Unit 1 People of Achievement 非限制性定语从句（单元核心语法精练）英语人教版2019选择性必修第一册

Unit 1 People of Achievement 核心语法精练（非限制性定语从句） 目录 1 B 考点夯基·专项突破 2 一、非限制性定语从句高考真题 2 二、单句语法填空 3 三、完成句子 4 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 5 题型一 语法填空（模考真题） 5 题型二 阅读理解（模考真题） 7 句子成分和基本句型的概念: 非限制性定语是对被修饰名词或代词的附加说明，它不是必需的，如果去掉，也不会影响句子的意思，它与被修饰名词之间通常用逗号分开。 My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year. 我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果。 　非限制性定语从句用法： 　　1、引导非限定性定语从句时，只能用which(不用that)。 　　例如：Heat is another form of energy, which is as important as other kinds of energy. 　　热是另一种形式的能量，与其他形式的能量一样重要。 （从句表补充说明，而且关系代词which不能换成that。） 　　2、引导非限定性定语从句的which可以指代前面的先行词,也可以指前面整个句子的含义。 　　例如：That Peter will marry Alice, which has not been announced yet, has spread around. 　　彼特要娶爱丽斯这件事还没宣布，却已传得沸沸扬扬。（句子中的which指“彼特要娶爱丽斯”这整个句子的意思。） 　　3、除which外，还可用when，where，who等关系代、副词引导非限定性定语从句。 　　whom引导的非限制性定语从句。 关系代词whom用于指人，在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句末。 如：Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris. 彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。 whose引导的非限制性定语从句。 whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。 如：The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard. 那位小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。 who引导的非限制性定语从句 Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook. 我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，擅长于烹调。 when引导的非限制性定语从句。 一、非限制性定语从句高考真题 1.（2025年全国一卷）An exhibition at the Jiushi Art Museum in Shanghai is featuring artwork inspired by Go, or weiqi in Chinese, ____56____ originated in China more than 4,000 years ago. 2.（2025年北京卷）However, according to a report by the World Wildlife Fund, tourists left over 1.3 billion tons of food waste last year, ____19____ accounted for about 8% of the total global gas release in 2024. 3.（2024·新高考II卷·语法填空）Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, ______ is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia,” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown. 4.【2023年全国甲卷】“There was once a town in the heart of America, ___44___ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings,” her fable begins, borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables. 5.【2023年全国甲卷】Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, ___43___ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.”... 二、单句语法填空 1．They held a meeting yesterday, in the school leader made a speech. 2．The church, roof was damaged in the terrible fire, has been repaired. 3．Tom, everyone knows, is a friendly boy. 4．Sitting in Quanzhou City, the ancient Maritime Silk Road started, it has sold like hotcakes at home and abroad since the Song Dynasty. 5．Some of these are famous, but Singapore has one special way, you may not know about. 6．I saw a lot of new people at the party, some of seemed familiar. 7．The person, I borrowed the book from, is my classmate. 8．I will go sightseeing in Beijing with my parents in September, the weather is neither too hot nor too cold. 9．I’d like to introduce Professor Zhang, will offer us knowledge on traditional Chinese culture in the coming lectures. 10．If we compare youth to flowers, the young volunteers are the most beautiful ones, without the world would be too cold to live in. 11．They tested hundreds of Traditional Chinese medicine, none of worked. 12．John, with I went to the park, is a famous film star. 13．She is very patient, is shown in her work. 14．Sea ice, polar bears spend much of their lives, is melting faster than experts predicted it would. 15．The sun’s rays beat down on the grains of sand, on the camels could not walk. 16．My father, hobby was carving statues, bought a lot of precious stones. 17．Living in the desert area involves a lot of problems, among the lack of water is the most. 18．It is said that more than 30, 000 coins have been found, are close to 2, 000 years old. 19．I’ll give you my friend’s home address, I can be reached most evenings. 20．He did an excellent job in the final exam, made his parents very happy. 21．English is a language shared by several cultures, each of sees it differently. 22．The scientist and engineer, was referred to just now, is making a speech in the meeting room. 23．The book, he lost yesterday, has been found. 24．Soon children in the camp had many new friends, with they shared food, stories and projects. 25．Our team has won the match, made us quite excited. 26．She brought with her three friends, none of I had ever met before. 27．The 6G test satellite hosts a distributed autonomous architecture for 6G, was jointly developed by China Mobile and the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Innovation Academy for Microsatellites. 28．Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C．, influenced the development of chopsticks. 29．The class became a circus as the boys, had never come across anything like this before, started jumping out of the window. 30．There are more than 4,000 students in our school, the majority of   put their hearts into their studies. 三、完成句子 1．Kayla has lots of friends. One of them is a doctor. (用定语从句改写) 2．He will work in a new music studio. The equipment of the studio is being set up. (用定语从句合并) 3．The community set up a clinic. Local residents can easily access basic healthcare services there. (合并为定语从句) 4．These paragraphs come from a book. The book was written by Mark Twain.(用非限制定语从句合并句子 ) 5．After getting up, I began to have breakfast. It consisted of some bread and a bag of fruit juice.(用非限制性定语从句升级句子) 6．用定语从句升级下面句子。 ①It saves people’s time to pay bills. ②The use of online payment is carried out with a smartphone. 7．The enterprise frequently poured polluted water into the Li River. It was widely criticized by environmentalists.  (用定语从句合并句子) 8．埃米邀请我去湖边看水仙花，需要两个小时的车程。（which引导的定语从句） Amy invited me to see the daffodils near the lake, . 9．我把一些剪纸送给了我们的邻居，他们收到它们感到非常感激。(非限制性定语从句) I gave some of our paper cuts to our neighbors, . 10．钟南山致力于研究和治疗呼吸系统疾病，其工作对中国人民的健康至关重要。(非限制性定语从句) Zhong Nanshan is committed to researching and treating respiratory diseases, . 题型一 语法填空 A （24-25高二上·贵州毕节·期末）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Qian Xuesen, 1 led China’s space and rocketry programmes, is a gifted rocket scientist. He was born in Shanghai in December 1911. He 2 (admit) into Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 1929. In 1934, he won 3 scholarship and in 1935 he left China to study at the Massachusettes Institute of Technology. One year later, he went to the California Institute of Technology to start graduate studies under Theodore von Kármán, a world-famous professor of aerodynamics (空气动力学). From 1938 to 1955, Qian stayed in America, working with Kármán to research aerodynamics, rocketry and missiles (导弹). Despite his high salary and comfortable life in the US, Qian remained 4 (concern) about his home country’s development. In October 1955, Qian braved all the difficulties and finally made his way back to China. Upon his 5 (arrive), Qian Xuesen, together 6 dynamics expert Qian Weichang, 7 (found) the Institute of Mechanics. Then Qian set out 8 (lead) China’s missile and rocketry programmes. Uninterested in fortune and fame, Qian devoted his life to 9 (rebuild) the nation. “As a Chinese technician, my life’s purpose is to serve the people.” Qian died on Oct. 31, 2009. The Chinese people will never forget his 10 (remark) contributions. B （24-25高二上·陕西渭南·阶段练习）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou, 1 research led to the discovery of artemisinin, a crucial new treatment for malaria. Tu Youyou, a 2 (commit) and patient scientist, graduated from Peking University Medical School at the age of 25. In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists 3 the objective of discovering a new treatment for malaria, and Tu Youyou was among the first researchers 4 (choose). In 1969, she became the head of the project in Beijing, and decided to review ancient Chinese medical texts to find 5 (tradition) botanical treatments for the disease. One medical text from 6 fourth century suggested using the extract from tested a collection of dried wormwood leaves but found no effect. 7 (analyse) the medical texts again made Tu Youyou find a different way to treat the wormwood. She concluded that boiling the sweet wormwood 8 (apparent) destroyed its medical 9 (property). Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract, she found a substance that worked. This medicine, which 10 (call) artemisinin, soon became a standard treatment for malaria. C （24-25高二上·宁夏吴忠·期末）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 “Father of hybrid rice”, Yuan Longping died of illness at 13:07 p.m. in 1 hospital in Changsha of Hunan province. He 2 (cultivate) the world’s first high-yielding hybrid rice strain in 1973, 3 was later grown on a large scale in China and other countries to substantially raise output. Yuan once said he had two dreams. One is that people can enjoy the cool under the rice crops taller than men. The other is that hybrid rice could 4 (grow) all over the world to help solve the 5 (globe) food shortage. Everyone knows 6 he is the Savior (救世主), but he said he is an old farmer who has grown rice all 7 (he) life, and that he would keep working unless he could no longer see or walk. On September 19, 2020, Yuan Longping sent his best 8 (wish) to the youth and shared his eight word successful experience: knowledge, sweat, and opportunity. “Knowledge is the foundation. Sweat is the practice,” he said. “Inspiration is a spark of thought. Everyone has a spark of thought so don’t give it up.” He also said “Chance favors the 9 (prepare) mind!” in English. Our best way 10 (honour) him is to cherish every grain in the bowl and every day without starvation. 题型二 阅读理解 A （24-25高二下·四川宜宾·阶段练习）Katalin Kariku along with her colleague Drew Weissman won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2023 for the development of mRNA technology. Kariku was born in January 1955, in a small village in Hungary. She had an ambition from early on to become a scientist. As a young adult, she became interested in messenger RNA, which carries DNA instructions to the protein-making engine of cells. She hoped that mRNA could play a key role in the treatment of various diseases. It became her mission to make her dream a reality to help cure patients. However, Kariku faced a shortage of funding for her research in her country, and she then faced the choice of stopping and doing something not connected to her mission or continuing her research at the price of having to leave her country. After searching for posts and scholarships worldwide, Kariku accepted an offer from Temple University in Philadelphia for a postdoctoral fellowship. Kariku and her husband gave up everything they had in their homeland and bought a one-way ticket to the U. S., where they knew, no one. She was initially on track to become a full professor but received repeated fund rejections. Undeterred by the problems and challenges, she chose to continue her research. By focusing on what mattered to her every day, she “accidentally” met her work partner Drew Weissman who was also interested in mRNA．They teamed up to work on mRNA and published papers about their groundbreaking discovery for years. Then the pandemic hit the world. The changed mRNA technology Kariku and Weissman invented was then used in vaccines (疫苗) that prevented the infection effectively. Kariku’s life is a testament (证明) to finding one’s passion and then pursuing it every single day. Many of us know what we are fond of, but we are not good self-motivators on a daily basis. 1．What can we learn about Kariku from paragraph 2? A．She had a tolerant mind. B．She had a clear sense of purpose. C．She was fond of world tours. D．She longed to be a doctor. 2．What does the underlined part “Undeterred by” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Not discouraged by. B．Being unaware of. C．Not motivated by. D．Being ashamed of. 3．What is probably the main contribution of Kariku? A．Simplifying the mRNA technology. B．Making the structure of mRNA clear. C．Laying the groundwork for mRNA vaccines. D．Developing a vaccine for cancer. 4．What lesson can we learn from Kariku’s success? A．Nothing seek, nothing find. B．Two heads are better than one. C．Necessity is the mother of invention. D．Where there’s a will, there’s a way. B （24-25高二下·河北·期中）Louis Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822, in Dole, located in the Jura region of France. He grew up in the town of Arbois. As a student with average grades, Pasteur was good at drawing and painting. He earned his bachelor (学士) of arts degree and a bachelor of science degree at the Royal College of Besancon and a doctorate in sciences from the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. Pasteur then spent several years researching and teaching at Dijon Lycée. In 1848, he became a professor of chemistry at the University of Strasbourg. In 1854, Pasteur was appointed professor of chemistry at the University of Lille. There, Pasteur worked on finding solutions to the problems with the manufacture of alcoholic drinks and discovered that microbes (微生物) were responsible for souring alcohol. Working with the germ theory, which Pasteur further developed through experiments and eventually convinced most of Europe of its truth, he demonstrated that microbes such as bacteria were responsible for souring wine, beer and even milk, leading to his invention of a process where bacteria could be removed by heating and then cooling liquid. He completed the first test on April 20, 1862. Today the process is known as pasteurization (加热杀菌法). In 1865, Pasteur shifted focus and helped save the silk industry. He proved that microbes were attacking healthy silkworm eggs, causing an unknown disease and that the disease would be removed if the microbes were removed. He eventually developed a method to prevent their contamination and it was soon used by silk producers throughout the world. Despite suffering from partial paralysis after a severe stroke in 1868, Pasteur continued his groundbreaking research. His discoveries greatly advanced humanity’s understanding of microbes and led to practical methods that saved countless lives and industries. Through his work, Pasteur fundamentally transformed science, public health, and the global economy. 1．What can we learn about Pasteur’s early life? A．He was talented in science from a young age. B．He focused on chemistry throughout his education. C．He became a professor instantly finishing his studies. D．He was initially ordinary academically but shone in art. 2．What mainly caused Pasteur to develop pasteurization? A．His research on microbes. B．His interest in wine making. C．His experience in silk production. D．His ambition to win awards in chemistry. 3．What does the underlined word “contamination” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Infection. B．Decoration. C．Transportation. D．Examination. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To introduce the process of pasteurization. B．To praise Pasteur’s contributions to science. C．To show how microbes harm human health. D．To discuss the development of the silk industry. 1 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 1 People of Achievement 核心语法精练（非限制性定语从句） 目录 1 B 考点夯基·专项突破 2 一、非限制性定语从句高考真题 2 二、单句语法填空 3 三、完成句子 8 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 11 题型一 语法填空（模考真题） 11 题型二 阅读理解（模考真题） 16 句子成分和基本句型的概念: 非限制性定语是对被修饰名词或代词的附加说明，它不是必需的，如果去掉，也不会影响句子的意思，它与被修饰名词之间通常用逗号分开。 My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year. 我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果。 　非限制性定语从句用法： 　　1、引导非限定性定语从句时，只能用which(不用that)。 　　例如：Heat is another form of energy, which is as important as other kinds of energy. 　　热是另一种形式的能量，与其他形式的能量一样重要。 （从句表补充说明，而且关系代词which不能换成that。） 　　2、引导非限定性定语从句的which可以指代前面的先行词,也可以指前面整个句子的含义。 　　例如：That Peter will marry Alice, which has not been announced yet, has spread around. 　　彼特要娶爱丽斯这件事还没宣布，却已传得沸沸扬扬。（句子中的which指“彼特要娶爱丽斯”这整个句子的意思。） 　　3、除which外，还可用when，where，who等关系代、副词引导非限定性定语从句。 　　whom引导的非限制性定语从句。 关系代词whom用于指人，在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句末。 如：Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris. 彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。 whose引导的非限制性定语从句。 whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。 如：The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard. 那位小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。 who引导的非限制性定语从句 Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook. 我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，擅长于烹调。 when引导的非限制性定语从句。 一、非限制性定语从句高考真题 1.（2025年全国一卷）An exhibition at the Jiushi Art Museum in Shanghai is featuring artwork inspired by Go, or weiqi in Chinese, ____56____ originated in China more than 4,000 years ago. 答案：which。 解析：考查定语从句。句意：上海久事美术馆正在举办一场展览，展出的艺术品灵感来自围棋（中文称为“围棋”），它起源4000多年前的中国。本空引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词为Go, or weiqi in Chinese，指物，且关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which引导。故填which。 2.（2025年北京卷）However, according to a report by the World Wildlife Fund, tourists left over 1.3 billion tons of food waste last year, ____19____ accounted for about 8% of the total global gas release in 2024. 答案：which。 解析：考查定语从句关系代词。句意：然而，根据世界野生动物基金会的一份报告，去年游客留下了超过13亿吨的食物垃圾，约占2024年全球气体排放总量的8%。此句为非限制性定语从句，先行词是“1.3 billion tons of food waste”，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，用which引导。故填which。 3.（2024·新高考II卷·语法填空）Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, ______ is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia,” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown. 【答案】who 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：为了纪念被誉为“亚洲莎士比亚”的汤显祖，中国文化元素为莎士比亚的故乡——埃文河畔的斯特拉特福增添了国际化的色彩。这里为定语从句的关系词，先行词为“Tang Xianzu”，在非限制性定语从句中担当主语，表示人，用关系代词who引导。故填who。 4.【2023年全国甲卷】“There was once a town in the heart of America, ___44___ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings,” her fable begins, borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables. 【44题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：“从前，在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生命似乎都和周围的环境一起享受着和平的生活，”她的寓言是这样开头的，借用了许多古老寓言中的一些熟悉的词。句中先行词为town，在非限定性定语从句作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。 5.【2023年全国甲卷】Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, ___43___ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.”... 【43题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：然而，正如雷切尔·卡森在《明日寓言》中所说，寓言的形式在今天仍然具有价值。引导非限定性定语从句，且有“正如”之意，用关系代词as引导。故填as。 二、单句语法填空 1．They held a meeting yesterday, in the school leader made a speech. 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：昨天他们开了个会，校领导在会上作了讲话。空处和空前的in搭配，形成“介词+关系代词”的结构，引导非限制性定语从句，对先行词meeting作补充说明，先行词指物，作介词in的宾语，因此应用关系代词which。故填which。 2．The church, roof was damaged in the terrible fire, has been repaired. 【答案】whose 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：那座教堂，其屋顶在那场可怕的火灾中受损，已经被修复了。本空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是The church，指物，关系词代替先行词在从句中作定语，修饰roof，表示所属关系，应用关系代词whose 引导。故填whose。 3．Tom, everyone knows, is a friendly boy. 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：众所周知，汤姆是一个友好的男孩。分析句子可知，“as everyone knows”是一个非限制性定语从句，“as”引导非限制性定语从句时，有“正如；正像”的意思，在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语等成分，且“as”引导的非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句中或句末。在句子“Tom, ______ everyone knows, is a friendly boy.”中，“as”指代整个主句“Tom is a friendly boy”的内容，在从句“as everyone knows”中作“knows”的宾语，“as everyone knows”意为“正如大家所知道的”。故填as。 4．Sitting in Quanzhou City, the ancient Maritime Silk Road started, it has sold like hotcakes at home and abroad since the Song Dynasty. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意: 它位于古代海上丝绸之路的起源地泉州，自宋代以来就在国内外畅销。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，引导词指代先行词Quanzhou City并在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where。故填where。 5．Some of these are famous, but Singapore has one special way, you may not know about. 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：其中一些是著名的，但新加坡有一种特殊的方式，你可能不知道。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词way在从句中作about的宾语，故填关系代词which。故填which。 6．I saw a lot of new people at the party, some of seemed familiar. 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在聚会上我见到了很多新面孔，其中一些看上去很面熟。逗号后为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词people，指人，关系词代替先行词在从句中作of的宾语，应用关系代词whom。故填whom。 7．The person, I borrowed the book from, is my classmate. 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我借书的那个人是我的同学。先行词 The person 指人，在从句 “______ I borrowed the book from” 中作宾语（borrowed the book from the person），所以要用 whom 引导非限制性定语从句。故填whom。 8．I will go sightseeing in Beijing with my parents in September, the weather is neither too hot nor too cold. 【答案】when 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我将在九月和我的父母去北京观光，那时天气既不太热也不太冷。先行词是September，在定语从句中作时间状语，用when引导非限制性定语从句。故填when。 9．I’d like to introduce Professor Zhang, will offer us knowledge on traditional Chinese culture in the coming lectures. 【答案】who 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我想向大家介绍张教授，他将在接下来的讲座中为我们提供有关中国传统文化的知识。分析句子可知，这里考查非限制性定语从句，先行词Professor Zhang，指人，在从句中作主语，所以应用关系代词who。故填who。 10．If we compare youth to flowers, the young volunteers are the most beautiful ones, without the world would be too cold to live in. 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：如果我们把青春比作花朵，年轻的志愿者是最美丽的，没有他们，世界将变得太冷了。此处为介词+关系代词结构非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词volunteers，作介词的宾语，指人应用whom。故填whom。 11．They tested hundreds of Traditional Chinese medicine, none of worked. 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他们测试了数百种中药，没有一种有效。此处考查介词+关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词为hundreds of Traditional Chinese medicine，作of的宾语，故用关系代词which。故填which。 12．John, with I went to the park, is a famous film star. 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句的引导词。句意：和我一起去公园的约翰是一位著名的电影明星。分析句子的结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，构成“介词+关系代词”的结构，先行词为John，指人。故填whom。 13．She is very patient, is shown in her work. 【答案】as/which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：正如她的工作所展示出的那样，她很有耐心（她很有耐心，这一点在她的工作中已得到展示）。非限制性定语从句修饰上文句子，从句缺少主语，故填as/which。 14．Sea ice, polar bears spend much of their lives, is melting faster than experts predicted it would. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：北极熊一生中大部分时间都在那里度过的海冰融化速度比专家预测的要快。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词sea ice，在定语从句中作地点状语，需用关系副词where引导。故填where。 15．The sun’s rays beat down on the grains of sand, on the camels could not walk. 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：阳光照在沙粒上，骆驼不能在沙粒上行走。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是the grains of sand，关系词替代先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，需用on which引导，相当于where。故填which。 16．My father, hobby was carving statues, bought a lot of precious stones. 【答案】whose 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我父亲的爱好是雕刻雕像，他买了很多宝石。空处引导非限定性定语从句，先行词是My father。关系词指代先行词在从句中作定语，修饰hobby，应用关系代词whose。故填whose。 17．Living in the desert area involves a lot of problems, among the lack of water is the most. 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：生活在沙漠地区涉及很多问题，其中缺水是最严重的。此处为“介词+关系代词”结构的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词problems，先行词指物，关系词替代先行词作介词的宾语，在“介词+关系代词”结构的非限制性定语从句中只能用关系代词which引导。故填which。 18．It is said that more than 30, 000 coins have been found, are close to 2, 000 years old. 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：据说已经发现了3万多枚硬币，都有近2000年的历史。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词coins指物，并在从句中作主语，用关系代词which引导定语从句。故填which。 19．I’ll give you my friend’s home address, I can be reached most evenings. 【答案】where 【详解】考查关系副词。句意：我会给你我朋友的家庭地址，大多数晚上都能在那里找到我。先行词为home address，在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where引导。故填where。 20．He did an excellent job in the final exam, made his parents very happy. 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他在期末考试中表现出色，这让他的父母非常高兴。空处引导一个非限制性定语从句，关系词在从句中作主语，指代整个主句内容，应用which。所以填which。 21．English is a language shared by several cultures, each of sees it differently. 【答案】which 【详解】考查不定代词/数词+of+关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句。句意：英语是几种文化共有的语言，每种文化对它的看法都不一样。此处为不定代词/数词+of+关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句，在介词后面用whom指人，which指物，引导定语从句，此处cultures作先行词，指物，故答案为which。 22．The scientist and engineer, was referred to just now, is making a speech in the meeting room. 【答案】who 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：刚才被提到的那位科学家和工程师正在会议室里讲话。空格处为非限制性定语从句的关系词，且代替先行词在从句中作主语，先行词为人，所以用who。故填who。 23．The book, he lost yesterday, has been found. 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：昨天他丢失的那本书已经找到了。设空处引导非限定性定语从句，先行词是book，在从句中充当主语，用关系代词which引导。故填which。 24．Soon children in the camp had many new friends, with they shared food, stories and projects. 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：很快，营地里的孩子们有了许多新朋友，他们与他们分享食物、故事和项目。此处为介词with+关系代词whom引导的定语从句，关系词指代先行词new friends在从句中作介词with的宾语，从句中share sth with sb“与某人分享某物”为固定搭配，此处为介词with的前置。故填whom。 25．Our team has won the match, made us quite excited. 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们队赢得了比赛，这让我们非常兴奋。该空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词指的是前面整个主句“Our team has won the match”所讲内容，指物，关系词替代先行词在从句中作主语，用关系代词which。故填which。 26．She brought with her three friends, none of I had ever met before. 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：她带来了她的三个朋友，我以前都没见过他们。分析句子可知，此处为介词+关系代词whom引导的定语从句，先行词three friends在从句中作介词of的宾语成分。故填whom。 27．The 6G test satellite hosts a distributed autonomous architecture for 6G, was jointly developed by China Mobile and the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Innovation Academy for Microsatellites. 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：6G测试卫星承载了一个分布式的6G自主架构，由中国移动和中国科学院微卫星创新研究院共同开发。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a distributed autonomous architecture for 6G，关系词在从句作主语，指物。故填which。 28．Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C．, influenced the development of chopsticks. 【答案】who 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：有些人认为，中国伟大的学者孔子，大约生活在公元前551年至公元前479年，影响了筷子的发展。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Confucius，先行词指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导从句。故填who。 29．The class became a circus as the boys, had never come across anything like this before, started jumping out of the window. 【答案】who 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：当那些以前从未遇到过这种情况的男孩们开始跳出窗户时，教室变成了一个马戏团。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是boys，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导，故填who。 30．There are more than 4,000 students in our school, the majority of   put their hearts into their studies. 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们学校有4000多名学生，其中大多数都全身心地投入到学习中。分析可知，本句为定语从句，先行词为students，指人，关系代词在句中作介词of的宾语，应用关系代词whom引导。故填whom。 三、完成句子 1．Kayla has lots of friends. One of them is a doctor. (用定语从句改写) 【答案】Kayla has lots of friends, one of whom is a doctor. 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：凯拉有很多朋友。其中一个朋友是医生。根据句意可知，第二个句子中“One of them”的them指代第一个句子中的“friends”，故这两个句子可以通过定语从句连接，让第二个句子成为第一个句子中“friends”的修饰成分。先行词是friends，指人，在从句中作介词of的宾语，应用关系代词whom来引导定语从句。故改写为Kayla has lots of friends, one of whom is a doctor. 2．He will work in a new music studio. The equipment of the studio is being set up. (用定语从句合并) 【答案】He will work in a new music studio, whose equipment is being set up. 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他将在一家新的音乐工作室工作，该工作室的设备正在安装中。根据题目要求，需将两个简单句合并为含有定语从句的复合句。第一句话中的“a new music studio”与第二句话中的“equipment”之间有所属关系，表示“工作室的设备”，因此将“a new music studio”作为先行词，用关系代词 whose 引导非限制性定语从句。从句结构为“whose equipment is being set up”，符合“先行词 + whose + 名词 + 其他成分”的定语从句结构，故合并为He will work in a new music studio, whose equipment is being set up. 3．The community set up a clinic. Local residents can easily access basic healthcare services there. (合并为定语从句) 【答案】The community set up a clinic where local residents can easily access basic healthcare services. 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：该社区设立了一家诊所，让当地居民能够方便地获得基本的医疗保健服务。此处定语从句修饰先行词clinic，在从句作地点状语，故用where。故改为The community set up a clinic where local residents can easily access basic healthcare services. 4．These paragraphs come from a book. The book was written by Mark Twain.(用非限制定语从句合并句子 ) 【答案】These paragraphs come from a book, which was written by Mark Twin. 【详解】考查定语从句，句意：这些段落来自一本书。这本书是由Mark Twain写的。根据句子分析可知，分句2的主语与分句1的宾语是同一事物，故分句2可改写成非限制性定语从句，先行词为分句1的宾语a book，指物，在定语从句中作主语，故应用which引导，故合并为：These paragraphs come from a book, which was written by Mark Twin. 5．After getting up, I began to have breakfast. It consisted of some bread and a bag of fruit juice.(用非限制性定语从句升级句子) 【答案】After getting up, I began to have breakfast, which consisted of some bread and a bag of fruit juice. 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：起床后，我开始吃早餐。它包括一些面包和一袋果汁。按照要求用非限制性定语从句升级句子，It指代breakfast，所以breakfast为先行词，在后面的非限制性定语从句中作主语，关系词代词为which。故填After getting up, I began to have breakfast, which consisted of some bread and a bag of fruit juice. 6．用定语从句升级下面句子。 ①It saves people’s time to pay bills. ②The use of online payment is carried out with a smartphone. 【答案】It saves people’s time to pay bills, the use of which is carried out with a smartphone./It saves people’s time to pay bills, of which the use is carried out with a smartphone. 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：它节省了人们用智能手机支付账单的时间。将第一个句子作主句，第二个句子改为定语从句，先行词是it，关系词代替先行词在从句中作of的宾语，用which；可以将of which放在从句句首。故答案为：It saves people’s time to pay bills, the use of which is carried out with a smartphone./It saves people’s time to pay bills, of which the use is carried out with a smartphone. 7．The enterprise frequently poured polluted water into the Li River. It was widely criticized by environmentalists.  (用定语从句合并句子) 【答案】The enterprise frequently poured polluted water into the Li River, which was widely criticized by environmentalists 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这家企业频繁地将污水排入漓江，这件事遭到了环保主义者的广泛批评。根据句意可知，It指代前文整个句子，可用which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子“The enterprise frequently poured polluted water into the Li River”，引导词which在从句中作主语。故填The enterprise frequently poured polluted water into the Li River, which was widely criticized by environmentalists. 8．埃米邀请我去湖边看水仙花，需要两个小时的车程。（which引导的定语从句） Amy invited me to see the daffodils near the lake, . 【答案】which would take a two-hour drive 【详解】考查定语从句。根据句意以及提示的内容，此处表示“需要两个小时的车程”，为which引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词为主句所讲述的事情，在从句中作主语；表示“需要”为动词take，结合句意及主句中的谓语动词invited可知，此处为过去将来时，所以从句的谓语动词为would take，表示“两个小时的车程”为a two-hour drive，作宾语。故填which would take a two-hour drive。 9．我把一些剪纸送给了我们的邻居，他们收到它们感到非常感激。(非限制性定语从句) I gave some of our paper cuts to our neighbors, . 【答案】who were very grateful to receive them 【详解】考查定语从句。根据所给中文句子和英文翻译可知，需翻译部分是“他们收到它们感到非常感激”，根据题干要求，需用非限制性定语从句，此句修饰前文的neighbors，在从句中作主语，即“他们”，所以用who引导。“感到非常感激”可用固定搭配：be grateful to，根据前文的gave可知，用一般过去时，“收到它们”，译为“receive them”。故填who were very grateful to receive them。 10．钟南山致力于研究和治疗呼吸系统疾病，其工作对中国人民的健康至关重要。(非限制性定语从句) Zhong Nanshan is committed to researching and treating respiratory diseases, . 【答案】whose work is vital to the health of the Chinese people 【详解】考查定语从句。“工作”使用名词work，“对……至关重要”使用固定短语be vital to，“中国人民的健康”译为the health of the Chinese people，空处是非限制性定语从句，先行词是Zhong Nanshan，关系词在从句中作定语，修饰名词work，使用关系代词whose引导，句子是描述一个事实，使用一般现在时，故填whose work is vital to the health of the Chinese people。 题型一 语法填空 A （24-25高二上·贵州毕节·期末）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Qian Xuesen, 1 led China’s space and rocketry programmes, is a gifted rocket scientist. He was born in Shanghai in December 1911. He 2 (admit) into Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 1929. In 1934, he won 3 scholarship and in 1935 he left China to study at the Massachusettes Institute of Technology. One year later, he went to the California Institute of Technology to start graduate studies under Theodore von Kármán, a world-famous professor of aerodynamics (空气动力学). From 1938 to 1955, Qian stayed in America, working with Kármán to research aerodynamics, rocketry and missiles (导弹). Despite his high salary and comfortable life in the US, Qian remained 4 (concern) about his home country’s development. In October 1955, Qian braved all the difficulties and finally made his way back to China. Upon his 5 (arrive), Qian Xuesen, together 6 dynamics expert Qian Weichang, 7 (found) the Institute of Mechanics. Then Qian set out 8 (lead) China’s missile and rocketry programmes. Uninterested in fortune and fame, Qian devoted his life to 9 (rebuild) the nation. “As a Chinese technician, my life’s purpose is to serve the people.” Qian died on Oct. 31, 2009. The Chinese people will never forget his 10 (remark) contributions. 【答案】 1．who 2．was admitted 3．a 4．concerned 5．arrival 6．with 7．founded 8．to lead 9．rebuilding 10．remarkable 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了中国著名火箭科学家钱学森的一生。 1．考查定语从句。句意：钱学森，中国航天和火箭项目的领军人物，是一位天才的火箭科学家。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为Qian Xuesen，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导。故填who。 2．考查动词语态。句意：他1929年考入上海交通大学。根据时间状语in 1929可知，句子描述过去发生的事情，且主语He和动词admit之间为被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语是单数，be动词使用was。故填was admitted。 3．考查冠词。句意：1934年，他获得了一笔奖学金，并于1935年离开中国，前往麻省理工学院学习。scholarship为可数名词单数形式，此处表示泛指，应用不定冠词，且scholarship以辅音音素开头的单词，应用不定冠词a。故填a。 4．考查形容词。句意：尽管钱学森在美国薪水很高，生活舒适，但他仍然关心祖国的发展。设空格处应用形容词作表语，concern的形容词为concerned“关心的”。故填concerned。 5．考查名词。句意：钱学森一到，就和力学家钱伟长一起创办了力学研究所。upon为介词，后跟名词作宾语，arrive的名词为arrival，意为“到达”。故填arrival。 6．考查介词。句意：同上。固定短语together with“和……一起”。故填with。 7．考查动词时态。句意：同上。设空处使用动词作谓语，根据上文Upon his arrival可知，此处描述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。故填founded。 8．考查非谓语动词。句意：然后，钱学森着手领导中国的导弹和火箭项目。固定短语set out to do sth“着手做某事”。故填to lead。 9．考查非谓语动词。句意：钱学森对名利不感兴趣，他把一生都献给了国家的重建。固定短语devote sth to doing sth“把……献给做某事”。故填rebuilding。 10．考查形容词。句意：中国人民永远不会忘记他杰出的贡献。空格处应用形容词作定语，修饰名词contributions，remark的形容词为remarkable“杰出的”。故填remarkable。 B （24-25高二上·陕西渭南·阶段练习）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou, 1 research led to the discovery of artemisinin, a crucial new treatment for malaria. Tu Youyou, a 2 (commit) and patient scientist, graduated from Peking University Medical School at the age of 25. In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists 3 the objective of discovering a new treatment for malaria, and Tu Youyou was among the first researchers 4 (choose). In 1969, she became the head of the project in Beijing, and decided to review ancient Chinese medical texts to find 5 (tradition) botanical treatments for the disease. One medical text from 6 fourth century suggested using the extract from tested a collection of dried wormwood leaves but found no effect. 7 (analyse) the medical texts again made Tu Youyou find a different way to treat the wormwood. She concluded that boiling the sweet wormwood 8 (apparent) destroyed its medical 9 (property). Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract, she found a substance that worked. This medicine, which 10 (call) artemisinin, soon became a standard treatment for malaria. 【答案】 1．whose 2．committed 3．with 4．chosen 5．traditional 6．the 7．Analyzing/Analysing 8．apparently 9．properties 10．was called 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖获得者屠呦呦的生平事迹以及她如何发现青蒿素的过程。 1．考查定语从句。句意：诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了屠呦呦，她的研究导致了青蒿素的发现，青蒿素是一种治疗疟疾的重要新疗法。“ research led to the discovery of artemisinin, a crucial new treatment for malaria”为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Tu Youyou，关系词将其代入从句中作定语，修饰名词research，意为“屠呦呦的研究”，用表示所属关系的关系代词whose引导从句。故填whose。 2．考查形容词。句意：屠呦呦是一位专注且有耐心的科学家，25岁时毕业于北京大学医学院。提示词修饰名词scientist，用形容词committed作定语，表示“专注的，尽心尽力的”。故填committed。 3．考查介词。句意：1967年，中国政府组建了一个科学家团队，目的是发现一种治疗疟疾的新方法，屠呦呦是首批被选中的研究人员之一。根据句意，表示“目的是……”，用介词短语with the objective of。故填with。 4．考查非谓语动词。句意：1967年，中国政府组建了一个科学家团队，目的是发现一种治疗疟疾的新方法，屠呦呦是首批被选中的研究人员之一。choose(选择，挑选)作后置定语，是非谓语动词，与其逻辑主语researchers构成被动关系，用过去分词表被动。故填chosen。 5．考查形容词。句意：1969年，她成为北京该项目的负责人，并决定查阅中国古代医学文献，寻找治疗该疾病的传统植物疗法。提示词修饰名词词组botanical treatments，用形容词traditional作定语，意为“传统的”。故填traditional。 6．考查冠词。句意：一本四世纪的医学文献建议使用经过试验的一堆干艾草叶的提取物，但没有发现效果。“the+序数词”是固定搭配，表示“第几……”。故填the。 7．考查非谓语动词。句意：再次分析医学文献使屠呦呦找到了治疗艾草的不同方法。“(analyse) the medical texts again”作主语，用动名词analyzing或者analysing作主语；句首单词首字母大写。故填Analyzing/Analysing。 8．考查副词。句意：她得出结论，煮沸甜艾草显然破坏了其药性。修饰动词destroyed，用副词apparently作状语，意为“显然”。故填apparently。 9．考查名词。句意：她得出结论，煮沸甜艾草显然破坏了其药性。可数名词property作宾语，表示“性质；特性”，艾草特性不止一项，用复数形式。故填properties。 10．考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：这种被称为青蒿素的药物很快成为治疗疟疾的标准疗法。call(称)是定语从句中谓语动词，与主语which(即先行词This medicine)之间是被动关系，描述过去发生的事情应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语是单数名词，谓语用单数形式。故填was called。 C （24-25高二上·宁夏吴忠·期末）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 “Father of hybrid rice”, Yuan Longping died of illness at 13:07 p.m. in 1 hospital in Changsha of Hunan province. He 2 (cultivate) the world’s first high-yielding hybrid rice strain in 1973, 3 was later grown on a large scale in China and other countries to substantially raise output. Yuan once said he had two dreams. One is that people can enjoy the cool under the rice crops taller than men. The other is that hybrid rice could 4 (grow) all over the world to help solve the 5 (globe) food shortage. Everyone knows 6 he is the Savior (救世主), but he said he is an old farmer who has grown rice all 7 (he) life, and that he would keep working unless he could no longer see or walk. On September 19, 2020, Yuan Longping sent his best 8 (wish) to the youth and shared his eight word successful experience: knowledge, sweat, and opportunity. “Knowledge is the foundation. Sweat is the practice,” he said. “Inspiration is a spark of thought. Everyone has a spark of thought so don’t give it up.” He also said “Chance favors the 9 (prepare) mind!” in English. Our best way 10 (honour) him is to cherish every grain in the bowl and every day without starvation. 【答案】 1．a 2．cultivated 3．which 4．be grown 5．global 6．that 7．his 8．wishes 9．prepared 10．to honour 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了“杂交水稻之父”袁隆平的生平事迹、梦想、对青年的寄语以及人们纪念他的方式。 1．考查冠词。句意：“杂交水稻之父”袁隆平于下午1时07分在湖南省长沙市的一家医院因病去世。此处泛指“一家医院”，且hospital以辅音音素开头，用不定冠词a。故填a。 2．考查时态。句意：他于1973年培育出世界上第一种高产杂交水稻品种，这种水稻后来在中国和其他国家大规模种植，大幅提高了产量。本句陈述过去的事实，时态用一般过去时，谓语用cultivate“培育”的过去式。故填cultivated。 3．考查定语从句。句意：他于1973年培育出世界上第一种高产杂交水稻品种，这种水稻后来在中国和其他国家大规模种植，大幅提高了产量。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为rice strain，指物，关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语，用关系代词which。故填which。 4．考查动词语态。句意：另一个是杂交水稻能在全世界种植，以帮助解决全球粮食短缺问题。空处为that引导的表语从句的谓语，grow“种植”和主语hybrid rice为动宾关系，用be grown表被动，且could后接动词原形，be形式不变。故填be grown。 5．考查形容词。句意：另一个是杂交水稻能在全世界种植，以帮助解决全球粮食短缺问题。空处修饰名词短语food shortage，用形容词global“全球的”，作定语。故填global。 6．考查宾语从句。句意：每个人都知道他是救世主，但他说自己是一个一辈子种水稻的老农民，并且除非他再也看不见或走不动了，否则他会继续工作。空处引导宾语从句，从句成分和句意完整，用that引导。故填that。 7．考查代词。句意：每个人都知道他是救世主，但他说自己是一个一辈子种水稻的老农民，并且除非他再也看不见或走不动了，否则他会继续工作。空处修饰名词life，作定语，用形容词性物主代词his。故填his。 8．考查名词的数。句意：2020年9月19日，袁隆平向青年们致以最美好的祝愿，并分享了他八字成功经验：知识、汗水和机遇。本空作sent的宾语，用名词wish，表示“祝愿”用复数形式，best wishes“最美好的祝愿”为固定短语。故填wishes。 9．考查形容词。句意：他还用英语说：“机会总是留给有准备的人！”空处修饰名词mind，用形容词prepared“有准备的”，作定语。故填prepared。 10．考查非谓语动词。句意：我们纪念他的最好方式就是珍惜碗里的每一粒粮食，珍惜没有饥饿的每一天。本句谓语为is，此处为非谓语动词，way to do sth.“做某事的方法”，本空用honour“纪念”的不定式作后置定语。故填to honour。 题型二 阅读理解 A （24-25高二下·四川宜宾·阶段练习）Katalin Kariku along with her colleague Drew Weissman won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2023 for the development of mRNA technology. Kariku was born in January 1955, in a small village in Hungary. She had an ambition from early on to become a scientist. As a young adult, she became interested in messenger RNA, which carries DNA instructions to the protein-making engine of cells. She hoped that mRNA could play a key role in the treatment of various diseases. It became her mission to make her dream a reality to help cure patients. However, Kariku faced a shortage of funding for her research in her country, and she then faced the choice of stopping and doing something not connected to her mission or continuing her research at the price of having to leave her country. After searching for posts and scholarships worldwide, Kariku accepted an offer from Temple University in Philadelphia for a postdoctoral fellowship. Kariku and her husband gave up everything they had in their homeland and bought a one-way ticket to the U. S., where they knew, no one. She was initially on track to become a full professor but received repeated fund rejections. Undeterred by the problems and challenges, she chose to continue her research. By focusing on what mattered to her every day, she “accidentally” met her work partner Drew Weissman who was also interested in mRNA．They teamed up to work on mRNA and published papers about their groundbreaking discovery for years. Then the pandemic hit the world. The changed mRNA technology Kariku and Weissman invented was then used in vaccines (疫苗) that prevented the infection effectively. Kariku’s life is a testament (证明) to finding one’s passion and then pursuing it every single day. Many of us know what we are fond of, but we are not good self-motivators on a daily basis. 1．What can we learn about Kariku from paragraph 2? A．She had a tolerant mind. B．She had a clear sense of purpose. C．She was fond of world tours. D．She longed to be a doctor. 2．What does the underlined part “Undeterred by” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Not discouraged by. B．Being unaware of. C．Not motivated by. D．Being ashamed of. 3．What is probably the main contribution of Kariku? A．Simplifying the mRNA technology. B．Making the structure of mRNA clear. C．Laying the groundwork for mRNA vaccines. D．Developing a vaccine for cancer. 4．What lesson can we learn from Kariku’s success? A．Nothing seek, nothing find. B．Two heads are better than one. C．Necessity is the mother of invention. D．Where there’s a will, there’s a way. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Katalin Kariku的科研历程与成就。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“She had an ambition from early on to become a scientist. As a young adult, she became interested in messenger RNA, which carries DNA instructions to the protein-making engine of cells. She hoped that mRNA could play a key role in the treatment of various diseases. It became her mission to make her dream a reality to help cure patients. (她从小就立志要成为一名科学家。作为一个年轻的成年人，她开始对信使RNA感兴趣，它携带DNA指令到细胞的蛋白质制造引擎。她希望mRNA能够在各种疾病的治疗中发挥关键作用。帮助治愈病人成为了她的使命。)”可知她目标明确，知道自己想要做什么以及朝着什么方向努力。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。划线词上文“She was initially on track to become a full professor but received repeated fund rejections. (她最初有望成为一名正教授，但一再遭到基金拒绝。)”和下文“she chose to continue her research.(她选择继续她的研究。)”由此可推测“Undeterred by”表示她没有被这些问题和挑战所阻碍、气馁。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“By focusing on what mattered to her every day, she “accidentally” met her work partner Drew Weissman who was also interested in mRNA. They teamed up to work on mRNA and published papers about their groundbreaking discovery for years. Then the pandemic hit the world. The changed mRNA technology Kariku and Weissman invented was then used in vaccines (疫苗) that prevented the infection effectively. (通过专注于每天对她重要的事情，她“偶然”遇到了她的工作伙伴德鲁·韦斯曼，他也对mRNA感兴趣。他们合作研究mRNA，并发表了多年关于这一突破性发现的论文。然后，大流行袭击了世界。Kariku和Weissman发明的改变后mRNA技术随后被用于有效预防感染的疫苗。)” 可知她的主要贡献是为mRNA疫苗奠定了基础。故选C。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其最后一段“Kariku’s life is a testament (证明) to finding one’s passion and then pursuing it every single day. Many of us know what we are fond of, but we are not good self-motivators on a daily basis. (Kariku的一生证明了找到自己的激情，然后每一天都去追求它。我们中的许多人都知道自己喜欢什么，但在日常生活中，我们并不善于自我激励。)”可知Kariku在科研过程中面临资金短缺、多次被拒等问题，但她没有放弃，一直坚持追求自己的梦想，最终取得成功。所以D选项“Where there’s a will, there’s a way. (有志者，事竟成。)”体现了Kariku凭借坚定的意志克服困难取得成功的主旨。故选D。 B （24-25高二下·河北·期中）Louis Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822, in Dole, located in the Jura region of France. He grew up in the town of Arbois. As a student with average grades, Pasteur was good at drawing and painting. He earned his bachelor (学士) of arts degree and a bachelor of science degree at the Royal College of Besancon and a doctorate in sciences from the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. Pasteur then spent several years researching and teaching at Dijon Lycée. In 1848, he became a professor of chemistry at the University of Strasbourg. In 1854, Pasteur was appointed professor of chemistry at the University of Lille. There, Pasteur worked on finding solutions to the problems with the manufacture of alcoholic drinks and discovered that microbes (微生物) were responsible for souring alcohol. Working with the germ theory, which Pasteur further developed through experiments and eventually convinced most of Europe of its truth, he demonstrated that microbes such as bacteria were responsible for souring wine, beer and even milk, leading to his invention of a process where bacteria could be removed by heating and then cooling liquid. He completed the first test on April 20, 1862. Today the process is known as pasteurization (加热杀菌法). In 1865, Pasteur shifted focus and helped save the silk industry. He proved that microbes were attacking healthy silkworm eggs, causing an unknown disease and that the disease would be removed if the microbes were removed. He eventually developed a method to prevent their contamination and it was soon used by silk producers throughout the world. Despite suffering from partial paralysis after a severe stroke in 1868, Pasteur continued his groundbreaking research. His discoveries greatly advanced humanity’s understanding of microbes and led to practical methods that saved countless lives and industries. Through his work, Pasteur fundamentally transformed science, public health, and the global economy. 1．What can we learn about Pasteur’s early life? A．He was talented in science from a young age. B．He focused on chemistry throughout his education. C．He became a professor instantly finishing his studies. D．He was initially ordinary academically but shone in art. 2．What mainly caused Pasteur to develop pasteurization? A．His research on microbes. B．His interest in wine making. C．His experience in silk production. D．His ambition to win awards in chemistry. 3．What does the underlined word “contamination” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Infection. B．Decoration. C．Transportation. D．Examination. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To introduce the process of pasteurization. B．To praise Pasteur’s contributions to science. C．To show how microbes harm human health. D．To discuss the development of the silk industry. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了路易斯·巴斯德的生平事迹，包括他的学术背景、科研成就以及对人类健康和工业的巨大贡献。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“As a student with average grades, Pasteur was good at drawing and painting. (作为一名成绩一般的学生，巴斯德擅长绘画)”可知，巴斯德在学业上起初很普通，但在艺术方面表现出色。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Working with the germ theory, which Pasteur further developed through experiments and eventually convinced most of Europe of its truth, he demonstrated that microbes such as bacteria were responsible for souring wine, beer and even milk, leading to his invention of a process where bacteria could be removed by heating and then cooling liquid. (巴斯德通过实验进一步发展了细菌理论，并最终使欧洲大部分人相信了这一理论的正确性。他利用这一理论证明，细菌等微生物是导致葡萄酒、啤酒甚至牛奶变酸的原因，从而发明了一种通过加热然后冷却液体来去除细菌的方法)”可知，巴斯德对微生物的研究使他发明了加热杀菌法。故选A项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“He proved that microbes were attacking healthy silkworm eggs, causing an unknown disease and that the disease would be removed if the microbes were removed. (他证明微生物正在攻击健康的蚕卵，导致一种未知的疾病，如果去除微生物，这种疾病就会被消除)”可知，巴斯德证明微生物会导致蚕卵生病，如果去除微生物，疾病就会被消除，由此可推知，划线词所在句“He eventually developed a method to prevent their contamination and it was soon used by silk producers throughout the world.”说的是，他最终开发出了一种防止蚕卵被微生物“感染”的方法，所以划线词contamination意为“感染”。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“His discoveries greatly advanced humanity’s understanding of microbes and led to practical methods that saved countless lives and industries. Through his work, Pasteur fundamentally transformed science, public health, and the global economy. (他的发现极大地促进了人类对微生物的理解，并导致了拯救无数生命和工业的实用方法的产生。通过他的工作，巴斯德从根本上改变了科学、公共卫生和全球经济)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴斯德的科研成就以及对人类健康和工业的巨大贡献，由此可推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是赞扬巴斯德对科学的贡献。故选B项。 1 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$