第02讲 沪外版2020必修二词汇（词性转换，短语词组，词汇综合检测）（复习讲义）（上海专用）2026年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

第02讲 沪外版必修二词汇 目录 01 考情解码·命题预警 2 02 体系构建·思维可视 3 03 核心突破·靶向攻坚 4 考点一 Unit 1 Nature 4 知识点1 读单词、识词义 4 知识点2 重点常考派生词词形转换 6 知识点3 重点短语词组固定搭配 7 考向1 补全句子（本单元重点词汇巩固） 7 考向2 单元话题选词填空 8 考点二 Unit 2 Animals 13 知识点1 读单词、识词义 13 知识点2 重点常考派生词词形转换 14 知识点3 重点短语词组固定搭配 15 考向1 补全句子（本单元重点词汇巩固） 16 考向2 单元话题选词填空 18 考点三 Unit 3 Food 21 知识点1 读单词、识词义 21 知识点2 重点常考派生词词形转换 21 知识点3 重点短语词组固定搭配 23 考向1 补全句子（本单元重点词汇巩固） 24 考向2 单元话题选词填空 26 考点四 Unit 4 Unit 4 Sports 30 知识点1 读单词、识词义 31 知识点2 重点常考派生词词形转换 31 知识点3 重点短语词组固定搭配 32 考向1 补全句子（本单元重点词汇巩固） 32 考向2 单元话题选词填空 35 考点要求 考题统计 考情分析 教材词汇 课标词汇 近几年出现超纲词（含熟词生义；派生词；转化词） perception strategic methodology eradicate alleviate mitigate 一：新高考词汇难度增大。高频词深度化考查成为绝对主流；检测学生对核心词在语篇语境下的词汇深层理解和运用能力，要求建立以核心词为主的语义网络。 二：学术词汇（AWL）考查量激增与语境化。学术词汇表（Academic Word List）在最近试卷中出现频率增长较多，且呈现：生物领域：culture=细胞培养（非文化） 经济文本：fluctuation=市场波动。检测"中国文化→英语思维→国际表达"的转换能力，要求考生建立概念对等而非字面对应的认知模式。在备考中，应当注重掌握课标，扩充课外阅读量。 1. 稳中有升增加对熟词生义的考查。 2. 适度考查一些学生不常接触的高考词汇。 3. 加大了对构词法的考查力度。 4. 全面考查词汇在语境中灵活运用的能力，如情境意识、同义转换和概要思维能力。 复习目标：以新课标词汇+考纲词汇为依据，上外、上教版新教材单词表为蓝本，以近年新高考真题为导向，在一轮词汇复习中夯实词汇基础，并反复积累，运用构词法扩大词汇量并在大量的语篇阅读中迁移词汇运用能力，大胆猜测熟词的生义并积累地道的搭配和习惯用语。 考点一Unit1 Nature 词汇表 知识点1 读单词、识词义 单词 词性 释义 短语搭配 creature n. 生物；动物 - species n. 物种 - paradise n. 天堂；乐园 - wither v. 枯萎；凋谢 - replace v. 取代；替换；代替 replace...with...（用…… 替换……） elaborate v./adj. 精心制作 / 阐述；详尽的、精心的 - fountain n. 喷泉；源泉 - nobleman n. 贵族 - majesty n. 威严；雄伟；王权 - trick n./v. 诡计；欺骗 play a trick on sb.（捉弄某人） whisper v./n. 低语；耳语 whisper to sb.（对某人耳语） reward n./v. 报酬；奖励 reward sb. for sth.（因某事奖励某人） solution n. 解决办法；溶液 the solution to...（…… 的解决办法） theory n. 理论；学说 in theory（理论上） restore v. 恢复；修复；归还 restore...to...（把…… 恢复到……） royal adj. 皇家的；王室的 - former adj. 从前的；前者的 the former（前者） splendour n. 壮丽；辉煌 - disappear v. 消失；失踪 - particularly adv. 特别；尤其 - moth n. 飞蛾 - fool n./v. 愚人；愚弄 fool sb. into doing sth.（哄骗某人做某事） worm n. 虫；蠕虫 - native adj./n. 本国的；本地人 be native to（原产于……） rare adj. 稀有的；罕见的 - flourish v. 繁荣；兴旺 - amongst prep. 在…… 之中 - insect n. 昆虫 - organism n. 生物体；有机体 - balance n./v. 平衡；使平衡 keep balance（保持平衡） destroy v. 破坏；摧毁 - delicate adj. 脆弱的；精美的 - send for phr.v. 派人去请；召唤 - break into phr.v. 闯入；破门而入 - tragedy n. 悲剧；灾难 - damage n./v. 损害；损伤 do damage to（对…… 造成损害） beyond prep./adv. 超过；在远处 beyond doubt（毫无疑问） generation n. 一代；一代人 generation after generation（一代又一代） pauper n. 穷人；乞丐 - preserve v. 保护；保存 preserve...from...（保护…… 免受……） appreciate v. 欣赏；感激 appreciate doing sth.（感激做某事） miraculous adj. 奇迹般的；不可思议的 - aflame adj. 着火的；燃烧的 - sunset n. 日落；傍晚 at sunset（在日落时分） transform v. 改变；转换 transform...into...（把…… 变成……） familiar adj. 熟悉的；常见的 be familiar with（熟悉） landscape n. 风景；山水画 - wonderland n. 仙境；奇境 - clump n./v. 丛；簇；丛生 - daffodil n. 水仙花 - glow v./n. 发光；光亮 - affect v. 影响；感染 - mood n. 情绪；心情 in a good/bad mood（心情好 / 坏） responsible adj. 负责的；有责任感的 be responsible for（对…… 负责） gloomy adj. 黑暗的；沮丧的 - romantic adj. 浪漫的；多情的 - bud n./v. 芽；发芽 - timid adj. 胆小的；羞怯的 - frozen adj. 冻结的；冷酷的 - intrinsic adj. 本质的；固有的 - sunrise n. 日出；黎明 at sunrise（在日出时分） breeze n./v. 微风；吹微风 - gaze v./n. 凝视；注视 gaze at（凝视；注视） renew v. 使更新；续借 - aware adj. 意识到的；知道的 be aware of（意识到） positive adj. 积极的；肯定的 - tear up phr.v. 撕毁；撕碎 - bloom v./n. 开花；花 in bloom（盛开） Antarctic adj./n. 南极的；南极地区 the Antarctic（南极地区） exploration n. 探索；探险 - rainforest n. 雨林 - reduction n. 减少；下降 - energy n. 能量；精力 save energy（节约能源） amazement n. 惊奇；惊愕 to one's amazement（令某人惊讶的是） awe n./v. 敬畏；使敬畏 in awe of（敬畏） stress n./v. 压力；强调 under stress（在压力下） contentment n. 满足；满意 - curiosity n. 好奇心；好奇 out of curiosity（出于好奇） reveal v. 揭示；揭露 reveal sth. to sb.（向某人揭示某事） 知识点2 重点常考派生词词形转换 creation n. 创造；产物 → create v. 创造；creative adj. 创造性的 preservation n. 保护；保存 → preserve v. 保护；preservative adj. 防腐的 restoration n. 恢复；修复 → restore v. 恢复；restored adj. 修复的 appreciation n. 欣赏；感激 → appreciate v. 欣赏；appreciative adj. 感激的 transform v. 改变；转换 → transformation n. 转变；transformative adj. 有变革性的 aware adj. 意识到的 → awareness n. 意识；unaware adj. 未意识到的 positive adj. 积极的 → positively adv. 肯定地；positivity n. 积极性 revelation n. 揭示；揭露 → reveal v. 揭示；revealing adj. 揭露性的 amaze v. 使惊奇 → amazement n. 惊奇；amazing adj. 令人惊奇的 threat n. 威胁 → threaten v. 威胁；threatening adj. 威胁性的 知识点3 重点词组短语固定搭配 1. a natural garden — 自然花园 2. withered and dry — 枯萎干燥 3. elaborate fountains — 精致的喷泉 4. restore to former splendour — 恢复昔日辉煌 5. moth poo — 飞蛾粪便 6. delicate balance of nature — 自然的微妙平衡 7. cultural harmony — 文化和谐 8. participants in the natural scene — 自然场景的参与者 9. send for 派人去叫; 请 (某人) 来 10. show up 使显露; 显露 11. break into 强行闯入；成功打入 (某行业、某领域) 12. tear up 拆除; 拆毁 考向1 完成句子（本单元词汇巩固） A. ignore B.solution C. reward D. delicate E.paradise F.theory G.destroy H.creature I.wither J.restore K.replace 1. Although he has sought to find a peaceful_______ , he is facing pressure to use greater military force. 2.One species of tree _______ another as a forest ages. 3. The firm last night offered a $10,000_______ for information leading to the conviction of the killer. 4. Bali is one of the world's great natural _______. 5. Alaskan Eskimos believe that every living _______ possesses a spirit. 6.Such arguments ________the question of where ultimate responsibility lay. 7. When he went into retirement, he visibly _______. 8.Marx produced a new_______ about historical change based upon conflict between competing groups. 9. The army has recently been brought in to_______ order. 10. These products are highly recognized by users for its _______ appearance design, stable quality control and perfect sound performance. 考向2 选词填空 （2025·上海长宁·二模）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．artificially    B．bound     C．causally     D．conservationists         E.considerable F.definitive    G.dominate    H.grounds     I.linked     J.stabilized    K.stuff Eat away fire The African continent has a wide variety of habitat types, but savanna (热带稀树草原) ecosystems cover roughly half. And where there is savanna, there is fire. “It’s an important part of the ecology of the system,” says University of Liverpool ecologist James R. Probert. Burning allows grasses to 1 by keeping taller bushes from spreading on the landscape. Loss of grasses could push out species such as wildebeest (牛羚). A decade ago, researchers believed that the decline in fires in Tanzania’s Serengeti National Park was due to the recovery of wildebeest populations after a certain disease. When millions of wildebeest 2 themselves with grass, they remove fuel from the landscape, making fires less frequent and less severe. However, Probert and his coworkers found that even after wildebeest populations 3 in the mid-1990s, fires continued to decrease in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem. Their analysis of satellite data revealed a(n) 4 40 percent decline in wildfires between 2001 and 2014—coinciding with dramatic increases in farm animals in the area. “If you have lots of grass-eating animals, then you have less fire. That’s well known,” Probert says. “But I don’t think anybody had realized the extent of the decline in fire and 5 it to farm animals before.” John Fryxell, a biologist at the University of Guelph, calls this pattern “really interesting.” He warns that 15 years of data is still a small sample for 6 conclusions. “This suggests there’s something interesting here that could provide the 7 for a deeper experimental analysis,” he adds. Future research could include 8 controlling fire frequency or animal populations in certain areas. It can be followed by monitoring the landscape’s response over time. Probert notes that some areas face a problem where farm animals use up more resources than the land can sustain. He suggests that 9 work with sheep or cattle farmers. They can develop an alternating feeding plan, spreading the animals’ impact over time and space. Studies like Probert’s reveal how wild places like the Serengeti-Mara are 10 connected to human activities. Their findings stress the urgency for sustainable practices to preserve wildlife and ecosystems. （2025·上海青浦·二模）Directions:  Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box.  Each word can be used only once.  Note that there is one word more than you need. A．controlling    B．practically      C． sort         D．litter    E. claimed      F. diet           G. inefficient     H. revolutionary   I. commercial    J. reborn   K. theoretically A New Way to Break Down “Unrecyclable” Plastic Waste The world is miserable at recycling plastics. Currently, just 10-15% of the plastic waste we generate annually is recycled — with the rest burned, buried in landfill or dumped as 11 . A big part of the problem is that much of the waste is a pile of different dirty plastics mixed with food, inks and labels. It’s expensive to clean and 12 this mess into streams of single-polymer plastic — the kind that is generally needed for conventional “mechanical” recycling, in which plastic is cut, melted and re-formed into small balls, ready for new products. That explains the excitement around a chemical plant that will start 13 operations this year in northeast England. It can, 14 , take any kind of plastic waste, including mixed plastics considered “unrecyclable”, and break it down into chemicals that are similar to those extracted from oil. With further processing, these chemicals can be turned back into fresh plastic. If successful, it could be a powerful example of a circular manufacturing process — in which plastic is used and reprocessed over and over again — potentially 15 the world’s dependence on fossil resources to make original plastics. The facility uses a variation on a concept called chemical recycling, which breaks plastics apart into smaller chemical building blocks. Its main competitor in this approach is pyrolysis: heating plastics to temperatures above 450 °C in a reactor without oxygen. But pyrolysis is energy-intensive and 16 , with much of the plastic being turned into something useless. Mura Technology, the London-based company behind the facility, says it is the first commercial-scale plant in the world to recycle plastic in this way. Mura has also declared the technology to be “ 17 ” because it “has the potential to help eliminate plastic waste, recycling all types of plastic to create a true circular economy”.   In practice, as Mura explains, the plant is currently picky about its 18 of plastic waste. And because, as with pyrolysis plants, not all of the facility’s products will be 19 as plastic, some critics say that the process shouldn’t count as recycling — an accusation that Mura rejects. These practicalities raise questions about the future of plastics pollution and whether chemical recycling can live up to its promised potential. The idea is not useless — but the real-life complications around the process make it less groundbreaking than 20 . 考点二Unit 2 Animals 词汇表 知识点1 读单词、识词义 单词 词性 释义 短语搭配 cruel adj. 残忍的；残酷的 be cruel to（对…… 残忍） debate n./v. 辩论；争论 debate about/on/over sth.（辩论某事） establishment n. 建立；设立；机构 - welfare n. 福利；幸福 social welfare（社会福利） concern n./v. 关心；忧虑；涉及 be concerned about（关心） argue v. 争论；辩论 argue with sb. about sth.（与某人争论某事） remove v. 移动；移除；开除 remove...from...（从…… 移除……） habitat n. 栖息地；产地 - cage n./v. 笼子；把…… 关进笼子 - hunt v./n. 打猎；搜寻 hunt for（搜寻；寻找） additionally adv. 此外；加之 - exhibit v./n. 展览；展示；展览品 - adjust v. 调整；适应 adjust to（适应） climate n. 气候；风气 - location n. 位置；地点 - design n./v. 设计；图案；构思 by design（故意地） extinction n. 灭绝；消失 in danger of extinction（濒临灭绝） conservation n. 保护；保存 wildlife conservation（野生动物保护） essential adj./n. 必要的；本质；要素 be essential to（对…… 必要） threat n. 威胁；恐吓 pose a threat to（对…… 构成威胁） illegal adj. 非法的；违法的 It is illegal to do sth.（做某事非法） extinct adj. 灭绝的；熄灭的 - moreover adv. 此外；而且 - attempt n./v. 企图；尝试 attempt to do sth.（试图做某事） replicate v. 复制；重复 - material n./adj. 材料；物质的 building materials（建筑材料） exhibition n. 展览；展览会 put on an exhibition（举办展览） tropical adj. 热带的；热情的 - tropically adv. 热带地；酷热地 - indoors adv. 在室内；在户内 - tank n. 坦克；水槽 - slightly adv. 轻微地；稍微 - approach v./n. 接近；方法；途径 approach to...（…… 的方法） overall adj./adv. 全部的；总体上 - definitely adv. 肯定地；明确地 - reunite v. 重聚；再结合 - retire v. 退休；退役 retire from（从…… 退休 / 退役） bricklayer n. 砖瓦匠 - penguin n. 企鹅 - death n. 死亡；毁灭 put to death（处死） feather n. 羽毛 - diet n./v. 饮食；节食 be on a diet（节食） strength n. 力量；力气；优势 build up strength（增强力量） release v./n. 释放；发布 release...from...（从…… 释放……） nearby adj./adv. 附近的；在附近 - elderly adj. 上了年纪的；年老的 - migrate v. 迁移；迁徙 - recall v./n. 回想起；召回 recall doing sth.（回忆做过某事） affectionate adj. 深情的；充满深情的 be affectionate to/towards（对…… 深情） emerge v. 出现；浮现 emerge from（从…… 出现） peck v./n. 啄；轻吻 - lap n./v. 膝盖；轻拍 - sardine n. 沙丁鱼 - observe v. 观察；遵守；注意到 observe sb. do/doing sth.（观察某人做 / 正在做某事） safari n. 旅行；狩猎远征 go on a safari（去旅行 / 狩猎） flight n. 飞行；航班 catch a flight（赶航班） stair n. 楼梯；梯级 - carbon monoxide n. 一氧化碳 - meow v./n. 猫叫；猫叫声 - scratch v./n. 抓；挠；抓痕 - 知识点2 重点常考派生词词形转换 1. debate n./v. 辩论 → debater n. 辩论者；debatable adj. 有争议的 2. establishment n. 建立；机构 → establish v. 建立；established adj. 已建立的 3. conservation n. 保护 → conserve v. 保护；conservative adj. 保守的 4. extinction n. 灭绝 → extinct adj. 灭绝的；extinctive adj. 使灭绝的 5. illegal adj. 非法的 → illegally adv. 非法地；illegality n. 非法行为 6. affectionate adj. 深情的 → affection n. 喜爱；affectionately adv. 深情地 7. observe v. 观察；遵守 → observation n. 观察；observer n. 观察者 8. migrate v. 迁移；迁徙 → migration n. 迁徙；migrant n. 迁徙者 9. release v./n. 释放 → releasable adj. 可释放的；released adj. 已释放的 10. strength n. 力量；优势 → strengthen v. 加强；strong adj. 强壮的 知识点3 重点词组短语固定搭配 1. animal welfare — 动物福利 2. natural habitat — 自然栖息地 3. endangered species — 濒危物种 4. illegal hunting — 非法捕猎 5. replicate natural environment — 复制自然环境 6. cultural diversity — 文化多样性 7. globalise cuisines — 使饮食全球化 8. balance between humans and animals — 人类与动物的平衡 9. establish oneself as… 确立了…的地位 10.adjust… to… 调整…以适应… 11.under threat 受到威胁 考向1 补全句子（本单元词汇巩固） A.threat B. recall C.extinct D. pecking E.definitely F. emerge G.typically H.essential J. definitely K.retire 1. As they must also sprint over short distances, speed is 2. Herbalism had become an all but skill in the Western world. 3. Some couples see single women as a to their relationships. 4. , the Norwegians were on the mountain two hours before anyone else. 5.I'm going to get in touch with these people. 6. He had a good memory, and total of her spoken words. 7.She then from the courthouse to thank her supporters. 8.It was winter and the sparrows were at whatever they could find. 9. I'm _________ going to get in touch with these people. 10. I have decided to _________from Formula One racing at the end of the season. 考向2 选词填空 （2025·上海杨浦·二模）Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．preserving    B．focus    C．ultimately    D．determined    E．typically F．demanding    G．general    H．exclusionary    I．power    J．engaged    K．changed Hundreds of Birds to be Renamed The American Ornithological (鸟类的) Society (AOS) has announced that it will rename all birds that are named after people. The change is being made to ensure that names of people who 21 in discrimination are not attached to the birds. The AOS, based in Chicago, has maintained a list of English-language names for birds in North America since 1886. In 2020, a petition (请愿书) 22 a change to bird names that were considered harmful was signed by 182 people and submitted to the AOS. A committee 23 that all birds named after people should get new names. “There is 24 in a name,” said Colleen Handel, the president of AOS. “Some English bird names have associations with the past that continue to be 25 .” The new names, she said, would 26 on “the unique feature of the birds themselves.” The AOS will begin coming up with new common names for the birds early November, focusing on 70 to 80 species in the US and Canada. The scientific names of the species, written in Latin, will not be 27 . The names of birds in Latin America will be considered next. And 28 , the AOS plans to change the names of 263 birds. Some birds have already gotten a new name. In 2020, the AOS renamed a songbird that had been named after a(n) 29 in the US Civil War (1861-1865) who had been part of the Confederacy, the group of states that was committed to 30 slavery. The songbird’s new name is the thick-billed longspur. Christian Cooper, a Black bird enthusiast, told The New York Times, “There’s no reason to have a person’s name attached to a bird because it doesn’t tell you anything about the bird.” （2025·上海·模拟预测）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．acquire     B．cover     C． dependent    D．enhanced   E. evolution   F. fashioned   G. elements    H. material   I. knock-on     J. perfect     K. functional Orangutans (红毛猩猩) are known for an impressive feat of engineering: they carefully weave an intricate nest from branches and leafy twigs in the forest canopy daily, building and rebuilding for cozy nights and shady midday naps. Some nests, particularly those made by older and more experienced orangutans, feature pillows, linings, blankets, and sometimes even a roof 31 from broad leaves — and all must be well protected from the 32 and strong enough to hold 100-plus pounds of sleeping ape. Now a study published in Animal Behavior reveals that young orangutans 33 this vital task over the course of seven years, “The fact that it takes them so long to 34 this skill shows us that it’s much more complex than we realized before,” says the study’s lead author Andrea Permana, a primatologist (灵长类动物学家) at the University of Warwick in England. To understand this behavior, researchers followed 45 orangutans at Indonesia’s Gunung Leuse National Park for 13 years. “It was very cool to see more focus on 35 culture and tool-use behavior that isn’t the standard ‘sticks and stones,’ like the caveman tools that we usually focus on,” says University of Kent primatologist Hella Peter, who was not involved in the study. Permana found that orangutans begin to show interest in nest building as young six months. These still 36 orangutans practice the task daily over the course of their youth, watching their mother to learn building techniques. As they get older, their strength and skills improve, letting them more successfully weave twigs and branches into the structure. Researchers have seen orangutans build their first 37 night nests at three years old, but they still tend to sleep alongside their mothers until about age seven. Orangutans “have this seven-to-nine-year-long reliance period when they are little babies, and after that they are on their own.” Peter says. These nests offer more than just 38 from tigers and other predators; sleep itself is a crucial resource as well. All great apes construct nests to some degree, and studies show that orangutans sleep deeper and longer than non-nest-building primates. This sound sleep may tell us how nests played a part in our own ancestors’ brain because human ancestors and orangutan ancestors developed nest building 39 simultaneously. Permana says: “The more rested you are, then you can be more innovative. Maybe you’re more curious, your memory is better, and you can solve problems better. The 40 effects of that on the success of our ancestors is pretty undoubtable.” 考点三Unit 3 Foods词汇表 知识点1 读单词、识词义 单词 词性 释义 短语搭配 shock n./v. 震惊；使震惊；休克 be shocked at/by（对…… 震惊） culture shock n. 文化冲击 - host n./v. 主人；主持；主办 play host to（主办；招待） multiple adj./n. 多重的；倍数 - variety n. 种类；多样 a variety of = varieties of（各种各样的） champagne n. 香槟酒；香槟色 - slice n./v. 薄片；切 a slice of（一片……） serving n. 一份食物；上菜（serve 的现在分词） - focus n./v. 焦点；集中 focus on（集中于） facility n. 设施；设备 public facilities（公共设施） strategy n. 策略；战略 marketing strategy（营销策略） phenomenon n. 现象（复数：phenomena） - graph n. 图表；曲线图 - honeymoon n./v. 蜜月；度蜜月 go on a honeymoon（去度蜜月） phase n./v. 阶段；分阶段进行 in the initial phase（在初始阶段） frustrating adj. 令人沮丧的；使人懊恼的 - overwhelming adj. 压倒性的；势不可挡的 - encounter v./n. 遭遇；邂逅 encounter with（遭遇；遇到） tend v. 趋向；倾向；照料 tend to do sth.（倾向于做某事） utensil n. 餐具；炊具 kitchen utensils（厨房用具） appetite n. 食欲；胃口 lose one's appetite（食欲不振） grab v./n. 抓住；攫取 grab at（试图抓住） run into phr.v. 遭遇；撞上；偶然遇见 - type n./v. 类型；打字 type in（输入） culinary adj. 烹饪的；厨房的 culinary art（烹饪艺术） identify v. 确定；识别；认出 identify...as...（把…… 识别为……） seek v. 知识点2 重点常考派生词词形转换 1. culture n. 文化 → cultural adj. 文化的；culturally adv. 从文化角度 2. identify v. 识别；确定 → identification n. 识别；identifiable adj. 可识别的 3. cuisine n. 菜肴；烹饪 → culinary adj. 烹饪的；culinarily adv. 烹饪上 4. variety n. 种类；多样 → various adj. 各种各样的；vary v. 变化 5. nutrition n. 营养 → nutritious adj. 有营养的；nutritionally adv. 营养上地 6. unique adj. 独特的 → uniquely adv. 独特地；uniqueness n. 独特性 7. associate v. 联系；联想 → association n. 协会；associated adj. 相关的 8. frustrate v. 使沮丧 → frustrating adj. 令人沮丧的；frustration n. 沮丧 9. appeal v./n. 吸引；呼吁 → appealing adj. 吸引人的；appealingly adv. 吸引人地 10. globalize v. 全球化 → globalization n. 全球化；global adj. 全球的 知识点3 重点词组短语固定搭配 1. run into 遇上(困难) 2. identify with 认同；理解；认为…密切相关 3. pass down 传下来；遗传 4. focus on 关注….；集中于… 5. tend to do sth. 倾向于做某事. 6. have appetite for 有...欲望 7. seek to do sth. 设法做某事 8. seek for…寻求 9. by means of 通过 (方法、手段或过程) 10. have access to sb.有接触某人的机会或权利； 11. have access to sth.有使用某物的权利；对某物有使用权 12. inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某事 13. galette des rois — 国王饼（法国传统食物） 14. culture shock — 文化冲击 15. wrist resting on the table — 手腕放在桌上 16. Bon appétit! — 用餐愉快！ 17. cultural identity — 文化身份 18. family recipes — 家庭食谱 19. nutritious and appealing — 营养且诱人 20. portal into culture — 文化的入口 考向1 补全句子（本单元词汇巩固） multiple tend focus frustrating types phase encounter grab appetite facility 1.He died of____________ injuries. 2.The research effort has ___________ on tracing the effects of growing levels of five compounds. 3.What recreational ___________ are now available? 4.This autumn, 6000 residents will participate in the first ___________ of the project. 5.The current situation is very___________ for us. 6.Did you ___________ anyone in the building? 7.A problem for manufacturers is that lighter cars ___________to be noisy. 8.I managed to ___________ her hand. 9.Someone's ________ for something is their strong desire for it. 10.There are various___________ of the disease. 考向2 选词填空 （24-25高三阶段练习）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can on used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．chemically   B．ingredients   C． observational   D．softened   E. striking F. investigating   G. imposed    H. concentrations   I. obesity   J. objectively K. classification Scientists are learning why ultra-processed foods are bad for you For millennia, people have altered food to please their palates. More than 3,000 years ago Mesoamericans, living in what is Mexico and Central America today, cooked corn kernels in a solution of wood ash or limestone. The process unlocked nutrients and 1 the tough outer shells of the corn, making them easier to grind. According to the UN, the average daily food supply available for a person in the rich world increased by over 20% between 1961 and 2021. In that time, 2 rates have more than tripled; today, nearly one in three people globally is overweight. Now concerns are growing that the heavy processing may itself be harmful. A particular target is “ultra-processed foods” (UPFs), a relatively recent label put forward by Carlos Monteiro, a Brazilian scientist. Robert F. Kennedy junior, Donald Trump’s nominee for secretary of health, has likened processed food to “poison” and promised to reduce the share of UPFs in American diets. In November 2023 Colombia 3 a tax on highly processed foods and drinks. In Britain parliamentarians are 4 the effects of UPFs on people’s health. In 2009 Dr Monteiro came up with a 5 system, called Nova, that sorts foods into four buckets depending on the degree of processing they undergo. The first group includes minimally processed foods like fruit and milk. The second covers basic 6 like butter and sugar. Next are foods like canned vegetables and bread. The last group, UPFs, represent heavily processed items like fizzy drinks, sugary cereals and frozen pizzas. These are made with ingredients not typically found in a home kitchen, such as hydrogenated oils or flavouring agents. These are 7 modified and reassembled along with additives like artificial colours to make the food more appealing. UPFs often contain higher 8 of fat, sugar and salt than processed foods, which could explain their negative effects. Where those harms come from is still unclear, however. With so many competing factors that could also explain poor health — such as income, education and social conditions — 9 studies alone cannot offer conclusive answers. A better way to assess the question is with a randomized controlled trial (RCT), where researchers track a person’s food intake and control for all other variables. Participants received either ultra-processed or minimally processed foods for two weeks and were free to eat as much or as little as they wanted. The results were 10 . People on the ultra-processed diet ate about 500 more calories per day than those on the unprocessed one. They also gained an average of 1kg over two weeks. Dr Hall says that though the study was short and conducted in an artificial setting, the results suggest that excess amounts of salt, sugar and fats might be fully to blame for the ill effects of processed food. （2023·上海黄浦·二模）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．automatically    B．coexist    C． concept    D．discontinued    E. discouraged F. necessarily    G. optimism    H. priced    I. profit-generating    J. promotional K. trash Too Good To Go Around the country, apps that connect customers to businesses with leftover food have begun to spread. The 11 is simple: Restaurants and grocery stores throw away huge amounts of food every day. Rather than 12 it, apps like Too Good To Go and Flashfood help businesses sell it at a reduced price. They claim that the businesses and buyers are helping the environment because the food would otherwise become food waste, a big contributor to climate change. In the United States, customers in 12 cities can look through restaurants and stores on Too Good To Go, then reserve “surprise bags” that typically cost about $4 to $6 and contain food that would have been 13 at roughly three times that amount. Several food waste experts expressed 14 that these types of apps could help limit the amount of wasted food. And even though charitable organizations often redirect unwanted food from restaurants and grocery stores to food banks and community kitchens, there’s space for all of these kinds of solutions to 15 . One complication is that, according to interviews with several companies selling on Too Good To Go, at least a few items for sale there aren’t 16 what buyers might think of as “food waste.” The owner of a Baltimore dessert shop said she considered the app a(n) 17 tool to reach new customers by selling what she called “little samples.” A beer company owner said he used the app to sell 18 products, but also sold new flavors there in hopes of attracting new customers. Mr. Crummie, the Too Good To Go director, said the app 19 this type of behavior. “If somebody is paying $5, they should be receiving $15 worth of food,” he said. “So it’s not a(n) 20 platform.” （24-25高二上·上海浦东新·期中）Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．typically  B．time-consuming  C． approach  D．regularly  E. advantage  F. costly G. choice  H. records  I. caters  J. start  K. appealing Young Chinese Turn to Community Canteens Community cafeterias are originally built to provide affordable and nutritious meals to elderly people. In Shanghai, they are now becoming a popular dining 21 for young people. At noon, people of different ages can be seen queuing up at the Tongxin Cafeteria near the Jing’an Temple downtown. The menu, with over 60 dishes. 22 to different tastes. The dishes range from scallion oil chicken to crispy pork belly to bitter melon stir-fried with pork slices. “It is 23 to have a meal at this canteen after work. The dishes are nutritious and healthy,” said Chen Luo. She is a white-collar worker from a nearby office building. Chen used to depend on takeaway food ordered online, which is 24 poor in terms of nutrition and high in sugar, salt and fats. Preparing her own meals, though, is too 25 , she said. She always spent about two hours cooking, but only ten minutes eating. The nearby community canteen is a perfect site to enjoy ready-made meals. In addition to diverse choices and convenience, the lower price is also a main 26 of community canteens. For a basic meal with one meat dish and two vegetable dishes, diners usually pay less than 20 yuan each meal, avoiding a 27 one in downtown restaurants. Li Jiajun, manager of a community canteen, said the lower price is a result of government subsidies (补贴). His canteen serves elderly diners from 10:30 to 11:30 a.m. and 4:30 to 5:30 p.m. Apart from those hours, people of all ages are welcome. Cafeteria managers are required to keep detailed 28 , including 48-hour food samples, and upload related data to information-sharing platforms, Li said. This 29 helps to ensure food safety. Some community canteens have drawn considerable attention after many young people shared their dining experiences on social media platforms. At the community canteen in the Youyi Road Subdistrict in Baoshan, the cost of meals is based on weight with the aim of reducing waste. The Community AI Canteen in the Hongqiao Subdistrict is the first to 30 the staff-free community canteen in Shanghai. It serves about 300 customers per day. Robots are used to cook and serve meals, while an AI system offers diet advice to customers. 考点四Unit 4 Sports词汇表 知识点1 读单词、识词义 单词 词性 释义 短语搭配 garage n. 车库；修车厂 - barely adv. 仅仅；几乎不 - neighborhood n. 街坊；居民区；邻近地区 - guy n. 男人；家伙；伙计 - varsity adj./n. 大学体育代表队的；大学体育队 - crush v./n. 压碎；迷恋 have a crush on sb.（迷恋某人） hustle v./n. 奔忙；推搡；欺诈 - dribble v./n. 运球；滴下 - shoot v./n. 射击；投篮；嫩芽 shoot at（朝…… 射击） sit-up n. 仰卧起坐 - push-up n. 俯卧撑 - pull-up n. 引体向上 - hoop n. 箍；铁环；篮筐 - sneaker n. 运动鞋；帆布胶底鞋 - severe adj. 严重的；严厉的；严峻的 - critic n. 批评家；评论家 - ally n./v. 盟友；同盟国；结盟 ally with（与…… 结盟） challenging adj. 挑战性的；考验能力的 - endearing adj. 惹人喜爱的；令人爱慕的 - ultimate adj./n. 最终的；终极；根本 - tough adj. 艰苦的；坚强的；困难的 - competitor n. 竞争者；对手 - visa n. 签证 - million num./n. 百万；无数 millions of（数百万的） hang out phr.v. 闲逛；逗留 - leave off phr.v. 停止；中断；戒除 - work on phr.v. 从事；致力于；对…… 起作用 - bend v./n. 弯曲；弯腰；弯道 bend over（弯腰） German adj./n. 德国的；德语；德国人 - penalty area n. （足球）禁区 - net n./v. 网；净的；用网捕 - goal n. 目标；球门；进球得分 score a goal（进球） relief n. 减轻；安慰；救济 to one's relief（令某人欣慰的是） scream v./n. 尖叫；呐喊 - referee n. 裁判；调解人 - whistle v./n. 吹口哨；汽笛 - full-time adj. 全职的；全日制的 - draw v./n. 画；拉；平局 draw up（起草；制定） friendly n./adj. 友谊赛；友好的 - pitch n./v. 球场；音高；推销；投掷 - pep talk n. 鼓舞士气的讲话；动员讲话 - relieve v. 减轻；缓解；解除 relieve sb. of sth.（减轻某人的……） crack v./n. 破裂；裂纹；重击 - goalkeeper n. 守门员 - roll v./n. 滚动；卷；名单 roll up（卷起；出现） breath n. 呼吸；气息 take a deep breath（深呼吸） calm adj./v. 平静的；使平静 calm down（冷静下来） roar v./n. 咆哮；轰鸣 - stadium n. 体育场；运动场 - spot n./v. 地点；斑点；认出；弄脏 on the spot（当场） incredibly adv. 难以置信地；非常地 - yell v./n. 叫喊；大喊 yell at（对…… 大喊） groan v./n. 呻吟；叹息 - crossbar n. （足球）横梁；横杆 - bounce v./n. 弹起；弹跳；弹性 bounce back（恢复；反弹） crowd n./v. 人群；挤满；聚集 a crowd of（一群……） gutted adj. 极其失望的；取出内脏的 - kick off phr.v. （足球）开球；开始 - break through phr.v. 突破；突围；取得进展 - turn over phr.v. 翻转；移交；营业额达到 - step up phr.v. 提高；增加；站出来 - calm down phr.v. 平静下来；镇静 - kung fu n. 功夫；中国武术 - athlete n. 运动员；体育家 - judge n./v. 法官；裁判；判断；评判 - admire v. 钦佩；赞美；欣赏 admire sb. for sth.（因某事钦佩某人） realistic adj. 现实的；实际的；逼真的 - professional adj./n. 职业的；专业人员 - Olympic adj. 奥林匹克运动会的 the Olympic Games（奥林匹克运动会） title n. 标题；头衔；冠军 - spectator n. 观众；旁观者 - commentator n. 评论员；解说员 - 知识点2 重点常考派生词词形转换 1. compete v. 竞争；比赛 → competition n. 竞争；competitor n. 竞争者 2. challenge n./v. 挑战 → challenging adj. 挑战性的；challenger n. 挑战者 3. relieve v. 减轻；缓解 → relief n. 减轻；relievable adj. 可减轻的 4. professional adj. 职业的 → profession n. 职业；professionally adv. 专业地 5. amaze v. 使惊奇 → amazing adj. 令人惊奇的；amazement n. 惊奇（同 Unit 1） 6. realistic adj. 现实的 → reality n. 现实；realize v. 实现 7. calm adj./v. 平静的；使平静 → calmly adv. 平静地；calmness n. 平静 8. judge v./n. 判断；法官 → judgment n. 判断；judgmental adj. 批判性的 9. perform v. 表演；表现 → performance n. 表现；performer n. 表演者 10. celebrate v. 庆祝 → celebration n. 庆祝；celebratory adj. 庆祝的 知识点3 重点词组短语固定搭配 1. 1. hang out 晾出; 闲逛 2. 2. leave…off… 漏掉,不列入 3. 3. work on 影响，对…起作用；继续工作；从事于…； 4. 4. kick off (足球或橄榄球比赛的) 开球; 开始 (事件、比赛等); 踢掉 (鞋子) 5. 5. break through 冲破 (障碍); . (克服困难和障碍而) 获得成功 6. 6. turn over 翻转; . 翻身; 仔细考虑; 移交 7. 7. step up 走上前去 8. 8. calm down 使冷静下来; 冷静下来 9. varsity team — 校队 10. dribbling skills — 运球技巧 11. championship game — 冠军赛 12. superhuman effort — 超人般的努力 13. penalty shootout — 点球大战 14. sportsmanship — 体育精神 15. legacy of sports — 体育遗产 16. passion for basketball — 对篮球的热爱 考向1 补全句子（本单元词汇巩固） shoot competitors crack critics spots ultimate incredible relief roll bend  1.They stayed at several of the island's top tourist ________. 2..When vehicles _______ along, they move along slowly. 3.The police came around the corner and they started to __________ at us. 4.He said it is still not possible to predict the _________outcome. 5.The water had barely come to boil when she began to ________ four eggs into it. 6. It seemed ____________ that people would still want to play football during a war. 7.The newspaper has been one of the most consistent _________ ever of the government. 8. ________ agencies are stepping up efforts to provide food, shelter, and agricultural equipment. 9. The driver slowed down at a tight __________ in the road.  10.The bank isn't performing as well as some of its ____________ . 考向2 选词填空 （23-24高三·上海浦东新·阶段练习）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．wonder  B．regular  C． doubt D．physically E. breathing F. wealth G. functioning  H. flexibility I. flow J. generally K. mood Sometimes it’s the simplest daily practice that can have the biggest impact on your health, and yoga is proof of that. Although most forms of yoga aren’t considered to be as intense as other workout regimens, practising yoga on a daily basis has been scientifically demonstrated to help you mentally and 31 . Through breath work, meditation and holding poses that increase strength and 32 the body and mind gain benefits from yoga that positively impact your long-term health. It’s no 33 people have been practising yoga for over 5000 years, and that the number of Australians practising yoga doubled between 2008 and 2017 to over two million, according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Yoga teacher, Jenni Tarmar, shares, “we have a 34 of research demonstrating that a regular mindfulness practice - the act of paying attention to the sensation in the body, thoughts and emotions without judgment - can reduce stress and help us to feel calmer, more productive, and 35 more even-keeled in our daily lives.” After evaluating yoga history and research, one 2014 review published in Frontiers in Human Neouroscience concluded that 36 yoga practice can help facilitate self-regulation. Another study of adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 found that practising yoga positively benefited emotional regulation and self-esteem. “Movement releases beneficial neurotransmitters (神经转发器) in the brain, which helps us feel good as well as assist in 37 regulation,” says yoga instructor, Evan Lawrence. “One of the things that I like about yoga specifically is that there is, at the same time, a focus on physical movement and 38 .” According to associate professor of psychiatry, Dr Gail Saltz, “practising yoga improves overall blood 39 to the body, including the brain, which is helpful for cognition and memory.” One 2019 review published in Brain Plasticity concluded that behavioural interventions like yoga can help “mitigate age-related and neurodegenerative decline” due to the positive effects a daily practice has on different parts of the 40 brain, like the hippocampus (which plays a major role in learning and memory) and the prefrontal cortex (cognitive control functions). （2024·上海崇明·二模）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．activate    B．amounted    C． compared    D．energetic    E. guidelines    F. identify G. image    H. influenced    I. respects    J. review    K. substantial     Exercise Can Help Prevent Depression, Study Finds How often do you exercise? A new 41 from researchers at the University of Cambridge shows that those who exercise are less likely to develop depression, even if they exercise less than the recommended amount. The Department of Health and Human Services recommends that adults engage in 2.5 to 5 hours of moderate activity per week or one hour and 15 minutes to 2.5 hours of 42 aerobic (有氧的) exercise per week or some combination of the two. Adults who took a walk for what 43 to 2.5 hours per week were less likely to develop depression than those who didn’t exercise at all, the study found. But even those who exercised less felt better than those who didn’t exercise at all, according to researchers. “In this study, a relatively small amount of physical activity were associated with a(n) 44 decrease in risks of depression,” the study says. The researchers analyzed 15 studies with nearly 200,000 participants. Those who did about half the recommended amount of physical activity per week had an 18% lower risk of depression 45 with adults who did not exercise, the study says. Participants who exercised the recommended amount had a 25% lower risk of depression than those who did not. Exercising more than the recommended amount hardly 46 depression risk, according to researchers. Many 47 of exercise can lead to improved mental health. For example, working out can increase circulation (血液循环) to the brain and 48 the central nervous system, leading to what many refer to as a “runners high,” the study says. More exercise can also lead to improved physical health and a better body 49 , which can cause a person to be more social, researchers say. Nearly 5% of adults in the U.S. report regular feelings of depression, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Among the study participants, researchers estimate that 1 in every 9 cases of depression might have been prevented had everyone met recommended exercise 50 , the study says. （2024·上海浦东新·二模）Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box.  Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．backfire B．compensate      C． extend  D．impressive    E. meaningful F. measure G. needle  H. overall  I. perceive J. punishment  K. typically Why You Shouldn’t Exercise to Lose Weight Many of us are lacing up our sneakers and starting (or restarting) exercise regimens (练身计划) in hopes of shedding unwanted pounds. Unquestionably, aiming to be more active is good. But if the main reason is to lose weight, your New Year’s resolution could very well 51 . For starters, exercise — at least the kind most of us do — is 52 ineffective for weight loss. Take walking, for example. A 150-pound person who walks briskly for 30 minutes will burn, on average, around 140 calories. That’s equal to one can of soda — not exactly a great return on your investment of time and effort. It’s much easier just to skip the soda. Studies 53 show that doing moderate-intensity aerobic exercise such as walking for 30 minutes a day, five days a week — the amount recommended for good health — typically produces little or no weight loss by itself. When moderate exercise is added to diet, the results are equally not 54 . Pooling data from six trials, researchers found that a combination of diet and exercise generated no greater weight loss than diet alone after six months. In studies where exercise has produced 55 weight loss, participants burned at least 400 to 500 calories per session on five or more days a week. To achieve that, sessions need to go well beyond what most of us are willing or able to do. And even if we manage to exert that much effort, our bodies often 56 by boosting appetite and dialing down metabolism, effects that over time limit how many pounds we shed. Perhaps the biggest problem with exercising to drop pounds is that it turns physical activity into 57 . How many times have you heard someone say (or said yourself) “I’ll need to do extra exercise” after eating too much during the holidays or at a celebratory dinner? The point is that we’re more likely to 58 exercise positively and actually do it when we focus on our well-being rather than our weight. The incentive may be an improved mood or less stress. Others may find that exercise makes them feel physically and mentally stronger. Of course, the benefits of physical activity 59 well beyond these. It’s been shown to reduce the risk of multiple diseases. It can also improve sleep and boost energy. By all means, striving to exercise regularly in the new year is perhaps the most important thing you can do for your health. But to improve the odds of success, focus on how movement helps you feel better physically and emotionally — and forget about how it moves the 60 on the scale. 5 / 38 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 第02讲 沪外版必修二词汇 目录 01 考情解码·命题预警 2 02 体系构建·思维可视 3 03 核心突破·靶向攻坚 4 考点一 Unit 1 Nature 4 知识点1 读单词、识词义 4 知识点2 重点常考派生词词形转换 6 知识点3 重点短语词组固定搭配 7 考向1 补全句子（本单元重点词汇巩固） 7 考向2 单元话题选词填空 8 考点二 Unit 2 Animals 13 知识点1 读单词、识词义 13 知识点2 重点常考派生词词形转换 14 知识点3 重点短语词组固定搭配 15 考向1 补全句子（本单元重点词汇巩固） 16 考向2 单元话题选词填空 18 考点三 Unit 3 Food 21 知识点1 读单词、识词义 21 知识点2 重点常考派生词词形转换 21 知识点3 重点短语词组固定搭配 23 考向1 补全句子（本单元重点词汇巩固） 24 考向2 单元话题选词填空 26 考点四 Unit 4 Unit 4 Sports 30 知识点1 读单词、识词义 31 知识点2 重点常考派生词词形转换 31 知识点3 重点短语词组固定搭配 32 考向1 补全句子（本单元重点词汇巩固） 32 考向2 单元话题选词填空 35 考点要求 考题统计 考情分析 教材词汇 课标词汇 近几年出现超纲词（含熟词生义；派生词；转化词） perception strategic methodology eradicate alleviate mitigate 一：新高考词汇难度增大。高频词深度化考查成为绝对主流；检测学生对核心词在语篇语境下的词汇深层理解和运用能力，要求建立以核心词为主的语义网络。 二：学术词汇（AWL）考查量激增与语境化。学术词汇表（Academic Word List）在最近试卷中出现频率增长较多，且呈现：生物领域：culture=细胞培养（非文化） 经济文本：fluctuation=市场波动。检测"中国文化→英语思维→国际表达"的转换能力，要求考生建立概念对等而非字面对应的认知模式。在备考中，应当注重掌握课标，扩充课外阅读量。 1. 稳中有升增加对熟词生义的考查。 2. 适度考查一些学生不常接触的高考词汇。 3. 加大了对构词法的考查力度。 4. 全面考查词汇在语境中灵活运用的能力，如情境意识、同义转换和概要思维能力。 复习目标：以新课标词汇+考纲词汇为依据，上外、上教版新教材单词表为蓝本，以近年新高考真题为导向，在一轮词汇复习中夯实词汇基础，并反复积累，运用构词法扩大词汇量并在大量的语篇阅读中迁移词汇运用能力，大胆猜测熟词的生义并积累地道的搭配和习惯用语。 考点一Unit1 Nature 词汇表 知识点1 读单词、识词义 单词 词性 释义 短语搭配 creature n. 生物；动物 - species n. 物种 - paradise n. 天堂；乐园 - wither v. 枯萎；凋谢 - replace v. 取代；替换；代替 replace...with...（用…… 替换……） elaborate v./adj. 精心制作 / 阐述；详尽的、精心的 - fountain n. 喷泉；源泉 - nobleman n. 贵族 - majesty n. 威严；雄伟；王权 - trick n./v. 诡计；欺骗 play a trick on sb.（捉弄某人） whisper v./n. 低语；耳语 whisper to sb.（对某人耳语） reward n./v. 报酬；奖励 reward sb. for sth.（因某事奖励某人） solution n. 解决办法；溶液 the solution to...（…… 的解决办法） theory n. 理论；学说 in theory（理论上） restore v. 恢复；修复；归还 restore...to...（把…… 恢复到……） royal adj. 皇家的；王室的 - former adj. 从前的；前者的 the former（前者） splendour n. 壮丽；辉煌 - disappear v. 消失；失踪 - particularly adv. 特别；尤其 - moth n. 飞蛾 - fool n./v. 愚人；愚弄 fool sb. into doing sth.（哄骗某人做某事） worm n. 虫；蠕虫 - native adj./n. 本国的；本地人 be native to（原产于……） rare adj. 稀有的；罕见的 - flourish v. 繁荣；兴旺 - amongst prep. 在…… 之中 - insect n. 昆虫 - organism n. 生物体；有机体 - balance n./v. 平衡；使平衡 keep balance（保持平衡） destroy v. 破坏；摧毁 - delicate adj. 脆弱的；精美的 - send for phr.v. 派人去请；召唤 - break into phr.v. 闯入；破门而入 - tragedy n. 悲剧；灾难 - damage n./v. 损害；损伤 do damage to（对…… 造成损害） beyond prep./adv. 超过；在远处 beyond doubt（毫无疑问） generation n. 一代；一代人 generation after generation（一代又一代） pauper n. 穷人；乞丐 - preserve v. 保护；保存 preserve...from...（保护…… 免受……） appreciate v. 欣赏；感激 appreciate doing sth.（感激做某事） miraculous adj. 奇迹般的；不可思议的 - aflame adj. 着火的；燃烧的 - sunset n. 日落；傍晚 at sunset（在日落时分） transform v. 改变；转换 transform...into...（把…… 变成……） familiar adj. 熟悉的；常见的 be familiar with（熟悉） landscape n. 风景；山水画 - wonderland n. 仙境；奇境 - clump n./v. 丛；簇；丛生 - daffodil n. 水仙花 - glow v./n. 发光；光亮 - affect v. 影响；感染 - mood n. 情绪；心情 in a good/bad mood（心情好 / 坏） responsible adj. 负责的；有责任感的 be responsible for（对…… 负责） gloomy adj. 黑暗的；沮丧的 - romantic adj. 浪漫的；多情的 - bud n./v. 芽；发芽 - timid adj. 胆小的；羞怯的 - frozen adj. 冻结的；冷酷的 - intrinsic adj. 本质的；固有的 - sunrise n. 日出；黎明 at sunrise（在日出时分） breeze n./v. 微风；吹微风 - gaze v./n. 凝视；注视 gaze at（凝视；注视） renew v. 使更新；续借 - aware adj. 意识到的；知道的 be aware of（意识到） positive adj. 积极的；肯定的 - tear up phr.v. 撕毁；撕碎 - bloom v./n. 开花；花 in bloom（盛开） Antarctic adj./n. 南极的；南极地区 the Antarctic（南极地区） exploration n. 探索；探险 - rainforest n. 雨林 - reduction n. 减少；下降 - energy n. 能量；精力 save energy（节约能源） amazement n. 惊奇；惊愕 to one's amazement（令某人惊讶的是） awe n./v. 敬畏；使敬畏 in awe of（敬畏） stress n./v. 压力；强调 under stress（在压力下） contentment n. 满足；满意 - curiosity n. 好奇心；好奇 out of curiosity（出于好奇） reveal v. 揭示；揭露 reveal sth. to sb.（向某人揭示某事） 知识点2 重点常考派生词词形转换 creation n. 创造；产物 → create v. 创造；creative adj. 创造性的 preservation n. 保护；保存 → preserve v. 保护；preservative adj. 防腐的 restoration n. 恢复；修复 → restore v. 恢复；restored adj. 修复的 appreciation n. 欣赏；感激 → appreciate v. 欣赏；appreciative adj. 感激的 transform v. 改变；转换 → transformation n. 转变；transformative adj. 有变革性的 aware adj. 意识到的 → awareness n. 意识；unaware adj. 未意识到的 positive adj. 积极的 → positively adv. 肯定地；positivity n. 积极性 revelation n. 揭示；揭露 → reveal v. 揭示；revealing adj. 揭露性的 amaze v. 使惊奇 → amazement n. 惊奇；amazing adj. 令人惊奇的 threat n. 威胁 → threaten v. 威胁；threatening adj. 威胁性的 知识点3 重点词组短语固定搭配 1. a natural garden — 自然花园 2. withered and dry — 枯萎干燥 3. elaborate fountains — 精致的喷泉 4. restore to former splendour — 恢复昔日辉煌 5. moth poo — 飞蛾粪便 6. delicate balance of nature — 自然的微妙平衡 7. cultural harmony — 文化和谐 8. participants in the natural scene — 自然场景的参与者 9. send for 派人去叫; 请 (某人) 来 10. show up 使显露; 显露 11. break into 强行闯入；成功打入 (某行业、某领域) 12. tear up 拆除; 拆毁 考向1 完成句子（本单元词汇巩固） A. ignore B.solution C. reward D. delicate E.paradise F.theory G.destroy H.creature I.wither J.restore K.replace 1. Although he has sought to find a peaceful_______ , he is facing pressure to use greater military force. 2.One species of tree _______ another as a forest ages. 3. The firm last night offered a $10,000_______ for information leading to the conviction of the killer. 4. Bali is one of the world's great natural _______. 5. Alaskan Eskimos believe that every living _______ possesses a spirit. 6.Such arguments ________the question of where ultimate responsibility lay. 7. When he went into retirement, he visibly _______. 8.Marx produced a new_______ about historical change based upon conflict between competing groups. 9. The army has recently been brought in to_______ order. 10. These products are highly recognized by users for its _______ appearance design, stable quality control and perfect sound performance. 【答案】1-5:solution;replaces;reward ;paradises; creature 6-10:ignored; withered; theory; restore; delicate 考向2 选词填空 （2025·上海长宁·二模）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．artificially    B．bound     C．causally     D．conservationists         E.considerable F.definitive    G.dominate    H.grounds     I.linked     J.stabilized    K.stuff Eat away fire The African continent has a wide variety of habitat types, but savanna (热带稀树草原) ecosystems cover roughly half. And where there is savanna, there is fire. “It’s an important part of the ecology of the system,” says University of Liverpool ecologist James R. Probert. Burning allows grasses to 1 by keeping taller bushes from spreading on the landscape. Loss of grasses could push out species such as wildebeest (牛羚). A decade ago, researchers believed that the decline in fires in Tanzania’s Serengeti National Park was due to the recovery of wildebeest populations after a certain disease. When millions of wildebeest 2 themselves with grass, they remove fuel from the landscape, making fires less frequent and less severe. However, Probert and his coworkers found that even after wildebeest populations 3 in the mid-1990s, fires continued to decrease in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem. Their analysis of satellite data revealed a(n) 4 40 percent decline in wildfires between 2001 and 2014—coinciding with dramatic increases in farm animals in the area. “If you have lots of grass-eating animals, then you have less fire. That’s well known,” Probert says. “But I don’t think anybody had realized the extent of the decline in fire and 5 it to farm animals before.” John Fryxell, a biologist at the University of Guelph, calls this pattern “really interesting.” He warns that 15 years of data is still a small sample for 6 conclusions. “This suggests there’s something interesting here that could provide the 7 for a deeper experimental analysis,” he adds. Future research could include 8 controlling fire frequency or animal populations in certain areas. It can be followed by monitoring the landscape’s response over time. Probert notes that some areas face a problem where farm animals use up more resources than the land can sustain. He suggests that 9 work with sheep or cattle farmers. They can develop an alternating feeding plan, spreading the animals’ impact over time and space. Studies like Probert’s reveal how wild places like the Serengeti-Mara are 10 connected to human activities. Their findings stress the urgency for sustainable practices to preserve wildlife and ecosystems. 【答案】 1．G 2．K 3．J 4．E 5．I 6．F 7．H 8．A 9．D 10．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了非洲热带稀树草原生态系统中火灾减少的现象及原因，以及相关研究和对未来的建议。 1．考查动词。句意：燃烧通过阻止更高的灌木丛在这片土地上蔓延，让草得以占据主导地位。“allow sb./sth. to do sth.”是固定结构，此处需要一个动词原形，根据“by keeping taller bushes from spreading on the landscape”可知，燃烧能让草在与灌木丛的竞争中占据优势，“dominate”有“占主导地位；支配”的意思，符合语境。故填G。 2．考查动词。句意：当成千上万的牛羚吃饱了草，它们就清除了这片土地上的燃料，使得火灾发生得没那么频繁，也没那么严重了。“stuff oneself with sth.”是固定短语，意为 “用…… 塞满自己；吃饱……”，这里描述牛羚吃草的行为，符合语境。本句在陈述过去的动作，用一般过去时。故填K。 3．考查动词。句意：然而，普罗伯特和他的同事们发现，即使在 20 世纪 90 年代中期牛羚数量稳定下来之后，塞伦盖蒂 - 马拉生态系统中的火灾仍在减少。空处为从句谓语动词，因此需要一个动词；根据 “in the mid - 1990s” 可知，这里描述过去的一个时间点牛羚数量的状态，“stabilize”意为“使稳定；稳定下来”，用一般过去时，与主语 “wildebeest populations” 构成主动关系，符合语境。故填J。 4．考考查形容词。句意：他们对卫星数据的分析显示，2001 年至 2014 年间，野火大幅减少了 40%—— 这与该地区家畜数量的急剧增加相吻合。此处需要一个形容词来修饰 “decline”，“considerable”表示“相当大的；重要的”，强调野火减少的程度，符合语境。故填E。 5．考查动词。句意：但我认为以前没有人意识到火灾减少的程度，并将其与家畜联系起来。“link...to...” 是固定短语，意为 “把…… 和…… 联系起来”，这里表示将火灾减少与家畜数量增加建立联系，符合语境。与“realized”并列，为过去完成时。故填I。 6．考查形容词。句意：他警告说，15 年的数据对于得出明确的结论来说仍然是一个小样本。这里需要一个形容词修饰 “conclusions”，“definitive”表示 “明确的；最终的”作定语，说明 15 年的数据还不足以得出确定的结论，符合语境。故填F。 7．考查名词。句意：这表明这里有一些有趣的东西，可以为更深入的实验分析提供依据。“provide the grounds for...” 是固定搭配，意为 “为…… 提供依据 / 基础”，符合语境。名词作宾语。故填H。 8．考查副词。句意：未来的研究可能包括在某些地区人工控制火灾频率或动物数量。此处需要一个副词修饰 “controlling”，“artificially”表示“人工地；人为地”做状语，说明对火灾频率或动物数量的控制是人为进行的，符合语境。故填A。 9．考查名词。句意：他建议自然资源保护主义者与养羊或养牛的农民合作。空处为从句主语，根据“work with sheep or cattle farmers” 以及“preserve wildlife and ecosystems” 可知，这里指从事保护野生动物和生态系统工作的人，即“conservationists”（自然资源保护主义者），符合语境。做主语。故填D。 10．考查副词。句意：像普罗伯特这样的研究揭示了像塞伦盖蒂 - 马拉这样的野生地区是如何与人类活动有着因果联系的。这里需要一个副词修饰“connected”，“causally” 表示“有因果关系地”做状语，说明野生地区与人类活动之间存在因果关联，符合语境。故填C。 （2025·上海青浦·二模）Directions:  Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box.  Each word can be used only once.  Note that there is one word more than you need. A．controlling    B．practically      C． sort         D．litter    E. claimed      F. diet           G. inefficient     H. revolutionary   I. commercial    J. reborn   K. theoretically A New Way to Break Down “Unrecyclable” Plastic Waste The world is miserable at recycling plastics. Currently, just 10-15% of the plastic waste we generate annually is recycled — with the rest burned, buried in landfill or dumped as 11 . A big part of the problem is that much of the waste is a pile of different dirty plastics mixed with food, inks and labels. It’s expensive to clean and 12 this mess into streams of single-polymer plastic — the kind that is generally needed for conventional “mechanical” recycling, in which plastic is cut, melted and re-formed into small balls, ready for new products. That explains the excitement around a chemical plant that will start 13 operations this year in northeast England. It can, 14 , take any kind of plastic waste, including mixed plastics considered “unrecyclable”, and break it down into chemicals that are similar to those extracted from oil. With further processing, these chemicals can be turned back into fresh plastic. If successful, it could be a powerful example of a circular manufacturing process — in which plastic is used and reprocessed over and over again — potentially 15 the world’s dependence on fossil resources to make original plastics. The facility uses a variation on a concept called chemical recycling, which breaks plastics apart into smaller chemical building blocks. Its main competitor in this approach is pyrolysis: heating plastics to temperatures above 450 °C in a reactor without oxygen. But pyrolysis is energy-intensive and 16 , with much of the plastic being turned into something useless. Mura Technology, the London-based company behind the facility, says it is the first commercial-scale plant in the world to recycle plastic in this way. Mura has also declared the technology to be “ 17 ” because it “has the potential to help eliminate plastic waste, recycling all types of plastic to create a true circular economy”.   In practice, as Mura explains, the plant is currently picky about its 18 of plastic waste. And because, as with pyrolysis plants, not all of the facility’s products will be 19 as plastic, some critics say that the process shouldn’t count as recycling — an accusation that Mura rejects. These practicalities raise questions about the future of plastics pollution and whether chemical recycling can live up to its promised potential. The idea is not useless — but the real-life complications around the process make it less groundbreaking than 20 . 【答案】 11．D 12．C 13．I 14．K 15．A 16．G 17．H 18．F 19．J 20．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了英国东北部一家化学工厂处理“不可回收”塑料垃圾的新方式。 11．考查名词。句意：目前，我们每年产生的塑料垃圾中只有10-15%被回收利用，其余的被焚烧、埋在垃圾填埋场或当作垃圾倾倒。根据“burned, buried in landfill or dumped”可知，这里说的是当作垃圾处理，名词“litter”意为“垃圾”，作宾语。故选项D。 12．考查动词。句意：将这些杂乱的东西清理并分类成单一聚合物塑料流是很昂贵的。根据前文“a pile of different dirty plastics”和后文“into streams of single-polymer plastic”可知，需要把不同的塑料进行分类，动词“sort”意为“分类”，符合语意。故选项C。 13．考查形容词。句意：这就解释了一家将于今年在英格兰东北部开始商业运营的化工厂为何令人兴奋。根据后文“With further processing, these chemicals can be turned back into fresh plastic. If successful, it could be a powerful example of a circular manufacturing process”可知，化工厂将开始商业运营，令人兴奋，形容词“commercial”意为“商业的”，作定语。故选项I。 14．考查副词。句意：从理论上讲，它可以处理任何种类的塑料垃圾。根据后文提到实际情况工厂对塑料垃圾有要求可知，这里说的是理论上的情况，副词“theoretically”意为“理论上”，符合语意。故选项K。 15．考查动词。句意：如果成功的话，它可能是循环制造过程的一个有力范例，有可能控制世界在制造原始塑料时对化石资源的依赖。根据后文“the world’s dependence on fossil resources”可知，这种方式可能控制对化石资源的依赖，动词“controlling”意为“控制”，符合语意。故选项A。 16．考查形容词。句意：但热解过程耗能大且效率低，大部分塑料会变成无用的东西。根据后文“much of the plastic being turned into something useless”可知，热解是效率低的，形容词“inefficient”意为“效率低的”，作表语。故选项G。 17．考查形容词。句意：Mura还宣称这项技术具有“革命性”，因为它“有潜力帮助消除塑料垃圾，回收各种类型的塑料，创造真正的循环经济”。根据后文“has the potential to help eliminate plastic waste”可知，这项技术有革命性意义，形容词“revolutionary”意为“革命性的”，作表语。故选项H。 18．考查名词。句意：实际上，正如Mura所解释的，该工厂目前对其处理的塑料垃圾“饮食”很挑剔。根据前文“It can, 4 , take any kind of plastic waste, including mixed plastics considered “unrecyclable”, and break it down into chemicals that are similar to those extracted from oil. With further processing, these chemicals can be turned back into fresh plastic.”可知，先要将塑料垃圾送入化工厂，作为生产新塑料的原料，可将其视为工厂的“饮食”，即diet；结合句中“picky about”可知，工厂对其能处理的塑料垃圾很挑剔，即对其“diet”很挑剔，这是一种比喻用法。故选项F。 19．考查动词。句意：因为和热解工厂一样，该工厂的并非所有产品都会重生为塑料。根据前文“not all of the facility’s products will be”和后文“some critics say that the process shouldn’t count as recycling”可知，不是所有产品都会再次成为塑料，动词“reborn”意为“重生”，符合语境。故选项J。 20．考查动词。句意：这个想法并非无用，但围绕这个过程的现实复杂性使其不如所宣称的那样具有开创性。根据前文提到Mura宣称技术有革命性等，可知这里说现实不如所宣称的，动词“claimed”意为“宣称”，符合语境。故选项E。 考点二Unit 2 Animals 词汇表 知识点1 读单词、识词义 单词 词性 释义 短语搭配 cruel adj. 残忍的；残酷的 be cruel to（对…… 残忍） debate n./v. 辩论；争论 debate about/on/over sth.（辩论某事） establishment n. 建立；设立；机构 - welfare n. 福利；幸福 social welfare（社会福利） concern n./v. 关心；忧虑；涉及 be concerned about（关心） argue v. 争论；辩论 argue with sb. about sth.（与某人争论某事） remove v. 移动；移除；开除 remove...from...（从…… 移除……） habitat n. 栖息地；产地 - cage n./v. 笼子；把…… 关进笼子 - hunt v./n. 打猎；搜寻 hunt for（搜寻；寻找） additionally adv. 此外；加之 - exhibit v./n. 展览；展示；展览品 - adjust v. 调整；适应 adjust to（适应） climate n. 气候；风气 - location n. 位置；地点 - design n./v. 设计；图案；构思 by design（故意地） extinction n. 灭绝；消失 in danger of extinction（濒临灭绝） conservation n. 保护；保存 wildlife conservation（野生动物保护） essential adj./n. 必要的；本质；要素 be essential to（对…… 必要） threat n. 威胁；恐吓 pose a threat to（对…… 构成威胁） illegal adj. 非法的；违法的 It is illegal to do sth.（做某事非法） extinct adj. 灭绝的；熄灭的 - moreover adv. 此外；而且 - attempt n./v. 企图；尝试 attempt to do sth.（试图做某事） replicate v. 复制；重复 - material n./adj. 材料；物质的 building materials（建筑材料） exhibition n. 展览；展览会 put on an exhibition（举办展览） tropical adj. 热带的；热情的 - tropically adv. 热带地；酷热地 - indoors adv. 在室内；在户内 - tank n. 坦克；水槽 - slightly adv. 轻微地；稍微 - approach v./n. 接近；方法；途径 approach to...（…… 的方法） overall adj./adv. 全部的；总体上 - definitely adv. 肯定地；明确地 - reunite v. 重聚；再结合 - retire v. 退休；退役 retire from（从…… 退休 / 退役） bricklayer n. 砖瓦匠 - penguin n. 企鹅 - death n. 死亡；毁灭 put to death（处死） feather n. 羽毛 - diet n./v. 饮食；节食 be on a diet（节食） strength n. 力量；力气；优势 build up strength（增强力量） release v./n. 释放；发布 release...from...（从…… 释放……） nearby adj./adv. 附近的；在附近 - elderly adj. 上了年纪的；年老的 - migrate v. 迁移；迁徙 - recall v./n. 回想起；召回 recall doing sth.（回忆做过某事） affectionate adj. 深情的；充满深情的 be affectionate to/towards（对…… 深情） emerge v. 出现；浮现 emerge from（从…… 出现） peck v./n. 啄；轻吻 - lap n./v. 膝盖；轻拍 - sardine n. 沙丁鱼 - observe v. 观察；遵守；注意到 observe sb. do/doing sth.（观察某人做 / 正在做某事） safari n. 旅行；狩猎远征 go on a safari（去旅行 / 狩猎） flight n. 飞行；航班 catch a flight（赶航班） stair n. 楼梯；梯级 - carbon monoxide n. 一氧化碳 - meow v./n. 猫叫；猫叫声 - scratch v./n. 抓；挠；抓痕 - 知识点2 重点常考派生词词形转换 1. debate n./v. 辩论 → debater n. 辩论者；debatable adj. 有争议的 2. establishment n. 建立；机构 → establish v. 建立；established adj. 已建立的 3. conservation n. 保护 → conserve v. 保护；conservative adj. 保守的 4. extinction n. 灭绝 → extinct adj. 灭绝的；extinctive adj. 使灭绝的 5. illegal adj. 非法的 → illegally adv. 非法地；illegality n. 非法行为 6. affectionate adj. 深情的 → affection n. 喜爱；affectionately adv. 深情地 7. observe v. 观察；遵守 → observation n. 观察；observer n. 观察者 8. migrate v. 迁移；迁徙 → migration n. 迁徙；migrant n. 迁徙者 9. release v./n. 释放 → releasable adj. 可释放的；released adj. 已释放的 10. strength n. 力量；优势 → strengthen v. 加强；strong adj. 强壮的 知识点3 重点词组短语固定搭配 1. animal welfare — 动物福利 2. natural habitat — 自然栖息地 3. endangered species — 濒危物种 4. illegal hunting — 非法捕猎 5. replicate natural environment — 复制自然环境 6. cultural diversity — 文化多样性 7. globalise cuisines — 使饮食全球化 8. balance between humans and animals — 人类与动物的平衡 9. establish oneself as… 确立了…的地位 10.adjust… to… 调整…以适应… 11.under threat 受到威胁 考向1 补全句子（本单元词汇巩固） A.threat B. recall C.extinct D. pecking E.definitely F. emerge G.typically H.essential J. definitely K.retire 1. As they must also sprint over short distances, speed is . 2. Herbalism had become an all but skill in the Western world. 3. Some couples see single women as a to their relationships. 4. , the Norwegians were on the mountain two hours before anyone else. 5.I'm going to get in touch with these people. 6. He had a good memory, and total of her spoken words. 7.She then from the courthouse to thank her supporters. 8.It was winter and the sparrows were at whatever they could find. 9. I'm _________ going to get in touch with these people. 10. I have decided to _________from Formula One racing at the end of the season. 【答案】 HCAGE BFDJK 考向2 选词填空 （2025·上海杨浦·二模）Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．preserving    B．focus    C．ultimately    D．determined    E．typically F．demanding    G．general    H．exclusionary    I．power    J．engaged    K．changed Hundreds of Birds to be Renamed The American Ornithological (鸟类的) Society (AOS) has announced that it will rename all birds that are named after people. The change is being made to ensure that names of people who 21 in discrimination are not attached to the birds. The AOS, based in Chicago, has maintained a list of English-language names for birds in North America since 1886. In 2020, a petition (请愿书) 22 a change to bird names that were considered harmful was signed by 182 people and submitted to the AOS. A committee 23 that all birds named after people should get new names. “There is 24 in a name,” said Colleen Handel, the president of AOS. “Some English bird names have associations with the past that continue to be 25 .” The new names, she said, would 26 on “the unique feature of the birds themselves.” The AOS will begin coming up with new common names for the birds early November, focusing on 70 to 80 species in the US and Canada. The scientific names of the species, written in Latin, will not be 27 . The names of birds in Latin America will be considered next. And 28 , the AOS plans to change the names of 263 birds. Some birds have already gotten a new name. In 2020, the AOS renamed a songbird that had been named after a(n) 29 in the US Civil War (1861-1865) who had been part of the Confederacy, the group of states that was committed to 30 slavery. The songbird’s new name is the thick-billed longspur. Christian Cooper, a Black bird enthusiast, told The New York Times, “There’s no reason to have a person’s name attached to a bird because it doesn’t tell you anything about the bird.” 【答案】 21．J 22．F 23．D 24．I 25．H 26．B 27．K 28．C 29．G 30．A 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲的是美国鸟类学会（AOS）决定重新命名所有以人名命名的鸟类，特别是那些与历史上参与歧视行为的人相关的名称。 21．考查时态。句意：这一改变旨在确保那些曾参与歧视行为的人的名字不会与鸟类相关联。由“in discrimination are not attached to the birds”可知，句子表示“曾参与歧视行为的人的名字不会与鸟类相关联”，空格处意为“参与”，是engage，句子描述过去的事情，时态用一般过去时，空格处用过去式，故选J。 22．考查非谓语动词。句意：2020年，一份要求更改被认为具有伤害性的鸟类名称的请愿书得到了182人的签署，并被提交给了AOS。由“petition”和“a change to bird names”可知，句子表示“一份要求更改被认为具有伤害性的鸟类名称的请愿书”，空格处意为“要求”，是demand，句中谓语是was signed，空格处用非谓语动词，petition和demand之间是主谓关系，因此用现在分词表主动，作后置定语，故选F。 23．考查时态。句意：一个委员会决定，所有以人名命名的鸟类都应更换新名称。由“that all birds named after people should get new names”可知，句子表示“一个委员会决定，所有以人名命名的鸟类都应更换新名称”，空格处意为“决定”，是determine，句子描述过去的事情，时态用一般过去时，空格处用过去式，故选D。 24．考查名词。句意：“名字蕴含着力量，”AOS主席Colleen Handel说道。由“Some English bird names have associations with the past”可知，句子表示“名字蕴含着力量”，空格处意为“力量”，是power，是不可数名词，故选I。 25．考查形容词。句意：一些英语鸟类的名字与过去有联系，这仍然是排他性的。由“Some English bird names have associations with the past”可知，句子表示“这仍然是排他性的”，空格处意为“排他性的”，是exclusionary，故选H。 26．考查时态。句意：新名称将聚焦于“鸟类本身的独特特征”。由“on “the unique feature of the birds themselves.””可知，句子表示“聚焦于“鸟类本身的独特特征””，空格处意为“聚焦”，是focus，would后跟动词原形，故选B。 27．考查被动语态。句意：这些物种的拉丁学名（用拉丁文书写）将保持不变。由“The scientific names of the species, written in Latin”可知，句子表示“这些物种的拉丁学名（用拉丁文书写）将保持不变”，空格处意为“改变”，是change，名词是被改变，句子用被动语态，空前有will not be，空格处用过去分词，故选K。 28．考查副词。句意：最终，AOS计划更改263种鸟类的名称。由“the AOS plans to change the names of 263 birds”可知，句子表示“最终，AOS计划更改263种鸟类的名称”，空格处意为“最终”，是ultimately，故选C。 29．考查名词。句意：2020年，AOS将一种鸣禽重新命名，这种鸣禽原本是以美国内战（1861-1865年）期间的一位将军命名的，该将军曾是南方联盟（一个致力于维护奴隶制的州联盟）的一员。由“in the US Civil War”可知，句子表示“以美国内战期间的一位将军命名的”，空格处意为“将军”，是general，空前有a，空格处用单数，故选G。 30．考查动名词。句意：2020年，AOS将一种鸣禽重新命名，这种鸣禽原本是以美国内战（1861-1865年）期间的一位将军命名的，该将军曾是南方联盟（一个致力于维护奴隶制的州联盟）的一员。由“Confederacy, the group of states that was committed to”和“slavery”可知，句子表示“该将军曾是南方联盟（一个致力于维护奴隶制的州联盟）的一员”，空格处意为“维护”，是preserve，to是介词，空格处用动名词作宾语，故选A。 （2025·上海·模拟预测）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．acquire     B．cover     C． dependent    D．enhanced   E. evolution   F. fashioned   G. elements    H. material   I. knock-on     J. perfect     K. functional Orangutans (红毛猩猩) are known for an impressive feat of engineering: they carefully weave an intricate nest from branches and leafy twigs in the forest canopy daily, building and rebuilding for cozy nights and shady midday naps. Some nests, particularly those made by older and more experienced orangutans, feature pillows, linings, blankets, and sometimes even a roof 31 from broad leaves — and all must be well protected from the 32 and strong enough to hold 100-plus pounds of sleeping ape. Now a study published in Animal Behavior reveals that young orangutans 33 this vital task over the course of seven years, “The fact that it takes them so long to 34 this skill shows us that it’s much more complex than we realized before,” says the study’s lead author Andrea Permana, a primatologist (灵长类动物学家) at the University of Warwick in England. To understand this behavior, researchers followed 45 orangutans at Indonesia’s Gunung Leuse National Park for 13 years. “It was very cool to see more focus on 35 culture and tool-use behavior that isn’t the standard ‘sticks and stones,’ like the caveman tools that we usually focus on,” says University of Kent primatologist Hella Peter, who was not involved in the study. Permana found that orangutans begin to show interest in nest building as young six months. These still 36 orangutans practice the task daily over the course of their youth, watching their mother to learn building techniques. As they get older, their strength and skills improve, letting them more successfully weave twigs and branches into the structure. Researchers have seen orangutans build their first 37 night nests at three years old, but they still tend to sleep alongside their mothers until about age seven. Orangutans “have this seven-to-nine-year-long reliance period when they are little babies, and after that they are on their own.” Peter says. These nests offer more than just 38 from tigers and other predators; sleep itself is a crucial resource as well. All great apes construct nests to some degree, and studies show that orangutans sleep deeper and longer than non-nest-building primates. This sound sleep may tell us how nests played a part in our own ancestors’ brain because human ancestors and orangutan ancestors developed nest building 39 simultaneously. Permana says: “The more rested you are, then you can be more innovative. Maybe you’re more curious, your memory is better, and you can solve problems better. The 40 effects of that on the success of our ancestors is pretty undoubtable.” 【答案】 31．F 32．G 33．J 34．A 35．H 36．C 37．K 38．B 39．E 40．I 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了红毛猩猩每天在森林树冠中用树枝和叶状嫩枝精心编织复杂的巢穴的行为，并探讨了这种行为对红毛猩猩的重要性及其对人类祖先的影响。 31．考查非谓语动词。句意：一些巢穴，特别是那些由年长和更有经验的红毛猩猩建造的巢穴，有枕头、衬垫、毯子，有时甚至有由大叶子制成的屋顶。空格处在句子中作后置定语，且与其逻辑主语roof之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，应填过去分词，根据下文“from broad leaves(由大叶子)”可知，下文说的是由大叶子，可推理出空白处应填表示“制作”含义的过去分词，故选F项。 32．考查名词。句意：所有巢穴都必须很好地保护红毛猩猩免受风雨侵袭，并且足够坚固，能够支撑100多磅的睡猿。空白处在句子中作宾语，使用名词，根据上文“be well protected from(很好地保护)”可知上文说的是很好地保护，可推理出空白处应填表示“天气”含义的名词。故选G项。 33．考查动词。句意：现在，《动物行为》杂志上发表的一项研究表明，年轻的红毛猩猩需要7年的时间才能掌握这一重要任务。空白处在句子中作谓语，且因句子表示的是一个客观情况，谓语动词是用一般现在时，又因主语为复数，所以空格处应填动词的原形，根据下文“this vital task(这一重要任务)”可知下文提到了这一重要任务，可推理出此处说的是年轻的红毛猩猩需要7年的时间才能掌握这一重要任务，所以空白处应填表示“掌握”含义的动词，故选J项。 34．考查动词。句意：它们需要这么长时间才能掌握这项技能，这告诉我们，这项技能比我们之前意识到的要复杂得多。根据空白处前面的动词不定式符号to可知，空格处应填动词的原形，根据下文“this skill (这一技能)”可知下文提到了这一技能，可推理出此处说的是获得这一技能，故选A项。 35．考查名词。句意：看到更多关于物质文化和工具使用行为的关注，而不是通常我们关注的标准“棍棒和石头”，比如穴居人的工具，这非常酷。空白处在句子中作定语表示内容，所以空格处应填名词，根据下文“culture and tool-use behavior (……文化和工具使用行为)”可知下文提到了工具使用行为，可推理出此处说的是看到更多关于物质文化和工具使用行为的关注，所以空白处应填表示“物质”含义的名词，故选H项。 36．考查形容词。句意：这些仍然依赖母亲的红毛猩猩在幼年时期每天都会练习筑巢任务，观察母亲学习建筑技巧。空格处应填形容词作定语，根据下文“watching their mother to learn building techniques(观察母亲学习建筑技巧)”可知这些猩猩观察母亲学习建筑技巧，可推理出此处说的是这些猩猩仍然依赖母亲，故选C项。 37．考查形容词。句意：研究人员看到红毛猩猩在三岁时就建成了第一个功能性夜间巢穴，但它们通常会和母亲一起睡到大约七岁。空格处应填形容词作定语，根据下文“but they still tend to sleep alongside their mothers until about age seven (但它们通常会和母亲一起睡到大约七岁)”可知下文说的是但它们通常会和母亲一起睡到大约七岁，可推理出此处说的是研究人员看到红毛猩猩在三岁时就建成了第一个功能性夜间巢穴，所以空白处应填表示“功能性的”含义的形容词，故选K项。 38．考查名词。句意：这些巢穴不仅提供了躲避老虎和其他捕食者的保护，睡眠本身也是一种重要的资源。空白处在句子中作宾语，使用名词，根据下文“from tigers and other predators(来自老虎和其他捕食者)”可知，下文说的是老虎和其他捕食者，可推理出此处说的是这些巢穴提供了躲避老虎和其他捕食者的保护，可知空白处应填表示“保护”含义的名词。故选B项。 39．考查名词。句意：这种深度睡眠可能告诉我们巢穴在我们祖先的大脑发育中扮演了怎样的角色，因为人类祖先和红毛猩猩祖先同时发展了巢穴建筑。空白处在句子中作宾语，使用名词，根据上文“human ancestors and orangutan ancestors developed nest building (人类祖先和红毛猩猩祖先发展了建筑……)”可知，上文提到了人类祖先和红毛猩猩祖先，可推理出此处说的是人类祖先和红毛猩猩祖先同时发展了巢穴建筑，所以空白处应填表示“进化；发展”含义的名词，故选E项。 40．考查形容词。句意：这种对我们的祖先成功的连锁效应是毋庸置疑的。空格处应填形容词作定语，根据上文“Maybe you’re more curious, your memory is better, and you can solve problems better(也许你的好奇心更强，记忆力更好，解决问题的能力也更强)”可知上文说的是一种连锁现象，可推理出此处说的是这种对我们的祖先成功的连锁效应是毋庸置疑的，所以空白处应填表示“连锁的；间接的”含义的形容词，故选I项。 考点三Unit 3 Foods词汇表 知识点1 读单词、识词义 单词 词性 释义 短语搭配 shock n./v. 震惊；使震惊；休克 be shocked at/by（对…… 震惊） culture shock n. 文化冲击 - host n./v. 主人；主持；主办 play host to（主办；招待） multiple adj./n. 多重的；倍数 - variety n. 种类；多样 a variety of = varieties of（各种各样的） champagne n. 香槟酒；香槟色 - slice n./v. 薄片；切 a slice of（一片……） serving n. 一份食物；上菜（serve 的现在分词） - focus n./v. 焦点；集中 focus on（集中于） facility n. 设施；设备 public facilities（公共设施） strategy n. 策略；战略 marketing strategy（营销策略） phenomenon n. 现象（复数：phenomena） - graph n. 图表；曲线图 - honeymoon n./v. 蜜月；度蜜月 go on a honeymoon（去度蜜月） phase n./v. 阶段；分阶段进行 in the initial phase（在初始阶段） frustrating adj. 令人沮丧的；使人懊恼的 - overwhelming adj. 压倒性的；势不可挡的 - encounter v./n. 遭遇；邂逅 encounter with（遭遇；遇到） tend v. 趋向；倾向；照料 tend to do sth.（倾向于做某事） utensil n. 餐具；炊具 kitchen utensils（厨房用具） appetite n. 食欲；胃口 lose one's appetite（食欲不振） grab v./n. 抓住；攫取 grab at（试图抓住） run into phr.v. 遭遇；撞上；偶然遇见 - type n./v. 类型；打字 type in（输入） culinary adj. 烹饪的；厨房的 culinary art（烹饪艺术） identify v. 确定；识别；认出 identify...as...（把…… 识别为……） seek v. 知识点2 重点常考派生词词形转换 1. culture n. 文化 → cultural adj. 文化的；culturally adv. 从文化角度 2. identify v. 识别；确定 → identification n. 识别；identifiable adj. 可识别的 3. cuisine n. 菜肴；烹饪 → culinary adj. 烹饪的；culinarily adv. 烹饪上 4. variety n. 种类；多样 → various adj. 各种各样的；vary v. 变化 5. nutrition n. 营养 → nutritious adj. 有营养的；nutritionally adv. 营养上地 6. unique adj. 独特的 → uniquely adv. 独特地；uniqueness n. 独特性 7. associate v. 联系；联想 → association n. 协会；associated adj. 相关的 8. frustrate v. 使沮丧 → frustrating adj. 令人沮丧的；frustration n. 沮丧 9. appeal v./n. 吸引；呼吁 → appealing adj. 吸引人的；appealingly adv. 吸引人地 10. globalize v. 全球化 → globalization n. 全球化；global adj. 全球的 知识点3 重点词组短语固定搭配 1. run into 遇上(困难) 2. identify with 认同；理解；认为…密切相关 3. pass down 传下来；遗传 4. focus on 关注….；集中于… 5. tend to do sth. 倾向于做某事. 6. have appetite for 有...欲望 7. seek to do sth. 设法做某事 8. seek for…寻求 9. by means of 通过 (方法、手段或过程) 10. have access to sb.有接触某人的机会或权利； 11. have access to sth.有使用某物的权利；对某物有使用权 12. inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某事 13. galette des rois — 国王饼（法国传统食物） 14. culture shock — 文化冲击 15. wrist resting on the table — 手腕放在桌上 16. Bon appétit! — 用餐愉快！ 17. cultural identity — 文化身份 18. family recipes — 家庭食谱 19. nutritious and appealing — 营养且诱人 20. portal into culture — 文化的入口 考向1 补全句子（本单元词汇巩固） multiple tend focus frustrating types phase encounter grab appetite facility 1.He died of____________ injuries. 2.The research effort has ___________ on tracing the effects of growing levels of five compounds. 3.What recreational ___________ are now available? 4.This autumn, 6000 residents will participate in the first ___________ of the project. 5.The current situation is very___________ for us. 6.Did you ___________ anyone in the building? 7.A problem for manufacturers is that lighter cars ___________to be noisy. 8.I managed to ___________ her hand. 9.Someone's ________ for something is their strong desire for it. 10.There are various___________ of the disease. 【答案】 1.multiple 2. focused 3. facilities 4. phase 5.frustrating 6. encounter 7. tend 8. grab 9. appetite 10. types 考向2 选词填空 （24-25高三阶段练习）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can on used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．chemically   B．ingredients   C． observational   D．softened   E. striking F. investigating   G. imposed    H. concentrations   I. obesity   J. objectively K. classification Scientists are learning why ultra-processed foods are bad for you For millennia, people have altered food to please their palates. More than 3,000 years ago Mesoamericans, living in what is Mexico and Central America today, cooked corn kernels in a solution of wood ash or limestone. The process unlocked nutrients and 1 the tough outer shells of the corn, making them easier to grind. According to the UN, the average daily food supply available for a person in the rich world increased by over 20% between 1961 and 2021. In that time, 2 rates have more than tripled; today, nearly one in three people globally is overweight. Now concerns are growing that the heavy processing may itself be harmful. A particular target is “ultra-processed foods” (UPFs), a relatively recent label put forward by Carlos Monteiro, a Brazilian scientist. Robert F. Kennedy junior, Donald Trump’s nominee for secretary of health, has likened processed food to “poison” and promised to reduce the share of UPFs in American diets. In November 2023 Colombia 3 a tax on highly processed foods and drinks. In Britain parliamentarians are 4 the effects of UPFs on people’s health. In 2009 Dr Monteiro came up with a 5 system, called Nova, that sorts foods into four buckets depending on the degree of processing they undergo. The first group includes minimally processed foods like fruit and milk. The second covers basic 6 like butter and sugar. Next are foods like canned vegetables and bread. The last group, UPFs, represent heavily processed items like fizzy drinks, sugary cereals and frozen pizzas. These are made with ingredients not typically found in a home kitchen, such as hydrogenated oils or flavouring agents. These are 7 modified and reassembled along with additives like artificial colours to make the food more appealing. UPFs often contain higher 8 of fat, sugar and salt than processed foods, which could explain their negative effects. Where those harms come from is still unclear, however. With so many competing factors that could also explain poor health — such as income, education and social conditions — 9 studies alone cannot offer conclusive answers. A better way to assess the question is with a randomized controlled trial (RCT), where researchers track a person’s food intake and control for all other variables. Participants received either ultra-processed or minimally processed foods for two weeks and were free to eat as much or as little as they wanted. The results were 10 . People on the ultra-processed diet ate about 500 more calories per day than those on the unprocessed one. They also gained an average of 1kg over two weeks. Dr Hall says that though the study was short and conducted in an artificial setting, the results suggest that excess amounts of salt, sugar and fats might be fully to blame for the ill effects of processed food. 【答案】 1．D 2．I 3．G 4．F 5．K 6．B 7．A 8．H 9．C 10．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家们正在研究超加工食品对人体健康的危害，发现其高脂肪、糖和盐含量可能导致肥胖和其他健康问题。 1．考查动词。句意：这一过程释放了营养，软化了玉米坚硬的外壳，使其更容易研磨。空处作谓语，结合“the tough outer shells of the corn, making them easier to grind”可推知，更容易研磨说明玉米坚硬的外壳软化了，D项softened“（使）变软，软化”符合题意。故选D。 2．考查名词。句意：在此期间，肥胖率增加了两倍多；如今，全球近三分之一的人超重。空处修饰名词rates，结合“today, nearly one in three people globally is overweight”可推知，I项obesity“肥胖”符合题意，表示“肥胖率增加了两倍多”。故选I。 3．考查动词。句意：2023年11月，哥伦比亚对高度加工的食品和饮料征税。空处作谓语，结合“a tax on highly processed foods and drinks”可推知，G项imposed“征收”符合题意，表示“对高度加工的食品和饮料征税”。故选G。 4．考查动词。句意：在英国，议员们正在调查超加工食品对人们健康的影响。空处和are构成谓语，结合“the effects of UPFs on people’s health”可推知，F项investigating“调查”符合题意，表示“调查超加工食品对人们健康的影响”。故选F。 5．考查名词。句意：2009年，Monteiro博士提出了一种名为Nova的分类系统，根据食品的加工程度将其分为四类。空处修饰名词system，结合“that sorts foods into four buckets depending on the degree of processing they undergo”可推知，K项classification“分类”符合题意，表示“一种名为Nova的分类系统”。故选K。 6．考查名词。句意：第二类包括黄油和糖等基本成分。空处作covers的宾语，结合“like butter and sugar”可推知，B项ingredients“成分”符合题意，表示“黄油和糖等基本成分”。故选B。 7．考查副词。句意：这些成分经过化学改性，并与人工色素等添加剂重新组合，使食品更具吸引力。空处修饰动词modified，结合上文“These are made with ingredients not typically found in a home kitchen, such as hydrogenated oils or flavouring agents.(它们由家庭厨房中通常找不到的成分制成，例如氢化油、高果糖玉米糖浆、调味剂和乳化剂)”和“along with additives like artificial colours to make the food more appealing”可推知，A项chemically“化学上地”符合题意，表示“经过化学改性”。故选A。 8．考查名词。句意：超加工食品通常比加工食品含有更高含量的脂肪、糖和盐，这可以解释它们的负面影响。空处作contain的宾语，结合“of fat, sugar and salt than processed foods”可推知，H项concentrations“浓度，含量”符合题意，表示“含有更高含量的脂肪、糖和盐”。故选H。 9．考查形容词。句意：由于存在许多可能解释健康状况不佳的竞争因素，如收入、教育和社会条件，仅靠观察性研究无法提供确切的答案。空处修饰名词studies，结合下一句中的“A better way to assess the question is with a randomized controlled trial (RCT)(评估这个问题的更好方法是随机对照试验（RCT）)”可推知，C项observational“观察性的”符合题意，表示“仅靠观察性研究无法提供确切的答案”。故选C。 10．考查形容词。句意：结果令人震惊。空处作表语，结合下一句“People on the ultra-processed diet ate about 500 more calories per day than those on the unprocessed one.(超加工饮食的人每天比未加工饮食的人多摄入约 500 卡路里)”可推知，E项striking“令人震惊的”符合题意，表示“结果令人震惊”。故选E。 （2023·上海黄浦·二模）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．automatically    B．coexist    C． concept    D．discontinued    E. discouraged F. necessarily    G. optimism    H. priced    I. profit-generating    J. promotional K. trash Too Good To Go Around the country, apps that connect customers to businesses with leftover food have begun to spread. The 11 is simple: Restaurants and grocery stores throw away huge amounts of food every day. Rather than 12 it, apps like Too Good To Go and Flashfood help businesses sell it at a reduced price. They claim that the businesses and buyers are helping the environment because the food would otherwise become food waste, a big contributor to climate change. In the United States, customers in 12 cities can look through restaurants and stores on Too Good To Go, then reserve “surprise bags” that typically cost about $4 to $6 and contain food that would have been 13 at roughly three times that amount. Several food waste experts expressed 14 that these types of apps could help limit the amount of wasted food. And even though charitable organizations often redirect unwanted food from restaurants and grocery stores to food banks and community kitchens, there’s space for all of these kinds of solutions to 15 . One complication is that, according to interviews with several companies selling on Too Good To Go, at least a few items for sale there aren’t 16 what buyers might think of as “food waste.” The owner of a Baltimore dessert shop said she considered the app a(n) 17 tool to reach new customers by selling what she called “little samples.” A beer company owner said he used the app to sell 18 products, but also sold new flavors there in hopes of attracting new customers. Mr. Crummie, the Too Good To Go director, said the app 19 this type of behavior. “If somebody is paying $5, they should be receiving $15 worth of food,” he said. “So it’s not a(n) 20 platform.” 【答案】 11．C 12．K 13．H 14．G 15．B 16．F 17．J 18．D 19．E 20．I 【导语】本文为一篇新闻报道。这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了有些手机应用程序可让顾客以低价程序买到要被浪费的食物。他们声称这么做可以避免食物浪费，保护环境。 11．考查名词。句意：这个概念很简单：餐馆和杂货店每天扔掉大量的食物。根据上文“Around the country, apps that connect customers to businesses with leftover food have begun to spread. (在全国各地，把顾客和有剩饭剩菜的商家联系起来的应用程序已经开始普及)”可知，那些app的宗旨是不浪费粮食，设空处应选名词concept，意为“概念，观念”，指代上句的leftover food的概念，作主语。符合语境。故选C项。 12．考查动词。句意：Too Good To Go和Flashfood等应用程序不会将其丢弃，而是帮助企业以低价出售。根据上句“The 　　　 is simple: Restaurants and grocery stores throw away huge amounts of food every day. (这个概念很简单：餐馆和杂货店每天扔掉大量的食物。)”可知，在没有app之前，餐馆杂货店会把大量食物扔到垃圾桶，设空处应用动词trash，意为“丢弃，去除”，作Rather than的宾语。故选K项。 13．考查动词。句意：在美国，12个城市的顾客可以在Too Good To Go上浏览餐馆和商店，然后预订通常价值4到6美元的“惊喜包”，里面的食物价格大约是这个价格的三倍。根据语境，设空处应用动词priced，意为“为……定价，标价”，为过去分词，与have been构成现在完成时的被动语态，作定语从句的谓语动词。故选H项。 14．考查名词。句意：一些食物浪费专家乐观地表示，这类应用程序有助于限制食物浪费。根据句中的“that these types of apps could help limit the amount of wasted food”可知，专家们对这类应用程序的作用意义很看好，设空处应选名词optimism，意为“乐观；乐观主义”，作expressed的宾语。故选G项。 15．考查动词。句意：尽管慈善组织经常将餐馆和杂货店不需要的食物转移到食品银行和社区厨房，但所有这些解决方案都有共存的空间。根据语境，设空处应用动词coexist，意为“同时存在，共存”，此处填其原形和to构成不定式结构，作space的定语。故选B项。 16．考查副词。句意：据对几家在Too Good to Go网站上销售的公司的采访，一个复杂的问题是，至少有几件商品并不一定是买家眼中的“食物垃圾”。此处考查短语not necessarily，意为“未必，不一定”。故选F项。 17．考查形容词。句意：巴尔的摩一家甜品店的老板说，她认为这款应用程序是通过销售她所谓的“小样品”来吸引新客户的促销工具。设空处应用形容词promotional，意为“促销的，推广的”，promotional tool意为“促销工具”，形容词修饰名词作定语。故选J项。 18．考查形容词。句意：一家啤酒公司的老板说，他使用该应用销售停产的产品，但也在那里销售新口味的产品，希望吸引新客户。此处考查短语discontinued products，意为“停产的商品”，设空处应用形容词discontinued，作前置定语。故选D项。 19．考查动词。句意：Too Good To Go的总监克拉米说，这款应用不鼓励这种行为。根据语境，设空处应选动词discouraged，意为“使打消念头，劝阻”，作宾语从句的谓语，为一般过去时。故选E项。 20．考查形容词短语。句意：所以这不是一个产生利润的平台。设空处在名词platform之前，应选形容词profit-generating，意为“营利的”，作定语。故选I项。 （24-25高二上·上海浦东新·期中）Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．typically  B．time-consuming  C． approach  D．regularly  E. advantage  F. costly G. choice  H. records  I. caters  J. start  K. appealing Young Chinese Turn to Community Canteens Community cafeterias are originally built to provide affordable and nutritious meals to elderly people. In Shanghai, they are now becoming a popular dining 21 for young people. At noon, people of different ages can be seen queuing up at the Tongxin Cafeteria near the Jing’an Temple downtown. The menu, with over 60 dishes. 22 to different tastes. The dishes range from scallion oil chicken to crispy pork belly to bitter melon stir-fried with pork slices. “It is 23 to have a meal at this canteen after work. The dishes are nutritious and healthy,” said Chen Luo. She is a white-collar worker from a nearby office building. Chen used to depend on takeaway food ordered online, which is 24 poor in terms of nutrition and high in sugar, salt and fats. Preparing her own meals, though, is too 25 , she said. She always spent about two hours cooking, but only ten minutes eating. The nearby community canteen is a perfect site to enjoy ready-made meals. In addition to diverse choices and convenience, the lower price is also a main 26 of community canteens. For a basic meal with one meat dish and two vegetable dishes, diners usually pay less than 20 yuan each meal, avoiding a 27 one in downtown restaurants. Li Jiajun, manager of a community canteen, said the lower price is a result of government subsidies (补贴). His canteen serves elderly diners from 10:30 to 11:30 a.m. and 4:30 to 5:30 p.m. Apart from those hours, people of all ages are welcome. Cafeteria managers are required to keep detailed 28 , including 48-hour food samples, and upload related data to information-sharing platforms, Li said. This 29 helps to ensure food safety. Some community canteens have drawn considerable attention after many young people shared their dining experiences on social media platforms. At the community canteen in the Youyi Road Subdistrict in Baoshan, the cost of meals is based on weight with the aim of reducing waste. The Community AI Canteen in the Hongqiao Subdistrict is the first to 30 the staff-free community canteen in Shanghai. It serves about 300 customers per day. Robots are used to cook and serve meals, while an AI system offers diet advice to customers. 【答案】 21．G 22．I 23．K 24．A 25．B 26．E 27．F 28．H 29．C 30．J 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了上海虹桥街道社区人工智能食堂。 21．考查名词。句意：在上海，它们现已成为年轻人的热门餐饮选择。此处应用名词作宾语，根据句意可知，表示“选择”，应用名词choice，故选G。 22．考查动词。句意：菜单有60多种菜肴，可满足不同口味。此处作句子的谓语，根据句意可知，表示“满足……的需求”为固定搭配cater to，主语是单数，谓语动词应用三单形式，故选I。 23．考查形容词。句意：下班后去这家食堂吃顿饭很吸引人。此处应用形容词作表语，根据下文“The dishes are nutritious and healthy,”可知，这里的菜很健康营养，所以在这里吃饭很吸引人，应用形容词appealing，故选K。 24．考查副词。句意：陈先生以前主要靠网购外卖，但外卖营养普遍较差，糖、盐、脂肪含量较高。此处应用副词作状语，修饰形容词poor，根据句意可知，此处表示“通常”，应用副词typically，故选A。 25．考查形容词。句意：但她说，自己做饭太费时间了。此处应用形容词作表语，根据句意可知，表示“费时间的”，应用形容词time-consuming，故选B。 26．考查名词。句意：除了选择多样、方便之外，价格较低也是社区食堂的一大优势。此处应用名词作表语，由a可知，应用单数，根据句意可知，此处表示“优势”，应用名词advantage，故选E。 27．考查形容词。句意：一荤两素的基本餐，每顿饭的花费不到20元，避免了在市中心餐馆吃昂贵的饭菜。此处应用形容词作定语，修饰代词one，根据句意可知，此处表示“昂贵的”，应用形容词costly，故选F。 28．考查名词。句意：李说，食堂管理人员必须保留详细记录，包括48小时食物样本，并将相关数据上传到信息共享平台。此处应用名词作宾语，表示“记录”为名词records，故选H。 29．考查名词。句意：这种方法有助于确保食品安全。此处应用名词作主语根据句意可知，此处表示“方法”，应用名词approach，由this可知，应用单数，故选C。 30．考查动词。句意：虹桥街道社区人工智能食堂是上海首个无人值守的社区食堂。由不定式to可知，此处应用动词原形，根据句意可知，此处表示“开办”，为动词start，故选J。 考点四Unit 4 Sports词汇表 知识点1 读单词、识词义 单词 词性 释义 短语搭配 garage n. 车库；修车厂 - barely adv. 仅仅；几乎不 - neighborhood n. 街坊；居民区；邻近地区 - guy n. 男人；家伙；伙计 - varsity adj./n. 大学体育代表队的；大学体育队 - crush v./n. 压碎；迷恋 have a crush on sb.（迷恋某人） hustle v./n. 奔忙；推搡；欺诈 - dribble v./n. 运球；滴下 - shoot v./n. 射击；投篮；嫩芽 shoot at（朝…… 射击） sit-up n. 仰卧起坐 - push-up n. 俯卧撑 - pull-up n. 引体向上 - hoop n. 箍；铁环；篮筐 - sneaker n. 运动鞋；帆布胶底鞋 - severe adj. 严重的；严厉的；严峻的 - critic n. 批评家；评论家 - ally n./v. 盟友；同盟国；结盟 ally with（与…… 结盟） challenging adj. 挑战性的；考验能力的 - endearing adj. 惹人喜爱的；令人爱慕的 - ultimate adj./n. 最终的；终极；根本 - tough adj. 艰苦的；坚强的；困难的 - competitor n. 竞争者；对手 - visa n. 签证 - million num./n. 百万；无数 millions of（数百万的） hang out phr.v. 闲逛；逗留 - leave off phr.v. 停止；中断；戒除 - work on phr.v. 从事；致力于；对…… 起作用 - bend v./n. 弯曲；弯腰；弯道 bend over（弯腰） German adj./n. 德国的；德语；德国人 - penalty area n. （足球）禁区 - net n./v. 网；净的；用网捕 - goal n. 目标；球门；进球得分 score a goal（进球） relief n. 减轻；安慰；救济 to one's relief（令某人欣慰的是） scream v./n. 尖叫；呐喊 - referee n. 裁判；调解人 - whistle v./n. 吹口哨；汽笛 - full-time adj. 全职的；全日制的 - draw v./n. 画；拉；平局 draw up（起草；制定） friendly n./adj. 友谊赛；友好的 - pitch n./v. 球场；音高；推销；投掷 - pep talk n. 鼓舞士气的讲话；动员讲话 - relieve v. 减轻；缓解；解除 relieve sb. of sth.（减轻某人的……） crack v./n. 破裂；裂纹；重击 - goalkeeper n. 守门员 - roll v./n. 滚动；卷；名单 roll up（卷起；出现） breath n. 呼吸；气息 take a deep breath（深呼吸） calm adj./v. 平静的；使平静 calm down（冷静下来） roar v./n. 咆哮；轰鸣 - stadium n. 体育场；运动场 - spot n./v. 地点；斑点；认出；弄脏 on the spot（当场） incredibly adv. 难以置信地；非常地 - yell v./n. 叫喊；大喊 yell at（对…… 大喊） groan v./n. 呻吟；叹息 - crossbar n. （足球）横梁；横杆 - bounce v./n. 弹起；弹跳；弹性 bounce back（恢复；反弹） crowd n./v. 人群；挤满；聚集 a crowd of（一群……） gutted adj. 极其失望的；取出内脏的 - kick off phr.v. （足球）开球；开始 - break through phr.v. 突破；突围；取得进展 - turn over phr.v. 翻转；移交；营业额达到 - step up phr.v. 提高；增加；站出来 - calm down phr.v. 平静下来；镇静 - kung fu n. 功夫；中国武术 - athlete n. 运动员；体育家 - judge n./v. 法官；裁判；判断；评判 - admire v. 钦佩；赞美；欣赏 admire sb. for sth.（因某事钦佩某人） realistic adj. 现实的；实际的；逼真的 - professional adj./n. 职业的；专业人员 - Olympic adj. 奥林匹克运动会的 the Olympic Games（奥林匹克运动会） title n. 标题；头衔；冠军 - spectator n. 观众；旁观者 - commentator n. 评论员；解说员 - 知识点2 重点常考派生词词形转换 1. compete v. 竞争；比赛 → competition n. 竞争；competitor n. 竞争者 2. challenge n./v. 挑战 → challenging adj. 挑战性的；challenger n. 挑战者 3. relieve v. 减轻；缓解 → relief n. 减轻；relievable adj. 可减轻的 4. professional adj. 职业的 → profession n. 职业；professionally adv. 专业地 5. amaze v. 使惊奇 → amazing adj. 令人惊奇的；amazement n. 惊奇（同 Unit 1） 6. realistic adj. 现实的 → reality n. 现实；realize v. 实现 7. calm adj./v. 平静的；使平静 → calmly adv. 平静地；calmness n. 平静 8. judge v./n. 判断；法官 → judgment n. 判断；judgmental adj. 批判性的 9. perform v. 表演；表现 → performance n. 表现；performer n. 表演者 10. celebrate v. 庆祝 → celebration n. 庆祝；celebratory adj. 庆祝的 知识点3 重点词组短语固定搭配 1. 1. hang out 晾出; 闲逛 2. 2. leave…off… 漏掉,不列入 3. 3. work on 影响，对…起作用；继续工作；从事于…； 4. 4. kick off (足球或橄榄球比赛的) 开球; 开始 (事件、比赛等); 踢掉 (鞋子) 5. 5. break through 冲破 (障碍); . (克服困难和障碍而) 获得成功 6. 6. turn over 翻转; . 翻身; 仔细考虑; 移交 7. 7. step up 走上前去 8. 8. calm down 使冷静下来; 冷静下来 9. varsity team — 校队 10. dribbling skills — 运球技巧 11. championship game — 冠军赛 12. superhuman effort — 超人般的努力 13. penalty shootout — 点球大战 14. sportsmanship — 体育精神 15. legacy of sports — 体育遗产 16. passion for basketball — 对篮球的热爱 考向1 补全句子（本单元词汇巩固） shoot competitors crack critics spots ultimate incredible relief roll bend  1.They stayed at several of the island's top tourist ________. 2..When vehicles _______ along, they move along slowly. 3.The police came around the corner and they started to __________ at us. 4.He said it is still not possible to predict the _________outcome. 5.The water had barely come to boil when she began to ________ four eggs into it. 6. It seemed ____________ that people would still want to play football during a war. 7.The newspaper has been one of the most consistent _________ ever of the government. 8. ________ agencies are stepping up efforts to provide food, shelter, and agricultural equipment. 9. The driver slowed down at a tight __________ in the road.  10.The bank isn't performing as well as some of its ____________ . 【答案】1.spots 2. roll 3.shoot 4.ultimate 5. crack 6.incredible 7.critics 8.Relief 1. bend  10. competitors 考向2 选词填空 （23-24高三·上海浦东新·阶段练习）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．wonder  B．regular  C． doubt D．physically E. breathing F. wealth G. functioning  H. flexibility I. flow J. generally K. mood Sometimes it’s the simplest daily practice that can have the biggest impact on your health, and yoga is proof of that. Although most forms of yoga aren’t considered to be as intense as other workout regimens, practising yoga on a daily basis has been scientifically demonstrated to help you mentally and 31 . Through breath work, meditation and holding poses that increase strength and 32 the body and mind gain benefits from yoga that positively impact your long-term health. It’s no 33 people have been practising yoga for over 5000 years, and that the number of Australians practising yoga doubled between 2008 and 2017 to over two million, according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Yoga teacher, Jenni Tarmar, shares, “we have a 34 of research demonstrating that a regular mindfulness practice - the act of paying attention to the sensation in the body, thoughts and emotions without judgment - can reduce stress and help us to feel calmer, more productive, and 35 more even-keeled in our daily lives.” After evaluating yoga history and research, one 2014 review published in Frontiers in Human Neouroscience concluded that 36 yoga practice can help facilitate self-regulation. Another study of adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 found that practising yoga positively benefited emotional regulation and self-esteem. “Movement releases beneficial neurotransmitters (神经转发器) in the brain, which helps us feel good as well as assist in 37 regulation,” says yoga instructor, Evan Lawrence. “One of the things that I like about yoga specifically is that there is, at the same time, a focus on physical movement and 38 .” According to associate professor of psychiatry, Dr Gail Saltz, “practising yoga improves overall blood 39 to the body, including the brain, which is helpful for cognition and memory.” One 2019 review published in Brain Plasticity concluded that behavioural interventions like yoga can help “mitigate age-related and neurodegenerative decline” due to the positive effects a daily practice has on different parts of the 40 brain, like the hippocampus (which plays a major role in learning and memory) and the prefrontal cortex (cognitive control functions). 【答案】 31．D 32．H 33．A 34．F 35．J 36．B 37．K 38．E 39．I 40．G 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过引用科学研究、专家观点和统计数据来说明瑜伽对身心健康的积极影响，解释瑜伽如何帮助人们进行自我调节、改善情绪和认知功能，并强调了瑜伽作为一种日常实践的重要性。 31．考查副词。句意：虽然大多数形式的瑜伽不像其他锻炼方案那样剧烈，但科学证明，每天练习瑜伽对你的身心都有帮助。根据前文的“mentally and”可知，空处应和前文的mentally并列，应是D项physically“身体上”符合语境，构成固定搭配：mentally and physically意为“精神上和身体上”。故选D项。 32．考查名词。句意：通过呼吸练习，冥想和保持姿势，增加身体和心灵的力量和灵活性，从瑜伽中获益，对你的长期健康有积极的影响。空处和前文的strength并列，所以空处应填名词，此处应是flexibility意为“灵活性”符合语境。故选H项。 33．考查名词。句意：难怪人们练习瑜伽已经超过5000年了，根据澳大利亚统计局的数据，澳大利亚练习瑜伽的人数在2008年至2017年间翻了一番，超过200万人。根据前文“the body and mind gain benefits from yoga that positively impact your long-term health.”可知，空处应是wonder意为“惊奇”，构成固定搭配：it is no wonder意为“难怪”符合语境。故选A项。 34．考查名词。句意：瑜伽老师Jenni Tarmar分享说：“我们有大量的研究表明，定期的正念练习——不加评判地关注身体的感觉、思想和情绪——可以减轻压力，帮助我们在日常生活中感到更平静、更有效率、更平稳。”空前是不定冠词，所以空处应填名词作宾语，根据句意，此处应是wealth意为“大量”，构成固定搭配：a wealth of意为“大量的”符合语境。故选F项。 35．考查副词。句意：瑜伽老师珍妮·塔尔玛 (Jenni Tarmar) 分享道：“我们有大量的研究表明，经常进行正念练习——即不加评判地关注身体的感觉、思想和情感——可以减轻压力，帮助我们在日常生活中感觉更加平静、更有效率，而且通常更加稳定。”空处修饰空后的形容词，应该用副词修饰，根据句意，应是generally意为“通常”符合语境。故选J项。 36．考查形容词。句意：在评估了瑜伽的历史和研究之后，2014年发表在《人类神经科学前沿》(Frontiers in Human neuroscience)上的一篇综述得出结论，定期练习瑜伽有助于促进自我调节。空后是名词，所以空处应填形容词作定语，根据句意，应是regular意为“定期的”符合语境。故选B项。 37．考查名词。句意：瑜伽教练埃文·劳伦斯说：“运动在大脑中释放有益的神经递质，这有助于我们感觉良好，并有助于调节情绪。”空前是介词，所以空处应填名词作宾语，根据句意，应是mood，和regulation构成固定搭配：mood regulation意为“情绪调节”符合语境。故选K项。 38．考查名词。句意：我特别喜欢瑜伽的一个原因是，它同时注重身体运动和呼吸。根据空前的and可知，空处和前文的movement并列，所以空处应填名词作宾语，此处应是breathing，表达“同时注重身体运动和呼吸”之意。故选E项。 39．考查名词。句意：精神病学副教授盖尔·萨尔茨博士表示，“练习瑜伽可以改善身体的整体血液流动，包括大脑，这对认知和记忆有帮助。”空前是形容词，所以空处应填名词作宾语，根据句意，此处应是flow，构成固定词组搭配：blood flow意为“血流”。故选I项。 40．考查名词。句意：2019年发表在《大脑可塑性》杂志上的一篇综述得出结论，瑜伽等行为干预措施可以帮助“缓解与年龄相关的神经退行性衰退”，因为每天的练习对大脑功能的不同部位有积极影响，比如海马体(在学习和记忆中起主要作用)和前额皮质(认知控制功能)。此处修饰名词brain，应用名词functioning“功能”，作定语。故选G项。 （2024·上海崇明·二模）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．activate    B．amounted    C． compared    D．energetic    E. guidelines    F. identify G. image    H. influenced    I. respects    J. review    K. substantial     Exercise Can Help Prevent Depression, Study Finds How often do you exercise? A new 41 from researchers at the University of Cambridge shows that those who exercise are less likely to develop depression, even if they exercise less than the recommended amount. The Department of Health and Human Services recommends that adults engage in 2.5 to 5 hours of moderate activity per week or one hour and 15 minutes to 2.5 hours of 42 aerobic (有氧的) exercise per week or some combination of the two. Adults who took a walk for what 43 to 2.5 hours per week were less likely to develop depression than those who didn’t exercise at all, the study found. But even those who exercised less felt better than those who didn’t exercise at all, according to researchers. “In this study, a relatively small amount of physical activity were associated with a(n) 44 decrease in risks of depression,” the study says. The researchers analyzed 15 studies with nearly 200,000 participants. Those who did about half the recommended amount of physical activity per week had an 18% lower risk of depression 45 with adults who did not exercise, the study says. Participants who exercised the recommended amount had a 25% lower risk of depression than those who did not. Exercising more than the recommended amount hardly 46 depression risk, according to researchers. Many 47 of exercise can lead to improved mental health. For example, working out can increase circulation (血液循环) to the brain and 48 the central nervous system, leading to what many refer to as a “runners high,” the study says. More exercise can also lead to improved physical health and a better body 49 , which can cause a person to be more social, researchers say. Nearly 5% of adults in the U.S. report regular feelings of depression, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Among the study participants, researchers estimate that 1 in every 9 cases of depression might have been prevented had everyone met recommended exercise 50 , the study says. 【答案】 41．J 42．D 43．B 44．K 45．C 46．H 47．I 48．A 49．G 50．E 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了研究发现，运动有助于预防抑郁症。 41．考查名词。句意：剑桥大学(University of Cambridge)研究人员的一项新综述显示，那些锻炼的人不太可能患上抑郁症，即使他们的运动量低于推荐量。分析句子可知，空前为形容词new，此处应为名词形式，review“综述”为名词，符合句意。故选J项。 42．考查形容词。句意：美国卫生与公众服务部(Department of Health and Human Services)建议成年人每周进行2.5至5小时的适度运动，或每周进行1小时15分钟至2.5小时的高强度有氧运动，或两者兼而有之。分析句子可知，空后aerobic exercise为名词短语，此处应为形容词作定语修饰该名词短语，energetic“高能的”为形容词，符合句意。故选D项。 43．考查固定短语。句意：研究发现，每周散步2.5小时的成年人患抑郁症的可能性低于那些根本不运动的人。分析句子可知，此处为固定短语amount to“总结，共达”，满足句意要求，结合上下文时态可知，amount为过去时形式。故选B项。 44．考查形容词。句意：该研究称：“在这项研究中，相对少量的体育活动与抑郁症风险的大幅降低有关。”分析句子可知，空后decrease为名词，此处应为形容词形式作定语修饰该名词，substantial“大量的，大幅的”为形容词，符合句意。故选K项。 45．考查固定短语。句意：研究称，那些每周进行建议运动量一半的人患抑郁症的风险比不锻炼的成年人低18%。分析句子可知，此处为固定短语compared with“与……相比”，满足句意要求。故选C项。 46．考查动词。句意：研究人员表示，超过推荐量的运动量几乎不会影响患抑郁症的风险。分析句子可知，此处为动词作句子的谓语成分，influenced“影响”为动词，符合句意。故选H项。 47．考查名词。句意：锻炼在很多方面都能改善心理健康。分析句子可知，空前为Many，此处应为复数名词形式，respects“方面”为复数名词，符合句意。故选I项。 48．考查动词。句意：例如，研究表明，锻炼可以增加大脑的血液循环，激活中枢神经系统，导致许多人所说的“跑步者兴奋”。分析句子可知，空前为and连接的动词increase，此处也应为动词形式，构成并列谓语成分，activate“激活”为动词，符合句意。故选A项。 49．考查名词。句意：研究人员说，更多的锻炼还可以改善身体健康和更好的身体形象，这可以使一个人更善于社交。分析句子可知，空前为better形容词，此处为名词形式，image“形象”为名词，和body构成名词短语，body image“身体形象”，符合句意。故选G项。 50．考查名词。句意：研究称，在研究参与者中，研究人员估计，如果每个人都遵守推荐的锻炼指南，每9例抑郁症中就有1例可能得到预防。分析句子可知，空前recommended形容词，此处应为名词形式，guidelines“指南”为名词，和exercise构成名词短语，exercise guidelines“锻炼指南”，符合句意。故选E项。 （2024·上海浦东新·二模）Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box.  Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．backfire B．compensate      C． extend  D．impressive    E. meaningful F. measure G. needle  H. overall  I. perceive J. punishment  K. typically Why You Shouldn’t Exercise to Lose Weight Many of us are lacing up our sneakers and starting (or restarting) exercise regimens (练身计划) in hopes of shedding unwanted pounds. Unquestionably, aiming to be more active is good. But if the main reason is to lose weight, your New Year’s resolution could very well 51 . For starters, exercise — at least the kind most of us do — is 52 ineffective for weight loss. Take walking, for example. A 150-pound person who walks briskly for 30 minutes will burn, on average, around 140 calories. That’s equal to one can of soda — not exactly a great return on your investment of time and effort. It’s much easier just to skip the soda. Studies 53 show that doing moderate-intensity aerobic exercise such as walking for 30 minutes a day, five days a week — the amount recommended for good health — typically produces little or no weight loss by itself. When moderate exercise is added to diet, the results are equally not 54 . Pooling data from six trials, researchers found that a combination of diet and exercise generated no greater weight loss than diet alone after six months. In studies where exercise has produced 55 weight loss, participants burned at least 400 to 500 calories per session on five or more days a week. To achieve that, sessions need to go well beyond what most of us are willing or able to do. And even if we manage to exert that much effort, our bodies often 56 by boosting appetite and dialing down metabolism, effects that over time limit how many pounds we shed. Perhaps the biggest problem with exercising to drop pounds is that it turns physical activity into 57 . How many times have you heard someone say (or said yourself) “I’ll need to do extra exercise” after eating too much during the holidays or at a celebratory dinner? The point is that we’re more likely to 58 exercise positively and actually do it when we focus on our well-being rather than our weight. The incentive may be an improved mood or less stress. Others may find that exercise makes them feel physically and mentally stronger. Of course, the benefits of physical activity 59 well beyond these. It’s been shown to reduce the risk of multiple diseases. It can also improve sleep and boost energy. By all means, striving to exercise regularly in the new year is perhaps the most important thing you can do for your health. But to improve the odds of success, focus on how movement helps you feel better physically and emotionally — and forget about how it moves the 60 on the scale. 【答案】 51．A 52．K 53．H 54．D 55．E 56．B 57．J 58．I 59．C 60．G 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了为什么不应该通过运动来减肥的几个原因。 51．考查动词。句意：但如果主要是为了减肥，你的新年决心很可能适得其反。分析句子可知，空前为情态动词could，此处应为动词作句子的谓语成分，同时被副词well所修饰，backfire“适得其反”为动词，符合句意。故选A项。 52．考查副词。句意：首先，运动——至少是我们大多数人做的那种——对减肥通常是无效的。分析句子可知，此处为副词作状语修饰形容词ineffective，typically“通常”为副词，符合句意。故选K项。 53．考查副词。句意：总的来说，研究表明，做中等强度的有氧运动，比如每天步行30分钟，每周五天——这是保持身体健康的推荐量——通常只会产生很少或根本没有减肥效果。分析句子可知，此处为副词作状语修饰动词show，overall“总的来说”为副词，符合句意。故选H项。 54．考查形容词。句意：当适度的运动加入到饮食中，结果同样不令人印象深刻。分析句子可知，空前为are系动词，此处应为形容词作表语，impressive“令人印象深刻的”为形容词，符合句意。故选D项。 55．考查形容词。句意：在一些研究中，锻炼产生了显著的减肥效果，参与者每周坚持五天或更长时间，每次锻炼至少燃烧400到500卡路里。分析句子可知，空后weight loss为名词短语，此处应为形容词作定语修饰该名词短语，meaningful“有意义的”为形容词，符合句意。故选E项。 56．考查动词。句意：即使我们付出了那么多的努力，我们的身体也会通过增加食欲和降低新陈代谢来进行补偿，随着时间的推移，这些影响会限制我们减掉的体重。分析句子可知，空格处应为动词作句子的谓语成分，compensate“补偿”为动词，符合句意。故选B项。 57．考查名词。句意：也许通过锻炼来减肥的最大问题是，它把体育锻炼变成了一种惩罚。分析句子可知，此处为固定短语turn sth into sth“把……变成……”，所以此处为名词形式，punishment“惩罚”为名词，符合句意。故选J项。 58．考查动词。句意：关键是，当我们关注自己的健康而不是体重时，我们更有可能积极地看待运动，并真正去做。分析句子可知，此处为固定短语be likely to do，所以此处为动词形式，perceive“看待”为动词，符合句意。故选I项。 59．考查动词。句意：当然，体育锻炼的好处远远不止这些。分析句子可知，此处为动词作句子的谓语成分，extend“扩展，伸出”为动词，符合句意。故选C项。 60．考查名词。句意：但是为了提高成功的几率，把注意力集中在运动如何帮助你在身体和情感上感觉更好，而忘记它是如何在体重秤上移动指针的。分析句子可知，空前为定冠词the，此处应为名词形式，needle“指针”为名词，符合句意。故选G项。 5 / 38 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$