Unit 1 Section E 人与社会之历史、社会与文化 相关题型训练-训练2 -2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

2025-2026学年度高三英语总复习系列题型专项复习 「Unit 1 阅读理解题型训练」 「Section E 人与社会之历史、社会与文化 相关题型训练-训练2」 答 案 经典题目精读 把握最佳练习 本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力，环保意识以及健康生活方式的Urban Sprouts花园项目，让学生种植蔬菜，对学生影响深远。 1. D 题型：细节理解题 根据第一段的“And at first it is,says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts,a school garden program at four low-income schools.(起初是这样的，艾比哈拉米洛说，她和另一位老师在四所低收入学校启动了"Urban Sprouts”学校花园项目。)”可知，艾比哈拉米洛是Urban Sprouts的发起者。故选D。 2. C 题型：推理判断题 根据第二段的“she says."They come to us thinking vegetables are awful,dirt is awful,insects are awful!."Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt,most are eager totry something new.(她说。"他们来找我们，认为蔬菜很可怕，泥土很可怕，昆虫也很可怕。”虽然有些人一开始害怕昆虫，对泥土感到厌烦，但大多数人都渴望尝试新的东西。)”可知，项目之初，一些学生不喜欢园艺工作。故选C。 3. A 题型：推理判断题 根据最后一段"She adds that the program s benefits go beyond nutrition.Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students,many of whom have emotional control issues."They get outside,"she says,“and they feel successful.”(她补充说，该计划的好处不仅仅是营养。有些学生对园艺非常感兴趣，他们带回家种子开始自己的菜园。此外，在花园里工作似乎对Jaramillo的特殊教育学生有镇静作用，他们中的许多人都有情绪控制问题。“他们走了出去，”她说，“他们觉得成功。”)”可知，这个项目不仅给学生提供了有营养的食物，而且许多学生回家开创了自己的菜园，对有情绪控制问题的学生也起到了镇静作用，从而推知，该项目的影响是深远的。故选A。 4. C 题型：主旨大意题 根据第一段的“And at first it is,says Abby Jaramillo,who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts,a school garden program at four low-income schools.The program aims to help students develop science skills,environmental awareness,and healthy lifestyles.(起初是这样的，艾比哈拉米洛说，她和另一位老师在四所低收入学校启动了“Urban Sprouts”学校花园项目。该项目旨在帮助学生培养科学技能、环保意识和健康的生活方式。)”和最后一段的“Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.(一些学生对园艺非常感兴趣，于是他们把种子带回家，开始种自己的菜园)”以及下文内容可知，文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力，环保意识以及健康生活方式的Urban Sprouts花园项目，让学生种植蔬菜，对学生影响深远。因此推断C项“蔬菜种植爱好者”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选C。 全文翻译： 翻整土地、拔除杂草、收割卷心菜——对中学生而言，这些听似苦差事。正如艾比・哈拉米洛（Abby Jaramillo）所言，起初确实如此。她与另一位教师发起了“城市新芽”（Urban Sprouts）项目，在四所低收入学校推行校园菜园计划，旨在帮助学生培养科学技能、提升环保意识并形成健康生活方式。 哈拉米洛的学生们居住的社区难以获取新鲜食材，绿色空间匮乏，快餐店数量甚至超过杂货店。“孩子们来学校时，书包里装满零食，手里拿着大瓶汽水，”她说，“他们刚来的时候觉得蔬菜难吃、泥土肮脏、虫子可怕。”尽管有些人起初害怕昆虫、嫌弃泥土，但大多数人都渴望尝试新事物。 “城市新芽”的课程覆盖两所初中和两所高中，包括土壤测试、花卉与种子解剖、新鲜或风干农产品试吃等实践实验，以及菜园劳作。学生每年数次烹饪自己种植的蔬菜，偶尔还会为全校制作沙拉。 项目评估显示，参与课程的孩子蔬菜摄入量显著增加。“有学生说，他们回家和父母交流后，全家饮食都开始改变，”哈拉米洛说。 她补充道，项目的益处不止于营养层面：一些学生对园艺产生浓厚兴趣，会把种子带回家开辟自己的小菜园；此外，菜园劳作似乎对有情绪管理问题的特殊教育学生具有安抚作用。“他们走出教室，在劳动中获得了成就感。”她说。 第四次阅读：短文填词，检验语法情况 1. to help 考查不定式。句意：该计划旨在帮助学生发展科学技能、环境意识和健康的生活方式。此处为非谓语动词作宾语，根据aim to do表示“旨在做某事”可知，此处使用动词不定式形式作宾语。故填to help。 2. where 考查定语从句。句意Jaramillo的学生居住在新鲜食物和绿色空间不易找到的社区，并且快餐店比杂货店多。此处为关系词引导的定语从句，先行词neighborhoods在从句中作地点状语，使用关系副词where。故填where。 3. with 考查介词。句意：“孩子们来学校时，真的带着一袋袋的零食和大瓶的软饮料，”她说道。此处使用介词与空后的名词短语构成介宾短语，结合句意，此处表示伴随状态，表明孩子们携带零食和饮料来到学校，填介词with“带有”。故填with。 4. initially 考查副词。句意：虽然有些学生最初害怕昆虫，对泥土感到反感，但大多数人都渴望尝试新事物。此处为副词作状语修饰形容词scared, initial的副词为initially意为“最初”符合句意。故填initially。 5. experiments 考查名词复数。句意Urban Sprouts的课程包括动手实验，如土壤测试、花与种子解剖、新鲜或干燥农产品品尝以及园艺工作。experiment是可数名词，意为“实验”,空前无限定词，结合下文“soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden”可知，此处需用复数形式experiments,表示多个实验活动。故填experiments。 6. a 考查冠词。句意 项目评估显示，由于这些课程，孩子们吃更多的蔬菜。此处使用固定搭配“as a result of”,表示“由于……的结果”符合句意，所以此处使用不定冠词a。故填a。 7. that 考查状语从句。句意：一些学生对园艺如此感兴趣，以至于他们带回家种子开始自己的蔬菜园。此处为“so...that.”结构引导的结果状语从句，表示“如此……以至于…”符合句意。故填that。 8. calming 考查形容词。句意：此外，在花园里工作似乎对Jaramillo的特殊教育学生有一种镇静的效果，其中许多人有情绪控制问题。此处作定语，表示“使人镇静的/平静的”,用动词calm的-ing形式转化来的形容词calming。故填calming。 9. whom 考查定语从句。句意：此外，在花园里工作似乎对Jaramillo的特殊教育学生有一种镇静的效果，其中许多人有情绪控制问题。此处为“介词+which/whom”引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词students指的是人，所以此处使用关系代词whom。故填whom。 10. and 考查连词。句意：“他们出去了，”她说，“并且他们感到成功。”上文“They get outside”与下文“they feel successful”之间为并列承接关系，所以此处使用并列连词and连接两个并列句。故填and。 相同主题重现 体会主题奥秘 第1篇 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了成功因素，反驳了马太效应，强调个人抱负和天赋的重要性。 1. C 题型：细节理解题 根据第三段中“Contrary to Gladwell’s perspective, individual ambition emerges as a powerful force in determining success. Ambition acts as the driving force behind individuals who, regardless of their age or birth date, strive for excellence and surpass the norm. A convincing example is found in the story of Stephanie Bradley, a young girl with a strong desire to become a doctor. (与Gladwell的观点相反，个人抱负在决定成功方面成为一股强大的力量。抱负是驱动个体的动力，无论其年龄或出生日期如何，这些个体都会追求卓越并超越常规。一个令人信服的例子是Stephanie Bradley的故事，她是一个渴望成为医生的小女孩)”可知，作者使用Stephanie Bradley渴望成为医生的故事来展示个人野心的力量。故选C。 2. C 题型：推理判断题 根据第二段中“He extends this to success, attributing it to hidden birth dates advantages, but neglects the profound impact of individual ambition, innate talent, and family influences on the success. (他将这一点延伸到成功上，将其归因于隐藏的出生日期优势，但却忽视了个人抱负、天赋和家庭影响对成功的深远影响)”可知，Gladwell的成功观可能忽视了某些内部因素对成功的重要性。故选C。 3. B 题型：推理判断题 根据第四段中“Taylor’s story challenges Gladwell’s theory by illustrating innate talent triumphing over accumulative advantages. Despite lacking the opportunities, training scheme, and financial backing of his competitors, Taylor’s natural talent powerfully facilitated him to victory. (Taylor的故事通过展示天赋战胜累积优势来挑战Gladwell的理论。尽管缺乏竞争对手的机会、训练计划和资金支持，但Taylor的天赋还是让他轻松获得了胜利)”可知，Taylor的例子表明，即使没有外部优势，天赋也能推动成功。故选B。 4. A 题型：主旨大意题 根据最后一段中“In conclusion, while Gladwell’s Matthew effect makes some sense in certain instances, it oversimplifies success. The stories of Stephanie Bradley and Taylor show how personal drive and natural abilities can stimulate individuals to success, challenging the conclusive view presented by Gladwell. Success is a combination of multiple factors, and recognizing these is crucial for understanding achievement. (总之，虽然Gladwell的马太效应在某些情况下有一定道理，但它过于简化了成功。Stephanie Bradley和Taylor的故事展示了个人动力和天赋如何激励个人走向成功，挑战了Gladwell提出的决定性观点。成功是多种因素的综合结果，认识到这些对于理解成就至关重要)”可知，文章主要讨论了成功的因素，反驳了Gladwell的马太效应，强调了个人野心和天赋的重要性。因此，最佳标题是“Success: Is It All about Birth Dates or Something More? (成功：只是与出生日期有关，还是还有其他因素？)”。故选A。 全文翻译： 在马尔科姆・格拉德威尔（Malcolm Gladwell）发人深省的著作《异类》中，“马太效应”指出：个体的成功与出生时间及随之而来的机遇紧密相连。尽管格拉德威尔声称这一看似随机的因素会引发一系列通向成功的优势，但本文试图挑战这一观点，认为成功是多重因素的相互作用，并坚持认为：个人野心、先天天赋与家庭影响，即便并非更为关键，也在塑造成功之路上具有同等重要的地位。 格拉德威尔主张“凡有的，还要加给他，叫他有余；凡没有的，连他所有的，也要夺去”，并将这一逻辑延伸至成功领域，将其归因于隐藏的出生日期优势，却忽略了个人野心、先天天赋与家庭影响对成功的深远作用。 与格拉德威尔的观点相反，个人野心在决定成功时展现出强大力量。野心是驱动个体的核心动力——无论年龄或出生日期如何，追求卓越者总会超越常规。斯蒂芬妮・布拉德利（Stephanie Bradley）的故事便是有力例证：这个渴望成为医生的女孩成长于普通家庭，父母教育程度有限，并未为她提供特殊机遇。然而，她坚定不移的野心激励其克服重重障碍。这一故事生动阐释了野心如何孕育决心、保持专注，并创造不依赖外部优势的机遇。 尽管格拉德威尔主要关注累积优势，却忽视了先天天赋在激励个体走向成功中的重要作用。不同于通过训练获得的技能，天生的能力往往是成就非凡的催化剂。以泰勒（Taylor）为例：作为当地游泳队的高一新生，他的故事挑战了格拉德威尔的理论——先天天赋战胜了累积优势。尽管缺乏竞争对手所拥有的机会、训练体系与资金支持，泰勒的天赋仍助其斩获胜利。他的成功证明：不依赖外部优势的先天天赋，同样能成为追求卓越的驱动力。 综上，尽管格拉德威尔的“马太效应”在某些情况下具有一定合理性，却简化了成功的本质。斯蒂芬妮・布拉德利与泰勒的故事表明，个人内驱力与天赋如何推动个体走向成功，这对格拉德威尔的结论性观点提出了挑战。成功是多重因素的综合体，认识到这一点对理解“成就”至关重要。 第2篇 是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家的研究，通过具体研究案例，来说明智力谦逊如何帮助人们更好地学习和调整学习策略。 1. D 题型：推理判断题 根据第二段第二至第四句“He found overconfidence is very common, especially when it comes to what people believe to be true, and can lead us to disastrous decisions. In 1986, NASA believed that the risk of loss for any space flight was roughly 1 in 100,000. It was an overconfident belief and might have led to the explosion of the Challenger. (他发现过度自信非常普遍，尤其是在人们认为某件事情正确时，这种过度自信可能会导致灾难性的决策。1986年，NASA认为每次太空飞行发生损失的风险大约是1/100,000。这种过度自信的信念可能引发了“挑战者号”的爆炸)”可知，作者先介绍了科学家发现过度自信可能导致严重后果，之后提及1986年这起灾难。由此推知，提及“挑战者号”爆炸是说明过度自信会导致灾难的一个例子。故选D项。 2. C 题型：细节理解题 根据第四段第二、三句“She found that students with intellectual humility were much more likely to test themselves to see whether they really understood the material and seek out potential holes in their understanding. When they got test scores, they’d change their study strategics to improve their performance and master the material for the next test. (她发现，智力谦逊的学生更有可能去检验自己是否真正理解了学习材料，并寻找自己理解上的漏洞。当他们看到考试成绩时，他们会调整学习策略，以提高学习表现，并掌握好材料为下一次考试做准备)”可知，智力谦逊这种特质会使学生及时反思自己的学习，相应调整学习方法。故选C项。 3. A 题型：词句猜测题 根据第五段第二句“Such students thought they got a subject down pat, but when asked to explain it on a test, they found they didn’t actually understand as much as they had thought. (这些学生以为自己对某个科目got down pat，但在考试中被要求解释时，他们发现自己的理解并没有自己想象的那么多)”可知，学生们在考试之前应是对自己比较自信，认为自己对该相关知识十分了解，或已经全会了，但到考场答题时，才发现自己会的不如原本所认为的那么多。由此可知，got a subject down pat应是“对某科目了解很多”或“对某科目完全掌握”之意。故选A项。 4. D 题型：推理判断题 根据第二段最后一句“The good news is that there’s a “vaccine (疫苗)” for overconfidence, and that’s what scientists call “intellectual humility”— recognizing that your beliefs could be wrong. (好消息是，过度自信有一种“疫苗”，科学家称之为“智力谦逊”——即认识到你的信念可能是错误的)”及全文最后一句“If you find it hard to question a belief, try taking “baby steps.” (如果你觉得很难质疑一种信念，可以尝试迈出“一小步”)”可知，最后一句中所说的“question a belief”即前文所说的“recognizing that your beliefs could be wrong”，也就是第二段最后一句引号中所言的“智力谦逊”。全文最后一句又说，“可以尝试迈出‘一小步’”。由此推知，所谓的“一小步”究竟该怎么做，会在下文进行介绍，即如何练习做到“智力谦虚”。故选D项。 全文翻译： 自信是对自身能力或特质的信任，通常被视为积极品质。但或许我们反而能从对自身信念少一些自信中获益？ 多年来，北卡罗来纳州杜克大学神经科学家马克・利里（Mark Leary）博士一直研究人们的信念对行为的影响。他发现过度自信极为普遍，尤其在人们认定的“真理”方面，且可能导致灾难性决策。1986年，美国宇航局（NASA）认为任何太空飞行的失事风险约为十万分之一——这一过度自信的判断或许正是“挑战者号”爆炸的诱因。好在科学界存在对抗过度自信的“疫苗”，即所谓的“知识谦逊”——承认自身信念可能有误。 一项针对144名大学生的知识谦逊度调查显示：那些认为自己的思考可能出错的学生往往更具好奇心，也更倾向于主动探索新知识，最终积累的知识量也更多。但这一特质的益处是否不止于此？ 为进一步探究，鲍尔州立大学的滕内尔・波特（TenellePorter）博士对高中生开展了系列研究。她发现，具备知识谦逊的学生更倾向于自我检验是否真正理解学习内容，并主动寻找认知漏洞。拿到考试成绩后，他们会调整学习策略以提升表现，为下次考试夯实知识。 而那些不认为自身知识可能有误的学生，往往在学习中浅尝辄止，不会停下来审视自己是否真的理解了所读、所闻或所做的内容。这类学生自认为已完全掌握某学科，但当被要求在考试中阐释时，却发现理解程度远不及预期。 尽管研究者承认，质疑自身信念绝非易事，但需谨记：质疑信念并非总意味着用新信念取代旧信念。若觉得质疑某一信念难度较大，不妨尝试“小步探索”。 第3篇 这是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了微塑料对人类健康的影响，包括其在食物、空气和水中的普遍存在，以及可能对人体器官如心脏造成的危害，并提出了一些减少微塑料暴露的建议。 1. C 题型：推理判断题 根据文章第一段“Imagine you’re cooking potatoes for breakfast. First, you’d remove the potatoes from their plastic bag. Then, you might chop them on a plastic cutting board. Next, you’d probably cook them in a nonstick pan. All the removing, chopping and overheating of nonstick pans can add 2.3 million microplastics to your food.(想象一下你在早餐时煮土豆。首先，你会从塑料袋里拿出土豆。然后，你可能会在塑料砧板上切它们。接下来，你可能会在不粘锅里煮它们。所有去除、切割和加热不粘锅的动作可能会给你的食物增加230万微塑料颗粒)”可推知，作者试图通过讲述烹饪故事来传达我们在不知情的情况下摄入了微塑料。故选C。 2. B 题型：细节理解题 根据文章第三段“A groundbreaking new study shows how the presence of microplastics in arteries (动脉血管) is linked to a greater risk of heart attack and death. When microplastics build up in arteries, the thicker blood vessel (血管) walls reduce blood flow to parts of the body.(一项开创性的新研究表明，动脉中微塑料的存在与心脏病发作和死亡风险增加有关。当微塑料在动脉中积聚时，更厚的血管壁会减少流向身体各部位的血液)”可知，微塑料通过减缓血流来影响我们的身体。故选B。 3. A 题型：主旨大意题 根据文章第四段“Microplastics may be inescapable, but with simple swaps and fixes, you can reduce the amount of microplastics you encounter in your own home. Carry your own reusable bags and avoid buying food that comes in much plastic packaging. When heating food, use stainless steel instead of nonstick pans. Another way to limit your exposure is to filter (过滤) your tap water to reduce plastic fibers in the tap water.(微塑料可能是无法避免的，但通过简单的替换和修复，你可以减少在自己家中接触到的微塑料的数量。带上你自己的可重复使用的袋子，避免购买包装有大量塑料的食品。加热食物时，使用不锈钢而不是不粘锅。另一种限制暴露的方法是过滤你的自来水以减少自来水中的塑料纤维)”可知，本段主要提供了减少在家中接触微塑料的建议，包括使用可重复使用的袋子、避免购买塑料包装的食品、使用不锈钢锅加热食物以及过滤自来水等。故选A。 4. C 题型：推理判断题 根据文章最后一段“Ultimately, plastic manufacturers and the companies that sell their products are responsible for the high volume of plastic waste in our environments, and significantly reducing that plastic — and the microplastics that come with it — will have to be at the policy level nationwide and worldwide.(最终，塑料制造商和销售其产品的公司对我们环境中大量的塑料垃圾负有责任，要在全国范围内和全球范围内大大减少这种塑料——以及随之而来的微塑料——将必须在政策层面进行)”可知，塑料制造商和销售产品的公司对塑料垃圾负有责任，并强调了在全国范围内和全球范围内通过政策层面减少塑料和微塑料的重要性。由此推知，相关法规对控制塑料使用至关重要。故选C。 全文翻译： 试想你正在准备早餐煎土豆：首先从塑料袋中取出土豆，接着用塑料砧板切块，然后放入不粘锅中烹煮——这些拆袋、切割和高温加热的过程，会让230万微塑料渗入食物。 除了食物，家中的空气和水源也充斥着微塑料。这些比盐粒还小的颗粒，与我们的接触频率远超想象：人类每年约吸入2200万颗微塑料，甚至在血液和肺部已检测到它们的存在。尽管我们才刚刚开始了解微塑料对人体健康的影响，但研究已警示我们需高度警惕。 一项突破性新研究表明，动脉血管中微塑料的沉积与心脏病发作及死亡风险升高直接相关。当微塑料在动脉中堆积，血管壁会变厚，导致身体各部位供血量减少。这一发现将推动更多研究，探究塑料可能对大脑、胃部等其他器官造成的损害。 微塑料或许无处不在，但通过简单的替换与改进，你可以减少居家环境中的微塑料接触：携带环保袋，避免购买过度包装的食品；加热食物时选用不锈钢锅而非不粘锅；过滤自来水以减少其中的塑料纤维。 归根结底，塑料制造商与产品销售企业应对环境中大量的塑料废弃物负责。而从根本上减少塑料及伴随产生的微塑料污染，需要在国家乃至全球层面推行政策干预。 第4篇 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了决策疲劳这一心理现象，即长时间做决策后决策质量下降的情况，并探讨了其原因、影响及应对策略。 1. D 题型：细节理解题 根据第一段中“It is caused by the limited mental energy we have for making choices each day. (这是由于我们每天用于做选择的精力有限)”可知，决策疲劳是由有限的决策精力导致的。故选D项。 2. B 题型：推理判断题 根据第二段中“Researchers found that judges were more likely to approve of parole early in the day or after a meal break. As the day progressed and the judges made more decisions, they were increasingly likely to maintain their previous decisions, denying parole simply because it required less mental effort. (研究人员发现，法官在一天早些时候或饭后休息后更有可能批准假释。随着一天的进行，法官做出的决定越多，他们就越有可能维持之前的决定，仅仅因为减少精神努力而拒绝假释)”可知，随着法官做出的决定增多，他们因为决策疲劳而倾向于维持之前的决定，这可能导致不公平的假释结果。由此可推知，关于假释听证会的研究揭示了决策疲劳可能导致不公平的结果。故选B项。 3. C 题型：推理判断题 根据第三段中“Similarly, too many choices, such as when looking through streaming platforms or online stores, can leave individuals feeling confused, leading them to abandon the process entirely or settle for a less satisfying option. (同样，太多的选择，比如在浏览流媒体平台或网上商店时，会让个人感到困惑，导致他们完全放弃这个过程或选择一个不太满意的选项)”可知，作者提到网上购物时太多的选择会让人困惑。由此可推知，作者建议网上购物的读者限制选择的数量，以避免决策疲劳。故选C项。 4. B 题型：细节理解题 据最后一段中“Prioritizing important decisions earlier in the day or setting up routines to minimize unnecessary choices are strategies to preserve mental energy. (在一天中较早地优先处理重要决策或制定常规以最小化不必要的选择，是保存精神能量的策略)”可知，制定常规的目的是为了保存精神能量，从而提高决策质量。故选B项。 全文翻译： 决策疲劳是一种心理现象，指长时间决策后决策质量下降。其成因在于人类每日用于决策的心智能量有限。尽管我们多数人认为自己是能够审慎权衡所有选项的理性存在，但决策疲劳揭示了心智资源如何随时间推移被消耗殆尽。 关于这一现象的关键研究之一是在假释听证会场景中开展的。研究人员发现，法官在清晨或用餐休息后更可能批准假释。随着一天的推进，法官做出的决策增多，他们越来越倾向于维持先前的决定，拒绝假释仅仅因为这需要更少的心智努力。 决策疲劳不仅影响重大人生选择，也波及日常决策。例如，人们常称忙碌一天后难以决定晚餐吃什么。同样，选择过多（如浏览流媒体平台或在线商店时）会让个体陷入困惑，导致他们完全放弃选择或勉强接受不那么满意的选项。 为克服决策疲劳，一些知名人士已采取策略简化日常流程。例如，脸书创始人马克・扎克伯格（Mark Zuckerberg）以每日穿着同款灰色T恤著称，以减少不必要的选择；诺贝尔奖得主、物理学家阿尔伯特・爱因斯坦（Albert Einstein）则因拥有多套同款西装闻名，避免在每日着装选择上耗费精力。另一个例子是作家村上春树，他曾分享自己坚持严格的日常作息，包括特定的写作时间和锻炼计划，从而为创作工作释放心智容量。 理解决策疲劳能帮助我们更高效地规划生活。将重要决策优先安排在上午，或建立日常惯例以减少不必要的选择，都是保存心智能量的策略。通过明智管理心智资源，我们既能做出合理决策，也能减轻因选择过载而产生的压力。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 2025-2026学年度高三英语总复习系列题型专项复习 「Unit 1 阅读理解题型训练」 「Section E 人与社会之历史、社会与文化 相关题型训练-训练2」 经典题目精读 把握最佳练习 第一次阅读：完成题目，按照考试节奏 2023年新高考Ⅱ卷 英语高考真题 Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new. Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says. She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.” 1. What do we know about Abby Jaramillo? A．She used to be a health worker. B．She grew up in a low-income family. C．She owns a fast food restaurant. D．She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts. 2. What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program? A．The kids’ parents distrusted her. B．Students had little time for her classes. C．Some kids disliked garden work. D．There was no space for school gardens. 3. Which of the following best describes the impact of the program? A．Far-reaching. B．Predictable. C．Short-lived. D．Unidentifiable. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Rescuing School Gardens B．Experiencing Country Life C．Growing Vegetable Lovers D．Changing Local Landscape 第二次阅读：识记单词，掌握英语基础 1. harvest v. 收割 例句：Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work. 翻译：翻土、拔草和收割卷心菜对中学生来说听起来是艰巨的工作。 2. tough adj. 艰苦的 例句：Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work. 翻译：翻土、拔草和收割卷心菜对中学生来说听起来是艰巨的工作。 3. aim v. 旨在 例句：The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. 翻译：该项目旨在帮助学生培养科学技能、环保意识和健康的生活方式。 4. neighborhood n. 社区 例句：Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find. 翻译：贾拉米洛的学生们生活在难以找到新鲜食物和绿地的社区。 5. literally adv. 确实地 例句：The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks. 翻译：孩子们确实带着成袋的零食和大瓶汽水来上学。 6. initially adv. 最初 例句：Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new. 翻译：尽管有些人最初害怕昆虫、厌恶泥土，但大多数人渴望尝试新事物。 7. dissect v. 解剖 例句：Urban Sprouts’ classes include hands-on experiments such as flower-and-seed dissection. 翻译：“城市新芽” 项目的课程包括如花卉和种子解剖等实践实验。 8. produce n. 农产品 例句：Urban Sprouts’ classes include tastings of fresh or dried produce. 翻译：“城市新芽” 项目的课程包括新鲜或干燥农产品的品尝活动。 9. evaluate v. 评估 例句：Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. 翻译：项目评估显示，孩子们因这些课程而食用更多蔬菜。 10. nutrition n. 营养 例句：She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. 翻译：她补充说，该项目的益处超出了营养层面。 11. calm v. 使平静 例句：Working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on special education students. 翻译：在花园里劳作似乎对特殊教育学生有安抚作用。 12. emotional adj. 情感的 例句：Many special education students have emotional control issues. 翻译：许多特殊教育学生有情绪控制方面的问题。 13. awareness n. 意识 例句：The program aims to help students develop environmental awareness. 翻译：该项目旨在帮助学生培养环保意识。 14. occasional adj. 偶尔的 例句：Students occasionally make salads for their entire schools. 翻译：学生们偶尔会为全校制作沙拉。 15. benefit n. 益处 例句：The program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. 翻译：该项目的益处超出了营养层面。 第三次阅读：精读文章，寻觅佳句好句 1. 定语从句 + 插入语结构 And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. 语法分析 （1）主干结构：And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo.（直接引语的倒装结构） （2）修饰成分： “who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts” 为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 “Abby Jaramillo”，关系代词 who 在从句中作主语； “a school garden program...” 为同位语，解释 “Urban Sprouts” 的性质； 2. 让步状语从句 + 并列谓语结构 Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new. 语法分析 （1）主干结构：most are eager to try something new. （2）修饰成分： “Though some are scared...and turned off...” 为让步状语从句，由 though 引导，包含两个并列谓语 “are scared of” 和 “are turned off by”； 从句中 “initially” 为时间副词，强化对比逻辑； 3. 应用文好句积累与背诵（适用于教育等题材） “The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles”—a model that proves hands-on learning transforms attitudes. “该项目旨在帮助学生培养科学技能、环保意识和健康生活方式”—— 这一模式证明实践学习能转变态度。 用于 “教育方式创新” 主题，如：“As Urban Sprouts shows, when education moves beyond textbooks—like garden classes that link science to daily life—students develop not just skills but lifelong habits.”（“如‘城市新芽’所示，当教育超越课本——如将科学与日常生活联系的菜园课程——学生不仅培养技能，更形成终身习惯”）； 给学校的建议：“Implementing similar programs could mimic their success: practical learning breeds engagement and growth.” 3. 读后续写好句积累与背诵（适用于克服偏见等题材） “Students who once thought vegetables were awful now cook them at home, proving that small actions in the garden can spark big changes in lifestyle.” “曾经认为蔬菜难吃的学生如今在家烹饪蔬菜，证明菜园里的小举动能引发生活方式的大改变。” 用于主角克服偏见的场景，如：“Like Urban Sprouts’ students, Lily, who hated greens, began growing tomatoes—and soon asked her mom to plant a family garden, a shift sparked by one school project.”（“如同‘城市新芽’的学生，讨厌蔬菜的莉莉开始种西红柿 —— 不久便让妈妈开辟家庭菜园，这一转变源于学校的一个项目”）； 第四次阅读：短文填词，检验语法情况 Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims 1. ____________ (help) students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods 2. ____________ fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school 3. ____________ bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are 4. ____________ (initial) scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new. Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on 5. ____________ (experiment) such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as 6. ____________ result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says. She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening 7. ____________ they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a 8. ____________ (calm) effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of 9. ____________ have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “10. ____________ they feel successful.” 相同主题重现 体会主题奥秘 1. 2025年湖北武汉模拟 In Malcolm Gladwell’s thought — provoking book Outliers (异类), the Matthew effect (马太效应) suggests that an individual’s success is intricately tied to the timing of their birth date and the subsequent opportunities that arise. While Gladwell claims that this seemingly random factor initiates a chain of advantages leading to success, this essay seek to challenge that perception. It argues that success is an interplay of multiple factors, insisting that individual ambition, inborn talent, and family influences are equally crucial, if not more so, in shaping one’s path to success. Gladwell argues that those who possess will receive more, and those without will lose even the little they have. He extends this to success, attributing it to hidden birth dates advantages, but neglects the profound impact of individual ambition, innate talent, and family influences on the success. Contrary to Gladwell’s perspective, individual ambition emerges as a powerful force in determining success. Ambition acts as the driving force behind individuals who, regardless of their age or birth date, strive for excellence and surpass the norm. A convincing example is found in the story of Stephanie Bradley, a young girl with a strong desire to become a doctor. Stephanie’s upbringing in a modest environment with parents of limited education did not provide her with extraordinary opportunities. However, her unwavering ambition stimulated her to overcome obstacles. Her story vividly illustrates the power of ambition in fostering determination, maintaining focus, and creating opportunities independent of external advantages. While Gladwell focuses mainly on accumulative advantages, he overlooks the significant role of inborn talent in inspiring individuals to success. Natural abilities, distinct from skills acquired through training, often act as a catalyst (催化剂) for extraordinary achievement. Consider the case of Taylor, a high school freshman on a local swim team. Taylor’s story challenges Gladwell’s theory by illustrating innate talent triumphing over accumulative advantages. Despite lacking the opportunities, training scheme, and financial backing of his competitors, Taylor’s natural talent powerfully facilitated him to victory. His success demonstrates that innate talent, independent of external advantages, can be a driving force in the pursuit of excellence. In conclusion, while Gladwell’s Matthew effect makes some sense in certain instances, it oversimplifies success. The stories of Stephanie Bradley and Taylor show how personal drive and natural abilities can stimulate individuals to success, challenging the conclusive view presented by Gladwell. Success is a combination of multiple factors, and recognizing these is crucial for understanding achievement. 1. Which example does the author use to demonstrate the power of individual ambition? A．Malcolm Gladwell’s definition of “outliers”. B．The achievements of the Medicine Hat hockey team. C．The story of Stephanie Bradley who desires to be a doctor. D．The experience of Taylor, a high-school freshman on a swim team. 2. What can we infer from the passage about Gladwell’s perspective on success? A．It has been supported by scholars in the field. B．It fully takes into account the diverse factors influencing success. C．It might overlook the significance of certain internal factors for success. D．It provides an comprehensive and accurate theory for understanding success. 3. What implication can we draw from the example of Taylor? A．Athletes without financial support can never achieve great success. B．Innate talents can fuel success even without external advantages. C．Accumulative advantages are the decisive factor for an athlete’s victory. D．High-school freshmen are more likely to shine in sports competitions. 4. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? A．Success: Is It All about Birth Dates or Something More? B．Malcolm Gladwell’s Outliers: A Groundbreaking Theory C．The Matthew Effect: Unveiling the True Secret of Success D．The Stories of Stephanie Bradley and Taylor: Keys to Success 2. 2025年广东深圳模拟 Self-confidence is trusting in our abilities or qualities. It’s usually seen as a good thing. But is it possible that we might benefit from a little less confidence in our beliefs? For many years, Dr. Mark Leary, a neuroscientist at Duke University in Durham, N.C． , has studied the role of people’s beliefs in their behavior. He found overconfidence is very common, especially when it comes to what people believe to be true, and can lead us to disastrous decisions. In 1986, NASA believed that the risk of loss for any space flight was roughly 1 in 100,000. It was an overconfident belief and might have led to the explosion of the Challenger. The good news is that there’s a “vaccine (疫苗)” for overconfidence, and that’s what scientists call “intellectual humility”— recognizing that your beliefs could be wrong. A survey of 144 college students to measure their intellectual humility found that students who saw their thinking could be wrong tended to be more curious and more likely to seek out new knowledge. They ended up knowing more at the end of the day. But does it actually help you beyond that? To find out more, Dr. Tenelle Porter at Ball State University conducted a series of studies with high school students. She found that students with intellectual humility were much more likely to test themselves to see whether they really understood the material and seek out potential holes in their understanding. When they got test scores, they’d change their study strategics to improve their performance and master the material for the next test. Students who didn’t see their knowledge could be wrong might instead just sail through their studying and wouldn’t stop to ask themselves if they truly understood what they read, heard, or did. Such students thought they got a subject down pat, but when asked to explain it on a test, they found they didn’t actually understand as much as they had thought. Although it might be good for you, researchers recognize that questioning your beliefs can be truly hard. Still, it’s important to remember that questioning beliefs isn’t always about replacing old ones with new ones. If you find it hard to question a belief, try taking “baby steps.” 1. Why does the author mention the explosion of the Challenger? A．To express his sorrow for the loss. B．To stress the high risk of space flights. C．To show the result of wrong operation. D．To give an example of overconfidence. 2. What do we know about intellectual humility according to Porter’s research? A．It urged students to gain recognition. B．It encouraged students to take exams. C．It helped students to adjust learning methods. D．It motivated students to memorize knowledge. 3. What do the underlined words “got a subject down pat” mean in paragraph 5? A．Fully mastered a subject. B．Put great effort into a subject C．Really enjoyed a subject. D．Benefited a lot from a subject. 4. What will probably be discussed in the following paragraphs? A．Why questioning our belief is hard. B．Why intellectual humility is helpful. C．How to become a confident person. D．How to practice intellectual humility. 3. 2025年四川绵阳模拟 Imagine you’re cooking potatoes for breakfast. First, you’d remove the potatoes from their plastic bag. Then, you might chop them on a plastic cutting board. Next, you’d probably cook them in a nonstick pan. All the removing, chopping and overheating of nonstick pans can add 2.3 million microplastics to your food. Besides food, the air and water in your home is full of microplastics. Smaller than a grain of salt, we interact with them more than we might realize. Humans breathe in about 22,000,000 microplastics annually. As a result, microplastics have been detected in our blood and lungs. We’re only just beginning to understand the effect of microplastics on human health — but research suggests we should concern more. A groundbreaking new study shows how the presence of microplastics in arteries (动脉血管) is linked to a greater risk of heart attack and death. When microplastics build up in arteries, the thicker blood vessel (血管) walls reduce blood flow to parts of the body. This study will inspire more research into what other organs plastic may be damaging, such as the brain, or stomach. Microplastics may be inescapable, but with simple swaps and fixes, you can reduce the amount of microplastics you encounter in your own home. Carry your own reusable bags and avoid buying food that comes in much plastic packaging. When heating food, use stainless steel instead of nonstick pans. Another way to limit your exposure is to filter (过滤) your tap water to reduce plastic fibers in the tap water. Ultimately, plastic manufacturers and the companies that sell their products are responsible for the high volume of plastic waste in our environments, and significantly reducing that plastic — and the microplastics that come with it — will have to be at the policy level nationwide and worldwide. 1. What does the author try to convey by telling the cooking story? A．Microplastics directly lead to diseases. B．Nonstick pans are free of microplastics. C．We consumed microplastics unknowingly. D．Cooking is to blame for making microplastics. 2. How do microplastics affect our body according to the new study? A．By damaging our brain. B．By slowing blood flow. C．By thickening our lungs. D．By causing stomachache. 3. What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．Tips for people to cut microplastics. B．Proof of microplastics in our homes. C．Presence of microplastics in packaging. D．Exposure to microplastics via tap water. 4. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Plastic waste comes from microplastics on earth. B．The amount of plastic waste is significantly large. C．Relevant regulations are vital to contain plastic use. D．Plastic makers and buyers answer for plastic waste. 4. 2025年江苏名校模拟 Decision fatigue (决策疲劳) is a psychological phenomenon where the quality of decisions declines after a long session of decision-making. It is caused by the limited mental energy we have for making choices each day. While many of us believe we are logical beings capable of weighing every option carefully, decision fatigue shows how our mental resources can be used up over time. One of the key studies on this phenomenon was conducted in the context of parole hearings (假释听证会). Researchers found that judges were more likely to approve of parole early in the day or after a meal break. As the day progressed and the judges made more decisions, they were increasingly likely to maintain their previous decisions, denying parole simply because it required less mental effort. Decision fatigue not only affects major life choices but also everyday decisions. For instance, people often report struggling to decide what to eat for dinner after a long day. Similarly, too many choices, such as when looking through streaming platforms or online stores, can leave individuals feeling confused, leading them to abandon the process entirely or settle for a less satisfying option. To overcome decision fatigue, some well-known figures have adopted strategies to simplify their daily routines. For example, Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg is famous for wearing the same style of gray T-shirts to minimize unnecessary choices. Similarly, Nobel Prize-winning physicist Albert Einstein was known for owing multiple identical suits to avoid wasting energy on deciding what to wear each day. In a different context, author Haruki Murakami has shared that he maintains a strict daily routine, including specific writing hours and exercise, to free up mental capacity for his creative work. Understanding decision fatigue can help us structure our lives more effectively. Prioritizing important decisions earlier in the day or setting up routines to minimize unnecessary choices are strategies to preserve mental energy. By managing our mental resources wisely, we can make sound decisions and reduce the stress associated with overwhelming choices. 1. What leads to decision fatigue according to the text? A．The lack of time to make decisions. B．The difficulty of making logical choices. C．The stress from making important decisions. D．The limited mental energy for decision-making. 2. What does the study on parole hearings reveal? A．Judges are much stricter after long breaks. B．Decision fatigue can lead to unfair outcomes. C．Fatigue causes judges to avoid complicated cases. D．External factors have no impact on decision-making. 3. What does the author suggest readers shopping online do? A．Make quick decisions. B．Compare different products. C．Limit the number of choices. D．Choose the most popular products. 4. What is the purpose of adopting routines? A．To reduce the stress of daily work. B．To increase decision-making quality. C．To enhance overall life satisfaction. D．To create more decision-making chances 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$