Unit 2 Bridging Cultures （知识清单）英语人教版2019选择性必修第二册

Unit 2 Bridging Cultures 一、词汇清单 单词 1.complex adj.复杂的；难懂的；复合的 2.qualification n.资格 ; 学历 3. tutor n.助教;导师 4. engage vt.参加，吸引注意力等 5. participation n.参加; 参与 6. presentation n.报告;出示 7.messenger n.送信人;信使 8.edition n.一期，一辑; 版次 9. firm n.公司，事务所adj.牢固的 10. overwhelming adj.无法抗拒的 11.homesickness n 思乡病 12. motivated adj.积极的 14.advisor n.顾问 15. reasonable adj.有道理的 16. expectation n期望; 预期 17.insight n洞察力; 眼光 19. setting n环境; 背景 20.dramatic adj.巨大的; 突然的 21. expense n.费用; 花费 22.tremendous adj.巨大的 24. optimistic adj.乐观的 25. perspective n.角度; 观点 26. angle n.角; 角度 27. sincerely adv.真诚地，诚实地 短语 1.participate in 参加；参与 2.speak up 大声点说；明确表态 3.feel at home 舒服自在；不拘束 4.engage in (使)从事；参与 5.get involved in 参与；卷入 6.culture shock 文化冲击 7.comfort zone 舒适区；舒适范围 8.cost an arm and a leg (使)花一大笔钱 9.side with 支持；站在……的一边 10. as far as I know 据我所知 11.as far as I am concerned 就我而言 12. in summary 总的来说；总之 13. generally speaking 一般来说 14.insight into 深刻理解；洞察 15.to begin with 首先 16.engage sb.to do sth.雇用某人做某事 17.engage in参与 18.be engaged to sb.与某人订婚 19.be engaged in忙于；从事于 20.be/get involved in参与；卷入；与…有关联 21.involve sb./oneself in(doing) sth.使某人参与某事 22.beyond (sb.'s) expectation(s)出乎(某人的)意料 23.live up to one's expectations达到某人期望 24.expect (sb.)to do sth.期待(某人)做某事 25.be exposed to暴露于；接触 26.It was the first time that sb + had done某人第一次做某事 27.boost one's confidence提升自信 28.feel at home舒服自在;不拘束 29.be fascinated by...着迷于.... 30.My ambition is to do sth.我的志向是... 31.build a bridge between...在...之间架起一座桥 32.in the past few decades过去几十年 33.feel comforted to do sth做...感到安慰 34. be keen to do sth.渴望做某事 35.come with伴随...发生 熟词生义 1. recall vt.& vi. 记起；回想起 v. 叫回（某人）；收回（有问题的产品） 2. gain vt. 获得；赢得；取得 vt. 增加　n. 好处；增加；改进 句型 sb have done 1.It is/ was the first/second time that 某人第一/二次做某事 Sb had done It is the first time that I have visited（visit）Beijing.（这是我第一次游览北京。） It was the first time that she had traveled（travel）abroad alone.（那是她第一次独自出国旅行。） 2.find + 宾语 + 宾补（adj/adv/ving/done/n/介词短语/）”结构 发现... 1.I find the movie really exciting（excite）我发现这部电影非常令人兴奋。 2.He found a little girl crying （cry）in the corner.（他发现一个小女孩在角落哭泣。） 3.We found the door locked（lock）.（我们发现门被锁上了。） 3.状语从句的省略句(when/while/once/if/unless/as if/as though/though...) 1　 主句主语与从句主语一致或从句主语为it 2　 从句中包含be动词 3　 省略从句中主语和be动词；常见省略结构：连词+ving/done/to do/介短/adj When walking (walk) in the park, I saw a beautiful flower. As he expected (expect), he won the first prize.（正如所料，他得了一等奖。） Unless invited (invite), you can't enter the room.（除非被邀请，否则你不能进入房间。） 4.“疑问词 + 不定式”结构相当于一个名词性从句，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语等成分。 I don't know what to do next.（我不知道接下来做什么。） She is wondering where to go for vacation.（她在想去哪里度假。） They haven't decided how to solve the problem.（他们还没有决定如何解决这个问题。） Can you tell me when to start the meeting?（你能告诉我什么时候开始会议吗？） 语法 名词性从句：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句 二、知识点精讲 知识点1qualification n. （通过考试或学习课程取得的）资格；学历 【教材原句】　Xie Lei is studying for a business qualification at a university in China and has come to our university on a year-long exchange programme. 谢蕾在中国一所大学攻读商科，来我校参加为期一年的交流项目。（教材p14） 【拓展】 (1) gain/acquire/obtain qualifications 获得资格 without qualification 无条件地 have （no） qualifications for （doing） sth （没）有（做）某事的资格 have （no） qualifications to do sth （没）有做某事的资格 (2) qualify vt.& vi. （使）具备资格；（使）合格 qualify （sb/sth） as ... （使某人/某物）有资格担任/成为…… qualify sb for sth 使某人有资格获得某物 (3) qualified adj. 有资格的；能胜任的 be qualified to do sth 有资格做某事 be qualified for ... 有……的资格；可胜任…… 【写作佳句】In this job, experience counts for more than paper qualifications. 担任这项工作，经验比文凭更重要。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①She was chosen for the job on the basis of her qualifications （qualify）. ②A person with an appreciation of art and literature is qualified for the job. 完成句子 ③我们的父母也在逐渐成长为合格的父亲和母亲，所以有时候我们需要理解并原谅他们。（应用文写作之建议信） Our parents are still growing into qualified fathers and mothers, so we need to understand and forgive them sometimes. ④经过7年的学习，约翰获得了当医生的资格。 After 7 years of study, John gained/acquired/obtained qualifications to become a doctor. 知识点2 adaptation n. 适应；改编本 【教材原句】　Although some foreign students live in campus accommodation, Xie Lei chose to live with a host family, who can help with her adaptation to the new culture.虽然一些留学生住在学校里，但是谢蕾选择住在寄宿家庭，有助于她适应异国文化。（教材p14） 【拓展】 (1)adapt vt.& vi. （使）适应　vt. 改写，改编 adapt （oneself） to ... （使某人）适应…… be adapted for .../from ... 改编成……/改编自…… (2)adaptable adj. 能适应的，有适应能力的 【易混辨析】 adapt v. （使）适应；使适合；改编；改造；修改 adapt to new market 适应新市场 adapt this novel 改编这本小说 adopt v. 采取，采纳；收养 adopt an idea 采纳观点 adopt a child 收养一个孩子 【写作佳句】The good thing about children is that they adapt very easily to new environments. 孩子们很容易适应新的环境，这对他们来说是一件好事。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①To ensure success，it is important to be adaptable and make necessary adaptations to changing. （adapt） 翻译句子 ②这部剧是根据小说改编的，但导演对故事情节做了重大改动。 The play was adapted from the novel, but the director made significant changes to the storyline. ③我决不会采用他的任何一个方法。 In no way am I going to adopt any of his methods. 知识点3 comfort n. 安慰；令人感到安慰的人或事物；舒服；安逸　vt. 安慰；抚慰 【教材原句】　“When I miss home, I feel comforted to have a second family,” Xie Lei said.“有第二个家，想家时我会得到些安慰。”谢蕾说。（教材p14） 【拓展】 (1)take/draw comfort from/in 从/在……中得到安慰 in comfort 舒适地 comfort sb for sth 因某事而安慰某人 comfort oneself/sb with sth 用某物安慰自己/某人 (2)comfortable adj. 舒服的；舒适的 (3)comfortably adv. 舒服地，安逸地 (4)discomfort n. 不适　vt. 使不舒服 (5)uncomfortable adj. 不舒适的；不自在的 (6)uncomfortably adv. 不舒服地；令人不安地 【写作佳句】The gentle breeze stroked his head as if comforting all his tiredness. 微风轻抚着他的头，仿佛在安慰他所有的疲惫。（读后续写之环境描写） 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①I know she goes out a lot at night, but I take comfort from the fact that she's always with friends. ②She comforted herself （she） with the thought that it would soon be spring. 翻译句子 ③I became uncomfortably aware that the people at the next table were watching me. 我意识到旁桌的人在看我，感到很不自在。 ④Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts. 先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐。 ⑤她好不容易才把身体转为一个比较舒服的姿势。 With difficulty, she rolled her body into a more comfortable position. 知识点4 participate vi. 参加；参与 【教材原句】　Xie Lei also found many courses included students' participation in class as part of the final result.此外，谢蕾发现很多课程的最终成绩都包含学生的课堂参与。（教材p15） 【拓展】 (1)participate in 参加；参与 (2)participation n. 参加；参与 (3)participant n. 参加者；参与者 【写作佳句】Looking forward to your active participation. 期待你的积极参与。（应用文写作之邀请信） 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①When I saw your volunteer recruitment information, I had no hesitation in applying for it for I really want to participate in this activity. （应用文写作之申请信） ②As an active participant （participate） in various volunteer work, I have a lot of experience in serving others. （应用文写作之申请信） 完成句子 ③老师鼓励学生更多地参与班级决策。 Teachers encourage students to have more participation in class decision－making. ④我很沮丧，因为我没有进入全国歌唱大赛，我一直很想参加这个比赛。（读后续写之心理描写） I'm frustrated at not entering into the national singing competition, which I have long wanted to participate in. 知识点5 engage vi. 参加；参与（活动）　vt. 吸引（注意力、兴趣 ）；雇用，聘请 【教材原句】　.“Engaging in British culture has helped,” she said. “融入英国文化使我受益匪浅。”她说。（教材p15） 【拓展】 (1)engage in （使） 从事；参与 engage sb to do 聘请某人做某事 engage sb as 聘请某人为……；聘请某人担任…… engage sb's interests/attention 吸引某人的兴趣/注意力 (2)engaged adj. 已订婚的；忙于……的；从事……的；被占用的 be/get engaged to sb 和某人订婚 be/get engaged in/on sth 忙于/从事某事 (3)engagement n. 约定；预约；订婚 【写作佳句】We should improve our ability to engage in international communication so as to tell the stories of China well. 我们应该提高参与国际交流的能力，讲好中国故事。（文化自信） 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①For the past three years, I have been engaged as chairman of the Student Union in our school. ②It is a traditional custom of a man giving betrothal gift （聘礼） to a woman when they get engaged （engage）, which still exists in modern Chinese society. 完成句子 ③如果一本书的前几页不能引起我的兴趣，我通常不会继续读下去。 If a book doesn't engage my interest in the first few pages, I don't usually continue reading it. ④一项调查显示，参加课外活动的高中生比不参加课外活动的高中生更快乐。 A survey shows that senior high students who are engaged in after­school activities are happier than those who are not. 知识点6 involve vt. 包含；需要；涉及；影响；（使） 参加；使卷入 【教材原句】　As well as studying hard, I've been involved in social activities. 努力学习之余，我还参加了一些社交活动。（教材p15） 【拓展】 (1)involve doing sth 包含/需要做某事 involve ... in ... 使……卷入……；使……参与…… involve with sb 与某人有密切关系 (2)involved adj. 参与的；有关联的；复杂的；专心于……的 get/be/become involved with/in 参与/涉及……；专注于…… (3)involvement n. 参加；参与；沉迷 【写作佳句】Students should involve themselves actively in community activities where they can gain experience for growth. 学生们应该积极参加社区活动，在那里他们能够获得成长的经验。（应用文写作之建议信） 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①I don't want to do anything that will involve me in a long－term commitment. ②They said that the job would involve travel（l）ing （travel） to Paris. ③She was very involved with/in sports at college, and her studies suffered. 翻译句子 ④她在日常生活中要接触很多人。 Her daily life involved meeting lots of people. ⑤所有的老师和学生都积极参加了越野跑比赛。（应用文写作之报道） All the teachers and students got actively involved in/with the cross－country running race. 知识点7 grasp vt. 理解；领会；抓紧　n. 紧抓；紧握；掌握；理解（力）；能力所及 【教材原句】　Well, I suppose it was difficult to grasp the tones at first.嗯，起初我确实很难理解那些语气的意思。（教材p19） 【拓展】 grasp sb by the hand/arm 抓住某人的手/手臂 grasp sth/how/that/wh- 从句 领会…… grasp an opportunity/a chance 抓住机会 grasp at sth 伸手去抓某物 have a good/firm/thorough grasp of ... 对……掌握得很好/牢固/全面 within sb's grasp＝within the grasp of sb 在某人的掌握之中；力所能及 beyond sb's grasp＝beyond the grasp of sb 某人无法理解；超出某人的掌控 【写作佳句】I wish you grasp this opportunity/chance to learn Chinese traditional culture further. 我希望你抓住这次机会进一步学习中国传统文化。（应用文写作之建议信） 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①In order to have a good grasp of a culture, learning its language is the best way. ②She grasped at his coat as he rushed past her. 翻译句子 ③为什么成功对我来说总是遥不可及？ Why is success always beyond my grasp？ ④我们应该学习掌握沟通技巧。 We should learn to grasp communication skills. 知识点8 gifted adj. 有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的 【教材原句】　Some may struggle and suffer from culture shock when learning how to behave in new surroundings. 在学习如何在新环境中举止得体时，有些人可能会感到吃力，并承受文化冲击的折磨。（教材p20） 【拓展】 (1)behave well/badly/rudely （to/towards sb） （对某人）表现好/差/粗鲁 behave oneself 守规矩；表现得体 (2)behavio（u）r n. 举止；行为；态度 be on one's best behavio（u）r 举止有礼；行为检点 【写作佳句】Before visiting senior men in the nursing home, we were taught to be on our best behavio（u）r by our teacher. 在去敬老院看望老人之前，我们的老师教导我们要举止得体。（应用文写作之日记） 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①The locals all behave very politely and tourists are deeply impressed with their elegant behavio（u）r.（behave） 翻译句子 ②在公共场合举止得体、有礼貌，这对我们来说很重要。 It is very important for us to behave ourselves and be polite in public. ③在日常生活中，我们应该诚实行事，做自己。 We should behave honestly and be ourselves in daily life. 知识点9 deny vt. 否认；否定；拒绝 【教材原句】　 To sum up, one cannot deny the fact that studying abroad has its disadvantages, so when you think about studying abroad, you should consider these many factors.总之，出国留学有不利的一面，这个事实是不可否认的。因此当你想要海外求学时，应当考虑上述诸多因素。（教材p20） 【拓展】 deny doing sth 否认做过某事 deny sb sth＝deny sth to sb 拒绝给某人某物 deny that ... 否认…… It can't be denied that ... 不可否认…… There's no denying （the fact） that ... 不可否认…… 【写作佳句】It can't be denied that learning a foreign language is difficult, and when it comes it to speaking the language, it can be extremely tough. All you need to do is keep practising. 不可否认，学习一门外语是困难的，当涉及到说这门语言时，它可能是极其困难的。你所需要做的就是坚持练习。（应用文写作之建议信）。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Neil denied breaking （break） the window and ran off before the security arrived. ②It's right of you to deny your answers to others during the exam. 一句多译 ③不可否认，互联网在我们的生活和工作中起着越来越重要的作用。 There is no denying that the Internet plays a more and more important role in our life and work. ＝It can't be denied that the Internet plays a more and more important role in our life and work. ④任何人都不应被剥夺接受良好教育的权利。 No one should be denied a good education. ＝A good education should be denied to no one. 知识点10 cooperate vi. 合作；协作；配合 【教材原句】　 Cooperating with people from diverse cultural backgrounds helps us view the world from different angles and thus gives us more insight into our own culture.与来自不同文化背景的人合作有助于我们从不同视角看待世界，进而让我们对自己的文化有更深入的了解。（教材p20） 【拓展】 (1)cooperate with sb 与某人合作/协作 cooperate in/on sth 在某事上给予合作 (2)cooperation n. 协作；合作 in cooperation with 与……合作；与……协作 【写作佳句】To solve these problems, it's essential to call on students to take efficient measures and cooperate with each other. 为了解决这些问题，有必要呼吁学生采取有效的措施并相互合作。（应用文写作之演讲稿） 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Participating in extra-curricular activities enables us to learn to negotiate and cooperate with fellow students. ②China is a state that pursues cooperation （cooperate）. 完成句子 ③你让两岁的小孩穿衣服的时候，她有可能不配合。 A two-year old is likely to refuse to cooperate when you tell her to get dressed. ④“一带一路”是东西方交流与合作的象征。 The Belt and Road is the symbol of communication and cooperation between the East and the West. 三、语法清单 名词性从句 名词性从句 类型 功能 语序 it 引导词 that省略 主语从句 充当主语 陈述语序 作形式主语 连词 连接代词 连接副词 不可省 表语从句 充当表语 一般不省 宾语从句 充当宾语 作形式宾语 可省 同位语从句 充当同位语 一般不省 名词性从句：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句在整个句子中的作用相当于名词，故将它们统称为名词性从句。在名词性从句中，连词（that、whether、if等）一般只起连接作用，在句中不作成分；连接代词（who、what、which、whom 等）常作主语、宾语、表语等，而连接副词（when、where、how、why 等）常作状语，表示时间、地点、方式、原因等。 【感知·语法规律】 1.What seemed strange before now appears quite normal to Xie Lei. 2.What surprised Xie Lei was that she found herself speaking up in class after just a few weeks. 3.It’s important that Xie Lei keeps a balance between her studies and her social life. 4.I followed his advice that I (should) finish my homework before supper. 【精讲·语法知识】 1.主语从句：用作主语的从句叫主语从句。 （1）that引导主语从句时一般不省略 That she finished reading an English novel surprised us all. 她读完了一部英文小说让我们大吃一惊。 （2）it作形式主语 有时可用it作形式主语，而将主语从句置于句末。用it 作形式主语的常见结构有： It be＋名词（词组）＋that 从句，常见的名词（词组）有：fact, pity, shame, question, common knowledge等。 ①It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. 英语正在被人们接受为一种国际语言，这是一个事实。 ②It is common knowledge that swimming is one of the best forms of exercise. 大家都知道游泳是最好的锻炼方式之一。 It be ＋形容词 ＋ that从句，常见的形容词有：natural, important, strange, unclear, uncertain等。 ①It is natural that mothers love their children. 母亲爱自己的孩子是天生的。 ②It is strange that he should go in the opposite direction. 真奇怪，他竟然朝相反的方向走了。 温馨提示：在“It is necessary/important/essential＋that ...”结构中从句常用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should 可以省略。 It is essential that you （should） have some experience. 你必须得有些经验。 It be ＋ 过去分词 ＋that 从句，常见的过去分词有：announced, believed, reported, said, proved等。 ①It is reported that some modern monks are using computers. 有报道说有些现代和尚在使用计算机。 ②It has been proved that pride goes before a fall. 事实证明骄兵必败。 其他常用it作形式主语代替that从句的句型： It doesn't matter that ... ……是无关紧要的 It makes no difference that ... ……没有影响 It occurs/strikes/hits sb that ... 某人突然想到/意识到…… 注意：　it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末时，用if或 whether 引导均可，但如果后置的主语从句的引导词后面接 or not 时，只能用whether。 【经典练】　 单句语法填空 ①What I have seen today has made a very deep impression on me. ②It is a pity that their performance in this big event didn't live up to our expectations. ③Whether teachers can be replaced by AI is discussed on the newspaper. ④When the new road is open to traffic hasn't been made clear. ⑤Whom they are going to invite is uncertain. 2.表语从句：用作表语的从句叫表语从句，由连词（that, whether, as if, as though, because），连接代词（what/whatever, which/whichever, who/whoever, whom, whose）和连接副词（when, where, why, how）引导。 （1）if不能引导表语从句 （2）that引导表语从句时不能省略 My advice is that you （should） go to apologize to him. 我的建议是你应该去向他道歉。 （3）as if/though引导表语从句 as if/though 意为“好像，仿佛”，引导的表语从句常跟在系动词（seem, appear, look, taste, sound, feel, smell 等）之后。若表语从句所陈述的是非真实的情况，从句用虚拟语气；若所陈述的是事实或是极有可能发生的情况，则从句用陈述语气。 ①When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken. 当铅笔的一部分放进水里时，它看起来好像折断了似的。（虚拟语气） ②You look as though you are friends. 你们看起来像是朋友。（陈述语气） （4）其他常见的表语从句 This/That is/was why ... （表示结果）“这/那就是……的原因”（why 引导表语从句） Tom overslept this morning. That is why he was late for work. 汤姆今天早晨睡过头了。那是他上班迟到的原因。 The reason why ... is/was that ... （表示原因）“……的原因是……”（why 引导定语从句，that 引导表语从句） The reason why he was late was that he missed the early bus. 他迟到的原因是他没赶上早班车。 注意：　系动词之后统称表语，所以找到系动词就找到表语了。常见系动词如下，数量不多，务必背记： ①表示状态：be, seem, appear, keep, remain, stay, stand, lie，sit, continue ②表示变化：become, get, turn, grow, go, come, fall, run ③表示感知：feel, look, sound, smell，taste, touch ④表示结果：prove, turn out 其中除了be，其他皆兼有实义动词的用法，需注意辨别。 【经典练】　完成句子 ①问题仍然是他们能否帮助我们。 The question remains whether they will be able to help us. ②我的建议是立即开始这项工作。 My suggestion is that the work （should） be started at once. ③修理屋顶的时间是在阳光灿烂的时候。 The time to repair the roof is when the sun is shining. ④他担心她是否能从这场手术中恢复。 All he's worried about is whether she can recover from this surgery. ⑤问题是谁来处理这个棘手的问题。 The question is who will handle the tough problem. 3.宾语从句：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 （1）that 引导宾语从句时，常被省略，但下列情况下 that 不能省略： 动词后有多个 that 引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个 that 可省略，其余的 that 不可省略。 He said （that） the book was very interesting and that all the children liked to read it. 他说那本书很有趣，所有小孩都喜欢读。 宾语从句前有插入语时： We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us. 恰恰相反，我们希望他和我们待在家里。 that 引导的宾语从句位于句首时： That he will come, I believe. 我相信他会来。 （2）一般情况下介词后常用 wh-类连接词引导宾语从句。介词后的宾语从句，连接词表示“是否”时，只能用 whether，不能用 if。 Everything depends on whether you agree with us. 一切取决于你跟我们意见是否一致。 （3）it作形式宾语 宾语从句一般放在及物动词或介词之后，但是在下列用法中，常用到形式宾语，而将真正的宾语从句后置。 动词 find/feel/think/make/consider 等＋it＋宾补＋从句 He thinks it important that we try to do some housework after school. 他认为我们放学后尝试做一些家务是重要的。 动词hate/like/dislike/appreciate/enjoy 等＋it＋从句 ①I don't like it that he's so lazy. 我不喜欢他那么懒惰。 ②We would appreciate it if you can come here. 如果你能来这里我们将非常感激。 动词短语 see to ＋it＋从句 Would you see to it that she gets home early？ 你负责保证她早点到家，好吗？ 固定搭配 take it for granted that 认为……理所当然/owe it to sb that ... 把……归功于…… We owe it to you that there wasn't a serious accident. 多亏了你，才没有发生严重事故。 （4）大多数及物动词（短语）后都可以跟宾语从句，需注意的是： 在一些表示坚持、命令、建议、要求等意义的动词后，that 引导的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。 ①I'm sorry you feel that way, but my mother insists that he （should） come. 我很抱歉你有这样的感觉，但我妈妈坚持要他来。 ②I suggested that he （should） study harder. 我建议他更加努力学习。 （5）doubt用于否定句或疑问句时，其后用 that 引导宾语从句；用于肯定句时，其后用 whether或if引导宾语从句。 ①I never doubted that she would come. 我十分肯定她会来。 ②I doubt whether/if the new one will be much better. 我不确定这个新的是否会好很多。 【经典练】翻译 ①她要求向她报告有关情况。 She asked that she （should） be kept informed. ②他问老板是否能请一天假。 He asked the boss whether he could have a day off. ③我发现音乐会的票已经卖完了。 I found out that all the tickets for the concert had been sold out. ④我们应该调查发生了什么事情，哪里出了问题。 We should investigate what happened and what went wrong. ⑤我认为我们保持冷静是很重要的。 I think it important that we should keep calm. 4.同位语从句：用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句 （1）可跟同位语从句的名词 belief 信念；hope 希望；opinion 观点；wish 愿望；question 问题；doubt 怀疑；idea 主意；possibility 可能性；truth 事实；promise诺言；explanation 解释；news消息；thought 想法；fact 事实；problem 问题 （2）同位语从句的引导词 同位语从句常用 that, whether, why, where, how，when 等引导，还可使用 what, who, whose, which 等；if一般不引导同位语从句。that 和 whether 在从句中不作成分，that 无实际意义，whether表示“是否”。其他引导词具有实际意义，同时在同位语从句中作一定的成分。同位语从句的引导词一般都不省略。 ①The report that he was going to resign was false. 他打算辞职的报道是假的。 ②There's some doubt whether John will come on time. 不确定约翰是否会按时到来。 ③The question who should do the work requires consideration. 谁该做这项工作的问题需要考虑。 （3）同位语从句中需要注意的问题 在suggestion, advice, request, order，demand，requirement 等意为“建议、要求、命令”的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should＋动词原形”的虚拟语气结构，should 可以省略。 ①He agreed with my suggestion that we （should） change the date. 他同意我提出的更改日期的建议。 ②I followed his advice that I （should） finish my homework before supper. 我听从了他关于我应该在晚饭前做完作业的建议。 【经典练】完成句子 ①毫无疑问，这位申请人的优势在于他能用英语与外国人交流。 There is no doubt that the advantage of the applicant lies in his ability to communicate with foreigners in English. ②有消息说史密斯一家搬去了芝加哥。 Word came that the Smiths moved to Chicago. 四、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 本单元的写作任务是应用文写作，主题为关于出国留学的正反观点。关于此类型的应用文，写作时需要注意以下几点： 1.词汇选择要注意。在抒发观点类的写作中，不要选择语言色彩过于激烈或者不礼貌、带有攻击性的词汇。出国留学这一主题较为贴近现实生活，写作前可收集其他同学的看法，或是运用大数据上网检索相关信息，作为自己的观点补充。 2.衔接过渡要自然。同一篇作文中要呈现正反两种观点，所以在结构、格式及过渡词汇、句式的表达上要格外用心。可采用分段形式，即正面观点一段，反面观点一段；或是运用表示转折含义的词汇，如but, otherwise, although, however等，将两种观点区分开来。 3.句式使用要灵活。文中应尽可能多地使用不同的句式：从句、非谓语动词以及特殊句式等交叉运用。这样可以在表达两种观点时，不让读者感到疲倦。 【写作模板】 Advantages and disadvantages of Studying Abroad Recently, an increasing number of ambitious students are considering studying abroad, which in fact has many advantages and disadvantages. It does have some positive sides as follows. To begin with 　　　　 （优势一）. Besides 　　　　 （优势二）. However, it also has some disadvantages. 　　　　 （劣势一）. And 　　　　 （劣势二）. As far as I'm concerned, 　　　　 （个人观点）. 【积累·写作素材】 常用句式 1. 开头常用语 (1)It is universally acknowledged that ... is becoming more and more important. 人们普遍认为，……变得越来越重要了。 (2)Each member weighed in with their own opinion. 每位成员都提出了自己的观点。 (3)Everyone has an opinion on the subject. 大家对这个问题都有自己的看法。 2. 主体部分常用语 (1)There is a wide body of opinion that supports this proposal. 支持这项提议的大有人在。 (2)Just as a popular saying goes, “Every coin has two sides.” 常言道：“事物都有两面性。” (3)There are a lot of favourable requirements, such as ... has priority. 有很多有利条件，例如在……方面就有优先权。 (4)I think the biggest challenge for some students is stepping outside of the comfort zone. 我认为对一些学生来说最大的挑战就是走出舒适区。 (5)To ... may exercise a negative influence on students' mentality. ……可能会对学生的心理产生负面影响。 (6)Many parents object to studying abroad on the account that they don't want to ... 许多父母反对出国留学，原因是他们不想…… 3. 结尾常用语 (1)In my opinion, I think that it's not beneficial to studying abroad. 依我之见，我认为出国留学是没有益处的。 (2)In conclusion, studying abroad is surely a wise choice. 总之，出国留学的确是个明智的选择。 (3)In short words, before you make a decision, you should look through both good and bad sides of it. 一言概之，在你做决定之前，一定要考虑到好坏两方面的因素。 【典例演练】 假定你是李华，请根据下面的提示给你的英国笔友 David 写一封信，介绍出国留学的优点和不足，并谈谈自己的看法。 1.优点：学习语言更便利，拥有全球视野； 2.不足：价格昂贵，增加家庭经济负担。 注意：1.写作词数应为80个左右； 2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [精彩范文] Dear David， With the improvement of living standards, studying abroad is becoming more and more popular. While we are studying abroad, we expose ourselves to a setting, which makes the foreign language learning process engaging and effective.Bathed in a different culture of a foreign country, we can gain great insights into the world because cross-cultural experiences can give us a global perspective. However, others object to studying abroad. They think that studying abroad will cost an arm and a leg, which will add the financial burden of the families. From my point of view, studying abroad is a good thing because it can have a positive influence on the future of the students as well as the country. Yours， Li Hua 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 2 Bridging Cultures 一、词汇清单 单词 1.complex adj.复杂的；难懂的；复合的 2.qualification n.资格 ; 学历 3. tutor n.助教;导师 4. engage vt.参加，吸引注意力等 5. participation n.参加; 参与 6. presentation n.报告;出示 7.messenger n.送信人;信使 8.edition n.一期，一辑; 版次 9. firm n.公司，事务所adj.牢固的 10. overwhelming adj.无法抗拒的 11.homesickness n 思乡病 12. motivated adj.积极的 14.advisor n.顾问 15. reasonable adj.有道理的 16. expectation n期望; 预期 17.insight n洞察力; 眼光 19. setting n环境; 背景 20.dramatic adj.巨大的; 突然的 21. expense n.费用; 花费 22.tremendous adj.巨大的 24. optimistic adj.乐观的 25. perspective n.角度; 观点 26. angle n.角; 角度 27. sincerely adv.真诚地，诚实地 短语 1.participate in 参加；参与 2.speak up 大声点说；明确表态 3.feel at home 舒服自在；不拘束 4.engage in (使)从事；参与 5.get involved in 参与；卷入 6.culture shock 文化冲击 7.comfort zone 舒适区；舒适范围 8.cost an arm and a leg (使)花一大笔钱 9.side with 支持；站在……的一边 10. as far as I know 据我所知 11.as far as I am concerned 就我而言 12. in summary 总的来说；总之 13. generally speaking 一般来说 14.insight into 深刻理解；洞察 15.to begin with 首先 16.engage sb.to do sth.雇用某人做某事 17.engage in参与 18.be engaged to sb.与某人订婚 19.be engaged in忙于；从事于 20.be/get involved in参与；卷入；与…有关联 21.involve sb./oneself in(doing) sth.使某人参与某事 22.beyond (sb.'s) expectation(s)出乎(某人的)意料 23.live up to one's expectations达到某人期望 24.expect (sb.)to do sth.期待(某人)做某事 25.be exposed to暴露于；接触 26.It was the first time that sb + had done某人第一次做某事 27.boost one's confidence提升自信 28.feel at home舒服自在;不拘束 29.be fascinated by...着迷于.... 30.My ambition is to do sth.我的志向是... 31.build a bridge between...在...之间架起一座桥 32.in the past few decades过去几十年 33.feel comforted to do sth做...感到安慰 34. be keen to do sth.渴望做某事 35.come with伴随...发生 熟词生义 1. recall vt.& vi. 记起；回想起 v. 叫回（某人）；收回（有问题的产品） 2. gain vt. 获得；赢得；取得 vt. 增加　n. 好处；增加；改进 句型 sb have done 1.It is/ was the first/second time that 某人第一/二次做某事 Sb had done It is the first time that I have visited（visit）Beijing.（这是我第一次游览北京。） It was the first time that she had traveled（travel）abroad alone.（那是她第一次独自出国旅行。） 2.find + 宾语 + 宾补（adj/adv/ving/done/n/介词短语/）”结构 发现... 1.I find the movie really exciting（excite）我发现这部电影非常令人兴奋。 2.He found a little girl crying （cry）in the corner.（他发现一个小女孩在角落哭泣。） 3.We found the door locked（lock）.（我们发现门被锁上了。） 3.状语从句的省略句(when/while/once/if/unless/as if/as though/though...) 1　 主句主语与从句主语一致或从句主语为it 2　 从句中包含be动词 3　 省略从句中主语和be动词；常见省略结构：连词+ving/done/to do/介短/adj When walking (walk) in the park, I saw a beautiful flower. As he expected (expect), he won the first prize.（正如所料，他得了一等奖。） Unless invited (invite), you can't enter the room.（除非被邀请，否则你不能进入房间。） 4.“疑问词 + 不定式”结构相当于一个名词性从句，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语等成分。 I don't know what to do next.（我不知道接下来做什么。） She is wondering where to go for vacation.（她在想去哪里度假。） They haven't decided how to solve the problem.（他们还没有决定如何解决这个问题。） Can you tell me when to start the meeting?（你能告诉我什么时候开始会议吗？） 语法 名词性从句：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句 二、知识点精讲 知识点1qualification n. （通过考试或学习课程取得的）资格；学历 【教材原句】　Xie Lei is studying for a business qualification at a university in China and has come to our university on a year-long exchange programme. 谢蕾在中国一所大学攻读商科，来我校参加为期一年的交流项目。（教材p14） 【拓展】 (1) gain/acquire/obtain qualifications 获得资格 without qualification 无条件地 have （no） qualifications for （doing） sth （没）有（做）某事的资格 have （no） qualifications to do sth （没）有做某事的资格 (2) qualify vt.& vi. （使）具备资格；（使）合格 qualify （sb/sth） as ... （使某人/某物）有资格担任/成为…… qualify sb for sth 使某人有资格获得某物 (3) qualified adj. 有资格的；能胜任的 be qualified to do sth 有资格做某事 be qualified for ... 有……的资格；可胜任…… 【写作佳句】In this job, experience counts for more than paper qualifications. 担任这项工作，经验比文凭更重要。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①She was chosen for the job on the basis of her （qualify）. ②A person with an appreciation of art and literature is qualified the job. 完成句子 ③我们的父母也在逐渐成长为合格的父亲和母亲，所以有时候我们需要理解并原谅他们。（应用文写作之建议信） Our parents are still growing into , so we need to understand and forgive them sometimes. ④经过7年的学习，约翰获得了当医生的资格。 After 7 years of study, John to become a doctor. 知识点2 adaptation n. 适应；改编本 【教材原句】　Although some foreign students live in campus accommodation, Xie Lei chose to live with a host family, who can help with her adaptation to the new culture.虽然一些留学生住在学校里，但是谢蕾选择住在寄宿家庭，有助于她适应异国文化。（教材p14） 【拓展】 (1)adapt vt.& vi. （使）适应　vt. 改写，改编 adapt （oneself） to ... （使某人）适应…… be adapted for .../from ... 改编成……/改编自…… (2)adaptable adj. 能适应的，有适应能力的 【易混辨析】 adapt v. （使）适应；使适合；改编；改造；修改 adapt to new market 适应新市场 adapt this novel 改编这本小说 adopt v. 采取，采纳；收养 adopt an idea 采纳观点 adopt a child 收养一个孩子 【写作佳句】The good thing about children is that they adapt very easily to new environments. 孩子们很容易适应新的环境，这对他们来说是一件好事。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①To ensure success，it is important to be and make necessary to changing. （adapt） 翻译句子 ②这部剧是根据小说改编的，但导演对故事情节做了重大改动。 ③我决不会采用他的任何一个方法。 知识点3 comfort n. 安慰；令人感到安慰的人或事物；舒服；安逸　vt. 安慰；抚慰 【教材原句】　“When I miss home, I feel comforted to have a second family,” Xie Lei said.“有第二个家，想家时我会得到些安慰。”谢蕾说。（教材p14） 【拓展】 (1)take/draw comfort from/in 从/在……中得到安慰 in comfort 舒适地 comfort sb for sth 因某事而安慰某人 comfort oneself/sb with sth 用某物安慰自己/某人 (2)comfortable adj. 舒服的；舒适的 (3)comfortably adv. 舒服地，安逸地 (4)discomfort n. 不适　vt. 使不舒服 (5)uncomfortable adj. 不舒适的；不自在的 (6)uncomfortably adv. 不舒服地；令人不安地 【写作佳句】The gentle breeze stroked his head as if comforting all his tiredness. 微风轻抚着他的头，仿佛在安慰他所有的疲惫。（读后续写之环境描写） 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①I know she goes out a lot at night, but I take comfort the fact that she's always with friends. ②She comforted （she） with the thought that it would soon be spring. 翻译句子 ③I became uncomfortably aware that the people at the next table were watching me. ④Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts. ⑤她好不容易才把身体转为一个比较舒服的姿势。 知识点4 participate vi. 参加；参与 【教材原句】　Xie Lei also found many courses included students' participation in class as part of the final result.此外，谢蕾发现很多课程的最终成绩都包含学生的课堂参与。（教材p15） 【拓展】 (1)participate in 参加；参与 (2)participation n. 参加；参与 (3)participant n. 参加者；参与者 【写作佳句】Looking forward to your active participation. 期待你的积极参与。（应用文写作之邀请信） 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①When I saw your volunteer recruitment information, I had no hesitation in applying for it for I really want to participate this activity. （应用文写作之申请信） ②As an active （participate） in various volunteer work, I have a lot of experience in serving others. （应用文写作之申请信） 完成句子 ③老师鼓励学生更多地参与班级决策。 Teachers encourage students class decision－making. ④我很沮丧，因为我没有进入全国歌唱大赛，我一直很想参加这个比赛。（读后续写之心理描写） I'm frustrated at not entering into the national singing competition, . 知识点5 engage vi. 参加；参与（活动）　vt. 吸引（注意力、兴趣 ）；雇用，聘请 【教材原句】　.“Engaging in British culture has helped,” she said. “融入英国文化使我受益匪浅。”她说。（教材p15） 【拓展】 (1)engage in （使） 从事；参与 engage sb to do 聘请某人做某事 engage sb as 聘请某人为……；聘请某人担任…… engage sb's interests/attention 吸引某人的兴趣/注意力 (2)engaged adj. 已订婚的；忙于……的；从事……的；被占用的 be/get engaged to sb 和某人订婚 be/get engaged in/on sth 忙于/从事某事 (3)engagement n. 约定；预约；订婚 【写作佳句】We should improve our ability to engage in international communication so as to tell the stories of China well. 我们应该提高参与国际交流的能力，讲好中国故事。（文化自信） 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①For the past three years, I have been engaged chairman of the Student Union in our school. ②It is a traditional custom of a man giving betrothal gift （聘礼） to a woman when they get （engage）, which still exists in modern Chinese society. 完成句子 ③如果一本书的前几页不能引起我的兴趣，我通常不会继续读下去。 If a book doesn't , I don't usually continue reading it. ④一项调查显示，参加课外活动的高中生比不参加课外活动的高中生更快乐。 A survey shows that senior high students are happier than those who are not. 知识点6 involve vt. 包含；需要；涉及；影响；（使） 参加；使卷入 【教材原句】　As well as studying hard, I've been involved in social activities. 努力学习之余，我还参加了一些社交活动。（教材p15） 【拓展】 (1)involve doing sth 包含/需要做某事 involve ... in ... 使……卷入……；使……参与…… involve with sb 与某人有密切关系 (2)involved adj. 参与的；有关联的；复杂的；专心于……的 get/be/become involved with/in 参与/涉及……；专注于…… (3)involvement n. 参加；参与；沉迷 【写作佳句】Students should involve themselves actively in community activities where they can gain experience for growth. 学生们应该积极参加社区活动，在那里他们能够获得成长的经验。（应用文写作之建议信） 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①I don't want to do anything that will involve me a long－term commitment. ②They said that the job would involve （travel） to Paris. ③She was very involved sports at college, and her studies suffered. 翻译句子 ④她在日常生活中要接触很多人。 ⑤所有的老师和学生都积极参加了越野跑比赛。（应用文写作之报道） 知识点7 grasp vt. 理解；领会；抓紧　n. 紧抓；紧握；掌握；理解（力）；能力所及 【教材原句】　Well, I suppose it was difficult to grasp the tones at first.嗯，起初我确实很难理解那些语气的意思。（教材p19） 【拓展】 grasp sb by the hand/arm 抓住某人的手/手臂 grasp sth/how/that/wh- 从句 领会…… grasp an opportunity/a chance 抓住机会 grasp at sth 伸手去抓某物 have a good/firm/thorough grasp of ... 对……掌握得很好/牢固/全面 within sb's grasp＝within the grasp of sb 在某人的掌握之中；力所能及 beyond sb's grasp＝beyond the grasp of sb 某人无法理解；超出某人的掌控 【写作佳句】I wish you grasp this opportunity/chance to learn Chinese traditional culture further. 我希望你抓住这次机会进一步学习中国传统文化。（应用文写作之建议信） 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①In order to have a good grasp a culture, learning its language is the best way. ②She grasped his coat as he rushed past her. 翻译句子 ③为什么成功对我来说总是遥不可及？ ④我们应该学习掌握沟通技巧。 知识点8 gifted adj. 有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的 【教材原句】　Some may struggle and suffer from culture shock when learning how to behave in new surroundings. 在学习如何在新环境中举止得体时，有些人可能会感到吃力，并承受文化冲击的折磨。（教材p20） 【拓展】 (1)behave well/badly/rudely （to/towards sb） （对某人）表现好/差/粗鲁 behave oneself 守规矩；表现得体 (2)behavio（u）r n. 举止；行为；态度 be on one's best behavio（u）r 举止有礼；行为检点 【写作佳句】Before visiting senior men in the nursing home, we were taught to be on our best behavio（u）r by our teacher. 在去敬老院看望老人之前，我们的老师教导我们要举止得体。（应用文写作之日记） 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①The locals all very politely and tourists are deeply impressed with their elegant .（behave） 翻译句子 ②在公共场合举止得体、有礼貌，这对我们来说很重要。 ③在日常生活中，我们应该诚实行事，做自己。 知识点9 deny vt. 否认；否定；拒绝 【教材原句】　 To sum up, one cannot deny the fact that studying abroad has its disadvantages, so when you think about studying abroad, you should consider these many factors.总之，出国留学有不利的一面，这个事实是不可否认的。因此当你想要海外求学时，应当考虑上述诸多因素。（教材p20） 【拓展】 deny doing sth 否认做过某事 deny sb sth＝deny sth to sb 拒绝给某人某物 deny that ... 否认…… It can't be denied that ... 不可否认…… There's no denying （the fact） that ... 不可否认…… 【写作佳句】It can't be denied that learning a foreign language is difficult, and when it comes it to speaking the language, it can be extremely tough. All you need to do is keep practising. 不可否认，学习一门外语是困难的，当涉及到说这门语言时，它可能是极其困难的。你所需要做的就是坚持练习。（应用文写作之建议信）。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Neil denied （break） the window and ran off before the security arrived. ②It's right of you to deny your answers others during the exam. 一句多译 ③不可否认，互联网在我们的生活和工作中起着越来越重要的作用。 that the Internet plays a more and more important role in our life and work. ＝ that the Internet plays a more and more important role in our life and work. ④任何人都不应被剥夺接受良好教育的权利。 No one . ＝A good education . 知识点10 cooperate vi. 合作；协作；配合 【教材原句】　 Cooperating with people from diverse cultural backgrounds helps us view the world from different angles and thus gives us more insight into our own culture.与来自不同文化背景的人合作有助于我们从不同视角看待世界，进而让我们对自己的文化有更深入的了解。（教材p20） 【拓展】 (1)cooperate with sb 与某人合作/协作 cooperate in/on sth 在某事上给予合作 (2)cooperation n. 协作；合作 in cooperation with 与……合作；与……协作 【写作佳句】To solve these problems, it's essential to call on students to take efficient measures and cooperate with each other. 为了解决这些问题，有必要呼吁学生采取有效的措施并相互合作。（应用文写作之演讲稿） 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Participating in extra-curricular activities enables us to learn to negotiate and cooperate fellow students. ②China is a state that pursues （cooperate）. 完成句子 ③你让两岁的小孩穿衣服的时候，她有可能不配合。 when you tell her to get dressed. ④“一带一路”是东西方交流与合作的象征。 The Belt and Road is the symbol of . 三、语法清单 名词性从句 名词性从句 类型 功能 语序 it 引导词 that省略 主语从句 充当主语 陈述语序 作形式主语 连词 连接代词 连接副词 不可省 表语从句 充当表语 一般不省 宾语从句 充当宾语 作形式宾语 可省 同位语从句 充当同位语 一般不省 名词性从句：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句在整个句子中的作用相当于名词，故将它们统称为名词性从句。在名词性从句中，连词（that、whether、if等）一般只起连接作用，在句中不作成分；连接代词（who、what、which、whom 等）常作主语、宾语、表语等，而连接副词（when、where、how、why 等）常作状语，表示时间、地点、方式、原因等。 【感知·语法规律】 1.What seemed strange before now appears quite normal to Xie Lei. 2.What surprised Xie Lei was that she found herself speaking up in class after just a few weeks. 3.It’s important that Xie Lei keeps a balance between her studies and her social life. 4.I followed his advice that I (should) finish my homework before supper. 【精讲·语法知识】 1.主语从句：用作主语的从句叫主语从句。 （1）that引导主语从句时一般不省略 That she finished reading an English novel surprised us all. 她读完了一部英文小说让我们大吃一惊。 （2）it作形式主语 有时可用it作形式主语，而将主语从句置于句末。用it 作形式主语的常见结构有： It be＋名词（词组）＋that 从句，常见的名词（词组）有：fact, pity, shame, question, common knowledge等。 ①It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. 英语正在被人们接受为一种国际语言，这是一个事实。 ②It is common knowledge that swimming is one of the best forms of exercise. 大家都知道游泳是最好的锻炼方式之一。 It be ＋形容词 ＋ that从句，常见的形容词有：natural, important, strange, unclear, uncertain等。 ①It is natural that mothers love their children. 母亲爱自己的孩子是天生的。 ②It is strange that he should go in the opposite direction. 真奇怪，他竟然朝相反的方向走了。 温馨提示：在“It is necessary/important/essential＋that ...”结构中从句常用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should 可以省略。 It is essential that you （should） have some experience. 你必须得有些经验。 It be ＋ 过去分词 ＋that 从句，常见的过去分词有：announced, believed, reported, said, proved等。 ①It is reported that some modern monks are using computers. 有报道说有些现代和尚在使用计算机。 ②It has been proved that pride goes before a fall. 事实证明骄兵必败。 其他常用it作形式主语代替that从句的句型： It doesn't matter that ... ……是无关紧要的 It makes no difference that ... ……没有影响 It occurs/strikes/hits sb that ... 某人突然想到/意识到…… 注意：　it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末时，用if或 whether 引导均可，但如果后置的主语从句的引导词后面接 or not 时，只能用whether。 【经典练】　 单句语法填空 ① I have seen today has made a very deep impression on me. ② is a pity that their performance in this big event didn't live up to our expectations. ③ teachers can be replaced by AI is discussed on the newspaper. ④ the new road is open to traffic hasn't been made clear. ⑤ they are going to invite is uncertain. 2.表语从句：用作表语的从句叫表语从句，由连词（that, whether, as if, as though, because），连接代词（what/whatever, which/whichever, who/whoever, whom, whose）和连接副词（when, where, why, how）引导。 （1）if不能引导表语从句 （2）that引导表语从句时不能省略 My advice is that you （should） go to apologize to him. 我的建议是你应该去向他道歉。 （3）as if/though引导表语从句 as if/though 意为“好像，仿佛”，引导的表语从句常跟在系动词（seem, appear, look, taste, sound, feel, smell 等）之后。若表语从句所陈述的是非真实的情况，从句用虚拟语气；若所陈述的是事实或是极有可能发生的情况，则从句用陈述语气。 ①When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken. 当铅笔的一部分放进水里时，它看起来好像折断了似的。（虚拟语气） ②You look as though you are friends. 你们看起来像是朋友。（陈述语气） （4）其他常见的表语从句 This/That is/was why ... （表示结果）“这/那就是……的原因”（why 引导表语从句） Tom overslept this morning. That is why he was late for work. 汤姆今天早晨睡过头了。那是他上班迟到的原因。 The reason why ... is/was that ... （表示原因）“……的原因是……”（why 引导定语从句，that 引导表语从句） The reason why he was late was that he missed the early bus. 他迟到的原因是他没赶上早班车。 注意：　系动词之后统称表语，所以找到系动词就找到表语了。常见系动词如下，数量不多，务必背记： ①表示状态：be, seem, appear, keep, remain, stay, stand, lie，sit, continue ②表示变化：become, get, turn, grow, go, come, fall, run ③表示感知：feel, look, sound, smell，taste, touch ④表示结果：prove, turn out 其中除了be，其他皆兼有实义动词的用法，需注意辨别。 【经典练】　完成句子 ①问题仍然是他们能否帮助我们。 The question remains . ②我的建议是立即开始这项工作。 My suggestion is . ③修理屋顶的时间是在阳光灿烂的时候。 The time to repair the roof is . ④他担心她是否能从这场手术中恢复。 All he's worried about is . ⑤问题是谁来处理这个棘手的问题。 The question is . 3.宾语从句：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 （1）that 引导宾语从句时，常被省略，但下列情况下 that 不能省略： 动词后有多个 that 引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个 that 可省略，其余的 that 不可省略。 He said （that） the book was very interesting and that all the children liked to read it. 他说那本书很有趣，所有小孩都喜欢读。 宾语从句前有插入语时： We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us. 恰恰相反，我们希望他和我们待在家里。 that 引导的宾语从句位于句首时： That he will come, I believe. 我相信他会来。 （2）一般情况下介词后常用 wh-类连接词引导宾语从句。介词后的宾语从句，连接词表示“是否”时，只能用 whether，不能用 if。 Everything depends on whether you agree with us. 一切取决于你跟我们意见是否一致。 （3）it作形式宾语 宾语从句一般放在及物动词或介词之后，但是在下列用法中，常用到形式宾语，而将真正的宾语从句后置。 动词 find/feel/think/make/consider 等＋it＋宾补＋从句 He thinks it important that we try to do some housework after school. 他认为我们放学后尝试做一些家务是重要的。 动词hate/like/dislike/appreciate/enjoy 等＋it＋从句 ①I don't like it that he's so lazy. 我不喜欢他那么懒惰。 ②We would appreciate it if you can come here. 如果你能来这里我们将非常感激。 动词短语 see to ＋it＋从句 Would you see to it that she gets home early？ 你负责保证她早点到家，好吗？ 固定搭配 take it for granted that 认为……理所当然/owe it to sb that ... 把……归功于…… We owe it to you that there wasn't a serious accident. 多亏了你，才没有发生严重事故。 （4）大多数及物动词（短语）后都可以跟宾语从句，需注意的是： 在一些表示坚持、命令、建议、要求等意义的动词后，that 引导的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。 ①I'm sorry you feel that way, but my mother insists that he （should） come. 我很抱歉你有这样的感觉，但我妈妈坚持要他来。 ②I suggested that he （should） study harder. 我建议他更加努力学习。 （5）doubt用于否定句或疑问句时，其后用 that 引导宾语从句；用于肯定句时，其后用 whether或if引导宾语从句。 ①I never doubted that she would come. 我十分肯定她会来。 ②I doubt whether/if the new one will be much better. 我不确定这个新的是否会好很多。 【经典练】翻译 ①她要求向她报告有关情况。 ②他问老板是否能请一天假。 ③我发现音乐会的票已经卖完了。 ④我们应该调查发生了什么事情，哪里出了问题。 ⑤我认为我们保持冷静是很重要的。 4.同位语从句：用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句 （1）可跟同位语从句的名词 belief 信念；hope 希望；opinion 观点；wish 愿望；question 问题；doubt 怀疑；idea 主意；possibility 可能性；truth 事实；promise诺言；explanation 解释；news消息；thought 想法；fact 事实；problem 问题 （2）同位语从句的引导词 同位语从句常用 that, whether, why, where, how，when 等引导，还可使用 what, who, whose, which 等；if一般不引导同位语从句。that 和 whether 在从句中不作成分，that 无实际意义，whether表示“是否”。其他引导词具有实际意义，同时在同位语从句中作一定的成分。同位语从句的引导词一般都不省略。 ①The report that he was going to resign was false. 他打算辞职的报道是假的。 ②There's some doubt whether John will come on time. 不确定约翰是否会按时到来。 ③The question who should do the work requires consideration. 谁该做这项工作的问题需要考虑。 （3）同位语从句中需要注意的问题 在suggestion, advice, request, order，demand，requirement 等意为“建议、要求、命令”的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should＋动词原形”的虚拟语气结构，should 可以省略。 ①He agreed with my suggestion that we （should） change the date. 他同意我提出的更改日期的建议。 ②I followed his advice that I （should） finish my homework before supper. 我听从了他关于我应该在晚饭前做完作业的建议。 【经典练】完成句子 ①毫无疑问，这位申请人的优势在于他能用英语与外国人交流。 the advantage of the applicant lies in his ability to communicate with foreigners in English. ②有消息说史密斯一家搬去了芝加哥。 the Smiths moved to Chicago. 四、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 本单元的写作任务是应用文写作，主题为关于出国留学的正反观点。关于此类型的应用文，写作时需要注意以下几点： 1.词汇选择要注意。在抒发观点类的写作中，不要选择语言色彩过于激烈或者不礼貌、带有攻击性的词汇。出国留学这一主题较为贴近现实生活，写作前可收集其他同学的看法，或是运用大数据上网检索相关信息，作为自己的观点补充。 2.衔接过渡要自然。同一篇作文中要呈现正反两种观点，所以在结构、格式及过渡词汇、句式的表达上要格外用心。可采用分段形式，即正面观点一段，反面观点一段；或是运用表示转折含义的词汇，如but, otherwise, although, however等，将两种观点区分开来。 3.句式使用要灵活。文中应尽可能多地使用不同的句式：从句、非谓语动词以及特殊句式等交叉运用。这样可以在表达两种观点时，不让读者感到疲倦。 【写作模板】 Advantages and disadvantages of Studying Abroad Recently, an increasing number of ambitious students are considering studying abroad, which in fact has many advantages and disadvantages. It does have some positive sides as follows. To begin with 　　　　 （优势一）. Besides 　　　　 （优势二）. However, it also has some disadvantages. 　　　　 （劣势一）. And 　　　　 （劣势二）. As far as I'm concerned, 　　　　 （个人观点）. 【积累·写作素材】 常用句式 1. 开头常用语 (1)It is universally acknowledged that ... is becoming more and more important. 人们普遍认为，……变得越来越重要了。 (2)Each member weighed in with their own opinion. 每位成员都提出了自己的观点。 (3)Everyone has an opinion on the subject. 大家对这个问题都有自己的看法。 2. 主体部分常用语 (1)There is a wide body of opinion that supports this proposal. 支持这项提议的大有人在。 (2)Just as a popular saying goes, “Every coin has two sides.” 常言道：“事物都有两面性。” (3)There are a lot of favourable requirements, such as ... has priority. 有很多有利条件，例如在……方面就有优先权。 (4)I think the biggest challenge for some students is stepping outside of the comfort zone. 我认为对一些学生来说最大的挑战就是走出舒适区。 (5)To ... may exercise a negative influence on students' mentality. ……可能会对学生的心理产生负面影响。 (6)Many parents object to studying abroad on the account that they don't want to ... 许多父母反对出国留学，原因是他们不想…… 3. 结尾常用语 (1)In my opinion, I think that it's not beneficial to studying abroad. 依我之见，我认为出国留学是没有益处的。 (2)In conclusion, studying abroad is surely a wise choice. 总之，出国留学的确是个明智的选择。 (3)In short words, before you make a decision, you should look through both good and bad sides of it. 一言概之，在你做决定之前，一定要考虑到好坏两方面的因素。 【典例演练】 假定你是李华，请根据下面的提示给你的英国笔友 David 写一封信，介绍出国留学的优点和不足，并谈谈自己的看法。 1.优点：学习语言更便利，拥有全球视野； 2.不足：价格昂贵，增加家庭经济负担。 注意：1.写作词数应为80个左右； 2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$