Unit 1 Section E 人与社会之历史、社会与文化 相关题型训练-训练3 -2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

2025-2026学年度高三英语总复习系列题型专项复习 「Unit 1 阅读理解题型训练」 「Section E 人与社会之历史、社会与文化 相关题型训练-训练3」 经典题目精读 把握最佳练习 第一次阅读：完成题目，按照考试节奏 2024年浙江1月卷 英语高考真题 The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults, we face a version(版本) of the marshmallow test every day. We're not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism(机制) to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we've reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining (获取) calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch(不匹配) is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist (抵抗) tempting foods that we know we shouldn't eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative (有重大影响的) environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized (高度重视) new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now endlessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful (深思熟虑的) about our caloric consumption (热量消耗), we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 1. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel's test? A．Take an examination alone. B．Show respect for the researchers. C．Share their treats with others. D．Delay eating for fifteen minutes. 2. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ______. A．the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B．the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C．the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D．the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit 3. What does the author suggest readers do? A．Absorb new information readily (欣然地). B．Use diverse information sources. C．Be selective information consumers. D．Protect the information environment. 4. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Eat Less, Read More B．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans C．The Marshmallow Test for Grownups D．The Marshmallow Test for Children. 第二次阅读：识记单词，掌握英语基础 1. psychologist n. 心理学家 例句：The Stanford marshmallow test was conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel. 翻译：斯坦福棉花糖实验由心理学家沃尔特・米歇尔开展。 2. conduct v. 实施 例句：The experiment was originally conducted in the late 1960s. 翻译：该实验最初于 20 世纪 60 年代末实施。 3. sugary adj. 含糖的 例句：A sugary treat was placed on the table for each child. 翻译：桌上为每个孩子放了一份含糖零食。 4. long-term adj. 长期的 例句：Long-term studies showed a connection between waiting ability and success. 翻译：长期研究显示，等待能力与成功之间存在关联。 5. connection n. 联系 例句：Follow-up studies showed a connection between patience and later success. 翻译：后续研究表明耐心与日后成功之间有联系。 6. version n. 形式 例句：Adults face a daily version of the marshmallow test. 翻译：成年人每天都面临一种形式的棉花糖测试。 7. tempt v. 诱惑 例句：We’re tempted by devices rather than sugary treats. 翻译：我们被电子设备而非含糖零食诱惑。 8. device n. 设备 例句：Phones and tablets are the modern devices tempting us. 翻译：手机和平板电脑是诱惑我们的现代设备。 9. species n. 物种 例句：Our formative environment as a species was information-poor. 翻译：作为一个物种，我们的成长环境曾信息匮乏。 10. process n. 过程 例句：A similar process affects our response to information. 翻译：类似的过程影响我们对信息的反应。 11. obtain v. 获取 例句：Modern life reduces effort in obtaining calories. 翻译：现代生活减少了获取热量的精力消耗。 12. mismatch n. 不匹配 例句：Brain evolution mismatch leads to food cravings. 翻译：大脑进化的不匹配导致对食物的渴望。 13. resist v. 抵制 例句：Many struggle to resist tempting foods they know are bad. 翻译：许多人难以抵制明知有害的诱人食物。 14. formative adj. 影响发展的 例句：Our formative environment shaped brain mechanisms. 翻译：我们的成长环境塑造了大脑机制。 15. consumption n. 消耗 例句：We need care in information consumption like caloric intake. 翻译：我们需要像关注热量摄入一样审慎对待信息消耗。 第三次阅读：精读文章，寻觅佳句好句 1. 时间状语从句 + 被动语态 + 宾语从句 When children aged four to six were placed in a room with a sugary treat, they were told that waiting 15 minutes would earn them a second treat. 语法分析 （1）主干结构：they were told that...（被动语态 + 宾语从句） （2）修饰成分： “When children...were placed in a room” 为时间状语从句，包含过去分词短语 “aged four to six” 作后置定语； 宾语从句 “that waiting 15 minutes would earn them...” 中，动名词短语 “waiting 15 minutes” 作主语，体现动作的名词化表达； 2. 原因状语从句 + 定语从句 + 非谓语结构 We struggle to resist tempting foods because our ancestors, who lived in a calorie-poor world, developed a brain mechanism prizing high-calorie treats. 语法分析 （1）主干结构：We struggle to resist foods because our ancestors developed a mechanism. （2）复杂修饰： “because our ancestors...developed a mechanism” 为原因状语从句； “who lived in a calorie-poor world” 为非限制性定语从句，补充说明祖先的生存环境； “prizing high-calorie treats” 为现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “mechanism”，表主动关系； 3. 应用文好句积累与背诵（适用于自律和成功等题材） “The ability to delay gratification in childhood predicts long-term success”—this finding from the marshmallow test shows self-control is a cornerstone of achievement. “童年时期延迟满足的能力预示着长期成功”—— 棉花糖实验的这一发现表明，自控力是成就的基石。 用于 “自律与成功” 主题，如：“As the marshmallow test proves, students who resist phone temptations to study are more likely to achieve academic success. Self-control, like a muscle, strengthens with practice.”（“正如棉花糖实验所证明的，抵制手机诱惑而学习的学生更可能取得学业成功。自控力如同肌肉，越练越强”）； 演讲稿呼吁的结尾段升华：“In a world of instant gratification, cultivating patience is not just a skill—it’s the key to unlocking your potential.” 4. 应用文好句积累与背诵（适用于自律和成功等题材） “Just as we struggle to resist sugary treats, we now battle information overload—our brains still crave new data like our ancestors craved calories.” “正如我们难以抵制含糖零食，如今我们与信息过载抗争 —— 我们的大脑仍像祖先渴望热量一样渴望新数据。” 应用文建议信：给同学的自律建议：“Apply the marshmallow test to digital life: delay checking social media for 15 minutes, and you’ll find focus returns like that second treat.” 第四次阅读：短文填词，检验语法情况 The Stanford marshmallow test, 1. ____________ (originate) from psychologist Walter Mischel’s research in the late 1960s, placed 4–6-year-old children in a room with a single self-selected sugary treat. They were told that if they 2. ____________ (wait) 15 minutes, they could have a second treat. Follow-up studies revealed a link between delayed gratification and lifelong success. As adults, we encounter a modern "marshmallow test" daily, 3. ____________ (tempt) not by sweets but by digital devices. These tools, 4. ____________ connect us to endless information, exploit a brain mechanism evolved in a calorie-scarce era. Our ancestors prized high-calorie foods 5. ____________ (reflect) their rarity, encoding a reward response that persists today—even as processed foods flood our environment, creating a mismatch between biological instincts 6. ____________ modern lifestyles. A parallel logic applies to information consumption. Evolution shaped our brains to crave new data in an information-poor world, 7. ____________ today’s connectivity bombards us with constant updates. This creates a need for "cognitive self-control," similar to 8. ____________ (resist) marshmallows. Just as we monitor calorie intake, we must manage information diets, prioritizing meaningful content over trivial stimuli. The marshmallow test’s enduring relevance lies in its illustration of self-regulation—9. ____________ ability to forgo immediate pleasures for greater long-term gains. In an age of instant gratification, this skill becomes ever more critical, reminding us that mastering impulses, whether for sweets or social media, 10 (require) awareness of our evolutionary legacy and intentional choices. 相同主题重现 体会主题奥秘 1. 2025年福建省模拟 Did you know the earliest form of writing began as a “bookkeeping system”? Around 8500 BCE, in Mesopotamia (modern-day Middle East), farmers and artisans used small clay tokens shaped like cones, disks, and cylinders to track goods. For example, six cone-shaped tokens might represent six bags of grain, while eight cylinders could stand for eight livestock. These 3D symbols were the world's first “written” records. About 5000 years later, people started sealing these tokens inside clay envelopes to keep track of debts. But how could they remember what was inside? They pressed 2D symbols of the tokens onto the envelopes' surfaces. Eventually, they realized the tokens inside were unnecessary — clay tablets with these pressed symbols were enough. Over time, the symbols simplified into wedge-shaped marks called cuneiform (楔形文字), the first true writing system. Archaeologists discovered that early symbols were simple shapes (circles, triangles), but by 3500 BCE, more detailed tokens appeared, shaped like tools, furniture, and even fruits. These represented crafted goods like bread, cloth, or pottery. Interestingly, these symbols weren't invented by elites or priests but by everyday workers — simple tokens tracked crops, while complex ones were used by artisans in workshops. Math also grew from this need to count goods. Around 3100 BCE, Sumerian accountants made a revolutionary leap: before, recording “18 bags of grain” required 18 separate grain symbols, but now, they could write the symbol for “18” followed by one grain symbol. This saved time and effort. Thousands of clay tablets found in ancient temples suggest teams of scribes handled these records, and it's likely lower-ranking workers invented this system to reduce their tedious tasks. From clay tokens to abstract writing, these innovations arose from basic human needs: tracking resources and trade. It wasn't kings or priests but ordinary people — farmers, artisans, and accountants — who sparked one of humanity's greatest achievements: the written word. 1. What was the original purpose of the clay tokens used in Mesopotamia? A．To record offerings in religious ceremonies. B．To manage cross-regional trade debts. C．To document royal decrees and achievements. D．To track agricultural and crafted goods. 2. How did Sumerian accountants revolutionize record-keeping? A．They invented clay envelopes to store tokens. B．They developed the first alphabetic writing system. C．They created abstract numerals to simplify counting. D．They introduced priestly oversight to financial records. 3. What can be inferred about the social level in ancient Mesopotamia based on the text? A．Elites actively resisted the development of writing. B．Lower-ranking workers drove practical innovations. C．Priests controlled all forms of record-keeping. D．Kings claimed credit for inventing cuneiform. 4. Which title best summarizes the main idea of the passage? A．The Hidden Role of Ordinary People in Creating Writing and Math B．From Clay Tokens to Cuneiform: How Trade Shaped Civilization C．Kings and Priests: The True Inventors of Writing D．Archaeology's Greatest Discovery: Decoding Ancient Symbols 2. 2025年山东德州模拟 Modern technology has greatly increased efficiency, which makes life simple r for porcelain (瓷器) makers, but many Chinese craftsmen, who aren't afraid of tough work and follow traditional ways, are restoring the charm of porcelain from days gone by. Porcelain-making artist Gong Hua is among them. In 2003, Gong, in his 60s, had a wood-fired kiln (窑) built strictly to the letter of Ming Dynasty designs. Despite the kiln's obvious drawbacks, such as the materials used in its construction not being as resistant to high temperatures as modern ones, it honors the production techniques and materials of Jingdezhen porcelain since the Song Dynasty. Over the years, Gong's kiln has been used to create copies of porcelain works for many museums and collectors, to protect the originals. In 1987, during the urban renewal of Jingdezhen, Gong saw porcelain shards being unearthed at archaeological excavations (挖掘). They exposed him to the vast gap between modern porcelain craftsmanship and that of ancient times. “The glaze (釉) was as smooth as jade, and their beauty was indescribable,” he says. This set him off on a search for paints, materials and other elements to match historical standards. In the early 1990s, he spent three years researching the craftsmanship of blue-and-white porcelain made during the Ming Dynasty. “I found that the blue and white colors were thanks to the rich trace metal elements in their raw materials, which came from the Middle East,” Gong says. Later, Gong studied hundreds of items of blue-and-white porcelain from ancient imperial kilns, and found that ancient people explored the use of local plants and eventually settled on ferns (蕨类), which grew abundantly around Jingdezhen and were the key to achieving the jade-like glaze. Unfortunately, they are ruined by modern electric and gas kiln equipment. “Although they are hard to control precisely, only traditional wood-fired kilns can process the porcelain in an extraordinary way that may go beyond our imagination,” he says. 1. What inspires Chinese craftsmen to make porcelain traditionally? A．The efficiency of the process. B．The use of modern technology. C．The attraction of porcelain from the past. D．The popularity of electric and gas kilns. 2. What is a disadvantage of Gong Hua's kiln? A．Losing Song Dynasty kiln designs. B．Going against the demands of collectors C．Failing to stand the high temperature. D．Producing low-quality porcelain. 3. Why did Gong research porcelain from ancient imperial kilns? A．To learn how to reproduce the glaze using modern technology. B．To uncover the source of the unique blue and white colors. C．To compare the craftsmanship with that of modern porcelain. D．To identify the best plants to use for achieving the desired glaze. 4. What does Gong think of his attempts according to his words? A．Creative. B．Eco-friendly. C．Risky. D．Promising. 3. 2025年吉林长春模拟 If you ever feel that the world is against you, you are not alone. We all have a tendency to assume that when anything goes wrong, the fault lies within some great intrigue (诡计) against us. If a co-worker fails the deadline, they must be trying to ruin career. When WiFi in a coffee shop is not working, the staff must be lying about having it to attract you in. But the simple fact is that these explanations, which we tend to jump to, are barely true. Maybe your co-worker thought today was Tuesday, not Wednesday. Maybe the WiFi router was just broken. This is where Hanlon's razor comes in — a useful mental model that never credits to intentional harm that can be fully explained by ignorance. Applying Hanlon's razor, a useful tool for rapid decision-making and intelligent comprehension, in our day-to-day lives allows us to become less judgmental, and improve reasoning skills. Meanwhile, Hanlon's razor allows us to give people the benefit of the doubt, have more empathy (同理心) and teaches us not to assume the worst intention in the actions of others, the value of which is most pronounced in relationships, business matters, and personal happiness. We all lead complex lives where things are constantly going wrong. When this occurs, a common response is to blame the nearest person and assume they have bad intention. However, when someone messes up around us, we forget how many times we, too, have done the same. Instead, the perpetrator becomes a source of intense annoyance. To assume intention in such a situation is likely to worsen the problem. None of us can ever know what someone else wants to happen. Inability or ignorance is far more likely to be the cause than the desire to hurt. When a situation causes us to become angry or upset, it can be valuable to consider if those emotions are justified. Often, the best way to react to other people causing us problems is by seeking to educate them, not to dismiss them. In this way, we can avoid repeats of the same situation. 1. How do people typically react to failures according to the text? A．Face true ill intention. B．Shift current situations. C．Misplace blame on others. D．Seek trustworthy persons. 2. What does Hanlon's razor refer to? A．It identifies who is to blame. B．It is a device for router repair. C．It avoids assuming harm by ignorance. D．It is an approach for colleague's fault. 3. What does the underlined word “perpetrator” in paragraph 4 mean? A．An error maker. B．An issue fixer. C．A blame sharer. D．A familiar person. 4. What will probably be discussed next in the text? A．How to control the bad emotions. B．How to instruct others effectively. C．How to change the nervous relationship. D．How to avoid reappearance of the same situation. 4. 2025年江苏常州模拟 Browsing videos on TikTok or YouTube can be a hit-and-miss affair. But researchers have found that switching to another video, or skipping forwards and backwards in the same one, actually makes people more bored. Dr Katy Tam at the University of Toronto Scarborough said boredom was closely linked to attention. “We feel bored when there's a gap between how engaged we are and how engaged we want to be,” she said. “When people keep switching through videos, they become less engaged with the videos and they are looking for something more interesting. This can lead to increased feelings of boredom.” The results appear to chime with other studies: as the team notes, previous research has suggested that while boredom relief is a driver for people to use social media or smartphones, the use of such technology appears to make the feeling worse. Writing in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Tam and colleagues report how they carried out seven experiments involving a total of more than 1,200 participants. The first, involving 140 participants, revealed that people tended to switch between videos more when they rated the content more boring, while the second-an online survey involving 231 participants--suggested people thought having the option to skip through a video or switch to another would make viewing a video less boring. However, the team's subsequent experiments suggest this is not the case. Data from a group of 166 undergraduates suggests participants felt more bored when allowed to skip about within a video than when they were not able to, while results from 159 undergraduates revealed they reported higher levels or boredom when given a collection of five-minute videos they could switch between, compared with a single 10-minute video. “Our research shows that while people fast-forward or skip videos to avoid boredom, this behaviour can actually make them feel more bored,” she said. “Just as we pay for an immersive experience in a movie theatre, enjoyment often comes from immersing ourselves in videos rather than swiping through them.” 1. What is the main idea of the passage? A．How to avoid boredom while browsing videos. B．The relationship between video switching and boredom. C．The popularity of TikTok and YouTube among young people. D．The importance of immersive experiences in movie theaters. 2. What does the underlined phrase “chime with” mean in Paragraph 3? A．agree with B．compare with C．contrast with D．disagree with 3. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the research? A．Skipping through videos always makes viewing less boring. B．Swiping through short videos frequently leads to increased boredom. C．Switching between short videos frequently helps people reduce boredom. D．The use of social media or smartphones cases boredom. 4. To relieve boredom while watching videos, Dr. Katy Tam suggest people ________. A．skip through videos as often as possible B．fast-forward videos to keep interest C．absorb themselves in the video content D．avoid watching videos on social media platforms 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 2025-2026学年度高三英语总复习系列题型专项复习 「Unit 1 阅读理解题型训练」 「Section E 人与社会之历史、社会与文化 相关题型训练-训练3」 答 案 经典题目精读 把握最佳练习 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福棉花糖实验的原理，以及将其类比到成人面对信息诱惑时的自控挑战，强调在信息丰富的时代需谨慎选择信息消费。 1. D 题型：细节理解题 根据第一段中“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat,they would be given a second treat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次奖励)”可知，孩子们需要等待15分钟后再吃糖果，才能得到第二份奖励。故选D。 2. C 题型：细节理解题 根据第三段"But as we’ve reshaped the world around us,dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining (获取) calories,we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago,and this mismatch (不匹配) is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist (抵抗) tempting foods that we know we shouldn't eat.(但是，随着我们重塑了周围的世界，大大减少了获取热量的成本和努力，我们的大脑仍然和数千年前一样，而这种不匹配是我们中许多人难以抗拒我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因)”可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选C。 3. C 题型：推理判断题 根据最后一段最后一句"Therefore,just as we need to be more thoughtful(深思熟虑的)about our caloric consumption(热量消耗),we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption,resisting the temptation of the mental“junk food”in order to manage our time most effectively.(因此，正如我们需要对自己的热量消耗更加深思熟虑一样，我们也需要对自己信息的消耗更加深思熟虑，抵制精神上“垃圾食品”的诱惑，才能最有效地管理我们的时间)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选C。 4. C 题型：主旨大意题 根据全文内容及第二段“As adults,we face a version(版本)of the marshmallow test every day.We’re not tempted(诱惑)by sugary treats,but by our computers,phones,and tablets—all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对一个版本的棉花糖测试。我们不被甜食所诱惑，而是被我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑所诱惑——所有这些设备都将我们连接到全球各种类型的信息传递系统，这些信息对我们的影响就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的影响一样)”可知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对的信息诱惑与自我控制问题，类比儿童面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”,因此C选项“成年人的棉花糖测试”最适合作为文章标题。故选C。 全文翻译： 斯坦福棉花糖实验最初由心理学家沃尔特・米歇尔（Walter Mischel）于20世纪60年代末开展。他将托儿所里4至6岁的儿童带入房间，在桌上放置一块孩子自选的糖果，并告知他们：若能等待15分钟再吃，就能得到第二块糖。随后孩子们被单独留在房间。后续追踪研究显示，那些能等待获得第二块糖的孩子，成年后在多种领域更易取得成功。 作为成年人，我们每天都在经历“棉花糖实验”的成人版本。诱惑我们的不再是糖果，而是电脑、手机和平板——这些设备将我们连接到全球信息传输系统，其对我们的影响，就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的诱惑一样。 我们之所以受糖果诱惑，是因为祖先生活在热量匮乏的世界，大脑进化出一种反应机制，将甜食与“奖励感”和“满足感”关联——这反映了热量的生存价值。但如今我们重塑了周遭世界，获取热量的成本和难度大幅降低，大脑却仍保留着数千年前的运作模式。这种“进化不匹配”正是许多人明知不该吃却难以抗拒诱人食物的核心原因。 类似机制也在我们对信息的反应中起作用。人类进化的关键环境曾是信息匮乏的，因此大脑形成了重视新信息的机制。但全球互联彻底改变了信息环境——我们如今被海量新信息持续轰炸。因此，正如我们需要审慎对待热量摄入，也必须更理性地管理信息消费：抵制“精神垃圾食品”的诱惑，才能最高效地管理时间。 第四次阅读：短文填词，检验语法情况 1. originating 考查非谓语动词。test 与 originate 为主动关系，用现在分词作定语，相当于 which originates，故填 originating。 2. waited 考查动词时态。if 引导的条件状语从句中，主句为过去将来时（could have），从句用一般过去时表过去的条件，故填 waited。 3. tempted 考查非谓语动词。we 与 tempt 为被动关系，用过去分词作状语，表 "被诱惑"，故填 tempted。 4. which 考查定语从句。先行词 tools 指物，在非限制性定语从句中作主语，用关系代词 which 引导，故填 which。 5. to reflect 考查非谓语动词。此处用不定式作目的状语，表 "祖先重视高热量食物以反映其稀缺性"，故填 to reflect。 6. and 考查连词。between...and... 为固定搭配，表 "在生物本能和现代生活方式之间"，故填 and。 7. but 考查连词。前后句为转折关系（过去渴求信息 vs 现在信息过载），用 but 连接，故填 but。 8. resisting 考查非谓语动词。to 为介词（similar to），后接动名词作宾语，故填 resisting。 9. the 考查冠词。ability 后有不定式修饰，表特指 "放弃即时快乐换取长期利益的能力"，用定冠词 the，故填 the。 10. requires 考查动词时态和主谓一致。主语 mastering impulses 为动名词短语（单数），陈述客观事实用一般现在时，故填 requires。 相同主题重现 体会主题奥秘 第1篇 这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了书写和数学的发展是源于普通人的需求，是普通人推动了这些创新。 1. D 题型：细节理解题 根据第一段“Around 8500 BCE,in Mesopotamia(modern-day Middle East),farmers and artisans used small clay tokens shaped like cones,disks,and cylinders to track goods.(公元前8500年左右，在美索不达米亚(今中东地区),农民和工匠使用小陶土标记，形状像锥、圆盘和圆柱，用来记录货物》”可知，在美索不达米亚使用粘土代币的最初目的是记录农产品和工艺品。故选D。 2. C 题型：细节理解题 根据第四段“Around 3100 BCE, Sumerian accountants made a revolutionary leap before,recording”18 bags of grain”required 18 separate grain symbols,but now,they could write the symbol for“18”followed by one grain symbol.(大约在公元前3100年，苏美尔的会计人员实现了革命性的飞跃：以前，记录“18袋谷物”需要18个单独的谷物符号，但是现在，他们可以在“18”的符号后面加上一个谷物符号)”可知，苏美尔会计师创造了抽象数字来简化计数。故选C。 3. B 题型：推理判断题 根据倒数第二段"Thousands of clay tablets found in ancient temples suggest teams of scribes handled these records,and it's likely lower-ranking workers invented this system to reduce their tedious tasks.(在古代寺庙中发现的数干块泥板表明，抄写员团队处理这些记录，很可能是低等级的工人发明了这种系统，以减少他们繁琐的工作”可知，古代美索不达米亚的社会水平是底层工人推动了实际创新。故选B。 4. A 题型：主旨大意题 根据最后一段"From clay tokens to abstract writing,these innovations arose from basic human needs:tracking resources and trade.It wasn’t kings or priests but ordinary people—farmers,artisans,and accountants—who sparked one of humanity's greatest achievements:the written word.(从粘土符号到抽象文字，这些创新源于人类的基本需求：记录资源和贸易。不是国王或牧师，而是普通人——农民、工匠和会计—创造了人类最伟大的成就之一：文字)”结合文章讲述了书写和数学的发展是源于普通人的需求，是普通人推动了这些创新，可知，A选项“普通人在创造写作和数学中的隐藏角色”最符合文章标题。故选A。 全文翻译： 你可知最早的书写形式起源于“记账系统”？约公元前8500年，在美索不达米亚（今中东地区），农民和工匠用锥形、圆盘形和圆柱形的小黏土代币记录物品。例如，六个锥形代币可能代表六袋谷物，八个圆柱形代币则象征八头牲畜。这些三维符号成为世界上最早的“书写”记录。 约5000年后，人们开始将代币密封在黏土信封中以追踪债务。但如何记住信封里的内容呢？他们将代币的二维符号按压在信封表面。最终人们意识到，信封内的代币已非必需——带有按压符号的黏土板足以完成记录。随着时间推移，这些符号简化为楔形刻痕，即“楔形文字”，成为首个真正的书写系统。 考古学家发现，早期符号多为简单图形（圆形、三角形），但到公元前3500年，出现了更精细的代币，形状仿造工具、家具甚至水果，用于表示面包、布匹或陶器等手工制品。有趣的是，这些符号并非由精英或祭司发明，而是出自日常劳动者之手——简单代币用于追踪农作物，复杂代币则被作坊工匠使用。 数学也源于计数物品的需求。约公元前3100年，苏美尔会计做出突破性创新：此前记录“18袋谷物”需要18个单独的谷物符号，而现在只需写下“18”的符号，后接一个谷物符号。这大大节省了时间和精力。在古代神庙中发现的数千块泥板表明，曾有抄写员团队处理这些记录，很可能是基层劳动者为减轻繁琐工作而发明了这一系统。 从黏土代币到抽象文字，这些创新源于人类最基本的需求：追踪资源与贸易。点燃人类最伟大成就之一（书写文字）的，并非君王或祭司，而是普通人——农民、工匠和会计。 第2篇 这是一篇说明文，文章主要以制瓷艺术家龚华为例讲述许多中国工匠正在使用传统方法恢复过去瓷器的魅力。 1. C 题型：细节理解题 根据第一段中“many Chinese craftsmen,who aren’t afraid of tough work and follow traditional ways,are restoring the charm of porcelain from days gone by(许多不害怕艰苦工作并遵循传统方法的中国工匠正在恢复过去瓷器的魅力)”和第三段中“They exposed him to the vast gap between modern porcelain craftsmanship and that of ancient times.The glaze(釉)was as smooth as jade,and their beauty was indescribable,he says.This set him off on a search for paints,materials and other elements to match historical standards.(它们让他看到了现代瓷器工艺与古代瓷器工艺之间的巨大差距。釉面光滑如玉，美得难以形容，’他说。这让他开始寻找符合历史标准的颜料、材料和其他元素)”可知，过去的瓷器的魅力激发了中国工匠制作传统瓷器，故选C。 2. C 题型：细节理解题 根据第二段中“"Despite the kiln’s obvious drawbacks,such as the materials used in its construction not being as resistant to high temperatures as modern ones,it honors the production techniques and materials of Jingdezhen porcelain since the Song Dynasty.(尽管这个窑有明显的缺点，比如建造时使用的材料不像现代的那样耐高温，但它尊重了宋朝以来景德镇瓷器的生产技术和材料)”可知，龚华的柴窑缺点是不耐高温，故选C。 3. B 题型：细节理解题 根据第四段中”'I found that the blue and white colors were thanks to the rich trace metal elements in their raw materials,which came from the Middle East,Gong says.Later,Gong studied hundreds of items of blue-and-white porcelain from ancient imperial kilns,and found that ancient people explored the use of local plants and eventually settled on ferns(蕨类),which grew abundantly around Jingdezhen and were the key to achieving the jade-like glaze.(龚说：“我发现蓝色和白色的颜色是由于它们的原材料中含有丰富的微量金属元素，这些元素来自中东。后来，龚研究了数百件来自古代帝王窑的青花瓷，发现古人探索了当地植物的使用，并最终选择了蕨类植物，蕨类植物在景德镇周围大量生长，是获得玉质釉的关键)”可知，龚华研究古代帝王窑瓷器是为了揭开独特的蓝色和白色色彩的来源，故选B。 4. D 题型：推理判断题 根据最后一段中“Although they are hard to control precisely,only traditional wood-fired kilns can process the porcelain in an extraordinary way that may go beyond our imagination(尽管很难精确控制，但只有传统的烧柴窑才能以超乎我们想象的非凡方式加工瓷器)”可知，龚华认为他的努力前途光明，故选D。 全文翻译： 现代技术虽大幅提升效率，让瓷器制作更便捷，但众多不惧辛劳、坚守传统的中国工匠，正让昔日瓷器的韵味重焕光彩。 瓷器艺术家龚华便是其中之一。2003年，时年六旬的他严格依照明代设计建造了一座柴窑。尽管这座窑炉存在明显缺陷（如建材耐高温性不及现代材料），却恪守着宋代以来景德镇瓷器的制作工艺与原料标准。多年来，龚华的柴窑为多家博物馆及收藏家烧制文物复制品，以保护原件。 1987年，景德镇城市更新期间，龚华在考古发掘现场见到出土的瓷片，目睹了现代制瓷工艺与古代的巨大差距。“釉面温润如玉，其美感难以言喻。”他回忆道。这促使他开始寻觅能匹配历史标准的颜料、材料及其他元素。 20世纪90年代初，他耗时三年研究明代青花瓷工艺。“我发现青花发色源于原料中丰富的微量金属元素，这些原料来自中东。”龚华说。后来，他研究了数百件古代官窑青花瓷，发现古人曾探索使用本地植物，最终选定在景德镇周边繁茂生长的蕨类植物——它们正是成就玉质感釉面的关键，却被现代电窑和气窑设备破坏。 “尽管传统柴窑难以精准控温，但唯有它能以超乎想象的非凡方式淬炼瓷器。”他说。 第3篇 本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕人们面对失败时的常见反应展开，介绍了“Hanlon's razor”这一思维模型，阐述了该模型在日常生活决策、提升推理能力、改善人际关系等方面的作用，并指出在面对他人导致的问题时，应避免恶意揣测，尝试教育他人而非一味指责，以避免同样情况再次发生。 1. C 题型：细节理解题 根据第一段“If you ever feel that the world is against you,you are not alone.We all have a tendency to assume that when anything goes wrong,the fault lies within some great intrigue (诡计)against us.(如果你觉得这个世界在与你作对，你并不孤单。我们都有一种倾向，认为当事情出错时，错误在于某个针对我们的阴谋。)”可知，人们通常对失败的反应是错误地指责别人。故选C。 2. C 题型：细节理解题 根据第二段“But the simple fact is that these explanations, which we tend to jump to, are barely true. Maybe your co-worker thought today was Tuesday, not Wednesday. Maybe the WiFi router was just broken. This is where Hanlon's razor comes in — a useful mental model that never credits to intentional harm that can be fully explained by ignorance.(但简单的事实是，我们倾向于得出的这些解释几乎是不真实的。也许你的同事认为今天是星期二，而不是星期三。也许Wi-Fi路由器坏了。这就是汉隆剃刀的原理——个有用的思维模型，它从不归因于故意伤害，而这种伤害可以通过无知来完全解释。)”可知，汉隆剃刀指的是避免因无知而假设伤害。故选C。 3. A 题型：词句猜测题 根据画线词上文“When this occurs,a common response is to blame the nearest person and assume they have bad intention.However,when someone messes up around us,we forget how many times we,too,have done the same.(当这种情况发生时，一种常见的反应是责怪离自己最近的人，并认为他们怀有恶意。然而，当身边有人搞砸事情时，我们却忘记了自己也有过多少次同样的行为。)”可知，当有人把事情搞砸了，我们忘记了自己有多少次也犯了同样的错误，只是一味地认为犯错者是根源。由此可知，perpetrator意为“错误制造者”。故选A。 4. B 题型：推理判断题 根据最后一段“Often,the best way to react to other people causing us problems is by seeking to educate them,not to dismiss them.In this way,we can avoid repeats of the same situation.通常，对别人给我们造成的问题做出反应的最好方法是寻求教育他们，而不是解雇他们。通过这种方式，我们可以避免同样的情况再次发生。)”可推知，文章接下来可能会讨论如何有效地指导他人。故选B。 全文翻译： 若你曾觉得全世界都在与你为敌，并非只有你一人如此。我们都倾向于认定：当事情出错时，必定存在针对我们的阴谋诡计。若同事未能按时完成任务，就认定他们想毁掉自己的职业生涯；若咖啡店的WiFi无法使用，便觉得店员谎称有网络是为了吸引顾客进店。 但简单的事实是，我们急于做出的这些解释几乎从不成立。或许你的同事误以为今天是周二而非周三，或许只是无线路由器坏了。这便是“汉隆剃刀”的用武之地——这个实用的思维模型指出：任何能用无知完全解释的情况，就绝不归因于故意伤害。 在日常生活中应用“汉隆剃刀”（一种用于快速决策和智能理解的实用工具），能让我们减少批判心态，提升推理能力。同时，它让我们给予他人“假定善意”的余地，培养更多同理心，并教会我们不轻易假定他人行为背后存在恶意——这一价值在人际关系、商业事务和个人幸福感中尤为显著。 我们都过着复杂的生活，事情总在出错。当问题发生时，常见的反应是指责身边的人，并假定他们心存恶意。然而，当他人犯错时，我们却忘了自己也曾多次犯过同样的错误，反而将对方视为强烈烦扰的源头。 在这种情况下假定对方有意为之，很可能会加剧问题。我们永远无法知晓他人真正的意图，能力不足或无知远比蓄意伤害更可能是问题的根源。当某件事让我们愤怒或沮丧时，思考这些情绪是否合理往往很有价值。通常，面对他人给我们带来的问题，最佳反应不是否定他们，而是设法引导他们——如此才能避免同样的情况重演。 第4篇 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了多伦多斯卡伯勒大学的研究人员关于人们浏览视频的研究，研究表明不断切换视频或在同一视频中前后跳跃实际上会让人们感到更无聊。 1. B 题型：主旨大意题 根据第一段“Browsing videos on TikTok or YouTube can be a hit-and-miss affair.But researchers have found that switching to another video,or skipping forwards and backwards in the same one,actually makes people more bored.(在TikTok或YouTube上浏览视频可能是一件偶然的事情。但研究人员发现，切换到另一个视频，或者在同一个视频中来回跳，实际上会让人更无聊”以及纵观全文可知，文章主要探讨了人们在浏览视频时频繁切换或跳过内容如何影响他们的无聊感，因此主旨是视频切换与无聊之间的关系。故选B项。 2. A 题型：词句猜测题 根据前文"When people keep switching through videos,they become less engaged with the videos and they are looking for something more interesting.This can lead to increased feelings of boredom.当人们不停地切换视频时，他们对视频的参与度就会降低，他们会寻找更有趣的东西。这可能会增加无聊感)”以及后文“as the team notes,previous research has suggested that while boredom relief is a driver for people to use social media or smartphones,the use of such technology appears to make the feeling worse.(正如研究小组指出的那样，之前的研究表明，尽管缓解无聊是人们使用社交媒体或智能手机的一个动力，但使用这些技术似乎会让感觉更糟)”可知，之前的研究和现在的研究结果一样，推知chime with是“以……一致，同意”之意，和A项意思相近。故选A项。 3. B 题型：细节理解题 根据最后一段”“Our research shows that while people fast-forward or skip videos to avoid boredom,this behaviour can actually make them feel more bored,"she said.(她说：“我们的研究表明，虽然人们为了避免无聊而快进或跳过视频，但这种行为实际上会让他们感到更加无聊。”)”可知，尽管人们认为切换视频会减少无聊，但实验结果表明，频繁切换或跳过视频实际上会让人感到更加无聊。故选B项。 4. C 题型：推理判断题 根据最后一段"Just as we pay for an immersive experience in a movie theatre,enjoyment often comes from immersing ourselves in videos rather than swiping through them.(就像我们花钱去电影院享受身临其境的体验一样，享受往往来自于让自己沉浸在视频中，而不是在视频中刷屏)”可知，Dr.Katy Tam建议人们沉浸于视频内容中来缓解无聊。故选C项。 全文翻译： 在TikTok或YouTube上浏览视频可能是件碰运气的事。但研究人员发现，切换到另一个视频，或在同一个视频中来回跳转，实际上会让人更感无聊。 多伦多大学士嘉堡分校的凯蒂・谭（Katy Tam）博士表示，无聊与注意力密切相关。“当我们的投入程度与期望的投入程度存在差距时，就会感到无聊，”她说，“当人们不断切换视频时，他们对视频的投入度会降低，并持续寻找更有趣的内容，这可能导致无聊感加剧。” 这一结果似乎与其他研究相呼应：正如研究团队所指出的，此前有研究表明，尽管缓解无聊是人们使用社交媒体或智能手机的驱动力，但这类技术的使用似乎会让无聊感更严重。 谭博士及其同事在《实验心理学杂志：总论》中撰文，介绍了他们如何开展七项实验，共涉及1200多名参与者。 第一项实验有140名参与者，结果显示，人们在认为内容更无聊时，更倾向于在视频间切换；第二项实验是针对231名参与者的在线调查，结果表明，人们认为能够跳过视频或切换到其他视频会让观看过程不那么无聊。 然而，研究团队随后的实验表明事实并非如此。一组166名本科生的数据显示，允许在视频中跳转的参与者比无法跳转的人感到更无聊；而159名本科生的实验结果显示，与观看单个10分钟视频相比，当被给予五个可切换的五分钟视频时，他们报告的无聊程度更高。 “我们的研究表明，尽管人们通过快进或跳过视频来避免无聊，但这种行为实际上会让他们更感无聊，”她说，“就像我们在电影院付费获取沉浸式体验一样，愉悦感往往来自于全身心投入视频，而非滑动切换。” 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$