新课6 必修第一册Unit 3 Choices（语法+写作）（沪教版2020）- 2025年初升高英语无忧衔接（上海专用）

沪教版必修一Unit 3 Choices（语法+写作） 目录 单元语法：定语从句关系代词的用法 写作聚焦：议论文/建议信 学以致用：巩固提升，全面突破 单元语法 定语从句关系代词的用法 本单元语法主要介绍定语从句的定义，以及关系代词的用法。 一、定语从句： 定语从句包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的作用，是把作定语的从句和主句中被修饰的先行词连接在一起，而且在从句中充当一个句子成分。在本章中，将先讲述定语从句的定义，种类及各种关系代词的用法，之后讲解各种关系副词的用法以及由as引导的定语从句，最后总结使用定语从句需注意的事项，进一步帮助学生们学会正确使用定语从句。 典型例句：1.This is the teacher who often tells jokes.这就是那个常讲笑话的老师。 2.Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.想去长城的人在这里签名。 3.Water,which is a liquid,has many uses.水是一种液体，有很多用途。 1.定语从句概述 1.定语从句的定义 在复合句中，用于修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。引导定语从句的词称为关系词。关系词包括关系代词who（宾格whom，所有格whose），that，which和关系副词where，when，why等。 The boy who is wearing a black coat bought an iPod yesterday. 穿着黑色外套的男孩昨天买了一个iPod. The noodles that/which my mother cooked were delicious.我妈妈煮的面条很好吃。 The school where I learned judo was very large.我学习柔道的学校非常大。 I remember the day when our band was formed.我记得我们乐队成立的日子。 I don’t know the reason why she got so angry this morning. 我不知道她今天早上为什么那么生气。 说明：这几个例子中，先行词分别是boy，noodles，school，day，reason。 加下划线的部分为定语从句。 处在先行词和定语从句之间的who，that和which是关系代词，where，when和why是关系代词。 2.定语从句的种类 定语从句可以为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。学习时要明确两者的意义和区别。 1.限定性定语从句 限定性定语从句又称为限制性定语从句，它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的主语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或者就完全失去意义。限定性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。 Do you know the girl who just came in?你认识刚才进来的那个女孩吗？ Shanghai is a city (that) I’ve always wanted to visit.上海是一座我一直想要去游览的城市。 Her sister married a man (who/whom/that) she met on a plane. 她的姐姐嫁给了一个她在飞机上认识的人。 The time when I first met Mr.White was a very difficult period of my life. 第一次见到怀特先生的时候，我正处于一生中非常艰难的时期。 2.非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句又称为非限制性定语从句，它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚、完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导，关系词不可以省略。 The old woman, who lives on her own,has a cat for company. 那位老妇人一个人住，有一只猫作伴。 Lori is going to marry Mark, whom she does not love.罗丽准备嫁给马克，可她并不爱他。 Beijing, which is the capital of China,is a very beautiful city. 中国的首都北京是一座非常美丽的城市。 3.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情形 ○表示限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情形 〇表示非限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情形 关系代词 代表人 代表物 代表主句或部分主句的内容 主格 宾格 所有格 主格 宾格 所有格 who ○○ ○○ whom ○○ which ○○ ○○ ○ whose ○○ ○○ as ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ of which ○○ that ○ ○ ○ ○ 4.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别 限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句 与先行词关系密切 （删掉后影响整个意思的表达） 与先行词关系不密切 （是一种补充说明，删掉后不影响整个意思的表达） 不用逗号隔开 一般使用逗号隔开 可用关系代词that 不可用关系代词that 关系代词可以省略 （that，who，which在从句中担任宾语时可以省略） 关系代词不可以省略 关系代词可以替代 （whom作宾语可用who或that替代） 关系代词不能替代 读时不停顿 读时停顿，用降调 只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分。 可以修饰主句或主句的一部分，此时一定有逗号分开，只能由which或as引导。 2.关系代词的用法 在定语从句中，关系代词起着连接主句与从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。 先行词 在从句中作主语 在从句中作宾语 在从句中作定语 指代人 who/that whom/who/that whose 指代物 which/that which/that whose/of which 1.关系代词who和whom的用法 两者都用于指代人，但在用法上存在差别。 1.基本用法 who可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom。但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom，即“介词+whom”。 Johnny is a person who always has novel ideas.约翰尼是一个经常会有新奇想法的人。 （关系代词who在从句中作主语） The girl who won the first prize is from Zhejiang.获得一等奖的女孩来自浙江。 She is the girl who/whom I will go to Shanghai with.她就是要和我一起去上海的那个女孩。 （关系代词在从句中作宾语，who可以替whom） The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr.Depp. =The person to whom you just talked is Mr.Depp.刚刚和你谈话的人是德普先生。 说明：因为把介词to提到宾语从句的句首，所以只能用whom，而不能用who。 We’ll go to the hospital to see the patients, most of whom are children. 我们要去医院看病人，这些病人大多数都是儿童。 2.只用who而不用that的情况 在定语从句中who和that指代人时可以通用，但在下列情况下只能用who，而不能用that。 A.先行词是one，ones和anyone时，宜用who。 One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. 一个无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。 The ones who flatter me don’t please me.那些奉承我的人并不能取悦于我。 Anyone who laughs last laughs best.笑到最后的人是笑得最好的人。 Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized. 任何不能完成指定任务的人，都应受到批评。 B.先行词是those时，宜用who。 No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake. 对于那些在地震中为营救生还者而辛苦工作的人，任何言语都无法表达我们的感激之情。 C.当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。 I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew uup in western Yunnan province. 昨天我在街上遇到一个在云南西部长大的女孩。 D.一个句子中带有两个定语从句时， 其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who。 The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. 昨晚你遇见的那个男孩是个学习非常努力的组长。 E.在there be开头的句子中，宜用who。 There is a young man who wants to see your father.有个年轻人想要见你父亲。 There are many old men who are against this plan.有许多老人反对这个计划。 There was a king who was kind to his people.有一位国王，他对他的臣民很仁慈。 2.关系代词whose的用法 关系代词whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物。当whose指代物时，相当于of which。whose引导的定语从句既可以是限定性定语从句，也可以是非限定性定语从句。 Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company? =Do you know Peter?His father happens to be working in your company. 你认识彼得吗？他的父亲恰巧正在你们公司工作。 The tourist wanted to book a room whose window faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room. The room’s window faces south. 这位游客想要预订一间窗户朝南的房间。 We went to see our teacher Miss Styles, whose husband lost his life in the earthquake. 我们去看望了我们的老师斯泰尔斯小姐，她的丈夫在地震中丧生了。 Xi’an, whose walls remain as good as before, is one of the few cities with city walls. 西安是少数几座有城墙的城市之一，它的城墙保持得和以前一样好。 3.关系代词that和which的用法 两者都可用于指代物，但使用场合存在差别。 1.在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which和that一般可以通用 The new house that/which I have just bought is about six miles away. 我新买的房子在大约6英里以外。 They planted some trees that/which didn’t need much water. 他们种了一些不需要太多水的树。 2.限定性定语从句中只用that而不用which的情况 A.主句已有疑问句who或which时 Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you? 旅馆前面的小汽车中哪辆属于你？ Who is the man that is sitting by the lake?坐在湖边的男人是谁？ B.先行词既有人又有物时 He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.他谈到了他访问过的学校和老师。 The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 撞倒一位老人的那辆自行车和骑车人都被送到了警察局。 C.先行词为all，much，few，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代词时 It’s easy to do the repair. All that you need is a hammer and some nails. 做修理很容易。你所需要的全部东西是一把锤子和一些钉子。 We haven’t got much that we can offer you.我们没有太多能向你们提供的东西。 I’d like to tell you something that will make you surprised. 我想告诉你一件会使你感到惊奇的事。 D.先行词有形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best way that has been used against pollution.这是用来防止污染的最好的办法。 Polly is the most direct young woman that I have ever come across. 波莉是我所见到的最直爽的年轻女性。 E.先行词有序数词修饰时 This is the third time that they have met.这是他们第三次见面。 The first time that Lester saw the film,he made up his mind to become a director. 莱特斯第一次观看那部电影时，就下定决心要成为一名导演。 F.先行词有the very，the only，the same，any，few，little，no，all，one of等词修饰时 This is the very room that I slept in that evening.这正是我那天晚上睡过的房间。 Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.李明是惟一一个想当老师的人。 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.我们惟一能够做的，就是给你一些钱。 G.有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. 爱迪生建了一家工厂，生产过去从未见到过的东西。 3.只用which而不用that的情况 A.引导非限定性定语从句时只用which而不用that （正）The fish, which I bought this morning,is very fresh. （误）The fish, that I bought this morning,is very fresh.我今天早上买的鱼很新鲜。 My house,which I bought two years ago,has got a lovely garden. 我两年前买的那幢房子，带一座漂亮的花园。 Jim passed the driving test, which surprised everybody in the office. 吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使得办公室里的每一个人都很惊讶。 注意：在非限定性定语从句中，有时关系代词是指代整个句子，而不是指代一个单词，本句中which指代“吉姆通过了驾驶考试”这件事。 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which,of course,made the others envy him.海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多，这当然使得其他孩子嫉妒他。 说明：本句中，which指代“海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多”这件事。 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,most of which are sold abroad. 这家工厂每年生产50万双鞋，大都销往国外。 补充：which前常用none/neither/most/both/each/all/a little of等词修饰。 London,which is the capital of the UK,is a very beautiful city. 英国的首都伦敦是一座非常美丽的城市。 B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时只用which而不用that I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important. 我被置于一个要被迫接受低人一等现实的境地。 This is the hotel in which you will stay. =This is the hotel (which/that) you will stay in.这就是你将要住的旅馆。 说明：在这句话中，介词in放在了句子的后面，那么关系代词既可以用which，也可以用that，还可以省略。 C.在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that，那么另一句的关系词就需用which Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open. 让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。 4.关系代词which和that的用法总结 which和that在定语从句中作关系代词的主要区别 which ①可用于非限定性定语从句中，代替物、整个句子或主句中的一部分 ②可用于介词之后，构成“介词+which” that 不能用于上述两种情况 写作聚焦 一、写作任务聚焦： **任务类型**： 议论文/建议信**（如“如何做出困难选择”） **能力目标**： - 使用因果逻辑链（e.g., *firstly... consequently...*）组织论点； - 引用生活实例或社会现象增强说服力（如课业与兴趣的平衡）； - 学习建议信函的语用策略（如委婉表达 *You might consider...*）。 **教学建议**： 结合校园调查数据（如学生压力源），撰写解决方案类文本。 二、典例剖析 假设你叫李华，你的朋友John沉迷于抖音（DouYin）而不能自拔，写信向你寻求帮助，请你给他写一封建议信。内容包括: 1. 表示理解和关心；2. 沉迷抖音的影响；3. 提出具体建议。 要求 1. 词数80左右；2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3. 开头和结尾，不计入总词数。 Dear John, _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 【答案】One possible version: Dear John, I’m more than sorry to know that you are addicted to Dou Yin and very worried about you. I’m writing to inform you of the harm caused by it and offer you some advice. What you should know is that spending too much time playing Dou Yin can make you exhausted and can’t concentrate on a class attentively. Therefore, limiting the time spent on it is necessary. It is highly suggested that you should develop an interest in other things, such as reading and running. Hopefully, the suggestions above will be helpful to you. Looking forward to your good news. Yours, Li Hua 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生给朋友John写一封建议信，就他沉迷于抖音而不能自拔提出建议。 【详解】1.词汇积累 担心的：worried→concerned 集中注意力：concentrate on→focus on 因此：therefore→as a result 有帮助：be helpful→be of help 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：I’m writing to inform you of the harm caused by it and offer you some advice. 拓展句：I’m writing to inform you of the harm that is caused by it and offer you some advice. 【点睛】【高分句型1】What you should know is that spending too much time playing Dou Yin can make you exhausted and can’t concentrate on a class attentively.（运用了what引导的主语从句和that引导表语从句） 【高分句型2】It is highly suggested that you should develop an interest in other things, such as reading and running.（运用了it作形式主语，that引导主语从句） 学以致用 一.单句语法填空（用关系代词） 1.The policeman caught the thief has stolen Mr. Li’s computer. 2.The basketball I bought yesterday cost me 80 yuan. 3.The teachers came for a visit are foreigners. 4.Tony, tell me the result of the discussion you had with your dad yesterday. 5.This is the camera my uncle gave me for my birthday. 6.My grandparents like to live in a house is not very big but bright and comfortable. 7.Mary Smith says she likes to have friends are different from her. 8. The house windows have broken is now empty. 9.Li Mei is the student handwriting is the best in our class. 10.I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school I met in the English speech contest last year. 【答案】 1. who 2.which/that 3.who 4.which 5.which/that 1. which/that 7.who 8.whose 9.whose 10.whom 二. 根据要求翻译句子（定语从句） 1、打破窗户的那个男孩叫Jim。 _________________________________________________________________________________ 2、他们种植一些不需要很多水的树。 _________________________________________________________________________________ 3、今天早上我们买的那条鱼不够新鲜。 _________________________________________________________________________________ 4、昨天我们在街上看到的那个女孩是Tom的妹妹。 _________________________________________________________________________________ 5、上个星期我去看了在地震中失去丈夫的那位老师。 _________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 1. The boy who broke the window is called Jim. 2. They planted some trees which did not need much water. 3. The fish which we bought this morning were not fresh enough. 4. The girl whom we saw in the street yesterday was Tom’s sister. 5. Last week I went to see my teacher whose husband lost his life in the earthquake. 三、写作训练 假定你是学生会主席李华，你校个别学生沉迷手机无法自拔，学习、生活受到不良影响。请你在你校英文报上发表一篇倡议书。内容包括： 1. 手机成瘾的危害； 2. 具体的建议。 注意： 1. 词数80左右； 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 Dear students, ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】one possible version As smartphone addiction becomes a growing concern, it is crucial to recognize its negative impacts. Excessive phone use not only harms physical health, but also affects academic performance and reduces face-to-face social interactions. Therefore, I am writing to call on everyone to get rid of smartphone addiction. To begin with, students can set daily screen-time limits and disable unnecessary notifications to minimize distractions. Additionally, participating in offline activities like sports, reading, or club events can help reduce reliance on phones. Moreover, peer support plays a vital role — students should kindly remind each other to stay focused and maintain a balanced lifestyle. Let us work together to create a campus environment where technology serves as a tool for growth rather than a barrier to our potential. 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生就学校个别学生沉迷手机无法自拔，学习、生活受到不良影响的现象在学校英文报上发表一篇倡议书。 【详解】1.词汇积累 担忧：concern→worry 因此：therefore→as a consequence 此外：additionally→in addition 参加：participate in→join in 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：To begin with, students can set daily screen-time limits and disable unnecessary notifications to minimize distractions. 拓展句：To begin with, students can set daily screen-time limits and disable unnecessary notifications so that they can minimize distractions. 【点睛】【高分句型1】As smartphone addiction becomes a growing concern, it is crucial to recognize its negative impacts.（运用了as引导的时间状语从句） 【高分句型2】Let us work together to create a campus environment where technology serves as a tool for growth rather than a barrier to our potential.（运用了where引导的定语从句） 11 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 沪教版必修一Unit 3 Choices（语法+写作） 目录 单元语法：定语从句关系代词的用法 写作聚焦：议论文/建议信 学以致用：巩固提升，全面突破 单元语法 定语从句关系代词的用法 本单元语法主要介绍定语从句的定义，以及关系代词的用法。 一、定语从句： 定语从句包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的作用，是把作定语的从句和主句中被修饰的先行词连接在一起，而且在从句中充当一个句子成分。在本章中，将先讲述定语从句的定义，种类及各种关系代词的用法，之后讲解各种关系副词的用法以及由as引导的定语从句，最后总结使用定语从句需注意的事项，进一步帮助学生们学会正确使用定语从句。 典型例句：1.This is the teacher who often tells jokes.这就是那个常讲笑话的老师。 2.Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.想去长城的人在这里签名。 3.Water,which is a liquid,has many uses.水是一种液体，有很多用途。 1.定语从句概述 1.定语从句的定义 在复合句中，用于修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。引导定语从句的词称为关系词。关系词包括关系代词who（宾格whom，所有格whose），that，which和关系副词where，when，why等。 The boy who is wearing a black coat bought an iPod yesterday. 穿着黑色外套的男孩昨天买了一个iPod. The noodles that/which my mother cooked were delicious.我妈妈煮的面条很好吃。 The school where I learned judo was very large.我学习柔道的学校非常大。 I remember the day when our band was formed.我记得我们乐队成立的日子。 I don’t know the reason why she got so angry this morning. 我不知道她今天早上为什么那么生气。 说明：这几个例子中，先行词分别是boy，noodles，school，day，reason。 加下划线的部分为定语从句。 处在先行词和定语从句之间的who，that和which是关系代词，where，when和why是关系代词。 2.定语从句的种类 定语从句可以为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。学习时要明确两者的意义和区别。 1.限定性定语从句 限定性定语从句又称为限制性定语从句，它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的主语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或者就完全失去意义。限定性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。 Do you know the girl who just came in?你认识刚才进来的那个女孩吗？ Shanghai is a city (that) I’ve always wanted to visit.上海是一座我一直想要去游览的城市。 Her sister married a man (who/whom/that) she met on a plane. 她的姐姐嫁给了一个她在飞机上认识的人。 The time when I first met Mr.White was a very difficult period of my life. 第一次见到怀特先生的时候，我正处于一生中非常艰难的时期。 2.非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句又称为非限制性定语从句，它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚、完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导，关系词不可以省略。 The old woman, who lives on her own,has a cat for company. 那位老妇人一个人住，有一只猫作伴。 Lori is going to marry Mark, whom she does not love.罗丽准备嫁给马克，可她并不爱他。 Beijing, which is the capital of China,is a very beautiful city. 中国的首都北京是一座非常美丽的城市。 3.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情形 ○表示限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情形 〇表示非限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情形 关系代词 代表人 代表物 代表主句或部分主句的内容 主格 宾格 所有格 主格 宾格 所有格 who ○○ ○○ whom ○○ which ○○ ○○ ○ whose ○○ ○○ as ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ of which ○○ that ○ ○ ○ ○ 4.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别 限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句 与先行词关系密切 （删掉后影响整个意思的表达） 与先行词关系不密切 （是一种补充说明，删掉后不影响整个意思的表达） 不用逗号隔开 一般使用逗号隔开 可用关系代词that 不可用关系代词that 关系代词可以省略 （that，who，which在从句中担任宾语时可以省略） 关系代词不可以省略 关系代词可以替代 （whom作宾语可用who或that替代） 关系代词不能替代 读时不停顿 读时停顿，用降调 只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分。 可以修饰主句或主句的一部分，此时一定有逗号分开，只能由which或as引导。 2.关系代词的用法 在定语从句中，关系代词起着连接主句与从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。 先行词 在从句中作主语 在从句中作宾语 在从句中作定语 指代人 who/that whom/who/that whose 指代物 which/that which/that whose/of which 1.关系代词who和whom的用法 两者都用于指代人，但在用法上存在差别。 1.基本用法 who可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom。但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom，即“介词+whom”。 Johnny is a person who always has novel ideas.约翰尼是一个经常会有新奇想法的人。 （关系代词who在从句中作主语） The girl who won the first prize is from Zhejiang.获得一等奖的女孩来自浙江。 She is the girl who/whom I will go to Shanghai with.她就是要和我一起去上海的那个女孩。 （关系代词在从句中作宾语，who可以替whom） The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr.Depp. =The person to whom you just talked is Mr.Depp.刚刚和你谈话的人是德普先生。 说明：因为把介词to提到宾语从句的句首，所以只能用whom，而不能用who。 We’ll go to the hospital to see the patients, most of whom are children. 我们要去医院看病人，这些病人大多数都是儿童。 2.只用who而不用that的情况 在定语从句中who和that指代人时可以通用，但在下列情况下只能用who，而不能用that。 A.先行词是one，ones和anyone时，宜用who。 One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. 一个无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。 The ones who flatter me don’t please me.那些奉承我的人并不能取悦于我。 Anyone who laughs last laughs best.笑到最后的人是笑得最好的人。 Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized. 任何不能完成指定任务的人，都应受到批评。 B.先行词是those时，宜用who。 No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake. 对于那些在地震中为营救生还者而辛苦工作的人，任何言语都无法表达我们的感激之情。 C.当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。 I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew uup in western Yunnan province. 昨天我在街上遇到一个在云南西部长大的女孩。 D.一个句子中带有两个定语从句时， 其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who。 The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. 昨晚你遇见的那个男孩是个学习非常努力的组长。 E.在there be开头的句子中，宜用who。 There is a young man who wants to see your father.有个年轻人想要见你父亲。 There are many old men who are against this plan.有许多老人反对这个计划。 There was a king who was kind to his people.有一位国王，他对他的臣民很仁慈。 2.关系代词whose的用法 关系代词whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物。当whose指代物时，相当于of which。whose引导的定语从句既可以是限定性定语从句，也可以是非限定性定语从句。 Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company? =Do you know Peter?His father happens to be working in your company. 你认识彼得吗？他的父亲恰巧正在你们公司工作。 The tourist wanted to book a room whose window faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room. The room’s window faces south. 这位游客想要预订一间窗户朝南的房间。 We went to see our teacher Miss Styles, whose husband lost his life in the earthquake. 我们去看望了我们的老师斯泰尔斯小姐，她的丈夫在地震中丧生了。 Xi’an, whose walls remain as good as before, is one of the few cities with city walls. 西安是少数几座有城墙的城市之一，它的城墙保持得和以前一样好。 3.关系代词that和which的用法 两者都可用于指代物，但使用场合存在差别。 1.在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which和that一般可以通用 The new house that/which I have just bought is about six miles away. 我新买的房子在大约6英里以外。 They planted some trees that/which didn’t need much water. 他们种了一些不需要太多水的树。 2.限定性定语从句中只用that而不用which的情况 A.主句已有疑问句who或which时 Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you? 旅馆前面的小汽车中哪辆属于你？ Who is the man that is sitting by the lake?坐在湖边的男人是谁？ B.先行词既有人又有物时 He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.他谈到了他访问过的学校和老师。 The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 撞倒一位老人的那辆自行车和骑车人都被送到了警察局。 C.先行词为all，much，few，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代词时 It’s easy to do the repair. All that you need is a hammer and some nails. 做修理很容易。你所需要的全部东西是一把锤子和一些钉子。 We haven’t got much that we can offer you.我们没有太多能向你们提供的东西。 I’d like to tell you something that will make you surprised. 我想告诉你一件会使你感到惊奇的事。 D.先行词有形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best way that has been used against pollution.这是用来防止污染的最好的办法。 Polly is the most direct young woman that I have ever come across. 波莉是我所见到的最直爽的年轻女性。 E.先行词有序数词修饰时 This is the third time that they have met.这是他们第三次见面。 The first time that Lester saw the film,he made up his mind to become a director. 莱特斯第一次观看那部电影时，就下定决心要成为一名导演。 F.先行词有the very，the only，the same，any，few，little，no，all，one of等词修饰时 This is the very room that I slept in that evening.这正是我那天晚上睡过的房间。 Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.李明是惟一一个想当老师的人。 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.我们惟一能够做的，就是给你一些钱。 G.有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. 爱迪生建了一家工厂，生产过去从未见到过的东西。 3.只用which而不用that的情况 A.引导非限定性定语从句时只用which而不用that （正）The fish, which I bought this morning,is very fresh. （误）The fish, that I bought this morning,is very fresh.我今天早上买的鱼很新鲜。 My house,which I bought two years ago,has got a lovely garden. 我两年前买的那幢房子，带一座漂亮的花园。 Jim passed the driving test, which surprised everybody in the office. 吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使得办公室里的每一个人都很惊讶。 注意：在非限定性定语从句中，有时关系代词是指代整个句子，而不是指代一个单词，本句中which指代“吉姆通过了驾驶考试”这件事。 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which,of course,made the others envy him.海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多，这当然使得其他孩子嫉妒他。 说明：本句中，which指代“海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多”这件事。 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,most of which are sold abroad. 这家工厂每年生产50万双鞋，大都销往国外。 补充：which前常用none/neither/most/both/each/all/a little of等词修饰。 London,which is the capital of the UK,is a very beautiful city. 英国的首都伦敦是一座非常美丽的城市。 B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时只用which而不用that I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important. 我被置于一个要被迫接受低人一等现实的境地。 This is the hotel in which you will stay. =This is the hotel (which/that) you will stay in.这就是你将要住的旅馆。 说明：在这句话中，介词in放在了句子的后面，那么关系代词既可以用which，也可以用that，还可以省略。 C.在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that，那么另一句的关系词就需用which Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open. 让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。 4.关系代词which和that的用法总结 which和that在定语从句中作关系代词的主要区别 which ①可用于非限定性定语从句中，代替物、整个句子或主句中的一部分 ②可用于介词之后，构成“介词+which” that 不能用于上述两种情况 写作聚焦 一、写作任务聚焦： **任务类型**： 议论文/建议信**（如“如何做出困难选择”） **能力目标**： - 使用因果逻辑链（e.g., *firstly... consequently...*）组织论点； - 引用生活实例或社会现象增强说服力（如课业与兴趣的平衡）； - 学习建议信函的语用策略（如委婉表达 *You might consider...*）。 **教学建议**： 结合校园调查数据（如学生压力源），撰写解决方案类文本。 二、典例剖析 假设你叫李华，你的朋友John沉迷于抖音（DouYin）而不能自拔，写信向你寻求帮助，请你给他写一封建议信。内容包括: 1. 表示理解和关心；2. 沉迷抖音的影响；3. 提出具体建议。 要求 1. 词数80左右；2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3. 开头和结尾，不计入总词数。 Dear John, _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 【答案】One possible version: Dear John, I’m more than sorry to know that you are addicted to Dou Yin and very worried about you. I’m writing to inform you of the harm caused by it and offer you some advice. What you should know is that spending too much time playing Dou Yin can make you exhausted and can’t concentrate on a class attentively. Therefore, limiting the time spent on it is necessary. It is highly suggested that you should develop an interest in other things, such as reading and running. Hopefully, the suggestions above will be helpful to you. Looking forward to your good news. Yours, Li Hua 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生给朋友John写一封建议信，就他沉迷于抖音而不能自拔提出建议。 【详解】1.词汇积累 担心的：worried→concerned 集中注意力：concentrate on→focus on 因此：therefore→as a result 有帮助：be helpful→be of help 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：I’m writing to inform you of the harm caused by it and offer you some advice. 拓展句：I’m writing to inform you of the harm that is caused by it and offer you some advice. 【点睛】【高分句型1】What you should know is that spending too much time playing Dou Yin can make you exhausted and can’t concentrate on a class attentively.（运用了what引导的主语从句和that引导表语从句） 【高分句型2】It is highly suggested that you should develop an interest in other things, such as reading and running.（运用了it作形式主语，that引导主语从句） 学以致用 一.单句语法填空（用关系代词） 1.The policeman caught the thief has stolen Mr. Li’s computer. 2.The basketball I bought yesterday cost me 80 yuan. 3.The teachers came for a visit are foreigners. 4.Tony, tell me the result of the discussion you had with your dad yesterday. 5.This is the camera my uncle gave me for my birthday. 6.My grandparents like to live in a house is not very big but bright and comfortable. 7.Mary Smith says she likes to have friends are different from her. 8. The house windows have broken is now empty. 9.Li Mei is the student handwriting is the best in our class. 10.I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school I met in the English speech contest last year. 二. 根据要求翻译句子（定语从句） 1、打破窗户的那个男孩叫Jim。 _________________________________________________________________________________ 2、他们种植一些不需要很多水的树。 _________________________________________________________________________________ 3、今天早上我们买的那条鱼不够新鲜。 _________________________________________________________________________________ 4、昨天我们在街上看到的那个女孩是Tom的妹妹。 _________________________________________________________________________________ 5、上个星期我去看了在地震中失去丈夫的那位老师。 _________________________________________________________________________________ 三、写作训练 假定你是学生会主席李华，你校个别学生沉迷手机无法自拔，学习、生活受到不良影响。请你在你校英文报上发表一篇倡议书。内容包括： 1. 手机成瘾的危害； 2. 具体的建议。 注意： 1. 词数80左右； 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 Dear students, ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9 / 9 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$