 9－year－old child.He plays video games with others, spends time online, and loves to travel.But when it comes to studying, he is a lot better than those ten years older than him.The most surprising thing is that he got a degree from university at age nine. Laurent Simons completed his final project at Eindhoven University of Technology and got a degree in electrical engineering (电气工程)．Most people take three years to complete the same program, but Laurent completed the program in just 10 months.Peter Baltus, one of his teachers, said，“Laurent has the ability to learn and take in lots of information in very little time.He learned more in short period of time, so I went through the courses much faster.” Laurent’s grandparents would tell him that he was special from a very young age.He started primary school when he was four, and at six years old he was already in high school.Then he started university and professors there couldn’t stop talking about how excellent Laurent Simons was. Laurent says he wants to study medicine later, and works on artificial organs (人造器官)．His reasons are personal.The grandparents he grew up with suffer from heart disease, which influences his choice. Laurent has appeared in many interviews.However, some people think Laurent’s parents shouldn’t allow him to go to so many interviews.They say that his parents have taken away his childhood.However, the boy’s father says that everything his son has achieved hasn’t been forced on him, but that it’s “who he is”． 【语篇解读】　本文是记叙文。Laurent Simons是一名9岁的小朋友，神奇的是，他竟然已经大学毕业了。 1．What makes Laurent Simons special? A．He is good at playing video games. B．He always feels himself successful. C．He is a well－known boy on the Internet. D．He finished university at a very young age. 答案　D　细节理解题。根据第一段内容，尤其是最后一句可知，Laurent Simons最神奇的地方是他9岁就从大学毕业了。 2．What do Peter Baltus’ words show? A．Laurent is really a quick learner. B．He offered Laurent more courses. C．Laurent spends most of his time studying. D．Laurent knows more than his classmates do. 答案　A　推理判断题。根据第二段Peter Baltus所说的话可知，Laurent学习和吸收新信息的能力很强，短时间内能学很多，所以Peter Baltus认为Laurent学得很快。 3．Why does Laurent Simons want to study medicine? A．To choose a popular job. B．To meet his parents’ wishes. C．To help people like his grandparents. D．To further study his favourite subject. 答案　C　细节理解题。根据第四段的His reasons are personal...which influences his choice可知，Laurent的祖父母患有心脏病，这影响了他的选择，故他想学医是为了帮助和他祖父母一样的人。 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Laurent Simons Is Just a Nine－Year－Old Boy. B．A Nine－Year－Old Boy Got a Degree from University. C．A Nine－Year－Old Boy Dreams of Studying Medicine. D．Laurent Simons Is Smarter than His Classmates. 答案　B　标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了Laurent Simons虽然只有9岁，但他已经大学毕业了。 B Running can be a polarizing (两极分化的) subject.Most people fall into one of two camps：those who love running every morning, and those who would sooner do anything to avoid it.For most of my life, I was planted in the second camp. I always hated running.At age 12, I remember entering a neighborhood 5K with my dad；I also remember placing dead last, followed by only the police car driving patiently behind me.Three years later, I didn’t make the junior volleyball team because I couldn’t run a mile in under 10 minutes.Every time I ran, I felt as though failure (失败)—in some form or another—was the only possible result. The summer after my freshman year, though.I took a job at a summer camp in Connecticut, where I got paid to be a kid again.I spent my days keeping an eye on different camp activities.When it came to exercise, running was my only choice.So, I made myself a promise：Every day, I would run for a while.By most runners’ standards, it wasn’t far.I guessed it was only about a mile.But I decided to do it every day, no matter how long it took.The exercise lasted for 61 days—the entire time I spent at camp that summer. I started to feel better about myself.But to my great surprise, I learned to love running too.I went from fearing the sport to loving it.I’ve finished seven marathons (马拉松) and more shorter races than I can remember, and I am now a running coach.These were the secrets I discovered to changing my way of looking at life. 【语篇解读】　本文是记叙文。文章讲述了从小不爱跑步的“我”在参加一次夏令营后爱上跑步，并将跑步发展为自己的职业。 5．What was the author’s attitude to running at first? A．He deeply loved it. B．He refused to do it. C．He was uninterested in it. D．He thought it was a waste of time. 答案　B　细节理解题。根据第一段中的Most people fall into one...planted in the second camp可知，作者认为自己是属于第二阵营的，即很回避跑步。 6．What can we say about the author from Paragraph 2? A．He didn’t like to do any sport. B．He didn’t believe he could do sports. C．He didn’t do well in running－related sports. D．He didn’t join in the volleyball team on purpose. 答案　C　推理判断题。根据第二段中作者讲述自己的运动经历可以看出，作者在与跑步有关的运动中表现得并不好。 7．What decision did the author make in the camp? A．To run every day. B．To do a part－time job. C．To fully relax himself in the camp. D．To take part in different activities. 答案　A　细节理解题。根据第三段中的So, I made myself a promise：Every day, I would run for a while可知，作者在夏令营做兼职的时候，决定每天跑一会儿步。 8．How does the author look at running after the camp? A．It is a difficult thing to do. B．It has become a boring sport. C．It makes no difference to him. D．It has changed his life in a good way. 答案　D　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的I’ve finished seven marathons...to changing my way of looking at life可知，跑步为作者的人生带来了积极的影响。 UNIT 1 TEENAGE LIFE --Reading and Thinking 单词，课文预习 1． 词汇预先知 Ⅰ. 单词——记其形 1．volunteer to protect the endangered animals志愿保护濒危动物 2．a heated debate 一场激烈的辩论 3．prefer jazz 更喜欢爵士乐 4．the __movements of the planets 行星的运动 5．a really big challenge 一个巨大的挑战 6．graduate from college 大学毕业 7．recommend joining in the activity 建议参加这项活动 8．quit smoking 戒烟 9．in advance of the scheduled time 比预定的时间提前 10．speak fluent English 说一口流利的英语 Ⅱ. 单词——知其意 1．ballet n．芭蕾舞 2．content n. 内容[pl.] 目录；(书、讲话、节目等的)主题adj. 满意的；满足的 3．greenhouse n. 温室；暖房 4．title n. (书、诗歌等的)名称；标题；职称；头衔 5．topic n. 话题；标题 6．freshman n. (中学)九年级学生；(大学)一年级新生 7．literature n. 文学；文学作品 8．extra－curricular adj. 课外的；课程以外的 9．extra adj. 额外的；附加的 10．solution n. 解决办法；答案 11．editor n. 主编；编辑；编者 Ⅲ. 拓展单词——通其变 1．teenage adj.十几岁的(指13至19岁)；青少年的→teenager n．(13至19岁之间的)青少年 2．suitable adj.合适的；适用的→suit vt.适合；使适宜 3．actually adv.事实上；的确→actual adj.真实的；实际的 4．confuse vt.使糊涂；使迷惑→confusing adj.难以理解的；不清楚的→confused adj.糊涂的；迷惑的 5．advance n．前进；发展 vi.前进；发展 vt.发展；促进→advanced adj.高级的；高等的；先进的 6．obviously adv.显然；明显地→obvious adj.显而易见的 7．responsible adj.负责的；有责任的→responsibility n．责任；义务 Ⅳ. 必备词块——英汉译 1．prefer...to... 喜欢……多于…… 2．clean up 打扫(或清除)干净 3．be suitable for 对……适合的 4．sign up (for sth) 报名(参加课程) 5．be responsible for 对……负责 6．join a club 参加一个俱乐部 7．be good at 擅长 8．hand out 分发 9．keep up with 跟上，赶上 10．be well prepared for 做好准备 课文精研读 原文呈现 THE FRESHMAN CHALLENGE Hi! My name is Adam and I’m a freshman at senior high school. Going from junior high school to senior high school【1】is a really big challenge. The first week was a little confusing. 【1】 画线部分是动词－ing短语作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。 First，I had to think very carefully about which courses I wanted to take【2】. The school adviser helped me choose the suitable ones: maths, English, chemistry, world history, and Chinese. I know that Chinese is a very difficult language, but I hope to be fluent when I graduate. My adviser recommended that I should sign up for advanced literaturebecause I like English and I’m good at it. 【2】画线部分是which引导的宾语从句，作介词about的宾语。 I had to choose extra－curricular activities, too. I tried to join the school football team, but the coach told me that I didn’t play well enough. Obviously，I was unhappy, but I won’t quit. I’ll find a way to improve【3】 on my own so that I can make the team next year【4】. I joined a volunteer club instead. Every Wednesday, we work at a soup kitchen and hand out food to homeless people in the community. 【3】to improve为不定式作定语修饰way；way后可跟不定式或者of doing作定语。 【4】画线部分为so that引导的目的状语从句。 I know I’ll have to study harder as a senior high school student and get used to being responsible for a lot more. I’m a bit worried about keeping up with the other students in my advanced course, and it’ll be quite difficult to get used to all the homework【5】. Still，I’m happy to be here. Studying hard isn’t always fun, but I’ll be well prepared for university or whatever else comes in the future【6】. 【5】 画线部分属于“it＋be＋adj. (＋for sb/sth)＋to do sth”结构。 【6】 画线部分是whatever引导的宾语从句，whatever在从句中作主语。 Fill in the blanks according to the text. Adam is a freshman at senior high school.He is faced with many 1.challenges(challenge) at this time.At first，he didn’t know which courses 2.to__choose(choose)，but his adviser helped him solve this problem.Though he chose Chinese，he thought 3.it was very difficult and hoped to be fluent when he graduated.His adviser also recommended that he 4.(should)__sign(sign) up for 5.advanced(advance) literature.In addition，he wanted to join the school football team but 6.was__refused(refuse)，7.which made him unhappy.He didn’t give up and decided to find a way 8.to__improve(improve) on his own and make the team next year.Now he is a volunteer，9.handing(hand) out food to homeless people.10.Studying (study) hard isn’t always fun，but he will try his best to keep up with others. 随堂精训练【小题夯基】 一.单词拼写 1．Studying abroad is a big challenge (挑战) to you，but it’s really interesting. 2．If you really want my advice, I don’t think you should quit (放弃) school. 3．I enjoy Chinese classic literature (文学) and has spent some time reading Tang Poetry. 4．She likes dancing and joined the ballet (芭蕾舞) club last week. 5．Because of the bad weather, the project is several weeks behind schedule(工作计划)． 6．Since his parents died early, he had to support himself when he was a teenager (青少年)． 7．I learned from the Notice Board that you want a word editor (编辑) for the English Weekly. 8．The speech calls on people to control greenhouse (温室) gases. 9．You had better allow extra (额外的) time for your journey. 10．Recently we had a class meeting on the topic (话题) of My Chinese Dream. 二.词形变化 1．It is our responsibility to learn advanced (advance) science and technology to build our country. 2．I can’t find suitable (suit) words to express my excitement. 3．People are confused (confuse) about what they should eat to stay healthy. 4．Obviously (obvious), she is telling a lie to her parents. 5．In other words, every action and movement (move) in Beijing Opera is important. 6．Kate graduated (graduate) from medical school last year. 7．Actually__(actual), helping others is helping ourselves. 8．The love and responsibility (responsible) have made him get through many hardships. 9．Having stayed in China for many years, he can speak Chinese fluently (fluent)． 10．The solution (solve) to the problem has been supported by most people. 【大题提能】 A My teacher，Mr August J．Bachmann，was the most impressive teacher I ever had. I had gotten into trouble in his class：Another student had pushed me for fun，and I became angry and began to hit him.Mr Bachmann stopped the fight，but instead of sending me to the office，he sat me down and asked a simple question，“Penna，why are you wasting your life？Why aren’t you going to college？” I didn’t know anything about colleges or scholarships.No one had ever considered that a fatherless boy from the poorest neighborhood had a future.That day，instead of rushing off for lunch，he stayed and explained possible education options to me.At the end of our talk，he sent me to see a secretary who had a child at a state college.This was in 1962 at Emerson High School in Union City，New Jersey. Well，55 years have passed，and what have I done with the knowledge he gave me？I gained a PhD from Fordham University when I was only 29.I taught English and social studies and then moved up the chain of command from teacher to headmaster. I’ve sat on the board for Magnet Schools of America and represented that organization at the United Nations.I’ve won a number of great educational awards.But where would I be if a truly caring teacher had not taken the time out of his lunch period to speak to me？It was without question only his confidence in me that helped me forward. I have repaid his kindness hundreds of times by encouraging misguided youngsters to aim higher.If I have saved any children，it is because of him.If I have been a successful educator，it is because I had a great role model in Mr Bachmann. 【语篇解读】　本文是记叙文。作者在文中记述了一位对自己有深远影响的老师。作者在遇到巴赫曼老师以前是一个没有人关心、不求上进的人，但巴赫曼老师对作者的教导改变了他的一生，最终使他成为一个成功人士。 1．The writer ________ before Mr Bachmann talked to him. A．was an active boy B．was an aimless boy C．liked making troubles in class D．would get punished by his teachers 答案　B　[推理判断题。根据第三段前两句I didn’t know anything about...had a future.可知，作者在遇到巴赫曼老师之前没有被关心过，是一个无目标、不求上进的孩子。故选B。] 2．Which of the following best describes Mr Bachmann? A．Fair. B．Confident. C．Inspiring. D．Humorous. 答案　C　[推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句At the end of our talk...in Union City，New Jersey.可知，他鼓励作者让作者看清自己的未来，他对作者是有激励性的，在文章中并没提及巴赫曼老师的公平、自信以及幽默，因此A、B和D是错误的，故选C。] 3．How did Mr Bachmann influence the writer? A．He set the writer on the right path. B．He was strict with the writer. C．He helped the writer with his study. D．He tried to set a good example to the writer. 答案　A　[推理判断题。根据第五段最后两句可知，巴赫曼老师给作者指出了正确的道路，作者才成为今天的自己。故选A。] 4．What does the writer think of his achievement? A．He is very proud of himself. B．He feels his effort paid off at last. C．He owes his achievement to Mr Bachmann. D．He thinks it an honor to be a successful educator. 答案　C　[细节理解题。根据文章最后两句If I have saved any children...I had a great role model in Mr Bachmann.可知，作者把他的成功归结为巴赫曼老师对他的鼓励。故选C。] B For many years, scientists and animal lovers have worked to make the world safer for endangered species (濒危物种)．Now, there is something that needs protection from these protected animals—a famous French cheese called Roquefort, known as the “King of Cheeses”． Roquefort is made from sheep’s milk in the southern part of the French mountains.Farmers have been making Roquefort for thousands of years, and they follow many rules when making it, to be sure that it is done in the traditional way.One of the rules is that they must let their sheep live freely in the mountains. However, following these rules has become very dangerous.Wolves have moved into the area, and they have killed 62 sheep.The wolves are an endangered species, and have not been seen in the French mountains since the 1920s.No one is allowed to kill the wolves, but the farmers are now saying it is impossible for their sheep to live in the same mountains as the wolves.Farmers have dogs to protect the sheep and have also built electric fences (电栅栏), but they say they will not have enough money to continue making Roquefort once they have spent it all on keeping their sheep safe.Many people have said that wolves that attack (袭击) sheep should be killed, since they have become a threat to the farmers’ jobs.Others think that anyone who wants the wolves killed is trying to make them become extinct(灭绝的)． Maybe it would not be a problem if Roquefort became extinct instead，and the wolves were able to live in the mountains.But then the farmers would not have jobs.Will the people of Southern France be able to find a way that protects both the wolves and the King of Cheeses? Let’s wait and see. 【语篇解读】　本文是说明文。因为狼群的出现，罗克福奶酪面临着停产的危机。 5．What can we learn about Roquefort? A．It is produced in many places in France. B．It has been made in modern ways. C．It has a long history. D．It is easy to make. 答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的Farmers have been...done in the traditional way可知，罗克福奶酪有着悠久的历史。] 6．What problem do the sheep face? A．They have been endangered since the 1920s. B．They are in danger of being attacked. C．They are too expensive to feed. D．They are killed by people. 答案　B　[细节理解题。根据第三段中的Wolves have moved into...killed 62 sheep可知，羊群正面临着被狼群袭击的危险。] 7．What may happen if farmers fight with the wolves? A．They can’t afford to make the cheese. B．They have no time to make the cheese. C．They have no idea how to sell the cheese. D．They can’t produce the cheese with high quality. 答案　A　[细节理解题。根据第三段中的Farmers have dogs...their sheep safe可知，如果农民全力以赴对付狼群，他们将无法负担制作罗克福奶酪的费用。] 8．What do people think of the wolves? A．They agree with killing the wolves. B．They support leaving the wolves as they are. C．They are divided on the ways of protecting the wolves. D．They hold different ideas about how to deal with the wolves. 答案　D　[推理判断题。根据第三段中的Many people have...them become extinct可知，人们对如何处理狼群持有不同的意见。] UNIT 2　TRAVELLING AROUND --Reading and Thinking 单词，课文预习 一. 词汇预先知 Ⅰ.单词——记其形 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1．apply for a visa　申请签证 2．pack up the things into the suitcase把东西装到了手提箱里 3．sources of information 信息的来源 4．a narrow mountain path 一条狭窄的山路 5．an official language 官方语言 6．these types of books 这些种类的书籍 7．the unique animal 独特的动物 8．popular holiday destinations 受欢迎的度假去处 9．contact between the two organizations这两个机构的联系 10．go hiking 去远足 Ⅱ.单词——知其意 1．castle n. 城堡；堡垒 2．visa n. 签证 3．rent vt. 租用；出租vi. 租用；租金为n. 租金 4．flat adj. 平坦的；扁平的n. 公寓；单元房 5．empire n. 帝国 6．emperor n. 皇帝 7．site n. 地点；位置；现场 8．flight n. 空中航行；航班；航程 9．accommodation n. 住处；停留处；膳宿 10．path n. 小路；路线；道路 11．brochure n. 资料(或广告)手册 12．package n. 包裹；包装盒vt. 将……包装好 13．transport n. 交通运输系统vt. 运输；运送 14．civilisation n. 文明；文明世界 15．soldier n. 士兵；军人 Ⅲ.单词——通其变 1．amazing adj.令人惊奇的；令人惊喜的→amazed adj.惊奇的；惊喜的→amaze vt.使吃惊；使惊讶→amazement n．惊奇，惊诧 2．arrangement n．安排；筹备→arrange vt.安排 3．extremely adv.极其；非常→extreme adj.极端的；极度的 4．powerful adj.强有力的；有权势的；有影响力的→power n．权力；能力；控制力；影响力；力量 5．recognise vt.辨别出；承认；认可→recognition n．认出；认识 6．admire vt.钦佩；赞赏→admiration n．钦佩；羡慕 7．architecture n．建筑设计；建筑学→architect n．建筑设计师 Ⅳ.词块——英汉译 1．apply for 申请 2．take control of 控制；接管 3．get ready for 为……做好准备 4. encourage sb to do sth 鼓励某人做某事 5．spend some time doing sth 花费时间做某事 6．an extremely beautiful place 一个非常美丽的地方 7．inspire sb to do sth 鼓励某人做某事 8．in the 16th century 在16世纪 9．explore the rainforest 探索热带雨林 10．be unique to 是……特有的 课文精研读 原文呈现 PERU is a country on the Pacific coast of South America with three main areas: narrow, dry, fla land running along the coast【1】, the Andes Mountains, and the Amazon rainforest. 【1】running along the coast为现在分词短语作定语，修饰land。 In the 1400s and 1500s，Peru was the centre of the powerful ancient Inca Empire. The Inca emperor lived in the now－famous site Machu Picchu. Spain took control of Peru in the 16th century and ruled until 1821. It is for this reason that Spanish is the main official language of Peru【2】. 【2】本句是强调句型，强调的是原因状语for this reason。 TRAVEL PERU Amazon Rainforest Tour A short flight from Cusco takes you from the Andes into the Amazon rainforest【1】. From there, you’ll spend one day travelling by boat to your accommodation in the middle of the forest. You can then spend three days exploring the rainforest with a local guide and enjoying the plants and animals unique to the rainforest. 【1】此句和第二段中的第一句都使用了“. . . take(s) you. . . ”句型，这是旅游英语中的常用句型。 Machu Picchu Tour This four－day walking tour will take you on amazing paths through the Andes Mountains on the way to the city of Machu Picchu. After reaching your destination, you will have a day to explore and be amazed by this ancient city. Especially amazing is the Incas’ dry stone method of building【2】. Inca builders cut stones to exact sizes so that nothing was needed to hold walls together other than the perfect fit of the stones【3】. 【2】本句是表语提前引起的全部倒装结构，句子的主语是the Incas’ dry stone method of building。 【3】此处是so that引导的结果状语从句。 Cusco Tour Spend four days enjoying the unique Spanish and local Indian culture high in the Andes at Cusco，the capital of the Inca Empire from the 13th until the 16th century【4】. Stay in a local hotel, visit the museums, admire the architecture, enjoy the excellent local food, and go shopping at the local markets. 【4】“the capital. . . until the 16th century”作Cusco的同位语。 Lake Titicaca Tour Enjoy the beautiful countryside as you spend a day driving along the new highway connecting Cusco to Lake Titicaca【5】. There, a boat will take you to stay with a local Uros family on an island for three days. Both the island and the Uros homes are made of water plants from the lake. So come and experience what Peru has to offer【6】: everything from the ancient Inca culture and centuries－old Spanish villages to deep rainforests，high mountains, and a beautiful coastline. For more brochures about other package tours around Peru, contact us at tourinfo@travelperu. org. 【5】此处是as引导的时间状语从句。 【6】本句为祈使句，what引导宾语从句。 Fill in the blanks according to the text. Peru is a country on the central western coast of South America facing the Pacific Ocean. It consists 1. three parts: narrow, dry, flat land 2. (run) along the coast, the Andes Mountains, and the Amazon rainforest. Spanish is the main language of Peru. It is because Peru 3. (rule) by Spain from the 16th century to 1821. But before that, Peru was the centre of the ancient Inca Empire, and its emperor lived in what is now known as the site Machu Picchu. Peru is an 4. (amaze) destination with something for tourists. Here 5. (be) two magical tours: Amazon Rainforest Tour and Machu Picchu Tour. In Amazon Rainforest Tour, you can first take 6. short flight into the Amazon rainforest and then will travel for a day to your 7. (accommodate) by boat. In the following three days, you can explore the unique rainforest with a local guide. In the other tour, you can take a four－day hike through the Andes to the city of Machu Picchu. After 8. (explore) the ancient city, you will find it very amazing, 9. (especial) the Incas’ dry stone method of building. Inca builders cut stones 10. exactly that nothing was needed to hold walls together. 随堂精训练【小题夯基】 一.单词拼写 1．With a local villager guiding us, we finally found the ancient castle(城堡)． 2．As we all know，the Internet is a useful source (来源) of information for us. 3．Sara lives in a flat(公寓) in central London with her husband and children. 4．Let me see your passport and visa(签证) please. 5．We would like to go over the house before deciding to rent(租用) it. 6．The path (小路) was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning. 7．This text probably comes from a tourist brochure (手册)． 8．Both English and French are official(官方的) languages in Canada. 9．Having said goodbye to their friends, they set off for their destination(目的地)． 10．As the idea of low－carbon life is now widely accepted, more and more people travel by public transport(交通)． 二.词形变化 1．What made me disappointed was that our flight(fly) was put off because of the terrible storm. 2．The school is widely admired (admire) for its excellent teaching. 3．When I began my senior high school, I found it extremely (extreme) difficult to learn English well. 4．The hall was__packed (pack) with excited students when the lecture began. 5．Liang Sicheng majored in architecture (architect) in Tsinghua University. 6．I have told him about the arrangement(arrange) of the meeting. 7．It was amazing(amaze) that he should have survived the big fire. 8．Alexander tried to get his work recognised (recognise)in the medical circle. 9．Parents and coaches are powerful (power) teachers because children usually look up to them. 10．She told me that she narrowly(narrow) escaped the accident that day. 【大题提能】 A Have you ever traveled by airplane? After arriving at the airport, you might be told that you can’t take your suitcase on the airplane.Where does it go？What happens to your suitcase? Baggage handling systems (行李处理系统) differ from airport to airport，but they have three main jobs.First, they carry your baggage to the airplane that you’ll be flying on.Secondly, you may have to change airplanes in your trip.At this time, they move your baggage to the new airplane.Finally, the systems move your baggage from the airplane to a central collection area at the end of your journey. In 2018, about 24，800，000 bags were lost or damaged (损坏) around the world.It seems like a big number.But you won’t think so when you compare it with the number of all passengers in the same year：4，360，000，000 people.If each passenger brings at least one bag, only 0.6% of all bags were lost or damaged.Besides, only 5% of all missing baggage was not finally returned to their owners. If you truly lost your baggage, it may end up at one place：the Unclaimed Baggage Center (UBC)．At UBC, all items (物品) are divided into three groups：things sold in the store, trash, and items given away to organizations for helping the poor.About 7，000 new items arrive every day.These include clothes, personal computer, guitars, ect.Only the best items are chosen to be sold again.And they can be sold at 20%－80% off. New technology (技术) is helping airlines and passengers to keep a closer eye on their baggage during their journeys.Besides, there are also a few steps passengers can take to watch their baggage... 【语篇解读】　本文是说明文。当我们乘飞机旅行时，$$