新课7 必修第一册Unit 4 Customs and Traditions （词汇+课文）（沪外版2020）- 2025年初升高英语无忧衔接（上海专用）

沪外版必修一Unit 4 Customs and Traditions（单词+课文） 目录 重点速记：单元词汇、词块词组梳理 课文聚焦：课文预习、重难句式讲解 学以致用：巩固提升，点面夯实突破 重点速记 一、单元词汇概览： 单词 词性 释义 worldwide adv. 在全世界；在世界各地 adulthood n. 成年 childishness n. 孩子气；稚嫩 responsibility n. 职责；义务 ceremony n. 典礼；仪式 youth n. (统称) 青年，年轻人；青年时期 (尤指成年以前) coming-of-age n. 成年；成人年龄 occasion n. 特别的事情 (或仪式、庆典) topic n. 话题；标题 citizen n. 公民 multiculturalism n. 多元文化主义 civic adj. 市民的；城镇居民的 respect n.&v. 尊重；重视 duty n. 责任；义务 event n. 公开活动；社交场合；(尤指) 重要事情，大事 tradition n. 传统，传统的信仰 (或风俗) entry n. 进入 (指行动)，加入 (指权利、机会) womanhood n. 成年女子的状态 marriage n. 婚姻；结婚 sewing n. 缝纫 household adj.&n. 家庭的；家用的；家庭；一家人 upcoming adj. 即将发生 (或来临) 的 male n.&adj. 男性；雄性；男性的 individual adj.&n. 一个人的；个人 sacred adj. 神圣的 thread n. (棉、毛、丝等的) 线 perform v. 履行；执行 strand n. (线、绳、毛发等的) 股，缕 represent v. 作为…… 的象征；代表 intellectual adj. 智力的；理智的 vary v. (根据情况) 变化，改变 significantly adv. 有重大意义地；显著地；明显地 specific adj. 特有的；独特的；明确的；具体的 ritual n. 仪式；程序；礼节 symbolise v. 是…… 的象征；代表 transition n. 过渡；转变 childhood n. 童年；孩童时期 refer v. 描述；与…… 相关；提到；谈及；说起 graduate v. 获得学位 (尤指学士)；大学毕业 campus n. 大学、学院的) 校园，校区 reminisce v. 回忆，追忆 current adj. 当前的；现在的 alumni n. (统称) 校友，毕业生 themed adj. 特定主题的 rent v. (短期) 租用，租借 senior n. 高年级学生 pajamas n. (一套) 睡衣裤 election n. 选举，推选 (尤指从政) accompany v. 伴随；与…… 同时发生；陪同；陪伴 court n. 王宫；宫殿；宫廷；法院；法庭；审判庭 prince n. 王子；亲王 princess n. 王室女成员；(尤指) 公主 select v. 选择；挑选；选拔 elect v. 选举，推选 involve v. (使) 参加，加入；牵涉；牵连 stage v. 上演；阶段，状态 parade n. 游行 march v. 齐步走；行进 band n. 乐队 classic adj. 典雅的，古朴的 socialize v. 交往，交际 casual adj. 非正式的 formal adj. 正式的；庄重的 affair n. 事件；事情 DJ n. (电台、电视台、夜总会) 唱片节目主持人 gymnasium n. 健身房；体育馆 cafeteria n. 自助餐厅，自助食堂 entire adj. 全部的；完全的 partner n. 搭档；同伴 bow n. 鞠躬；弯腰行礼 remind v. 提醒；使想起 participant n. 参与者；参加者 graceful adj. 优美的；优雅的；雅致的 nation n. 国家；民族 wreath n. 花环 (传统上圣诞节时挂在门上) symbol n. 象征 Jew n. 犹太人 stationery n. 文具 item n. 一件物品 (或商品)；项目 indicate v. 象征；暗示 dress up 动词短语 穿上盛装；穿上正装 stand for 动词短语 象征；是…… 意思 leave... behind 动词短语 脱离 (某状态)；离开 (某人或某地) shoulder responsibilities 动词短语 对某事承担责任 on the rise 介词短语 在上涨，在上升 a sense of 介词短语 …… 感，…… 意识 take on 动词短语 接受；承担 (责任) give … away 动词短语 (在婚礼上) 将新娘交给新郎 homecoming n. (一年一度的) 校友返校活动 centre around 动词短语 围绕 show up 动词短语 如约赶到；出现 (be) involved in 动词短语 参与……；与…… 有关联 二、重点词汇词形转化： 1. responsibility（n. 职责；义务） · 形容词：responsible（有责任的）；irresponsible（不负责任的） · 副词：responsibly（负责任地）；irresponsibly（不负责任地） · 动词：responsibilize（使负责） 2. perform（v. 履行；执行） · 名词：performance（表演；执行）；performer（表演者） · 形容词：performative（表演性的）；performable（可执行的） · 副词：performatively（表演性地） 3. represent（v. 象征；代表） · 名词：representation（代表；表现）；representative（代表；典型） · 形容词：representative（有代表性的）；representational（具象的） · 副词：representatively（代表性地） 4. vary（v. 变化；改变） · 名词：variation（变化；变异）；variety（多样；种类） · 形容词：various（各种各样的）；variable（可变的） · 副词：variously（不同地）；variably（可变地） 5. symbolise（v. 象征；代表） · 名词：symbol（象征；符号）；symbolism（象征主义） · 形容词：symbolic（象征性的）；symbolic（符号的） · 副词：symbolically（象征性地） 6. transition（n. 过渡；转变） · 动词：transition（过渡；转变） · 形容词：transitional（过渡的）；transitive（过渡的） · 副词：transitionally（过渡地） 7. graduate（v. 毕业；n. 毕业生） · 名词：graduation（毕业；毕业典礼） · 形容词：graduated（毕业的；分等级的）；gradual（逐渐的） · 副词：gradually（逐渐地） 8. involve（v. 参加；牵涉） · 名词：involvement（参与；牵连） · 形容词：involved（复杂的；参与的）；involving（吸引人的） · 副词：involvingly（吸引人地） 9. select（v. 选择；挑选） · 名词：selection（选择；选集）；selector（选择者） · 形容词：selective（选择性的）；selected（精选的） · 副词：selectively（选择性地） 10. respect（n./v. 尊重） · 名词：respectfulness（尊敬）；respectability（体面） · 形容词：respectful（恭敬的）；respective（各自的） · 副词：respectfully（恭敬地）；respectively（各自地） 转化规律总结 1. 动词变名词： · 加后缀 “-ance/-ence”：如 perform → performance，vary → variation。 · 加后缀 “-tion”：如 represent → representation，symbolise → symbolism。 2. 名词变形容词： · 加后缀 “-able/-ible”：如 perform → performable，select → selected。 · 加后缀 “-ive/-ative”：如 represent → representative，vary → variable。 3. 形容词变副词： · 多数加 “-ly”：如 responsible → responsibly，symbolic → symbolically。 4. 不规则转化： · graduate 的形容词 “gradual” 需通过词根派生，与 “graduate” 同源但词形不同。 · respect 的形容词 “respective” 意为 “各自的”，与 “respectful”（恭敬的）词意不同，需注意区分 三、重点词块/短语： 1 leave childishness behind 脱离稚嫩 2 shoulder grown-up responsibilities 肩负起成人的责任 3 include multiculturalism and general responsibilities 包括多元文化主义和一般责任 4 on the rise 在上升 5 have respect for other people 尊重他人 6 have a sense of duty 有责任感 7 take on these values 接受这些价值观 8 be treated differently from other coming-of-age events 和其他成人仪式不同 9 mark a girl’s entry into womanhood 标志着女孩成年 10 other general household skills 其他一般的家务技能 11 get prepared for their upcoming marriage 为她们将来的婚姻做准备 12 perform the sacred thread ceremony 进行圣线仪式 13 represent three promises 代表三个承诺 14 vary significantly from culture to culture 在各个文化中大相径庭 15 have specific rituals 有独特的礼节 16 symbolise one’s transition from childhood to adulthood 代表一个人从童年转变为成年 17 refer to a tradition at many university 指的是许多大学的传统 18 reminisce about the school days 回忆校园时光 19 centre around homecoming 围绕着校友返校活动 20 show up 如约赶到 21 rent a senior 租借一个高年级学生 22 wear your pajamas to school 把睡衣穿去学校 23 hold elections for Homecoming King 选举返校日国王 24 be selected from among the upper-level students 从高年级学生中选出 25 be involved in school activities 参加学习活动 26 stage a homecoming parade 上演返校日游行 27 take place on the Friday night 发生在周五晚 28 no matter what grade they are in 无论他们是哪个年级 29 make it a semi-formal affair 使其成为半正式的事件 30 in the gymnasium or cafeteria 在体育馆或在自助食堂 四、核心单词精讲： 1. responsibility /rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪlɪtɪ/ n. a duty to help or take care of sb because of your job, position, etc.职责；义务 No one admitted responsibility for the attacks. 没有人对这些袭击负责。 【固定搭配】 have a responsibility to do sth. 有责任去做某事. 【近义词辨析】 duty, responsibility 这组词都有“责任”的意思，其区别是： duty 意义较广，多指发自内心的道德伦理上的责任感。 responsibility 着重指从道义或法律上对事件之后果负责。 如：I took full responsibility for breaking the vase.(我承担打破花瓶的全部责任。) 2. occasion n. a special event, ceremony or celebration 特别的事情(或仪式、庆典) Taking her with me on official occasions has been a challenge. 在正式场合带上她对我而言是一种挑战。 【短语及搭配】 1）An occasion for doing something is an opportunity for doing it. 机会 It is an occasion for all the family to celebrate. 那是个全家庆祝的机会。 2） If you have occasion to do something, you have the opportunity to do it or have a need to do it. 有机会; 有必要 Over the next few years many people had occasion to reflect on the truth of his warnings. 在随后的几年里许多人有机会反思他那些警告的真相。 3） If you say that someone rose to the occasion, you mean that they did what was necessary to successfully overcome a difficult situation. 应付自如 Colorado rose to the occasion with four players scoring 16 points or more. 科罗拉多队从容应对，4个队员赢得16分或更多得分。 a particular time when sth happens 某次；……的时候 【词组短语】 on the occasion 在那时；值此…之际 special occasion 特别的时刻；特别的场合 on the occasion of 值此…之际 on occasion 有时；偶尔 on this occasion 这一次 【近义词辨析】 event 重大事件 occasion 场合，时刻，机关 indicate 小事件 case 事实，情况，实例 【拓展】 occasional /əˈkeɪʒənəl/ adj. 偶尔的 I've had occasional mild headaches all my life. 我此生一直有偶尔的轻微头疼。 3. civic /ˈsɪvɪk/ adj. connected with the people who live in a town or city 市民的；城镇居民的 .the businessmen and civic leaders of Manchester. 曼彻斯特的商人们和市政领导。 a sense of civic pride. 市民自豪感。 4. respect /rɪˈspɛkt/ n. polite behaviour towards or care for sb/sth that you think is important尊重；重视 I want him to respect me as a career woman. 我要他把我作为一个职业女性来尊重。 I have tremendous respect for Dean. 我非常敬重迪安。 【固定搭配】 1）You can say with all due respect when you are politely disagreeing with someone or criticizing them. 请恕我冒犯 With all due respect, I hardly think that's the point. 请恕我冒犯，我不认为那是要点。 2）If you pay your respects to someone, you go to see them or speak to them. You usually do this to be polite, and not necessarily because you want to do it. 表示某人的敬意 Carl had asked him to visit the hospital and to pay his respects to Francis. 卡尔已要求他去那所医院向弗朗西斯表示他的敬意。 3）You use expressions like in this respect and in many respects to indicate that what you are saying applies to the feature you have just mentioned or to many features of something. 在这方面; 在许多方面 4）Within the Department of Justice（司法部） are several drug-fighting agencies. The lead agency in this respect is the centre. 司法部内部有几个禁毒机构，在这方面的领导机构是该中心。 You use with respect to to say what something relates to. 关于; 至于 Parents often have little choice with respect to the way their child is medically treated. 至于他们孩子被医治的方式,父母通常少有选择的余地。 If you show respect for someone's wishes, rights, or customs, you avoid doing anything they would dislike or regard as wrong. 尊重 They will campaign for respect for aboriginal rights and customs. 他们将开展尊重土著居民权利和风俗的活动。 v. to have a very good opinion of sb/sth; to admine sb/sth 尊敬；尊重 It is about time tour operators respected the law and their own code of conduct. 现在该是旅行社经营者们遵守法律和他们自己的行业规范的时候了。 5. male n. a male person, animal or plant男性；雄性 The naked male figure was always the central theme of Greek art. 男性裸体人像总是希腊艺术的中心主题。 adj. belonging to the sex that does not give birth to babies 男性的 Massive male unemployment has diminished the status of men in the family. 大量男性失业已经降低了男人在家庭中的地位。 6. individual adj. connected with one person; designed for one person 一个人的 It's impossible to hold any individual responsible. 不可能让任何个人承担责任。 n. a person considered separately rather than as part of a group 个人 The author stresses the uniqueness of the individual. 这位作者强调个人的独特性。 7. sacred adj. considered to be holy 神圣的 The eagle is the animal most sacred to the Native Americans. 鹰是印第安人眼中最为神圣的动物。 8. perform v. to do sth, such as a piece of work, task or duty 履行；执行 We're looking for people of all ages who have performed outstanding acts of bravery, kindness, or courage. 我们正在寻找各个年龄的、曾有过无畏、善良或英勇之举的杰出人士。 An engine has many parts, each performing a different function. 一部发动机有很多部件，各自行使不同的功能。 perform well/ badly 表现好/糟糕 【拓展】 V-T If you perform a play, a piece of music, or a dance, you do it in front of an audience. 演出; 演奏 This play was first performed in 411 BC. 该剧于公元前411年首次上演。 9. strand n. a single thin piece of thread, wire, hair, etc. (线、绳、毛发等的)股，缕 She tried to blow a grey strand of hair from her eyes. 她试图吹开眼前的一缕白发。 【拓展】 strand vt. 使滞留；搁浅 The climbers had been stranded by a storm. 这些登山者被暴风雨困住了。 10. represent /ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt/ v. to be a symbol of sth 作为……的象征；代表 represent CET4 TEM4 ( representing, represented, represents ) The general secretary may represent the president at official ceremonies. 秘书长可以在官方仪式上代表主席。 women are already well represented in the area of TV drama. 女性在电视戏剧领域已经占有很大比例。 【拓展】 representative 典型的，有代表性的；代议制的 representational 代表的；具象派的 representable 能被代表的；能上演的；能被描绘的 representative 代表；典型；众议员 11. intellectual adj. connected with or using a person’s ability to think in a logical way and understand things智力的；理智的 High levels of lead could damage the intellectual development of children. 高含铅量会损害儿童的智力发育。 【拓展】 intellectual n. 知识分子 Some Americans see Oxford as an intellectual Disneyland. 一些美国人把牛津视为知识分子的乐园。 12. vary v. to change or be different according to the situation (根据情况)变化，改变 As they're handmade, each one varies slightly. 由于它们是手工制作的，每一件都会略有不同。 【固定搭配】 vary with… 随着…变化而变化； Things such as nostril size vary with temperature and humidity in ways that suggest evolution is at work. 鼻孔大小等因素随着温度和湿度的变化而变化，这种事表明进化在起作用。 vary from…to… 从…到…而变化. A baby's need for food can vary from day to day. 婴儿对食物的需求天天都在变化。 【同根词汇】 variable 变量的；可变的；易变的，多变的；变异的， 畸变的 varied 多变的；各式各样的；杂色的 varying 不同的；变化的 13. significantly adv. in a way that is large or important enough to have an effect on sth or to be noticed 有重大意义地；显著地；明显地 The two sets of figures are not significantly different. 这两组数字没有明显的差别。 【拓展】 significant /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/ adj. 重大的; 显著的 Most 11-year-olds are not encouraged to develop reading skills; a small but significant number are illiterate. 大多数11岁的儿童没有被鼓励去培养阅读技能。有为数不多、但足以引起人们注意的数目的儿童是文盲。 14. specific adj. (formal) existing only in one place or limited to one thing特有的；独特的 detailed and exact明确的；具体的 Massage may help to increase blood flow to specific areas of the body. 按摩也许会帮助加快血液流向身体各个特定部位。 There are several specific problems to be dealt with. 有好几个特定问题要解决。 15. ritual /ˈrɪtjʊəl/ n. a series of actions that are always performed in the same way, especially as part of a religious ceremony仪式；程序；礼节 This is the most ancient, and holiest of the Shinto rituals. 这是最古老、最神圣的神道教仪式。 The whole Italian culture revolves around the ritual of eating. 整个意大利文化是围绕着饮食习俗的。 【拓展】 ritual /ˈrɪtjʊəl/ adj. 例行公事般的; 习惯性的; 传统的 I realized that here the conventions required me to make the ritual noises. 我意识到这里的习俗要求我得说套话。 16. symbolize v. to be a symbol of sth是……的象征；代表 The fall of the Berlin Wall symbolized the end of the Cold War between East and West. 柏林墙的倒塌象征着东西方冷战的结束。 【拓展】 symbol /ˈsɪmbəl/ n. 象征; 象征物; 符号 To them, the monarchy is the special symbol of nationhood. 对他们而言，君主政体是国家的特殊象征。 Later in this same passage Yeats resumes his argument for the Rose as an Irish symbol. 后来在这同一篇文章里，叶芝再次提到把玫瑰作为爱尔兰象征的观点。 What's the chemical symbol for mercury? 水银的化学符号是什么？ 【近义词辨析】 sign, emblem, symbol, token, attribute, mark, signal, badge 这组词都有“标志、象征、符号”的意思，其区别是： sign 普通用词，指人们公认事物的记号，也可指某种情况的征兆。 symbol 指作象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物。 mark 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指方便于辨认而有意做的标记，又可指自然形成的标记或有别于他事物的特征。 signal 指为某一目的而有意发出的信号。 17. transition n. the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another 过渡；转变 Most traditional societies have transition rites at teenage time. 大多数传统社会在青春期举行过渡仪式。 【拓展】 transit /ˈtrænsɪt/ n/ vt 运输; 运送 During their talks, the two presidents discussed the transit of goods between the two countries. 在会谈中，两位总统讨论了两国之间货物的运输。 18. refer v. to describe or be connected to sb/sth 描述；与……相关 The term electronics refers to electrically induced action. 电子学描述的是电力产生的作用。 to mention or speak about sb/sth 提到；谈及；说起 In his speech, he referred to a recent trip to Canada. 在他的讲话中，他提到了最近的加拿大之行。 【固定搭配】 refer to… 查看；参考 He referred briefly to his notebook. 他迅速查看了一下他的笔记。 refer sb. to sb. 把…介绍给… Now and then I referred a client to him. 我不时地介绍客户给他。 19. graduate v. to get a degree, especially your first degree, from a university or college 获得学位(尤指学士)；大学毕业 The top one-third of all high school graduates are entitled to an education at California State University. 全部高中毕业生当中排名前三分之一的有资格到加利福尼亚州立大学学习。 【固定搭配】 graduate from…从…学校毕业。 【拓展】 V-I If you graduate from one thing to another, you go from a less important job or position to a more important one. 升迁 Bruce graduated to chef at the Bear Hotel. 布鲁斯晋升为大熊酒店的厨师长。 20. current /ˈkʌrənt/ adj. happening now; of the present time当前的；现在的；流行的 The current situation is very different to that in 1990. 当前的形势与1990年大不相同。 【拓展】 current 也常用作名词： 1）. 水流 Under normal conditions, the ocean currents of the tropical Pacific travel from east to west. 在正常情况下，太平洋热带洋流自东流向西。 2）. 气流 I felt a current of cool air blowing in my face. 我感到一股凉气吹在脸上。 3）. 电流 A powerful electric current is passed through a piece of graphite（石墨）. 一股强大的电流被传导经过一块石墨。 4）. 倾向 Each party represents a distinct current of thought. 每个党派都代表一种独特的思想倾向。 22. senior n. an older child in a school 高年级学生 【拓展】 senior常常也用作形容词： senior /ˈsiːnjə/ 1）. 级别高的; 资深的 the company's senior management. 该公司的高级管理人员。 2）年纪大的；年长的 senior citizen 老年人 另外 作名词时还有“上级; 地位较高者”的意思： He was described by his seniors as a model officer. 他被上级称为模范军官。 23. accompany v. to happen or appear with sth else 伴随；与……同时发生 to travel or go somewhere with sb 陪同；陪伴 She was accompanied by her younger brother. 她由她的弟弟陪着。 【拓展】 accompany 还有“伴随”的意思 If she sang, he would accompany her on the piano. 如果她歌唱，他会为她钢琴伴奏。 24. symbol 详见词条16拓展 25. select v. to choose sb/sth from a group of people or things, usually according to a system 选择；挑选；选拔 I selected a file and pressed the delete key. 我选定了一份文件，然后按下了删除键。 26. elect v. to choose sb to do a particular job by voting for them 选举，推选 The people of the Philippines have voted to elect a new president. 菲律宾人民已经投票选举出一位新总统。 The University of Washington elected him dean in 1956. 华盛顿大学在1956年选他为院长。 27. involve v. to make sb take part in sth (使)参加，加入 Nasser and I do everything together, he involves me in everything. 纳萨和我做什么事都在一起，他让我参与所有的事情。 if a situation, an event or an activity involves sb/sth, they take part in it or are affected by it 牵涉；牵连；影响 If there was a cover-up, it involved people at the very highest levels of government. 如果有掩盖真相的行为，它就牵扯到了处于政府最高层的那些人 【固定搭配】 be/get involved in sth. 牵涉到…;卷入 She really didn't want to be involved in the whole family thing. 她实在不想卷入这件家事中。 28. parade n. a public celebration of a special day or event, usually with n bands in the streets and decorated vehicles 游行；阅兵式 A military parade marched slowly and solemnly down Pennsylvania Avenue. 一个军事阅兵队伍沿着宾夕法尼亚大街缓慢而庄严地行进。 He had them on parade at six o'clock in the morning. 他让他们在早上6点接受检阅。 【拓展】parade作动词时，也很常用 1）. 把…游街; 把…示众 Five leading fighter pilots have been captured and paraded before the media. 5名领先的战斗机飞行员被俘，并在媒体前示众。 2. (为使自己获益而) 展示 Captured prisoners were paraded before television cameras. 被捕获的罪犯们被展示在电视摄像机前。 3). (为炫耀而) 展示 Valentino is eager to see celebrities parading his clothes at big occasions. 瓦伦蒂诺渴望看到名人们在盛大场合展示他的服装。 4). 吹嘘; 夸耀 all the fashions that parade as modern movements in art. 所有被吹嘘成现代艺术运动的风尚。 29. march v. to walk with stiff regular steps like a soldier 齐步走；行进; n. 行军 A U.S. infantry battalion was marching down the street. 一个美军步兵营沿着街道行进。 After a short march, the column entered the village. 短途行军之后，队伍进入了村子。 30. classic adj. elegant, but simple and traditional in style or design, not affected by changes in fashion (风格或设计)典雅的，古朴的; 典型的 During the festival, we'll be showing 13 classic oldie films. 电影节期间，我们将放映13部经典老片。 The debate in the press has been a classic example of hypocrisy. 新闻界的这场争论是虚伪的典型例子。 【拓展】n. 经典作品 Former best-seller, this book is now recognised as a classic. 这本书曾经是畅销书，现在被公认为是本经典著作。 31. socialize v. to meet and spend time with people in a friendly way, in order to enjoy yourself (和他人)交往，交际 Maybe you should socialize more. 也许你应该多和人交往。 32. casual adj. not formal 非正式的，休闲的；不经意的的 I also bought some casual clothes for the weekend. 我还买了些休闲服准备周末穿。 What you mean as a casual remark could be misinterpreted. 你不经意所说的话可能会被误解。 33. formal adj. (of a style of dress, speech, writing, behaviour, etc.) very correct and suitable for official or important occasions 正式的；庄重的 He wrote a very formal letter of apology to Douglas. 他写了一封非常正式的道歉信给道格拉斯。 No formal announcement had been made. 尚无官方声明。 34. affair n. an event that people are talking about or describing in a particular way 事件；事情 The administration has mishandled the whole affair. 政府错误地处理了整个事件。 [pl.] matters connected with a person's private business and financial situation 私人事务 Her mistake was to blab about their affair. 她的错误在于泄露了他们的风流韵事。 35. entire adj. including everything, everyone or every part 全部的；完全的 There are only 60 swimming pools in the entire country. 整个国家仅有60个游泳池。 【近义词辨析】 total, entire, gross, full, complete, whole 这组词都有“完整的，全部的，整个的”的意思，其区别是： total 与complete用法相近，但强调总量。 entire 除了有whole的意思外，还强调既不能加一个也不减少一个的含义。 gross 侧重指未打折扣，未除去成本或皮重等与净重、净数相对。 full 侧重指内容，含有能包括所有的充足内容的意味。 complete 强调事物在内容、程度、或数量方面已完整，已达标准。 whole 比entire更普通，强调每个组成部分都包括在内，无一漏掉或舍去。 36. remind v. to help sb remember sth, especially sth important that they must do 提醒；使想起 So she simply welcomed Tim and reminded him of the last time they had met. 因此她只是欢迎了蒂姆，让他想起他们上次的相遇。 Can you remind me to buy a bottle of wine? 你能提醒我买一瓶葡萄酒吗？ 【固定搭配】 remind sb. of sth. 使某人想起； remind sb to do sth. 提醒某人去做某事。 【近义词辨析】 remember, memorize, recall, remind, recolect 这组词都有“记忆，记住，回忆”的意思，其区别是： remember 含义较广，多指无意识地回忆起往事，也可指通过主观努力去记忆。 memorize 指有意识的下功夫把某事的整个细节都记在脑子里。 recall 比remember文雅，指想方设法回忆已经遗忘之事。 remind 指经某人或某事的提醒而回忆起某件已遗忘之事。 37. graceful adj. moving in a controlled，attractive way or having a smooth, attractive form 优美的；优雅的；雅致的 His movements were so graceful they seemed effortless. 他的动作如此优雅，看似非常从容自如。 His handwriting, from earliest young manhood, was flowing and graceful. 从他刚刚成年时起，他的书法就流畅而优美。 38. item n. a single object or article 一件物品(或商品) The most valuable item on show will be a Picasso drawing. 展览中最有价值的作品将是毕加索的一幅画。 one thing on a list of things to buy, do, talk about, etc.项目 The other item on the agenda is the tour. 另一项议程是旅行。 【拓展】 item做名词时还有“条款”的意思。 39. indicate v. to be a sign of sth; to show that sth is possible or likely象征；暗示；表明 Statistics indicate that depressed patients are more likely to become ill than are normal people. 统计表明抑郁的患者比正常人更可能得病。 Early results indicate that the government will be returned to power. 早期的结果预示这个政府将重新执政。 The latest polls indicate that the two main parties are neck and neck. 最新的民意测验显示两个主要政党势均力敌。 【单元词组】 leave ... behind脱离(某状态)；离开(某人或某地) shoulder responsibilities 对某事承担责任 on the rise在上涨，在上升 a sense of……感，……意识 take on接受；承担(责任) give … away (在婚礼上)将新娘交给新郎 centre around 围绕 show up如约赶到；出现 (be) involved in 参与……；与……有关联 dress up穿上盛装；穿上正装 stand for 象征；是……意思 课文聚焦 一、原文呈现： GROWING WORLDWIDE Entering adulthood is an important step in everyone’s life. It means that a young person must soon leave childishness behind and start to shoulder grown-up responsibilities. Comment by 作者: leave sth behind: 留下… leave sb. alone 让某人独自呆着 Comment by 作者: V-T If you shoulder the responsibility or the blame for something, you accept it. 肩负 例： He has had to shoulder the responsibility of his father's mistakes. 他不得不肩负起他父亲所犯错误的责任。 In Germany, there’s a ceremony called “Jugendfeier,” or “youth celebration,” a coming-of-age ceremony for 14-year-olds. They go to school to prepare for the occasion, studying topics thought to be important for young citizens of the future. The things these young people learn about include multiculturalism and general responsibilities in society. Comment by 作者: prepare /prɪˈpɛə/  1.  V-T If you prepare something, you make it ready for something that is going to happen. 准备 On average each report requires 1,000 hours to prepare. 平均每份报告需要1000个小时来准备。 2.  V-T/V-I If you prepare for an event or action that will happen soon, you get yourself ready for it or make the necessary arrangements. (为…) 作准备; 准备 (做某事) He had to go back to his hotel and prepare to catch a train for New York. 他不得不回宾馆准备赶火车去纽约。 Comment by 作者: include /ɪnˈkluːd/  V-T If one thing includes another thing, it has the other thing as one of its parts. 包括 例： The trip has been extended to include a few other events. 行程已经延长以包括其他几项活动。 “Jugendfeier” began in the 19th century, when awareness of civic practices was on the rise. At the ceremony, a teacher makes a speech about values, such as having respect for other people and having a sense of duty. The idea is that the young people taking part in the ceremony will take on these values for themselves. Perhaps it’s fair to say that “Jugendfeier” is treated differently from other coming-of-age events in the world—it’s more serious than it is fun. Comment by 作者: civic /ˈsɪvɪk/   1.  ADJ You use civic to describe people or things that have an official status in a town or city. 市政的 [ADJ n] 例： ...the businessmen and civic leaders of Manchester. …曼彻斯特的商人们和市政领导。 2.  ADJ You use civic to describe the duties or feelings that people have because they belong to a particular community. 市民的; 公民的 [ADJ n] 例： ...a sense of civic pride. …市民自豪感。 Comment by 作者: be on the rise 呈上升趋势 ; 上升 Comment by 作者: make a speech 发表演说 Comment by 作者: respect /rɪˈspɛkt/  1.  V-T If you respect someone, you have a good opinion of their character or ideas. 尊重 例： I want him to respect me as a career woman. 我要他把我作为一个职业女性来尊重。 2.  N-UNCOUNT If you have respect for someone, you have a good opinion of them. 敬重 例： I have tremendous respect for Dean. 我非常敬重迪安。 Comment by 作者: a sense of… …感：a sense of humour 幽默感 Comment by 作者: 该句是表语从句，that不做句子成分，只起引导作用且不能被省略。 Comment by 作者: take on 1.  PHRASAL VERB If you take on a job or responsibility, especially a difficult one, you accept it. 承担 例： No other organization was able or willing to take on the job. 没有任何其他组织能够或愿意承担这项工作。 2.  PHRASAL VERB If something takes on a new appearance or quality, it develops that appearance or quality. 呈现 [no passive] 例： Believing he had only a year to live, his writing took on a feverish intensity. 他认为自己只有一年能活了，他的文字呈现出一种极度的狂热。 Comment by 作者: fair /fɛə/ )，常考的多义词： 1.  ADJ Something or someone that is fair is reasonable, right, and just. 公平的 I wanted them to get a fair deal. 我希望他们得到一个公平的交易。 2.  fairly ADV 公平地 例： ...demonstrating concern for employees and solving their problems quickly and fairly. …证实对雇员的关注以及迅速公平地解决他们的问题。 3.  ADJ A fair amount, degree, size, or distance is quite a large amount, degree, size, or distance. 相当大的; 相当远的 [ADJ n] 例： My neighbours across the street travel a fair amount. 我街对面的邻居们去过相当多的地方。 4.  ADJ A fair guess or idea about something is one that is likely to be correct. 合理的[ADJ n] 例： It's a fair guess to say that the damage will be extensive. 说破坏将很严重是合理的猜测。 5.  ADJ If you describe someone or something as fair, you mean that they are average in standard or quality, neither very good nor very bad. 一般的 例： Reimar had a fair command of English. 赖马尔具备一般的英语水平。 6.  ADJ Someone who is fair, or who has fair hair, has light-coloured hair. 浅色头发的 例： Both children were very like Robina, but were much fairer than she was. 两个孩子都很像罗比娜，但是头发颜色比她的浅得多。 7.  ADJ  金发的 例： ...a tall, fair-haired man. …一个金发的高个男人。 8.  ADJ Fair skin is very pale and usually burns easily. 白皙的 例： It's important to protect my fair skin from the sun. 保护我白皙的皮肤不受日晒是很重要的。 9.  ADJ When the weather is fair, it is quite sunny and not raining. 晴的 [正式] 例： Weather conditions were fair. 天气状况晴好。 10.  N-COUNT A county, state, or country fair is an event where there are, for example, displays of goods and animals, and amusements, games, and competitions. 集市 例： Every autumn I go to the county fair. 每个秋季我都去县里的集市。 Comment by 作者: than 既可以做介词，也可以做连词；此句中than引导比较状语从句。 In Latin American, there is a coming-of-age tradition called “quinceanera.” It is a celebration for girls on their 15th birthday, marking a girl’s entry into womanhood. In the past, “quinceanera” was connected with marriage. Girls were taught cooking, sewing, and other general household skills before the special day to get prepared for their upcoming marriage. Traditional ceremonies began when the teenager arrived, with her father. He would dance with her, and then “give her away” to dance with other males from among their family and circle of friends. Comment by 作者: V-T Something that marks someone as a particular type of person indicates that they are that type of person. 表明 (为某一种类的人) 例： Her opposition to feminism marks her as a convinced traditionalist. 她对女权主义的反对表明她是一个坚定的传统主义者。 Comment by 作者: V-T If you connect a person or thing with something, you realize that there is a link or relationship between them. 将 (某人、某物与某事物) 联系起来 例： I hoped he would not connect me with that now-embarrassing review I'd written seven years earlier. 我希望他不会把我和我7年前写的、现在读起来令人难堪的评论联系起来。 【固定搭配】 be connected with…与…联系 Today, the ceremony has become more like an individual celebration of the young person’s coming-of-age—similar to how one’s 18th birthday is considered an important day in other cultures. Comment by 作者: be similar to…与…相似 In some Indian families, the sacred thread ceremony is performed when a boy is grown-up. He is given three strands of the sacred thread which represent three promises he makes: to respect knowledge, to respect his parents and to respect society. Comment by 作者: sacred /ˈseɪkrɪd/ adj. 神圣的；宗教的 例： The owl is sacred for many Californian Indian people. 猫头鹰对于很多加利福利亚的印第安人来说是神圣的。 Comment by 作者: represent作动词时，常用以下义项： 1. V-T To represent an idea or quality means to be a symbol or an expression of that idea or quality. 代表; 象征; 反映 例： New York represents everything that's great about America. 纽约象征着美国伟大的一切。 2. V-T If you represent a person or thing as a particular thing, you describe them as being that thing. 描写; 描绘 例： The popular press tends to represent him as an environmental guru. 大众媒体倾向于把他描绘成环保领袖。 It is said that the sacred thread ceremony marks a new life. The child, traditionally, leaves his family to go and live with the Guru (teacher).At this point the boy becomes “twice-born.” In Indian traditions, a human being has at least two births—the first one is his physical birth and the second one his intellectual birth through a teacher’s care. At this ceremony, a Guru accepts a child and draws him towards knowledge. Comment by 作者: intellectual adj 智力上的；和智力有关的 Comment by 作者: draw做动词时，有托、拉的意思；本句中翻译成引领。 Coming-of-age traditions vary significantly from culture to culture. Nearly every society has specific rituals, ceremonies, and traditions to symbolise or celebrate one’s transition from childhood to adulthood. Comment by 作者: significantly 意义重大地，重要地；显著地 Comment by 作者: ritual /ˈrɪtʃuəl/ n. 仪式；惯例；礼制 adj. 仪式的；例行的；礼节性的 Comment by 作者: symbolize V-T If one thing symbolizes another, it is used or regarded as a symbol of it. 象征 例： The fall of the Berlin Wall symbolized the end of the Cold War between East and West. 柏林墙的倒塌象征着东西方冷战的结束。 Comment by 作者: transition 既可以作动词，也可以是名词；注意和“to”搭配： transitions from one state or activity to another, they move gradually from one to the other. 从…转向… 【参考译文】 全球各地的成长仪式 进入成年期是每个人生命中重要的一步。这意味着年轻人必须尽快把孩子气抛在脑后，开始承担起成年人的责任。 在德国，有一个叫做“Jugendfeier”的仪式，或“青年庆典”，一个14岁的成人仪式。他们去学校为这一时刻做准备，学习被认为对未来的年轻公民很重要的课题。这些年轻人学习的东西包括多元文化主义和社会的一般责任。 “Jugendfeier”开始于19世纪，当时人们对公民行为的意识正在上升。在仪式上，老师做一个关于价值观的演讲，如尊重他人和有责任感。他们的想法是，参加这个仪式的年轻人将为他们自己承担这些价值观。或许公平地说，“新生”事件的处理方式与世界上其他成人事件不同——它的严肃程度超过了它的乐趣。 在拉丁美洲，有一种成人的传统叫做“quinceanera”。这是女孩们庆祝15岁生日的活动，标志着女孩进入了成年期。在过去，“quinceanera”与婚姻有关。在这个特别的日子到来之前，女孩们要学习烹饪、缝纫和其他一般的家庭技能，为即将到来的婚姻做准备。当她和她的父亲到达时，传统的仪式开始了。他会和她一起跳舞，然后把她“送出去”，和其他来自家庭和朋友圈的男性一起跳舞。 如今，这个仪式更像是对年轻人的个人庆祝，类似于在其他文化中一个人的18岁生日被视为重要的一天。 在一些印度家庭，当一个男孩长大后，就会举行神圣的丝线仪式。神给了他三条神线，这三条神线代表了他的三个承诺:尊重知识，尊重父母，尊重社会。 据说，神圣的丝线仪式标志着新生命的诞生。按照传统，这个孩子会离开家人去和古鲁(老师)住在一起。在这一点上，男孩成为“两次出生”。“在印度的传统中，一个人至少有两次出生——第一次是身体上的出生，第二次是在老师的照料下智力上的出生。在这个仪式上，一位古鲁接受了一个孩子，并吸引他走向知识。 不同的文化有不同的成年传统。几乎每个社会都有特定的仪式、仪式和传统来象征或庆祝一个人从童年到成年的转变。 二、课文研习： 重难句式及解析 1. “He is given three strands of the sacred thread which represent three promises he makes: to respect knowledge, to respect his parents and to respect society.” 句式结构：复合句（含被动语态 + 多层定语修饰 + 并列不定式）。 解析： 主干为被动句 “He is given three strands of the sacred thread”，“three strands” 受 “of the sacred thread” 修饰。 定语从句：“which represent three promises” 修饰 “thread”，说明线的象征意义；“he makes” 是省略关系代词 “that” 的定语从句，修饰 “promises”，形成 “名词 + 定语从句 + 定语从句” 的嵌套结构。 并列不定式：冒号后的 “to respect knowledge...to respect society” 是三个并列的不定式短语，作 “promises” 的同位语，进一步解释承诺内容，全句通过多层修饰展现仪式的文化内涵。 2. “Perhaps it’s fair to say that ‘Jugendfeier’ is treated differently from other coming-of-age events in the world—it’s more serious than it is fun.” 句式结构：复合句（含主语从句 + 宾语从句 + 比较状语从句）。 解析： 主干为 “it’s fair to say that...”，其中 “it” 是形式主语，真正主语是不定式短语 “to say that...”。 宾语从句：“that ‘Jugendfeier’ is treated differently...” 作 “say” 的宾语，说明观点内容；“from other coming-of-age events” 是比较状语。 破折号补充：“it’s more serious than it is fun” 是比较状语从句，通过 “more...than...” 对比仪式的性质，全句通过多重复句结构强调 “Jugendfeier” 的严肃性。 3. “Today, the ceremony has become more like an individual celebration of the young person’s coming-of-age—similar to how one’s 18th birthday is considered an important day in other cultures.” 句式结构：复合句（含系表结构 + 同位语 + 宾语从句）。 解析： 主干为 “the ceremony has become more like an individual celebration”，“of the young person’s coming-of-age” 作后置定语。 同位语补充：破折号后的 “similar to...” 是形容词短语作同位语，解释 “celebration” 的性质。 宾语从句：“how one’s 18th birthday is considered an important day” 作介词 “to” 的宾语，其中 “how” 引导宾语从句，描述其他文化中对 18 岁生日的看待方式，全句通过多层修饰和对比展现传统仪式的现代演变。 学以致用 一、单词拼写 1. A baby's need for food can v_________ (不同) from day to day. 2. No one admitted r_________ (责任) for the attacks. 3. I want to take this _________ (机会；场合) to thank you. 4. The interests of the collective lie before the interests of the _________ (个人的) . 5. The climbers had been _________ (搁浅) by a storm. 6. Whoever/ Anyone who takes action to realize his dream deserves our _________ (尊重) . 7. The general secretary may r _________ (代表) the president at official ceremonies. 8. High levels of lead could damage the _________ (智力的) development of children. 9. He took time out from his work to _________ (陪伴) his mother to dinner. 10. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported s_____________(显著地) higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience ． 二、完成句子 occasion respect individual perform represent intellectual specific symbolize refer senior accompany 1. His achievements earned him ________ and admiration. 他的成就为他赢得别人的尊敬和赞美. 2. You should always __________what you promise. 你应永远履行你的诺言. 3. Don't ________to the matter again. 不要再提这件事了. 4. Shall I ___________you to the hospital? 我陪您去医院 吗 ? 5. She was picked out from the whole class to _________ them at the other school. 从全班中选出她来作为去另一学校的代表. 6. The ________ people often take no interest in fashion. 年长的人通常对时尚不感兴趣. 7. What does the Statue of Liberty __________? 自由女神象征着什么? 8. Chess is a highly __________ game. 象棋是需用高度智力的运动项目. 9. His behaviour was not in keeping with the solemn(庄严的) _________. 他的举止与这庄严的场合不协调. 10. We should make a concrete analysis of each __________ question. 对于每个具体问题要进行具体分析. 三、句子翻译 1. 巴西人轻而易举的击败了美国队。（without） ________________________________________________________________. 1. Mrs. Smith 千方百计劝丈夫戒烟。（means） ________________________________________________________________. 1. 老师们兴致勃勃地看完了学生的文艺汇演。（spirits） ________________________________________________________________. 1. 我终于领悟到开卷有益的道理。(benefit) ________________________________________________________________. 1. 谁都知道我们的学校已焕然一新了。（turn） ________________________________________________________________. 1. 我们应该学习雷锋助人为乐的精神。（ready） ________________________________________________________________. 1. 我心甘情愿当配角。（willing） ________________________________________________________________. 1. 上课学生应该聚精会神。（fix） ________________________________________________________________. 8 / 27 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 沪外版必修一Unit 4 Customs and Traditions（单词+课文） 目录 重点速记：单元词汇、词块词组梳理 课文聚焦：课文预习、重难句式讲解 学以致用：巩固提升，点面夯实突破 重点速记 一、单元词汇概览： 单词 词性 释义 worldwide adv. 在全世界；在世界各地 adulthood n. 成年 childishness n. 孩子气；稚嫩 responsibility n. 职责；义务 ceremony n. 典礼；仪式 youth n. (统称) 青年，年轻人；青年时期 (尤指成年以前) coming-of-age n. 成年；成人年龄 occasion n. 特别的事情 (或仪式、庆典) topic n. 话题；标题 citizen n. 公民 multiculturalism n. 多元文化主义 civic adj. 市民的；城镇居民的 respect n.&v. 尊重；重视 duty n. 责任；义务 event n. 公开活动；社交场合；(尤指) 重要事情，大事 tradition n. 传统，传统的信仰 (或风俗) entry n. 进入 (指行动)，加入 (指权利、机会) womanhood n. 成年女子的状态 marriage n. 婚姻；结婚 sewing n. 缝纫 household adj.&n. 家庭的；家用的；家庭；一家人 upcoming adj. 即将发生 (或来临) 的 male n.&adj. 男性；雄性；男性的 individual adj.&n. 一个人的；个人 sacred adj. 神圣的 thread n. (棉、毛、丝等的) 线 perform v. 履行；执行 strand n. (线、绳、毛发等的) 股，缕 represent v. 作为…… 的象征；代表 intellectual adj. 智力的；理智的 vary v. (根据情况) 变化，改变 significantly adv. 有重大意义地；显著地；明显地 specific adj. 特有的；独特的；明确的；具体的 ritual n. 仪式；程序；礼节 symbolise v. 是…… 的象征；代表 transition n. 过渡；转变 childhood n. 童年；孩童时期 refer v. 描述；与…… 相关；提到；谈及；说起 graduate v. 获得学位 (尤指学士)；大学毕业 campus n. 大学、学院的) 校园，校区 reminisce v. 回忆，追忆 current adj. 当前的；现在的 alumni n. (统称) 校友，毕业生 themed adj. 特定主题的 rent v. (短期) 租用，租借 senior n. 高年级学生 pajamas n. (一套) 睡衣裤 election n. 选举，推选 (尤指从政) accompany v. 伴随；与…… 同时发生；陪同；陪伴 court n. 王宫；宫殿；宫廷；法院；法庭；审判庭 prince n. 王子；亲王 princess n. 王室女成员；(尤指) 公主 select v. 选择；挑选；选拔 elect v. 选举，推选 involve v. (使) 参加，加入；牵涉；牵连 stage v. 上演；阶段，状态 parade n. 游行 march v. 齐步走；行进 band n. 乐队 classic adj. 典雅的，古朴的 socialize v. 交往，交际 casual adj. 非正式的 formal adj. 正式的；庄重的 affair n. 事件；事情 DJ n. (电台、电视台、夜总会) 唱片节目主持人 gymnasium n. 健身房；体育馆 cafeteria n. 自助餐厅，自助食堂 entire adj. 全部的；完全的 partner n. 搭档；同伴 bow n. 鞠躬；弯腰行礼 remind v. 提醒；使想起 participant n. 参与者；参加者 graceful adj. 优美的；优雅的；雅致的 nation n. 国家；民族 wreath n. 花环 (传统上圣诞节时挂在门上) symbol n. 象征 Jew n. 犹太人 stationery n. 文具 item n. 一件物品 (或商品)；项目 indicate v. 象征；暗示 dress up 动词短语 穿上盛装；穿上正装 stand for 动词短语 象征；是…… 意思 leave... behind 动词短语 脱离 (某状态)；离开 (某人或某地) shoulder responsibilities 动词短语 对某事承担责任 on the rise 介词短语 在上涨，在上升 a sense of 介词短语 …… 感，…… 意识 take on 动词短语 接受；承担 (责任) give … away 动词短语 (在婚礼上) 将新娘交给新郎 homecoming n. (一年一度的) 校友返校活动 centre around 动词短语 围绕 show up 动词短语 如约赶到；出现 (be) involved in 动词短语 参与……；与…… 有关联 二、重点词汇词形转化： 1. responsibility（n. 职责；义务） · 形容词：responsible（有责任的）；irresponsible（不负责任的） · 副词：responsibly（负责任地）；irresponsibly（不负责任地） · 动词：responsibilize（使负责） 2. perform（v. 履行；执行） · 名词：performance（表演；执行）；performer（表演者） · 形容词：performative（表演性的）；performable（可执行的） · 副词：performatively（表演性地） 3. represent（v. 象征；代表） · 名词：representation（代表；表现）；representative（代表；典型） · 形容词：representative（有代表性的）；representational（具象的） · 副词：representatively（代表性地） 4. vary（v. 变化；改变） · 名词：variation（变化；变异）；variety（多样；种类） · 形容词：various（各种各样的）；variable（可变的） · 副词：variously（不同地）；variably（可变地） 5. symbolise（v. 象征；代表） · 名词：symbol（象征；符号）；symbolism（象征主义） · 形容词：symbolic（象征性的）；symbolic（符号的） · 副词：symbolically（象征性地） 6. transition（n. 过渡；转变） · 动词：transition（过渡；转变） · 形容词：transitional（过渡的）；transitive（过渡的） · 副词：transitionally（过渡地） 7. graduate（v. 毕业；n. 毕业生） · 名词：graduation（毕业；毕业典礼） · 形容词：graduated（毕业的；分等级的）；gradual（逐渐的） · 副词：gradually（逐渐地） 8. involve（v. 参加；牵涉） · 名词：involvement（参与；牵连） · 形容词：involved（复杂的；参与的）；involving（吸引人的） · 副词：involvingly（吸引人地） 9. select（v. 选择；挑选） · 名词：selection（选择；选集）；selector（选择者） · 形容词：selective（选择性的）；selected（精选的） · 副词：selectively（选择性地） 10. respect（n./v. 尊重） · 名词：respectfulness（尊敬）；respectability（体面） · 形容词：respectful（恭敬的）；respective（各自的） · 副词：respectfully（恭敬地）；respectively（各自地） 转化规律总结 1. 动词变名词： · 加后缀 “-ance/-ence”：如 perform → performance，vary → variation。 · 加后缀 “-tion”：如 represent → representation，symbolise → symbolism。 2. 名词变形容词： · 加后缀 “-able/-ible”：如 perform → performable，select → selected。 · 加后缀 “-ive/-ative”：如 represent → representative，vary → variable。 3. 形容词变副词： · 多数加 “-ly”：如 responsible → responsibly，symbolic → symbolically。 4. 不规则转化： · graduate 的形容词 “gradual” 需通过词根派生，与 “graduate” 同源但词形不同。 · respect 的形容词 “respective” 意为 “各自的”，与 “respectful”（恭敬的）词意不同，需注意区分 三、重点词块/短语： 1 leave childishness behind 脱离稚嫩 2 shoulder grown-up responsibilities 肩负起成人的责任 3 include multiculturalism and general responsibilities 包括多元文化主义和一般责任 4 on the rise 在上升 5 have respect for other people 尊重他人 6 have a sense of duty 有责任感 7 take on these values 接受这些价值观 8 be treated differently from other coming-of-age events 和其他成人仪式不同 9 mark a girl’s entry into womanhood 标志着女孩成年 10 other general household skills 其他一般的家务技能 11 get prepared for their upcoming marriage 为她们将来的婚姻做准备 12 perform the sacred thread ceremony 进行圣线仪式 13 represent three promises 代表三个承诺 14 vary significantly from culture to culture 在各个文化中大相径庭 15 have specific rituals 有独特的礼节 16 symbolise one’s transition from childhood to adulthood 代表一个人从童年转变为成年 17 refer to a tradition at many university 指的是许多大学的传统 18 reminisce about the school days 回忆校园时光 19 centre around homecoming 围绕着校友返校活动 20 show up 如约赶到 21 rent a senior 租借一个高年级学生 22 wear your pajamas to school 把睡衣穿去学校 23 hold elections for Homecoming King 选举返校日国王 24 be selected from among the upper-level students 从高年级学生中选出 25 be involved in school activities 参加学习活动 26 stage a homecoming parade 上演返校日游行 27 take place on the Friday night 发生在周五晚 28 no matter what grade they are in 无论他们是哪个年级 29 make it a semi-formal affair 使其成为半正式的事件 30 in the gymnasium or cafeteria 在体育馆或在自助食堂 四、核心单词精讲： 1. responsibility /rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪlɪtɪ/ n. a duty to help or take care of sb because of your job, position, etc.职责；义务 No one admitted responsibility for the attacks. 没有人对这些袭击负责。 【固定搭配】 have a responsibility to do sth. 有责任去做某事. 【近义词辨析】 duty, responsibility 这组词都有“责任”的意思，其区别是： duty 意义较广，多指发自内心的道德伦理上的责任感。 responsibility 着重指从道义或法律上对事件之后果负责。 如：I took full responsibility for breaking the vase.(我承担打破花瓶的全部责任。) 2. occasion n. a special event, ceremony or celebration 特别的事情(或仪式、庆典) Taking her with me on official occasions has been a challenge. 在正式场合带上她对我而言是一种挑战。 【短语及搭配】 1）An occasion for doing something is an opportunity for doing it. 机会 It is an occasion for all the family to celebrate. 那是个全家庆祝的机会。 2） If you have occasion to do something, you have the opportunity to do it or have a need to do it. 有机会; 有必要 Over the next few years many people had occasion to reflect on the truth of his warnings. 在随后的几年里许多人有机会反思他那些警告的真相。 3） If you say that someone rose to the occasion, you mean that they did what was necessary to successfully overcome a difficult situation. 应付自如 Colorado rose to the occasion with four players scoring 16 points or more. 科罗拉多队从容应对，4个队员赢得16分或更多得分。 a particular time when sth happens 某次；……的时候 【词组短语】 on the occasion 在那时；值此…之际 special occasion 特别的时刻；特别的场合 on the occasion of 值此…之际 on occasion 有时；偶尔 on this occasion 这一次 【近义词辨析】 event 重大事件 occasion 场合，时刻，机关 indicate 小事件 case 事实，情况，实例 【拓展】 occasional /əˈkeɪʒənəl/ adj. 偶尔的 I've had occasional mild headaches all my life. 我此生一直有偶尔的轻微头疼。 3. civic /ˈsɪvɪk/ adj. connected with the people who live in a town or city 市民的；城镇居民的 .the businessmen and civic leaders of Manchester. 曼彻斯特的商人们和市政领导。 a sense of civic pride. 市民自豪感。 4. respect /rɪˈspɛkt/ n. polite behaviour towards or care for sb/sth that you think is important尊重；重视 I want him to respect me as a career woman. 我要他把我作为一个职业女性来尊重。 I have tremendous respect for Dean. 我非常敬重迪安。 【固定搭配】 1）You can say with all due respect when you are politely disagreeing with someone or criticizing them. 请恕我冒犯 With all due respect, I hardly think that's the point. 请恕我冒犯，我不认为那是要点。 2）If you pay your respects to someone, you go to see them or speak to them. You usually do this to be polite, and not necessarily because you want to do it. 表示某人的敬意 Carl had asked him to visit the hospital and to pay his respects to Francis. 卡尔已要求他去那所医院向弗朗西斯表示他的敬意。 3）You use expressions like in this respect and in many respects to indicate that what you are saying applies to the feature you have just mentioned or to many features of something. 在这方面; 在许多方面 4）Within the Department of Justice（司法部） are several drug-fighting agencies. The lead agency in this respect is the centre. 司法部内部有几个禁毒机构，在这方面的领导机构是该中心。 You use with respect to to say what something relates to. 关于; 至于 Parents often have little choice with respect to the way their child is medically treated. 至于他们孩子被医治的方式,父母通常少有选择的余地。 If you show respect for someone's wishes, rights, or customs, you avoid doing anything they would dislike or regard as wrong. 尊重 They will campaign for respect for aboriginal rights and customs. 他们将开展尊重土著居民权利和风俗的活动。 v. to have a very good opinion of sb/sth; to admine sb/sth 尊敬；尊重 It is about time tour operators respected the law and their own code of conduct. 现在该是旅行社经营者们遵守法律和他们自己的行业规范的时候了。 5. male n. a male person, animal or plant男性；雄性 The naked male figure was always the central theme of Greek art. 男性裸体人像总是希腊艺术的中心主题。 adj. belonging to the sex that does not give birth to babies 男性的 Massive male unemployment has diminished the status of men in the family. 大量男性失业已经降低了男人在家庭中的地位。 6. individual adj. connected with one person; designed for one person 一个人的 It's impossible to hold any individual responsible. 不可能让任何个人承担责任。 n. a person considered separately rather than as part of a group 个人 The author stresses the uniqueness of the individual. 这位作者强调个人的独特性。 7. sacred adj. considered to be holy 神圣的 The eagle is the animal most sacred to the Native Americans. 鹰是印第安人眼中最为神圣的动物。 8. perform v. to do sth, such as a piece of work, task or duty 履行；执行 We're looking for people of all ages who have performed outstanding acts of bravery, kindness, or courage. 我们正在寻找各个年龄的、曾有过无畏、善良或英勇之举的杰出人士。 An engine has many parts, each performing a different function. 一部发动机有很多部件，各自行使不同的功能。 perform well/ badly 表现好/糟糕 【拓展】 V-T If you perform a play, a piece of music, or a dance, you do it in front of an audience. 演出; 演奏 This play was first performed in 411 BC. 该剧于公元前411年首次上演。 9. strand n. a single thin piece of thread, wire, hair, etc. (线、绳、毛发等的)股，缕 She tried to blow a grey strand of hair from her eyes. 她试图吹开眼前的一缕白发。 【拓展】 strand vt. 使滞留；搁浅 The climbers had been stranded by a storm. 这些登山者被暴风雨困住了。 10. represent /ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt/ v. to be a symbol of sth 作为……的象征；代表 represent CET4 TEM4 ( representing, represented, represents ) The general secretary may represent the president at official ceremonies. 秘书长可以在官方仪式上代表主席。 women are already well represented in the area of TV drama. 女性在电视戏剧领域已经占有很大比例。 【拓展】 representative 典型的，有代表性的；代议制的 representational 代表的；具象派的 representable 能被代表的；能上演的；能被描绘的 representative 代表；典型；众议员 11. intellectual adj. connected with or using a person’s ability to think in a logical way and understand things智力的；理智的 High levels of lead could damage the intellectual development of children. 高含铅量会损害儿童的智力发育。 【拓展】 intellectual n. 知识分子 Some Americans see Oxford as an intellectual Disneyland. 一些美国人把牛津视为知识分子的乐园。 12. vary v. to change or be different according to the situation (根据情况)变化，改变 As they're handmade, each one varies slightly. 由于它们是手工制作的，每一件都会略有不同。 【固定搭配】 vary with… 随着…变化而变化； Things such as nostril size vary with temperature and humidity in ways that suggest evolution is at work. 鼻孔大小等因素随着温度和湿度的变化而变化，这种事表明进化在起作用。 vary from…to… 从…到…而变化. A baby's need for food can vary from day to day. 婴儿对食物的需求天天都在变化。 【同根词汇】 variable 变量的；可变的；易变的，多变的；变异的， 畸变的 varied 多变的；各式各样的；杂色的 varying 不同的；变化的 13. significantly adv. in a way that is large or important enough to have an effect on sth or to be noticed 有重大意义地；显著地；明显地 The two sets of figures are not significantly different. 这两组数字没有明显的差别。 【拓展】 significant /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/ adj. 重大的; 显著的 Most 11-year-olds are not encouraged to develop reading skills; a small but significant number are illiterate. 大多数11岁的儿童没有被鼓励去培养阅读技能。有为数不多、但足以引起人们注意的数目的儿童是文盲。 14. specific adj. (formal) existing only in one place or limited to one thing特有的；独特的 detailed and exact明确的；具体的 Massage may help to increase blood flow to specific areas of the body. 按摩也许会帮助加快血液流向身体各个特定部位。 There are several specific problems to be dealt with. 有好几个特定问题要解决。 15. ritual /ˈrɪtjʊəl/ n. a series of actions that are always performed in the same way, especially as part of a religious ceremony仪式；程序；礼节 This is the most ancient, and holiest of the Shinto rituals. 这是最古老、最神圣的神道教仪式。 The whole Italian culture revolves around the ritual of eating. 整个意大利文化是围绕着饮食习俗的。 【拓展】 ritual /ˈrɪtjʊəl/ adj. 例行公事般的; 习惯性的; 传统的 I realized that here the conventions required me to make the ritual noises. 我意识到这里的习俗要求我得说套话。 16. symbolize v. to be a symbol of sth是……的象征；代表 The fall of the Berlin Wall symbolized the end of the Cold War between East and West. 柏林墙的倒塌象征着东西方冷战的结束。 【拓展】 symbol /ˈsɪmbəl/ n. 象征; 象征物; 符号 To them, the monarchy is the special symbol of nationhood. 对他们而言，君主政体是国家的特殊象征。 Later in this same passage Yeats resumes his argument for the Rose as an Irish symbol. 后来在这同一篇文章里，叶芝再次提到把玫瑰作为爱尔兰象征的观点。 What's the chemical symbol for mercury? 水银的化学符号是什么？ 【近义词辨析】 sign, emblem, symbol, token, attribute, mark, signal, badge 这组词都有“标志、象征、符号”的意思，其区别是： sign 普通用词，指人们公认事物的记号，也可指某种情况的征兆。 symbol 指作象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物。 mark 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指方便于辨认而有意做的标记，又可指自然形成的标记或有别于他事物的特征。 signal 指为某一目的而有意发出的信号。 17. transition n. the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another 过渡；转变 Most traditional societies have transition rites at teenage time. 大多数传统社会在青春期举行过渡仪式。 【拓展】 transit /ˈtrænsɪt/ n/ vt 运输; 运送 During their talks, the two presidents discussed the transit of goods between the two countries. 在会谈中，两位总统讨论了两国之间货物的运输。 18. refer v. to describe or be connected to sb/sth 描述；与……相关 The term electronics refers to electrically induced action. 电子学描述的是电力产生的作用。 to mention or speak about sb/sth 提到；谈及；说起 In his speech, he referred to a recent trip to Canada. 在他的讲话中，他提到了最近的加拿大之行。 【固定搭配】 refer to… 查看；参考 He referred briefly to his notebook. 他迅速查看了一下他的笔记。 refer sb. to sb. 把…介绍给… Now and then I referred a client to him. 我不时地介绍客户给他。 19. graduate v. to get a degree, especially your first degree, from a university or college 获得学位(尤指学士)；大学毕业 The top one-third of all high school graduates are entitled to an education at California State University. 全部高中毕业生当中排名前三分之一的有资格到加利福尼亚州立大学学习。 【固定搭配】 graduate from…从…学校毕业。 【拓展】 V-I If you graduate from one thing to another, you go from a less important job or position to a more important one. 升迁 Bruce graduated to chef at the Bear Hotel. 布鲁斯晋升为大熊酒店的厨师长。 20. current /ˈkʌrənt/ adj. happening now; of the present time当前的；现在的；流行的 The current situation is very different to that in 1990. 当前的形势与1990年大不相同。 【拓展】 current 也常用作名词： 1）. 水流 Under normal conditions, the ocean currents of the tropical Pacific travel from east to west. 在正常情况下，太平洋热带洋流自东流向西。 2）. 气流 I felt a current of cool air blowing in my face. 我感到一股凉气吹在脸上。 3）. 电流 A powerful electric current is passed through a piece of graphite（石墨）. 一股强大的电流被传导经过一块石墨。 4）. 倾向 Each party represents a distinct current of thought. 每个党派都代表一种独特的思想倾向。 22. senior n. an older child in a school 高年级学生 【拓展】 senior常常也用作形容词： senior /ˈsiːnjə/ 1）. 级别高的; 资深的 the company's senior management. 该公司的高级管理人员。 2）年纪大的；年长的 senior citizen 老年人 另外 作名词时还有“上级; 地位较高者”的意思： He was described by his seniors as a model officer. 他被上级称为模范军官。 23. accompany v. to happen or appear with sth else 伴随；与……同时发生 to travel or go somewhere with sb 陪同；陪伴 She was accompanied by her younger brother. 她由她的弟弟陪着。 【拓展】 accompany 还有“伴随”的意思 If she sang, he would accompany her on the piano. 如果她歌唱，他会为她钢琴伴奏。 24. symbol 详见词条16拓展 25. select v. to choose sb/sth from a group of people or things, usually according to a system 选择；挑选；选拔 I selected a file and pressed the delete key. 我选定了一份文件，然后按下了删除键。 26. elect v. to choose sb to do a particular job by voting for them 选举，推选 The people of the Philippines have voted to elect a new president. 菲律宾人民已经投票选举出一位新总统。 The University of Washington elected him dean in 1956. 华盛顿大学在1956年选他为院长。 27. involve v. to make sb take part in sth (使)参加，加入 Nasser and I do everything together, he involves me in everything. 纳萨和我做什么事都在一起，他让我参与所有的事情。 if a situation, an event or an activity involves sb/sth, they take part in it or are affected by it 牵涉；牵连；影响 If there was a cover-up, it involved people at the very highest levels of government. 如果有掩盖真相的行为，它就牵扯到了处于政府最高层的那些人 【固定搭配】 be/get involved in sth. 牵涉到…;卷入 She really didn't want to be involved in the whole family thing. 她实在不想卷入这件家事中。 28. parade n. a public celebration of a special day or event, usually with n bands in the streets and decorated vehicles 游行；阅兵式 A military parade marched slowly and solemnly down Pennsylvania Avenue. 一个军事阅兵队伍沿着宾夕法尼亚大街缓慢而庄严地行进。 He had them on parade at six o'clock in the morning. 他让他们在早上6点接受检阅。 【拓展】parade作动词时，也很常用 1）. 把…游街; 把…示众 Five leading fighter pilots have been captured and paraded before the media. 5名领先的战斗机飞行员被俘，并在媒体前示众。 2. (为使自己获益而) 展示 Captured prisoners were paraded before television cameras. 被捕获的罪犯们被展示在电视摄像机前。 3). (为炫耀而) 展示 Valentino is eager to see celebrities parading his clothes at big occasions. 瓦伦蒂诺渴望看到名人们在盛大场合展示他的服装。 4). 吹嘘; 夸耀 all the fashions that parade as modern movements in art. 所有被吹嘘成现代艺术运动的风尚。 29. march v. to walk with stiff regular steps like a soldier 齐步走；行进; n. 行军 A U.S. infantry battalion was marching down the street. 一个美军步兵营沿着街道行进。 After a short march, the column entered the village. 短途行军之后，队伍进入了村子。 30. classic adj. elegant, but simple and traditional in style or design, not affected by changes in fashion (风格或设计)典雅的，古朴的; 典型的 During the festival, we'll be showing 13 classic oldie films. 电影节期间，我们将放映13部经典老片。 The debate in the press has been a classic example of hypocrisy. 新闻界的这场争论是虚伪的典型例子。 【拓展】n. 经典作品 Former best-seller, this book is now recognised as a classic. 这本书曾经是畅销书，现在被公认为是本经典著作。 31. socialize v. to meet and spend time with people in a friendly way, in order to enjoy yourself (和他人)交往，交际 Maybe you should socialize more. 也许你应该多和人交往。 32. casual adj. not formal 非正式的，休闲的；不经意的的 I also bought some casual clothes for the weekend. 我还买了些休闲服准备周末穿。 What you mean as a casual remark could be misinterpreted. 你不经意所说的话可能会被误解。 33. formal adj. (of a style of dress, speech, writing, behaviour, etc.) very correct and suitable for official or important occasions 正式的；庄重的 He wrote a very formal letter of apology to Douglas. 他写了一封非常正式的道歉信给道格拉斯。 No formal announcement had been made. 尚无官方声明。 34. affair n. an event that people are talking about or describing in a particular way 事件；事情 The administration has mishandled the whole affair. 政府错误地处理了整个事件。 [pl.] matters connected with a person's private business and financial situation 私人事务 Her mistake was to blab about their affair. 她的错误在于泄露了他们的风流韵事。 35. entire adj. including everything, everyone or every part 全部的；完全的 There are only 60 swimming pools in the entire country. 整个国家仅有60个游泳池。 【近义词辨析】 total, entire, gross, full, complete, whole 这组词都有“完整的，全部的，整个的”的意思，其区别是： total 与complete用法相近，但强调总量。 entire 除了有whole的意思外，还强调既不能加一个也不减少一个的含义。 gross 侧重指未打折扣，未除去成本或皮重等与净重、净数相对。 full 侧重指内容，含有能包括所有的充足内容的意味。 complete 强调事物在内容、程度、或数量方面已完整，已达标准。 whole 比entire更普通，强调每个组成部分都包括在内，无一漏掉或舍去。 36. remind v. to help sb remember sth, especially sth important that they must do 提醒；使想起 So she simply welcomed Tim and reminded him of the last time they had met. 因此她只是欢迎了蒂姆，让他想起他们上次的相遇。 Can you remind me to buy a bottle of wine? 你能提醒我买一瓶葡萄酒吗？ 【固定搭配】 remind sb. of sth. 使某人想起； remind sb to do sth. 提醒某人去做某事。 【近义词辨析】 remember, memorize, recall, remind, recolect 这组词都有“记忆，记住，回忆”的意思，其区别是： remember 含义较广，多指无意识地回忆起往事，也可指通过主观努力去记忆。 memorize 指有意识的下功夫把某事的整个细节都记在脑子里。 recall 比remember文雅，指想方设法回忆已经遗忘之事。 remind 指经某人或某事的提醒而回忆起某件已遗忘之事。 37. graceful adj. moving in a controlled，attractive way or having a smooth, attractive form 优美的；优雅的；雅致的 His movements were so graceful they seemed effortless. 他的动作如此优雅，看似非常从容自如。 His handwriting, from earliest young manhood, was flowing and graceful. 从他刚刚成年时起，他的书法就流畅而优美。 38. item n. a single object or article 一件物品(或商品) The most valuable item on show will be a Picasso drawing. 展览中最有价值的作品将是毕加索的一幅画。 one thing on a list of things to buy, do, talk about, etc.项目 The other item on the agenda is the tour. 另一项议程是旅行。 【拓展】 item做名词时还有“条款”的意思。 39. indicate v. to be a sign of sth; to show that sth is possible or likely象征；暗示；表明 Statistics indicate that depressed patients are more likely to become ill than are normal people. 统计表明抑郁的患者比正常人更可能得病。 Early results indicate that the government will be returned to power. 早期的结果预示这个政府将重新执政。 The latest polls indicate that the two main parties are neck and neck. 最新的民意测验显示两个主要政党势均力敌。 【单元词组】 leave ... behind脱离(某状态)；离开(某人或某地) shoulder responsibilities 对某事承担责任 on the rise在上涨，在上升 a sense of……感，……意识 take on接受；承担(责任) give … away (在婚礼上)将新娘交给新郎 centre around 围绕 show up如约赶到；出现 (be) involved in 参与……；与……有关联 dress up穿上盛装；穿上正装 stand for 象征；是……意思 课文聚焦 一、原文呈现： GROWING WORLDWIDE Entering adulthood is an important step in everyone’s life. It means that a young person must soon leave childishness behind and start to shoulder grown-up responsibilities. Comment by 作者: leave sth behind: 留下… leave sb. alone 让某人独自呆着 Comment by 作者: V-T If you shoulder the responsibility or the blame for something, you accept it. 肩负 例： He has had to shoulder the responsibility of his father's mistakes. 他不得不肩负起他父亲所犯错误的责任。 In Germany, there’s a ceremony called “Jugendfeier,” or “youth celebration,” a coming-of-age ceremony for 14-year-olds. They go to school to prepare for the occasion, studying topics thought to be important for young citizens of the future. The things these young people learn about include multiculturalism and general responsibilities in society. Comment by 作者: prepare /prɪˈpɛə/  1.  V-T If you prepare something, you make it ready for something that is going to happen. 准备 On average each report requires 1,000 hours to prepare. 平均每份报告需要1000个小时来准备。 2.  V-T/V-I If you prepare for an event or action that will happen soon, you get yourself ready for it or make the necessary arrangements. (为…) 作准备; 准备 (做某事) He had to go back to his hotel and prepare to catch a train for New York. 他不得不回宾馆准备赶火车去纽约。 Comment by 作者: include /ɪnˈkluːd/  V-T If one thing includes another thing, it has the other thing as one of its parts. 包括 例： The trip has been extended to include a few other events. 行程已经延长以包括其他几项活动。 “Jugendfeier” began in the 19th century, when awareness of civic practices was on the rise. At the ceremony, a teacher makes a speech about values, such as having respect for other people and having a sense of duty. The idea is that the young people taking part in the ceremony will take on these values for themselves. Perhaps it’s fair to say that “Jugendfeier” is treated differently from other coming-of-age events in the world—it’s more serious than it is fun. Comment by 作者: civic /ˈsɪvɪk/   1.  ADJ You use civic to describe people or things that have an official status in a town or city. 市政的 [ADJ n] 例： ...the businessmen and civic leaders of Manchester. …曼彻斯特的商人们和市政领导。 2.  ADJ You use civic to describe the duties or feelings that people have because they belong to a particular community. 市民的; 公民的 [ADJ n] 例： ...a sense of civic pride. …市民自豪感。 Comment by 作者: be on the rise 呈上升趋势 ; 上升 Comment by 作者: make a speech 发表演说 Comment by 作者: respect /rɪˈspɛkt/  1.  V-T If you respect someone, you have a good opinion of their character or ideas. 尊重 例： I want him to respect me as a career woman. 我要他把我作为一个职业女性来尊重。 2.  N-UNCOUNT If you have respect for someone, you have a good opinion of them. 敬重 例： I have tremendous respect for Dean. 我非常敬重迪安。 Comment by 作者: a sense of… …感：a sense of humour 幽默感 Comment by 作者: 该句是表语从句，that不做句子成分，只起引导作用且不能被省略。 Comment by 作者: take on 1.  PHRASAL VERB If you take on a job or responsibility, especially a difficult one, you accept it. 承担 例： No other organization was able or willing to take on the job. 没有任何其他组织能够或愿意承担这项工作。 2.  PHRASAL VERB If something takes on a new appearance or quality, it develops that appearance or quality. 呈现 [no passive] 例： Believing he had only a year to live, his writing took on a feverish intensity. 他认为自己只有一年能活了，他的文字呈现出一种极度的狂热。 Comment by 作者: fair /fɛə/ )，常考的多义词： 1.  ADJ Something or someone that is fair is reasonable, right, and just. 公平的 I wanted them to get a fair deal. 我希望他们得到一个公平的交易。 2.  fairly ADV 公平地 例： ...demonstrating concern for employees and solving their problems quickly and fairly. …证实对雇员的关注以及迅速公平地解决他们的问题。 3.  ADJ A fair amount, degree, size, or distance is quite a large amount, degree, size, or distance. 相当大的; 相当远的 [ADJ n] 例： My neighbours across the street travel a fair amount. 我街对面的邻居们去过相当多的地方。 4.  ADJ A fair guess or idea about something is one that is likely to be correct. 合理的[ADJ n] 例： It's a fair guess to say that the damage will be extensive. 说破坏将很严重是合理的猜测。 5.  ADJ If you describe someone or something as fair, you mean that they are average in standard or quality, neither very good nor very bad. 一般的 例： Reimar had a fair command of English. 赖马尔具备一般的英语水平。 6.  ADJ Someone who is fair, or who has fair hair, has light-coloured hair. 浅色头发的 例： Both children were very like Robina, but were much fairer than she was. 两个孩子都很像罗比娜，但是头发颜色比她的浅得多。 7.  ADJ  金发的 例： ...a tall, fair-haired man. …一个金发的高个男人。 8.  ADJ Fair skin is very pale and usually burns easily. 白皙的 例： It's important to protect my fair skin from the sun. 保护我白皙的皮肤不受日晒是很重要的。 9.  ADJ When the weather is fair, it is quite sunny and not raining. 晴的 [正式] 例： Weather conditions were fair. 天气状况晴好。 10.  N-COUNT A county, state, or country fair is an event where there are, for example, displays of goods and animals, and amusements, games, and competitions. 集市 例： Every autumn I go to the county fair. 每个秋季我都去县里的集市。 Comment by 作者: than 既可以做介词，也可以做连词；此句中than引导比较状语从句。 In Latin American, there is a coming-of-age tradition called “quinceanera.” It is a celebration for girls on their 15th birthday, marking a girl’s entry into womanhood. In the past, “quinceanera” was connected with marriage. Girls were taught cooking, sewing, and other general household skills before the special day to get prepared for their upcoming marriage. Traditional ceremonies began when the teenager arrived, with her father. He would dance with her, and then “give her away” to dance with other males from among their family and circle of friends. Comment by 作者: V-T Something that marks someone as a particular type of person indicates that they are that type of person. 表明 (为某一种类的人) 例： Her opposition to feminism marks her as a convinced traditionalist. 她对女权主义的反对表明她是一个坚定的传统主义者。 Comment by 作者: V-T If you connect a person or thing with something, you realize that there is a link or relationship between them. 将 (某人、某物与某事物) 联系起来 例： I hoped he would not connect me with that now-embarrassing review I'd written seven years earlier. 我希望他不会把我和我7年前写的、现在读起来令人难堪的评论联系起来。 【固定搭配】 be connected with…与…联系 Today, the ceremony has become more like an individual celebration of the young person’s coming-of-age—similar to how one’s 18th birthday is considered an important day in other cultures. Comment by 作者: be similar to…与…相似 In some Indian families, the sacred thread ceremony is performed when a boy is grown-up. He is given three strands of the sacred thread which represent three promises he makes: to respect knowledge, to respect his parents and to respect society. Comment by 作者: sacred /ˈseɪkrɪd/ adj. 神圣的；宗教的 例： The owl is sacred for many Californian Indian people. 猫头鹰对于很多加利福利亚的印第安人来说是神圣的。 Comment by 作者: represent作动词时，常用以下义项： 1. V-T To represent an idea or quality means to be a symbol or an expression of that idea or quality. 代表; 象征; 反映 例： New York represents everything that's great about America. 纽约象征着美国伟大的一切。 2. V-T If you represent a person or thing as a particular thing, you describe them as being that thing. 描写; 描绘 例： The popular press tends to represent him as an environmental guru. 大众媒体倾向于把他描绘成环保领袖。 It is said that the sacred thread ceremony marks a new life. The child, traditionally, leaves his family to go and live with the Guru (teacher).At this point the boy becomes “twice-born.” In Indian traditions, a human being has at least two births—the first one is his physical birth and the second one his intellectual birth through a teacher’s care. At this ceremony, a Guru accepts a child and draws him towards knowledge. Comment by 作者: intellectual adj 智力上的；和智力有关的 Comment by 作者: draw做动词时，有托、拉的意思；本句中翻译成引领。 Coming-of-age traditions vary significantly from culture to culture. Nearly every society has specific rituals, ceremonies, and traditions to symbolise or celebrate one’s transition from childhood to adulthood. Comment by 作者: significantly 意义重大地，重要地；显著地 Comment by 作者: ritual /ˈrɪtʃuəl/ n. 仪式；惯例；礼制 adj. 仪式的；例行的；礼节性的 Comment by 作者: symbolize V-T If one thing symbolizes another, it is used or regarded as a symbol of it. 象征 例： The fall of the Berlin Wall symbolized the end of the Cold War between East and West. 柏林墙的倒塌象征着东西方冷战的结束。 Comment by 作者: transition 既可以作动词，也可以是名词；注意和“to”搭配： transitions from one state or activity to another, they move gradually from one to the other. 从…转向… 【参考译文】 全球各地的成长仪式 进入成年期是每个人生命中重要的一步。这意味着年轻人必须尽快把孩子气抛在脑后，开始承担起成年人的责任。 在德国，有一个叫做“Jugendfeier”的仪式，或“青年庆典”，一个14岁的成人仪式。他们去学校为这一时刻做准备，学习被认为对未来的年轻公民很重要的课题。这些年轻人学习的东西包括多元文化主义和社会的一般责任。 “Jugendfeier”开始于19世纪，当时人们对公民行为的意识正在上升。在仪式上，老师做一个关于价值观的演讲，如尊重他人和有责任感。他们的想法是，参加这个仪式的年轻人将为他们自己承担这些价值观。或许公平地说，“新生”事件的处理方式与世界上其他成人事件不同——它的严肃程度超过了它的乐趣。 在拉丁美洲，有一种成人的传统叫做“quinceanera”。这是女孩们庆祝15岁生日的活动，标志着女孩进入了成年期。在过去，“quinceanera”与婚姻有关。在这个特别的日子到来之前，女孩们要学习烹饪、缝纫和其他一般的家庭技能，为即将到来的婚姻做准备。当她和她的父亲到达时，传统的仪式开始了。他会和她一起跳舞，然后把她“送出去”，和其他来自家庭和朋友圈的男性一起跳舞。 如今，这个仪式更像是对年轻人的个人庆祝，类似于在其他文化中一个人的18岁生日被视为重要的一天。 在一些印度家庭，当一个男孩长大后，就会举行神圣的丝线仪式。神给了他三条神线，这三条神线代表了他的三个承诺:尊重知识，尊重父母，尊重社会。 据说，神圣的丝线仪式标志着新生命的诞生。按照传统，这个孩子会离开家人去和古鲁(老师)住在一起。在这一点上，男孩成为“两次出生”。“在印度的传统中，一个人至少有两次出生——第一次是身体上的出生，第二次是在老师的照料下智力上的出生。在这个仪式上，一位古鲁接受了一个孩子，并吸引他走向知识。 不同的文化有不同的成年传统。几乎每个社会都有特定的仪式、仪式和传统来象征或庆祝一个人从童年到成年的转变。 二、课文研习： 重难句式及解析 1. “He is given three strands of the sacred thread which represent three promises he makes: to respect knowledge, to respect his parents and to respect society.” 句式结构：复合句（含被动语态 + 多层定语修饰 + 并列不定式）。 解析： 主干为被动句 “He is given three strands of the sacred thread”，“three strands” 受 “of the sacred thread” 修饰。 定语从句：“which represent three promises” 修饰 “thread”，说明线的象征意义；“he makes” 是省略关系代词 “that” 的定语从句，修饰 “promises”，形成 “名词 + 定语从句 + 定语从句” 的嵌套结构。 并列不定式：冒号后的 “to respect knowledge...to respect society” 是三个并列的不定式短语，作 “promises” 的同位语，进一步解释承诺内容，全句通过多层修饰展现仪式的文化内涵。 2. “Perhaps it’s fair to say that ‘Jugendfeier’ is treated differently from other coming-of-age events in the world—it’s more serious than it is fun.” 句式结构：复合句（含主语从句 + 宾语从句 + 比较状语从句）。 解析： 主干为 “it’s fair to say that...”，其中 “it” 是形式主语，真正主语是不定式短语 “to say that...”。 宾语从句：“that ‘Jugendfeier’ is treated differently...” 作 “say” 的宾语，说明观点内容；“from other coming-of-age events” 是比较状语。 破折号补充：“it’s more serious than it is fun” 是比较状语从句，通过 “more...than...” 对比仪式的性质，全句通过多重复句结构强调 “Jugendfeier” 的严肃性。 3. “Today, the ceremony has become more like an individual celebration of the young person’s coming-of-age—similar to how one’s 18th birthday is considered an important day in other cultures.” 句式结构：复合句（含系表结构 + 同位语 + 宾语从句）。 解析： 主干为 “the ceremony has become more like an individual celebration”，“of the young person’s coming-of-age” 作后置定语。 同位语补充：破折号后的 “similar to...” 是形容词短语作同位语，解释 “celebration” 的性质。 宾语从句：“how one’s 18th birthday is considered an important day” 作介词 “to” 的宾语，其中 “how” 引导宾语从句，描述其他文化中对 18 岁生日的看待方式，全句通过多层修饰和对比展现传统仪式的现代演变。 学以致用 一、单词拼写 1. A baby's need for food can v_________ (不同) from day to day. 2. No one admitted r_________ (责任) for the attacks. 3. I want to take this _________ (机会；场合) to thank you. 4. The interests of the collective lie before the interests of the _________ (个人的) . 5. The climbers had been _________ (搁浅) by a storm. 6. Whoever/ Anyone who takes action to realize his dream deserves our _________ (尊重) . 7. The general secretary may r _________ (代表) the president at official ceremonies. 8. High levels of lead could damage the _________ (智力的) development of children. 9. He took time out from his work to _________ (陪伴) his mother to dinner. 10. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported s_____________(显著地) higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience ． 【答案】 1. vary 2.responsibility 3. occasion 4. individual 5. stranded 6.respect 7. represent 8.intellectual 9.accompany 10.significantly 二、完成句子 occasion respect individual perform represent intellectual specific symbolize refer senior accompany 1. His achievements earned him ________ and admiration. 他的成就为他赢得别人的尊敬和赞美. 2. You should always __________what you promise. 你应永远履行你的诺言. 3. Don't ________to the matter again. 不要再提这件事了. 4. Shall I ___________you to the hospital? 我陪您去医院 吗 ? 5. She was picked out from the whole class to _________ them at the other school. 从全班中选出她来作为去另一学校的代表. 6. The ________ people often take no interest in fashion. 年长的人通常对时尚不感兴趣. 7. What does the Statue of Liberty __________? 自由女神象征着什么? 8. Chess is a highly __________ game. 象棋是需用高度智力的运动项目. 9. His behaviour was not in keeping with the solemn(庄严的) _________. 他的举止与这庄严的场合不协调. 10. We should make a concrete analysis of each __________ question. 对于每个具体问题要进行具体分析. 【答案】 1. respect 2.perform 3. refer 4. accompany 5. represent 6. senior 7. symbolize 8. intellectual 9.occasion 10. specific 三、句子翻译 1. 巴西人轻而易举的击败了美国队。（without） ________________________________________________________________. 1. Mrs. Smith 千方百计劝丈夫戒烟。（means） ________________________________________________________________. 1. 老师们兴致勃勃地看完了学生的文艺汇演。（spirits） ________________________________________________________________. 1. 我终于领悟到开卷有益的道理。(benefit) ________________________________________________________________. 1. 谁都知道我们的学校已焕然一新了。（turn） ________________________________________________________________. 1. 我们应该学习雷锋助人为乐的精神。（ready） ________________________________________________________________. 1. 我心甘情愿当配角。（willing） ________________________________________________________________. 1. 上课学生应该聚精会神。（fix） ________________________________________________________________. 【答案】 1. The Brazilian Team beat the American Team without any difficulty. 2. Mrs. Smith tried by all means to persuade her husband to give up smoking. 3. The teachers enjoyed all the performances of the students in high spirits. 4. At last I came to understand that reading benefits a lot. 5. It’s known to all that our school has taken on a new look. 6. We should learn from Comrade Leifeng his spirit of being always ready to help others 7. I’m willing to be minor character. 8. Students should fix their minds in class. 8 / 27 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$