Unit 1 Science and Scientists （知识清单）英语人教版2019必修第二册

Unit 1 Science and Scientists 一、词汇清单 单词 1. severe adj. 极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的 2. contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的 3. blame vt. 把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n. 责备；指责 4. subscribe vi. 认购（股份）；定期订购；定期交纳（会费） 5. proof n. 证据；证明；检验 6. multiple adj. 数量多的；多种多样的 7. household n. 一家人；家庭；同住一所（套）房子的人 8. suspect vt. & vi. 怀疑；疑有；不信任 n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 9. handle n. 把手；拉手；柄 vt. 处理；搬动；操纵（车辆、动物、工具等） 10. intervention n. 介入；出面；干涉 11. link n. 联系；纽带 vt. 把……连接起来；相关联 12. raw adj. 未煮的；生的；未经处理的；原始的 13. substantial adj. 大量的；价值巨大的；重大的 14. decrease n. 减少；降低；减少量 vt. & vi. （使大小、数量等）减少；减小；降低 15. statistic n. [pl.] 统计数字；统计资料；统计学 短语 1. once and for all 最终地；彻底地 2. in general 总的来说 3. subscribe to 同意；赞同 4. thanks to 幸亏；由于 5. deal with 处理；应对；涉及；与……打交道 6. depend on/upon 依靠；信赖；取决于 7. carry out 履行；执行 8. calm down 平静下来 9. break out 突然开始；爆发 10. in charge of 主管；掌管 11. come down with 患（病）；染上（小病） 12. above all 最重要的是；尤其是 熟词生义 1. handle n. 把手；拉手；柄 vt. 处理；搬动；操纵（车辆、动物、工具等） 2. solid adj. 可靠的；固体的；坚实的 n. 固体 3. shift n. 改变；转换；轮班 vi. & vt. 转移；挪动；转向 4. trace v. 追溯；追踪；查出；绘出，勾画出(轮廓) n. 痕迹；遗迹；踪迹 句型 1．until引导时间状语从句 Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. 2． that引导表语从句 One theory was that bad air caused the disease. 3． so that引导目的状语从句 Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that itcould not be used. 4． when引导非限制性定语从句 In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease. 1．not only...but also... He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. 2．be＋adj.＋to do He was determined to find out why. 3．so＋adj.＋that...引导结果状语从句 It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. 语法 表语从句的定义及用法，关系词的使用规则 二、知识点精讲 知识点1 frustrate vt.使沮丧,使懊恼;阻止,防止 【教材原句】　As a young doctor, Jonh Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.作为一名年轻的医生，琼恩·斯诺感到很沮丧，因为他发现没有人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。（教材p2） 【拓展】 (1)frustrate sb/ sth使沮丧,使受挫 (2)frustrated adj. 懊恼的，沮丧的，失意的，没有得到满足的 get frustrated 感到沮丧 be /feel frustrated at/ with sth 对某事感到沮丧/不满 (3)frustrating adj. 令人沮丧的,令人懊恼的 (4)frustration n. (U) 沮丧; 受挫 （C）令人沮丧的事物 difficulties and frustrations困难和令人懊恼之处 in frustration 懊恼地；沮丧地 【写作佳句】When things go wrong, all of us naturally feel disappointed and frustrated. 出问题时，我们自然而然都会觉得失望和沮丧。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①It's (frustrate) to have to wait so long. ②The result, not unnaturally, was that he became more tense and increasingly (frustrate). ③It was a time fraught with difficulties and (frustrate). 翻译句子 ④他沮丧地把笔扔在了桌子上。 ⑤没有进展，他们感到懊恼。 知识点2 suspect vt.& vi. 怀疑；疑有；不信任 n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 【教材原句】　Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. 斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。（教材p2） 【拓展】 (1)suspect (that) ... 怀疑/认为…… suspect sb to be ... 怀疑某人是…… suspect ... of (doing) sth 怀疑……(做了)某事 (2)suspected adj. 有嫌疑的；被怀疑的 (3)suspicious adj. 多疑的；感觉可疑的 be suspicious of ... 对……怀疑 (4)suspicion n. 怀疑；嫌疑；猜疑 【写作佳句】If you suspect a gas leak, do not strike a match or even turn on an electric light. 假如你怀疑有煤气泄漏，不要划火柴，甚至连电灯都不要开。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Some parents hesitate to take these steps because they suspect their child is exaggerating. ②He stared at that broken arm with a look. (suspect) 翻译句子 ③然而，许多科学家怀疑噪音比他们之前认为的更危险。 ④起初，所有的老师都怀疑他是个骗子，但结果证明他们错了。 知识点3 blame vt. 把……归咎于；责怪；指责n. 责备；指责 【教材原句】　Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. 斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。（教材p2） 【拓展】 blame sb for sth 因某事而责备某人 blame sth on sb 把某事怪到某人头上 be to blame (for ...) 应该(为……) 负责任；该(因……)受责备 take the blame for ... 对……负责 put/lay the blame (for sth) on sb (把某事)归咎于某人身上 【写作佳句】She was partly to blame for failing to look as she crossed the road. 她横穿马路时没有看车，应承担部分责任。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①I don't blame him getting angry—she's being really annoying. ②Anything that goes wrong in the office is blamed Pete. 完成句子 ③每当出了问题，他总是试图将责任归咎于别人。 He always tries to when something goes wrong. ④如果你丢掉了工作，你只能怪你自己。 If you lose your job, you'll only . 知识点4 link n. 联系；纽带　vt. 把……连接起来；相关联 【教材原句】　 Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。（教材p3） 【拓展】 a link between ... (and ...) ……(与……)之间的联系/纽带 a link with sb/sth 与某人/某物的纽带/联系 link A to/with B 将A与B联系/连接起来 link with 将……与……相连 【写作佳句】Despite living in different countries, the two families have maintained close links. 尽管生活在不同的国家，这两个家庭仍然保持着密切的联系。 【经典练】补全句子 ①The hearts of the people of all the nationalities are linked each other. ②Social customs provide a vital link generations. 翻译句子 ③The old Silk Road linked China with the West in ancient times. 知识点5 decrease n. 减少；降低；减少量　vt.& vi. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低 【教材原句】　Through Snow's tireless efforts , water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。（教材p3） 【拓展】 a decrease in ... 在……方面减少 on the decrease 在减少 decrease to ... 减少到…… decrease by ... 减少了…… decrease from ... to ... 从……减少到…… 【写作佳句】The number of poor men is on the decrease as the economy is growing. 随着经济发展，贫困人口数量正在减少。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Plants decreased 28 percent over 40 years. ②Last year there was a 20% decrease his earnings. ③The new law has come into effect, and the number of wild animals here is the increase now. 翻译句子 ④他的身高增加了2.5厘米。 ⑤和去年相比，今年小麦的价格已降低了20%。 知识点6 pour vt. 倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料) 【教材原句】　A non-Newtonian fluid is strange because you can pour it like a liquid, but if you put any pressure on it, it suddenly becomes hard as concrete.非牛顿流体很奇特，因为它可以像液体一样倾倒，但只要对其施加任何压力，它就会突然变得像混凝土一样坚硬。（教材p7） 【拓展】 pour out 涌出；倒出 pour in 涌入 pour into 朝……里面倒；涌入 pour out one's heart to sb 向某人敞开心扉；倾诉衷肠 【写作佳句】A large number of tourists pour into the scenic spot, making it very crowded. 大量的游客涌入景区，使得景区十分拥挤。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①She poured her troubles to me over a cup of coffee. ②News, facts and opinions pour from every corner of the world. 翻译句子 ③I used to pour time and energy into projects that were doomed from the start. 过去我总是将时间和精力投入到一些从一开始就注定要失败的项目上。 ④朋友是那些我们在悲伤之时可以敞开心扉之人。(读后续写之友谊) Friends__are__those__whom__we__can__pour__out__our__heart__to__when__we're__sad. 知识点7 defend vt. 保卫；防守；辩解 【教材原句】　However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country.不过，1932年淞沪抗战爆发后，钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家，决定改学航空专业。（教材p7） 【拓展】 (1)defend oneself 为自己辩护；自卫 defend sb/sth/oneself from/against 保护某人/某物/自己免受伤害 (2)defence n. 防御；保卫；辩护 【写作佳句】While entering a strange yard in that village, you have to defend yourself against the guard dog. 当你进入那个村子里一个陌生的院子时，你必须保护自己不受看门狗的伤害。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①All our officers are trained to defend themselves knife attacks. ②If cornered, the snake will defend (it). ③Nobody spoke out in his (defend)． 翻译句子 ④她做好了随时保卫家人和国家的准备。 知识点8 gifted adj. 有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的 【教材原句】　Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in physics.史蒂芬·霍金是物理学界最负盛名、最具天赋的科学家之一。（教材p8） 【拓展】 (1)be gifted in (doing) ... 在(做)……方面有天赋 be gifted with ... 天生具备…… (2)gift n. 礼物；天赋；才能　v. 赠送；(无意中)让(对手)获得 【写作佳句】　Some of these gifted people may have done poorly in school because their gifts were not scholastic. 有些有天赋的人可能在学校表现不佳，因为他们的天赋不是学术方面的。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①She was an accomplished pianist, a superb swimmer, and a (gift) artist. ②Brain is gifted composing; he is very likely to be a Beethoven. 翻译句子 ③学校常常不能满足资优学生的需求。 知识点9 fault n. 弱点；过错 【教材原句】　 Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults. 最重要的是，霍金敢于承认错误。（教材p7） 【拓展】 be one's fault 是某人的过错 be at fault 有过错；有责任 find fault with 挑剔，挑……的毛病 【写作佳句】There was not a single thing about her that one could find fault with. 在她身上找不出一点让别人挑剔的地方。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①It's not (he) fault that he's so arrogant—he was born that way. ②He could never accept that he had been fault. 完成句子 ③但事实上，并不是你记忆力的问题。 But, in fact, it's not your memory that ． ④他最喜欢做的事就是找我的茬。 What he likes to do best is ． 三、语法清单 表语从句 【感知·语法规律】 1.Ihe question is whether we can finish the work on time. 2.What I want to know is how he managed to do it. 3.The trouble is where we can find such a person. 4.It seems that he knows everything. 5.The important thing is that we should learn from mistakes. 【精讲·语法知识】 1. 2.表语从句的判断：系动词后的成分为表语。系动词后的从句为表语从句 3.系动词主要是be动词（am, is, are, was, were)，意为“是”。 其它系动词： 1)持续系动词（表示主语持续或保持一种状况或态度）： keep, remain, stay, stand 2) “像”系动词（表示看起来像）：seem, appear, look 3)感官系动词：look, feel, smell, sound, taste 4)变化系动词（主语变成什么样）：become, grow, turn, fall, get, go 5)终止系动词（主语已终止动作）：prove, turn out 4.引导词： 5.表语从句的语法规则 （1）表语从句和宾语从句、主语从句一样，要用陈述语序：主语+谓语。 The question is how can I make you understand the knowledge.（错误） The question is how I can make you understand the knowledge.（正确） （2）表语从句的引导词没有if The question is if it is worthwhile to do it.（错误） The question is whether it is worthwhile to do it.（正确） 只用whether ,不用if的情况：whether to do；whether……or not；介词后的宾语从句；从句：句首的主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句 （3）表语从句的虚拟语气：在表示“建议，劝说，命令”的名词 idea, advice, suggestion, request, proposal 等后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，should可省略。 My proposal is that we (should) start early tomorrow. （4）as if/as though 引导的表语从句常跟在look, seem, sound, feel等后面。 1)语气：若表示真实情况：用陈述语气；若表示非真实情况：用虚拟语气。 Dark clouds are gathering. It looks as if it’s going to rain.（真实情况） It seemed as if the night would never end.（非真实情况） 2)as if/as though 引导的表语从句的虚拟语气： 若跟现在事实不符：过去式（be动词用were） 若跟过去事实不符：had done 若跟将来事实不符：would/could+动词原形 The little boy talks as if he knew everything in the world.（跟现在事实不符） He felt as if he had met this young lady for a long somewhere.（跟过去事实不符） 【经典练】　 用所给词的适当形式填空 1　 My suggestion is that we (go) to hospital at once. 2　 When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it (be) broken. 3　 My idea is that we (get) more people to attend the conference. 4　 The little girl talked as if she (be) a grown-up. 5　 She looks as if she (be) ten years younger. （5）because引导表语从句通常只用于“This/That/It is because…”结构中。 I do so many things for you. It is because I love you. I am late this morning. That is because I left my bag on the subway. Your speech is excellent. This is because you prepared it a lot. （6） 当从句描述原因时： 主语为reason 时，引导词用that It, This, That 开头做主语，引导词用because She was late this morning. That was because she missed the early bus. The reason why he was late was that he missed the early bus. （7）引导词that, because, why的区别： 描述原因用that或because 描述结果用why The reason was that you don't trust her. He was sent to the hospital. That's because he was ill. He was ill. That's why he was sent to the hospital. 【经典练】　 单句语法填空 1　 He is careless and irresponsible. That was he was fired. 2　 He was fired. That was he is careless and irresponsible. 3　 The reason he was fired was that he was careless and irresponsible. 四、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 本单元的话题是科学和科学家，通过本单元的学习，学会写一篇介绍科学家的文章。此类文章属于人物介绍，是记叙文的写作范畴。写作时要围绕人物选取材料，因此选材要有代表性，要选择人物的突出成就或能够彰显人物性格特点的事迹进行介绍，做到主题鲜明、内容清晰、简明扼要、重点突出。另外还要注意所选材料的客观性与真实性，不要言过其实。 1.人物介绍一般包括以下几点： （1）出生年月和出生地点； （2）主要经历、事迹和成就； （3）影响和评价。 2.叙述方法：一般按照时间顺序，从科学家的人生经历到创造性的贡献等作出介绍，最后是结论性的评价。 3.人称和时态：通常使用第三人称。如果叙述的是发生在过去的事情，常用一般过去时；若叙述当前的情况，常用一般现在时；对未来的展望则常用一般将来时。 【写作模板】 Of so many famous scientists all over the world, I admire 　　　　 （名字） most. Born on 　　　　 （时间） in 　　　　 （地点）, he/she was from 　　　　 （家庭）. Having graduated from 　　　　 （学校）, he/she was sent to work as 　　　　 （职业）. He/She began his/her research in 　　　　 （领域）. He/She is honored as 　　　　 （成就）. Famous as he/she is, he/she cares little 　　　　 （品格及评价）. His/Her great contribution to human beings and his/her noble personality impressed me deeply. 【积累·写作素材】 常用句式 1. 开头常用语 （1）Born in 1920, she was one of the greatest scientists in the 20th century. 她出生于1920年，是20世纪最伟大的科学家之一。 （2）Professor Green, known to the world as a scientist, is not only diligent but also warm­hearted. 格林教授是一位闻名世界的科学家，他不仅勤勉，而且热心。 （3）He is a well－known scientist whose theories have changed the world. 他是一位著名的科学家，他的理论改变了世界。 2. 主体部分常用语 （1）Behind her success were numerous failures and setbacks, but never did she give up. 她成功的背后是无数的失败和挫折，但她从未放弃。 （2）He devoted his whole life to his country and people, and even to the world. 他把他的一生献给了他的国家和人民，甚至献给了世界。 （3）As a top scientist in the world, he/she lived a very simple life, but his/her contributions were invaluable to the field of science. 作为世界顶尖的科学家，他/她过着非常简朴的生活，但他/她对科学领域的贡献是无价的。 （4）He/She was an admirable man/woman who displayed the characteristics of wisdom, strength and courage. 他/她是一位令人钦佩的男士/女士，表现出了智慧、力量和勇气。 （5）He actively promoted the spread of scientific ideas about matters such as morality, who is the person with willingness to serve the country. 他积极地推动诸如道德之类的科学观念的传播，是一个愿意为国家服务的人。 （6）She dedicates her time, knowledge and wisdom to her students and to future scientists from all over the world who come to study with her. 她为学生以及世界各国来向她求学的未来科学家们奉献出自己的时间、知识和智慧。 3. 结尾常用语 （1）Inspired by her story, I decided to study harder so as to realise my dream. 受到她的故事的鼓舞，我决定更加努力学习，以实现我的梦想。 （2）This is an age not only of great science； it is an age of great scientists. 这不仅是一个伟大的科学时代；也是一个伟大的科学家时代。 （3）She has fulfilled her role in her career and set a shining example to the younger generations. 她在事业上履行了自己的职责，并为年轻一代树立了光辉的榜样。 【典例演练】 （2024·福建省闽南师范大学附属中学高二上月考）假定你是李华，你的澳大利亚笔友Jenny来信，让你介绍一位你最崇拜的中国科学家，请你根据下列表格中的内容提示给她写一封回信。 姓名 梁建英 出生年份 1972年 职务 中国高铁总设计师 主要经历 1.1995年大学毕业后开始从事高铁研究工作； 2.研制出时速300～350千米高速动车组； 3.2015年获奖。 注意：1.写作词数应为80个左右； 2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 参考词汇：高速动车组high-speed EMU ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [精彩范文] Dear Jenny， The Chinese scientist I admire most is Liang Jianying, general designer of the China high－speed EMU. Liang Jianying was born in 1972. Since she graduated from university in 1995, she has been devoting all her time to researching into the development of the China high-speed railway. Afterwards, she invented the 300-350 km/h high-speed EMU, making it more convenient for us to get around quickly. It is because of her outstanding contributions to our country that China is playing a leading role in high-speed railways all over the world. As a consequence, she was awarded in 2015. Liang Jianying has set a good example for us. From her, I realize that we should keep on trying until we realize our dreams. Yours, Li Hua 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 1 Science and Scientists 一、词汇清单 单词 1. severe adj. 极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的 2. contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的 3. blame vt. 把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n. 责备；指责 4. subscribe vi. 认购（股份）；定期订购；定期交纳（会费） 5. proof n. 证据；证明；检验 6. multiple adj. 数量多的；多种多样的 7. household n. 一家人；家庭；同住一所（套）房子的人 8. suspect vt. & vi. 怀疑；疑有；不信任 n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 9. handle n. 把手；拉手；柄 vt. 处理；搬动；操纵（车辆、动物、工具等） 10. intervention n. 介入；出面；干涉 11. link n. 联系；纽带 vt. 把……连接起来；相关联 12. raw adj. 未煮的；生的；未经处理的；原始的 13. substantial adj. 大量的；价值巨大的；重大的 14. decrease n. 减少；降低；减少量 vt. & vi. （使大小、数量等）减少；减小；降低 15. statistic n. [pl.] 统计数字；统计资料；统计学 短语 1. once and for all 最终地；彻底地 2. in general 总的来说 3. subscribe to 同意；赞同 4. thanks to 幸亏；由于 5. deal with 处理；应对；涉及；与……打交道 6. depend on/upon 依靠；信赖；取决于 7. carry out 履行；执行 8. calm down 平静下来 9. break out 突然开始；爆发 10. in charge of 主管；掌管 11. come down with 患（病）；染上（小病） 12. above all 最重要的是；尤其是 熟词生义 1. handle n. 把手；拉手；柄 vt. 处理；搬动；操纵（车辆、动物、工具等） 2. solid adj. 可靠的；固体的；坚实的 n. 固体 3. shift n. 改变；转换；轮班 vi. & vt. 转移；挪动；转向 4. trace v. 追溯；追踪；查出；绘出，勾画出(轮廓) n. 痕迹；遗迹；踪迹 句型 1．until引导时间状语从句 Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. 2． that引导表语从句 One theory was that bad air caused the disease. 3． so that引导目的状语从句 Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that itcould not be used. 4． when引导非限制性定语从句 In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease. 1．not only...but also... He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. 2．be＋adj.＋to do He was determined to find out why. 3．so＋adj.＋that...引导结果状语从句 It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. 语法 表语从句的定义及用法，关系词的使用规则 二、知识点精讲 知识点1 frustrate vt.使沮丧,使懊恼;阻止,防止 【教材原句】　As a young doctor, Jonh Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.作为一名年轻的医生，琼恩·斯诺感到很沮丧，因为他发现没有人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。（教材p2） 【拓展】 (1)frustrate sb/ sth使沮丧,使受挫 (2)frustrated adj. 懊恼的，沮丧的，失意的，没有得到满足的 get frustrated 感到沮丧 be /feel frustrated at/ with sth 对某事感到沮丧/不满 (3)frustrating adj. 令人沮丧的,令人懊恼的 (4)frustration n. (U) 沮丧; 受挫 （C）令人沮丧的事物 difficulties and frustrations困难和令人懊恼之处 in frustration 懊恼地；沮丧地 【写作佳句】When things go wrong, all of us naturally feel disappointed and frustrated. 出问题时，我们自然而然都会觉得失望和沮丧。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①It's frustrating (frustrate) to have to wait so long. ②The result, not unnaturally, was that he became more tense and increasingly frustrated (frustrate). ③It was a time fraught with difficulties and frustrations (frustrate). 翻译句子 ④他沮丧地把笔扔在了桌子上。He__threw__his__pen__on__the__desk__in__frustration. ⑤没有进展，他们感到懊恼。They__felt__frustrated__at/with__the__lack__of__progress. 知识点2 suspect vt.& vi. 怀疑；疑有；不信任 n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 【教材原句】　Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. 斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。（教材p2） 【拓展】 (1)suspect (that) ... 怀疑/认为…… suspect sb to be ... 怀疑某人是…… suspect ... of (doing) sth 怀疑……(做了)某事 (2)suspected adj. 有嫌疑的；被怀疑的 (3)suspicious adj. 多疑的；感觉可疑的 be suspicious of ... 对……怀疑 (4)suspicion n. 怀疑；嫌疑；猜疑 【写作佳句】If you suspect a gas leak, do not strike a match or even turn on an electric light. 假如你怀疑有煤气泄漏，不要划火柴，甚至连电灯都不要开。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Some parents hesitate to take these steps because they suspect that their child is exaggerating. ②He stared at that suspected broken arm with a suspicious look. (suspect) 翻译句子 ③然而，许多科学家怀疑噪音比他们之前认为的更危险。 However,__many__scientists__suspect__that__noise__is__a__greater__danger__than__they__previously__believed. ④起初，所有的老师都怀疑他是个骗子，但结果证明他们错了。 All__the__teachers__suspected__him__to__be__a__cheat__at__first,__but__it__turned__out__that__they__were__wrong. 知识点3 blame vt. 把……归咎于；责怪；指责n. 责备；指责 【教材原句】　Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. 斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。（教材p2） 【拓展】 blame sb for sth 因某事而责备某人 blame sth on sb 把某事怪到某人头上 be to blame (for ...) 应该(为……) 负责任；该(因……)受责备 take the blame for ... 对……负责 put/lay the blame (for sth) on sb (把某事)归咎于某人身上 【写作佳句】She was partly to blame for failing to look as she crossed the road. 她横穿马路时没有看车，应承担部分责任。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①I don't blame him for getting angry—she's being really annoying. ②Anything that goes wrong in the office is blamed on Pete. 完成句子 ③每当出了问题，他总是试图将责任归咎于别人。 He always tries to lay/put__the__blame__on__others when something goes wrong. ④如果你丢掉了工作，你只能怪你自己。 If you lose your job, you'll only have__yourself__to__blame. 知识点4 link n. 联系；纽带　vt. 把……连接起来；相关联 【教材原句】　 Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。（教材p3） 【拓展】 a link between ... (and ...) ……(与……)之间的联系/纽带 a link with sb/sth 与某人/某物的纽带/联系 link A to/with B 将A与B联系/连接起来 link with 将……与……相连 【写作佳句】Despite living in different countries, the two families have maintained close links. 尽管生活在不同的国家，这两个家庭仍然保持着密切的联系。 【经典练】补全句子 ①The hearts of the people of all the nationalities are linked to/with each other. ②Social customs provide a vital link between generations. 翻译句子 ③The old Silk Road linked China with the West in ancient times. 古丝绸之路在古代把中国和西方联系起来。 知识点5 decrease n. 减少；降低；减少量　vt.& vi. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低 【教材原句】　Through Snow's tireless efforts , water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。（教材p3） 【拓展】 a decrease in ... 在……方面减少 on the decrease 在减少 decrease to ... 减少到…… decrease by ... 减少了…… decrease from ... to ... 从……减少到…… 【写作佳句】The number of poor men is on the decrease as the economy is growing. 随着经济发展，贫困人口数量正在减少。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Plants decreased by 28 percent over 40 years. ②Last year there was a 20% decrease in his earnings. ③The new law has come into effect, and the number of wild animals here is on the increase now. 翻译句子 ④他的身高增加了2.5厘米。 His__height__increased__by__2.5__cm. ⑤和去年相比，今年小麦的价格已降低了20%。 Compared__with__last__year,__the__price__of__wheat__has__decreased__by__20%__this__year. 知识点6 pour vt. 倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料) 【教材原句】　A non-Newtonian fluid is strange because you can pour it like a liquid, but if you put any pressure on it, it suddenly becomes hard as concrete.非牛顿流体很奇特，因为它可以像液体一样倾倒，但只要对其施加任何压力，它就会突然变得像混凝土一样坚硬。（教材p7） 【拓展】 pour out 涌出；倒出 pour in 涌入 pour into 朝……里面倒；涌入 pour out one's heart to sb 向某人敞开心扉；倾诉衷肠 【写作佳句】A large number of tourists pour into the scenic spot, making it very crowded. 大量的游客涌入景区，使得景区十分拥挤。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①She poured out her troubles to me over a cup of coffee. ②News, facts and opinions pour in from every corner of the world. 翻译句子 ③I used to pour time and energy into projects that were doomed from the start. 过去我总是将时间和精力投入到一些从一开始就注定要失败的项目上。 ④朋友是那些我们在悲伤之时可以敞开心扉之人。(读后续写之友谊) Friends__are__those__whom__we__can__pour__out__our__heart__to__when__we're__sad. 知识点7 defend vt. 保卫；防守；辩解 【教材原句】　However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country.不过，1932年淞沪抗战爆发后，钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家，决定改学航空专业。（教材p7） 【拓展】 (1)defend oneself 为自己辩护；自卫 defend sb/sth/oneself from/against 保护某人/某物/自己免受伤害 (2)defence n. 防御；保卫；辩护 【写作佳句】While entering a strange yard in that village, you have to defend yourself against the guard dog. 当你进入那个村子里一个陌生的院子时，你必须保护自己不受看门狗的伤害。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①All our officers are trained to defend themselves from/against knife attacks. ②If cornered, the snake will defend itself (it). ③Nobody spoke out in his defence (defend)． 翻译句子 ④她做好了随时保卫家人和国家的准备。 She__has__always__been__ready__to__defend__not__only__the__family__but__also__the__country. 知识点8 gifted adj. 有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的 【教材原句】　Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in physics.史蒂芬·霍金是物理学界最负盛名、最具天赋的科学家之一。（教材p8） 【拓展】 (1)be gifted in (doing) ... 在(做)……方面有天赋 be gifted with ... 天生具备…… (2)gift n. 礼物；天赋；才能　v. 赠送；(无意中)让(对手)获得 【写作佳句】　Some of these gifted people may have done poorly in school because their gifts were not scholastic. 有些有天赋的人可能在学校表现不佳，因为他们的天赋不是学术方面的。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①She was an accomplished pianist, a superb swimmer, and a gifted (gift) artist. ②Brain is gifted in composing; he is very likely to be a Beethoven. 翻译句子 ③学校常常不能满足资优学生的需求。 Schools__often__fail__to__meet__the__needs__of__gifted__children. 知识点9 fault n. 弱点；过错 【教材原句】　 Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults. 最重要的是，霍金敢于承认错误。（教材p7） 【拓展】 be one's fault 是某人的过错 be at fault 有过错；有责任 find fault with 挑剔，挑……的毛病 【写作佳句】There was not a single thing about her that one could find fault with. 在她身上找不出一点让别人挑剔的地方。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①It's not his (he) fault that he's so arrogant—he was born that way. ②He could never accept that he had been at fault. 完成句子 ③但事实上，并不是你记忆力的问题。 But, in fact, it's not your memory that is__at__fault． ④他最喜欢做的事就是找我的茬。 What he likes to do best is to__find__fault__with__me． 三、语法清单 表语从句 【感知·语法规律】 1.Ihe question is whether we can finish the work on time. 2.What I want to know is how he managed to do it. 3.The trouble is where we can find such a person. 4.It seems that he knows everything. 5.The important thing is that we should learn from mistakes. 【精讲·语法知识】 1. 2.表语从句的判断：系动词后的成分为表语。系动词后的从句为表语从句 3.系动词主要是be动词（am, is, are, was, were)，意为“是”。 其它系动词： 1)持续系动词（表示主语持续或保持一种状况或态度）： keep, remain, stay, stand 2) “像”系动词（表示看起来像）：seem, appear, look 3)感官系动词：look, feel, smell, sound, taste 4)变化系动词（主语变成什么样）：become, grow, turn, fall, get, go 5)终止系动词（主语已终止动作）：prove, turn out 4.引导词： 5.表语从句的语法规则 （1）表语从句和宾语从句、主语从句一样，要用陈述语序：主语+谓语。 The question is how can I make you understand the knowledge.（错误） The question is how I can make you understand the knowledge.（正确） （2）表语从句的引导词没有if The question is if it is worthwhile to do it.（错误） The question is whether it is worthwhile to do it.（正确） 只用whether ,不用if的情况：whether to do；whether……or not；介词后的宾语从句；从句：句首的主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句 （3）表语从句的虚拟语气：在表示“建议，劝说，命令”的名词 idea, advice, suggestion, request, proposal 等后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，should可省略。 My proposal is that we (should) start early tomorrow. （4）as if/as though 引导的表语从句常跟在look, seem, sound, feel等后面。 1)语气：若表示真实情况：用陈述语气；若表示非真实情况：用虚拟语气。 Dark clouds are gathering. It looks as if it’s going to rain.（真实情况） It seemed as if the night would never end.（非真实情况） 2)as if/as though 引导的表语从句的虚拟语气： 若跟现在事实不符：过去式（be动词用were） 若跟过去事实不符：had done 若跟将来事实不符：would/could+动词原形 The little boy talks as if he knew everything in the world.（跟现在事实不符） He felt as if he had met this young lady for a long somewhere.（跟过去事实不符） 【经典练】　 用所给词的适当形式填空 1　 My suggestion is that we (should) go (go) to hospital at once. 2　 When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were (be) broken. 3　 My idea is that we (should) get (get) more people to attend the conference. 4　 The little girl talked as if she had been (be) a grown-up. 5　 She looks as if she were (be) ten years younger. （5）because引导表语从句通常只用于“This/That/It is because…”结构中。 I do so many things for you. It is because I love you. I am late this morning. That is because I left my bag on the subway. Your speech is excellent. This is because you prepared it a lot. （6） 当从句描述原因时： 主语为reason 时，引导词用that It, This, That 开头做主语，引导词用because She was late this morning. That was because she missed the early bus. The reason why he was late was that he missed the early bus. （7）引导词that, because, why的区别： 描述原因用that或because 描述结果用why The reason was that you don't trust her. He was sent to the hospital. That's because he was ill. He was ill. That's why he was sent to the hospital. 【经典练】　 单句语法填空 1　 He is careless and irresponsible. That was why he was fired. 2　 He was fired. That was because he is careless and irresponsible. 3　 The reason why he was fired was that he was careless and irresponsible. 四、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 本单元的话题是科学和科学家，通过本单元的学习，学会写一篇介绍科学家的文章。此类文章属于人物介绍，是记叙文的写作范畴。写作时要围绕人物选取材料，因此选材要有代表性，要选择人物的突出成就或能够彰显人物性格特点的事迹进行介绍，做到主题鲜明、内容清晰、简明扼要、重点突出。另外还要注意所选材料的客观性与真实性，不要言过其实。 1.人物介绍一般包括以下几点： （1）出生年月和出生地点； （2）主要经历、事迹和成就； （3）影响和评价。 2.叙述方法：一般按照时间顺序，从科学家的人生经历到创造性的贡献等作出介绍，最后是结论性的评价。 3.人称和时态：通常使用第三人称。如果叙述的是发生在过去的事情，常用一般过去时；若叙述当前的情况，常用一般现在时；对未来的展望则常用一般将来时。 【写作模板】 Of so many famous scientists all over the world, I admire 　　　　 （名字） most. Born on 　　　　 （时间） in 　　　　 （地点）, he/she was from 　　　　 （家庭）. Having graduated from 　　　　 （学校）, he/she was sent to work as 　　　　 （职业）. He/She began his/her research in 　　　　 （领域）. He/She is honored as 　　　　 （成就）. Famous as he/she is, he/she cares little 　　　　 （品格及评价）. His/Her great contribution to human beings and his/her noble personality impressed me deeply. 【积累·写作素材】 常用句式 1. 开头常用语 （1）Born in 1920, she was one of the greatest scientists in the 20th century. 她出生于1920年，是20世纪最伟大的科学家之一。 （2）Professor Green, known to the world as a scientist, is not only diligent but also warm­hearted. 格林教授是一位闻名世界的科学家，他不仅勤勉，而且热心。 （3）He is a well－known scientist whose theories have changed the world. 他是一位著名的科学家，他的理论改变了世界。 2. 主体部分常用语 （1）Behind her success were numerous failures and setbacks, but never did she give up. 她成功的背后是无数的失败和挫折，但她从未放弃。 （2）He devoted his whole life to his country and people, and even to the world. 他把他的一生献给了他的国家和人民，甚至献给了世界。 （3）As a top scientist in the world, he/she lived a very simple life, but his/her contributions were invaluable to the field of science. 作为世界顶尖的科学家，他/她过着非常简朴的生活，但他/她对科学领域的贡献是无价的。 （4）He/She was an admirable man/woman who displayed the characteristics of wisdom, strength and courage. 他/她是一位令人钦佩的男士/女士，表现出了智慧、力量和勇气。 （5）He actively promoted the spread of scientific ideas about matters such as morality, who is the person with willingness to serve the country. 他积极地推动诸如道德之类的科学观念的传播，是一个愿意为国家服务的人。 （6）She dedicates her time, knowledge and wisdom to her students and to future scientists from all over the world who come to study with her. 她为学生以及世界各国来向她求学的未来科学家们奉献出自己的时间、知识和智慧。 3. 结尾常用语 （1）Inspired by her story, I decided to study harder so as to realise my dream. 受到她的故事的鼓舞，我决定更加努力学习，以实现我的梦想。 （2）This is an age not only of great science； it is an age of great scientists. 这不仅是一个伟大的科学时代；也是一个伟大的科学家时代。 （3）She has fulfilled her role in her career and set a shining example to the younger generations. 她在事业上履行了自己的职责，并为年轻一代树立了光辉的榜样。 【典例演练】 （2024·福建省闽南师范大学附属中学高二上月考）假定你是李华，你的澳大利亚笔友Jenny来信，让你介绍一位你最崇拜的中国科学家，请你根据下列表格中的内容提示给她写一封回信。 姓名 梁建英 出生年份 1972年 职务 中国高铁总设计师 主要经历 1.1995年大学毕业后开始从事高铁研究工作； 2.研制出时速300～350千米高速动车组； 3.2015年获奖。 注意：1.写作词数应为80个左右； 2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 参考词汇：高速动车组high-speed EMU ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [精彩范文] Dear Jenny， The Chinese scientist I admire most is Liang Jianying, general designer of the China high－speed EMU. Liang Jianying was born in 1972. Since she graduated from university in 1995, she has been devoting all her time to researching into the development of the China high-speed railway. Afterwards, she invented the 300-350 km/h high-speed EMU, making it more convenient for us to get around quickly. It is because of her outstanding contributions to our country that China is playing a leading role in high-speed railways all over the world. As a consequence, she was awarded in 2015. Liang Jianying has set a good example for us. From her, I realize that we should keep on trying until we realize our dreams. Yours, Li Hua 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$