Welcome Unit 句子成分和基本句型（单元核心语法精练）英语人教版2019必修第一册

Welcome Unit 核心语法精练（句子成分和基本句型） 目录 1 B 考点夯基·专项突破 4 一、单项选择 4 二、指出下列句中画线部分是什么句子成分 7 三、分析句子成分并写出基本句型 9 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 10 题型一 语法填空（模考真题） 10 题型二 阅读理解（模考真题） 11 句子成分和基本句型的概念: 1. 句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语和同位语。 (1) 主语：名词、代词主格、数词、动词不定式、动名词等 如：I have a stomachache. 我胃痛。 (2) 谓语：动词，一般位于主语之后 如：He put the book on the table.他把书放在桌上。 (3) 宾语：名词、代词宾格、数词、动词不定式、动名词等 如：I lost my school ID card. 我丢了校园卡。 （4）表语：在连系动词之后的形容词、名词、代词、动词不定式、介词短语等 如：My keys are in my schoolbag. 我的钥匙在书包里。 （5）定语：形容词、代词、数词、名词、动名词不定式、介词短语等 如：The white model plane is hers. 白色的飞机模型是她的。 （6）状语：副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和分词短语等 如：Sports star eats well. 运动明星吃得很好。 （7）宾语补足语：形容词、名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、分词等 如：The loud music makes me nervous.吵闹的音乐使我很紧张。 （8）同位语：名词、数词、代词或从句 如：Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。 （9）连系动词的种类： ① be动词类：am，is，are，was，were ② 表示变化类：become，get，turn ③ 感官动词类：look，sound，smell，taste，feel ④ 表示延续性的动词 ：remain，stay，keep 2.句子的基本构型——八大基本句型 句型1 主语＋谓语(S V) 归纳：谓语动词是不及物动词，本身能表达完整的意思，后面不需接宾语。 The rain stopped.雨停了。 句型2 主语＋谓语＋状语(S V Ad) 归纳：谓语动词是不及物动词。状语一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、分词或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。 The time passed quickly. 时间过得很快。 句型3 主语＋系动词＋表语(S V P) 归纳：系动词不能表达一个完整的意思，后面必须加上一个表明主语身份、特征、性质、状态等的表语。 My sister is a nurse. 我姐姐是个护士。 [温馨提示]　系动词除了be动词之外，还有： ①表示感官的动词：feel, look, smell, taste, sound等； ②表示似乎、好像的动词：seem, appear等； ③表示状态延续的动词：remain, stay, keep等； ④表示转变、变化的动词：become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow等； ⑤表示终止性结果的动词：prove, turn out。 I feel quite happy.我感觉很开心。 句型4 主语＋谓语＋宾语(S V O) 归纳：谓语动词是及物动词，表达的意思不完整，其后必须要接一个宾语，即动作的承受者。作宾语的可以是：名词、代词、动名词、不定式、疑问词＋不定式、宾语从句等。 ①I love these types of books. 我爱读这些种类的书籍。 ②I know how to solve the problem. 我知道如何解决这个问题。 句型5 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语(S V O Ad) 归纳：有时宾语后会接副词、介词短语、不定式、分词等作状语。 ①I like to stay at home on Sundays. 星期天我喜欢待在家里。 ②He turned his head around to look at the child. 他扭头看向那个孩子。 句型6 主语＋谓语＋间宾＋直宾(S V IO DO) 此句型中的谓语动词后接两个宾语："间接宾语"多由代词或名词充当；"直接宾语"，往往由名词充当。这类句型常有"给某人某物"、"送某人某物"、"留给某人某物"等意思。常见的这类谓语动词有：buy, bring, get(给某人弄到……), give, hand, lend, leave(留给某人…… ), pay, pass(递给某人……), read, rent(租赁某人……), recommend(将某人推荐给……) , send, show, tell , take(给某人拿……), teach , write等。例如： 这种句型中间接宾语常常指“人”，直接宾语常常指“物”。 He　　　　bought　　　　me　  　a birthday present．他给我买了一份生日礼物。 主语　 谓语(及物动词)　间接宾语　　直接宾语 　I　　showed　　　　him　 　my pictures．我给他看我的照片。 主语 谓语(及物动词)  间接宾语　 直接宾语 常见的能跟双宾语的及物动词 (1)give, tell, teach, write, bring, lend, hand, show, offer, send, pay, pass, allow, return等后的间接宾语可转换为介词to的宾语。 ◆Please hand him a book! ＝Please hand a book to him!   请递给他一本书。  (2)buy, do, get, fetch, save, make, sing, choose等后的间接宾语可转换为介词for的宾语来表示。 ◆Her father bought her a bike． ＝Her father bought a bike for her． 她的父亲给她买了一辆自行车。 句型7 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语(S V O C)  有些及物动词的后面有时常带复合宾语结构（即：宾语 + 宾语补足语）。在这一结构中，宾语补足语是对宾语"做什么"、"怎么样"等方面进行补充说明。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词或介词短语担当。常带复合宾语结构的及物动词有： ask(请求，要求) , allow(容许) ,appoint(任命) , believe , call(称) ,  cause(使得) , catch(发现) , consider(认为) , elect(选举) , expect(预期) , feel(感觉到) , find , get(使得) , have(使，让) , hear , imagine(想象) , keep , let , listen to , look at ,make(使) , notice(注意到) , see , smell, watch(注视，看) , tell等等。 这种句型中的“宾语＋宾语补足语”可统称为“复合宾语”。 迈克告诉我不要现在走。 Mike　　told　　  me　 〈not to go now〉．  主语 谓语(及物动词)  宾语　　宾语补足语 They　　painted　　the door　〈green〉． 他们把门漆成绿色。 主语　 　 谓语　　 宾语　     宾语补足语 句型8 There be结构 【归纳总结】There be ... 意思是“有”，表示“人或事物的存在”或“某地有某物”。There be ... 属于倒装结构，后面的名词是句子的主语。There be中的be有时可以用lie, exist, stand, happen to be, used to be, seem to be, appear to be等代替。 ①There are two people waiting outside. 有两个人正在外面等候。 ②There happened to be nobody around. 碰巧周围没有人。 一、单项选择 1．All of us considered him honest. A．谓语 B．宾语 C．宾补 D．定语 2．Grandma told me an interesting story last night. A．定语 B．宾语 C．状语 D．主语 3．Trees turn green when spring comes. A．谓语 B．状语 C．表语 D．定语 4．He broke a piece of glass. A．谓语 B．宾语 C．主语 D．定语 5．选出划线部分为宾语的句子 A．They helped the old with their housework. B．I saw Kate on the playground. C．I have five toy cars. D．It began to rain. 6．In the sentence “I didn’t feel awkward at all.”, the underlined word “awkward” is ________. A．谓语 B．表语 C．状语 D．宾语 7．There is no one singing in the classroom. A．表语 B．主语 C．宾语 D．状语 E．定语 8．The guy next to me tried to talk to me the whole time. A．主语 B．谓语 C．宾语 D．表语 9．Tom is looking forward to meeting the new exchange student. A．主语 B．谓语 C．直接宾语 D．间接宾语 10．They painted the door green.划线部分是什么成分________ A．Ad B．OC C．IO D．DO 11．Many people grow their own tea gardens. A．adverbial B．object C．subject D．predicate 12．Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. A．subject B．predicate C．attribute D．appositive 13．If you feel like you have problems that you can't solve, you will make yourself miserable. A．adverbial B．attribute C．object D．object complement 14．They painted the door green. A．SVP B．SV C．SVO D．SVOC 15．She cooked her husband a delicious meal. A．SVP B．SV C．SVO D．SVIODO 16．I want to have a cup of tea. A．SVP B．SV C．SVO D．SVOC 17．The sentence structure of “I painted the wall white.” is ________. A．S+V+DO+OC B．S+V+O C．S+V+P D．S+V+ID+DO 18．What’s the structure of the following sentence? “The way you look at people doesn’t give them a good impression.” A．S+V+O B．S+V+IO+DO C．S+V+DO+IO D．S+V+O+OC 19．What is the structure of the sentence “The company offered me a job the day before yesterday”? A．S+V+P (主语+系表结构) B．S+ V + O (主语+谓语动词+宾语) C．S+V+O+OC (主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语) D．S+V+IO+DO (主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语) 20．“The cloth feels soft.” The structure of this sentence is________. A．S+V B．S+V+P C．S+V+O D．S+V+A 21．Analyze the structure of the following sentence: We consider his behavior to be impolite. A．S+V+O B．S+V+O+C C．S+V+IO+DO D．S+V+O+A 22．选出本句属于哪种句子结构：We had chemistry in the newly built lab. A．SVA B．S V IO DO C．SVOA D．SVOC 23．分析句子结构: “Mr. Wu gave me a book.” A．主+谓+宾 B．主+系+表 C．主+谓+双宾 D．主+谓+宾+宾补 24．分析句子结构: “Her first impression was deep.” A．主+谓+宾 B．主+系+表 C．主+谓+双宾 D．主+谓+宾+宾补 25．Our teacher told us an interesting story. A．SVOC B．SVOO C．SVC D．SVO 26．He found his new job challenging. (判断句子结构类型) A．S+V B．S+V+O C．S+V+IO+DC D．S+V+O+C 27．The sentence structure of the sentence "You will find English easy to learn."is ________. (S: subject              V: verb          O: object          C: complement) A．S+V+O B．S+V+O1+O2 C．S+V+O+C D．S+V 28．“The news makes me feel very happy.” The structure of this sentence is “________”. A．S+V+O B．S+V+IO+DO C．S+V+P D．S+V+O+C 29．He asked us to join in the game last night. Sentence elements :_______ A．SVPA B．SVOC C．SVOCA D．SVOOA 30．The sentence structure of “Just then, the king saw a young girl coming along.” is _____________. A．SVO B．SVOC C．SVP D．SV 二、指出下列句中画线部分是什么句子成分 1．It will be held in the school lecture hall from 3 p. m. to 5 p. m. next Friday. 2．Our hard work will finally be rewarded. 3．I won first prize in the English Speech Competition last year. 4．I find my room clean and tidy. 5．I would like to give you some suggestions. 6．They should make use of their spare time to taste these wonderful works carefully. 7．We do sincerely hope that your health will improve soon. 8．The question is that no one knows the location of the new hospital. 9．What you said just now didn’t make me happy. 10．It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 11．Hearing what he said, everybody laughed. 12．Most students in my class like playing chess. 13．His being late made the teacher very angry. 14．The book lying on the desk is on American history. 15．To finish the task on time is impossible. 16．There are many kinds of TV sets on sale in that store. 17．The red flags waved in the wind. 18．Mr. White will give us a talk next week. 19．This bed seems hard. 20．How interesting the film is! 【答案】1．状语 2．主语 3．宾语 4．宾语补足语 5．直接宾语 6．状语 7．宾语 8．表语 9．主语 10. 形式主语,真正的主语 11．谓语 12．宾语 13．宾语补足语 14．表语 15．主语 16．主语 17．谓语 18．间接宾语；直接宾语 19．表语 20．表语 【解析】 1．考查状语。句意：它将于下周五下午3点至5点在学校演讲厅举行。It 作主语；will be held作谓语；in the school lecture hall 作地点状语；from 3 p. m. to 5 p. m. 作时间状语；next Friday 作时间状语。故填状语。 2．考查主语。句意：我们的努力工作最后会被回报的。Our hard work作主语；will  be rewarded 作谓语；finally作状语。故填主语。 3．考查宾语。句意：我在去年的英语演讲比赛中赢得了一等奖。I 作主语；won作谓语；first prize作宾语；in the English Speech Competition作地点状语；last year作时间状语。故填宾语。 4．考查宾语补足语。句意：我发现我的房间干净整洁。I 作主语；find 作谓语；my room作宾语；clean and tidy 作宾语补足语。故填宾语补足语。 5．考查直接宾语。句意：我想给你一些建议。I作主语；would like to give 作谓语；you作间接宾语；some suggestions作直接宾语。故填直接宾语。 6．考查状语。句意：他们应该利用业余时间仔细品尝这些美妙的作品。They作主语；should make use of 作谓语；their spare time作宾语；to taste these wonderful works carefully作目的状语。故填状语。 7．考查宾语。句意：我们真诚希望您的健康会很快改善。We作主语；hope作谓语；that your health will improve soon整个句子作hope的宾语。故填宾语。 8．考查表语。句意：问题是没人知道这个新医院的地址。The question作主语；is 作谓语；that no one knows the location of the new hospital整个句子作表语。故填表语。 9．考查主语。句意：你刚才所说的没有使我开心。What you said just now作整个主句的主语；didn’t make 作谓语；me作宾语；happy作宾语补足语。故填主语。 10．考查。代词和不定式结构。句意：保持教室干净整洁是我们的责任。句中it为形式主语，真正的主语为后文的不定式结构。故答案为形式主语和真正主语。 11．考查动词。句意：听了他的话，大家都笑了。句子描述过去事实，故使用一般过去时，句子使用laughed作句子的谓语。故答案为谓语。 12．考查名词。句意：我们班大多数学生都喜欢下棋。句中使用动名词playing chess作like的宾语。故答案为宾语。 13．考查形容词。句意：他的迟到使老师非常生气。句中使用very angry作宾语补足语，补充说明宾语teacher。故答案为宾语补足语。 14．考查介词短语。句意：放在桌子上的那本书是关于美国历史的。句中使用介词短语on American history作表语。故答案为表语。 15．考查非谓语动词。句意：按时完成任务是不可能的。句中使用不定式结构To finish the task on time 作主语。故答案为主语。 16．考查名词短语。句意：那家商店有很多种电视机在出售。句中使用名词短语many kinds of TV sets主语，句子构成的是there be结构。故答案为主语。 17．考查动词。句意：红旗在风中飘扬。句中使用waved动词作谓语，句子表述过去事实，故使用一般过去时。故答案为谓语。 18．考查代词和名词。句意：怀特先生下周将给我们作报告。句中使用us代词作间接宾语，a talk名词作直接宾语，构成双宾结构。故答案为直接宾语；间接宾语。 19．考查形容词。句意：这张床似乎很硬。句中使用hard作表语。故答案为表语。 20．考查形容词。句意：这部电影多有趣啊！句中使用形容词interesting作表语，此处与前文的how构成强调句。故答案为表语。 三、分析句子成分并写出基本句型 1．It is a great pleasure to talk with you 2．All of us considered him honest. 3．My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. 4．He broke a piece of glass. 5．He made it clear that he would leave the city． 6．I love you more than her, child 7．Tees turn green when spring comes. 8．They pushed the door open. 9．Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 10．Don’t get nervous，help yourself to what you like． 【答案】1．主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 2．主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 3．主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 4．主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 5．主语 ＋动词 ＋ 形式宾语it＋ 宾语补足语+宾语 6．主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 7．主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 8．主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 9．主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 10．主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 【解析】 1．考查句子成分。句意：和你说话真愉快。其中“ to talk with you（和你说话）”作句子主语；“is”是系动词；“ a great pleasure (一件开心的事）”作句子表语。故填主语＋系动词＋表语。 2．考查句子成分。句意：我们所有人都认为他诚实。其中“All of us（我们所有人）”作句子主语；“considered ”是动词；“him (他）”作宾语；“honest （诚实的）”作宾语补足语。故填主语＋动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语。 3．考查句子成分。句意：我祖父给我买了一双运动鞋。其中“My grandfather（我的祖父）”作句子主语；“ bought（买）”是双宾动词；“me（我 ）”作间接宾语；“a pair of sports shoes（一双运动鞋）”作直接宾语。故填主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语。 4．考查句子成分。句意：他打碎了一块玻璃。其中“He （他）”作句子主语；“broke （打碎） ”是及物动词；“a piece of glass（ 一块玻璃）”作宾语。故填主语＋及物动词＋宾语。 5．考查句子成分。句意：他明确表示他会离开这个城市。其中“He （他）”作句子主语；“made（使）” 是动词；“it”作形式宾语；“clear（清楚的）”作宾语补足语；“that he would leave the city（他会离开这个城市）”作宾语。故填主语＋动词＋形式宾语it＋宾语补足语+宾语。 6．考查句子成分。句意：我爱你超过她，孩子。其中“I（我）”作句子主语；“love（爱）”是及物动词；“you（你）”作宾语。故填主语＋及物动词＋宾语。 7．考查句子成分。句意：春天来时树变绿。其中“Tees（树）”作句子主语；“turn”是系动词；“green (绿色的）”作句子表语。故填主语＋系动词＋表语。 8．考查句子成分。句意：他们推开门。其中“They（他们）”作句子主语；“pushed”是动词；“the door (门）”作宾语；“open（开着的）”作宾语补足语。故填主语＋动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语。 9．考查句子成分。句意：昨晚奶奶给我讲了一个有趣的故事。其中“Grandma（奶奶）”作句子主语；“ told（讲） ”是双宾动词；“me（我 ）”作间接宾语；“ an interesting story（一个有趣的故事）”作直接宾语。故填主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语。 10．考查句子成分。句意：不要变得紧张。本句时祈使句，省略主语；“get”是系动词；“nervous (紧张的）”作句子表语。故填主语＋系动词＋表语。 题型一 语法填空 A （24-25高一上·山东潍坊·阶段练习）阅读下面的短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 When Han Jing was a senior high school student 1 last, she was a little anxious. Since she wanted to make a good first 2 (impress), she was rather worried about whether she could make some 3 (friend). Having had 4 (she) first maths class at senior high school, she realized though the class was difficult, most of her classmates and teachers were friendly and 5 (help). And in the afternoon, her chemistry class in the science lab was great, even though there was a guy 6 always made her not concentrate on the experiment. At night, she didn’t feel awkward or 7 (frighten) at all. She missed her friends from junior high school, 8 she believed she would make new friends soon. With a lot 9 (explore) at senior high, she felt 10 (confident) than before and believed that tomorrow would be a great day. B （24-25高一上·四川广元·阶段练习）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 China’s first artificial intelligence (AI) textbook for high school students 1 (publish) last week, 2 (include) AI courses in primary and secondary schools. The nine-chapter textbook, 3 (name) “Fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence”, was written by outstanding 4 (expert) from well-known schools nationwide. It covers the history of AI and how the technology can be applied in areas such as facial recognition, auto driving and public security. “The textbook focuses not only on basics of AI, but on 5 (practice) use of AI in daily life, ” said Chen Yukun, a professor at East China Normal University, 6 is also a contributor to the book. So far, about 40 high schools across the country 7 (take) the task of being the first group of the AI high education pilot program by introducing the textbook in the curriculum. “The AI sector is facing a talent shortage. 8 (fortunate), the publication of the book is 9 breakthrough (突破) as it takes AI technology out of the ‘Ivory tower’ and makes it part of high school learning, which is 10 great significance for the further development of AI”, said Lin Dahua, a professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. C （24-25高一上·山东泰安·期中）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Have you ever asked yourself why children go to school? You will 1 (probable) say that they go to learn languages, history, science and some other knowledge. That’s quite true, but do you know 2 they learn these things? We send our children to school to prepare them 3 the future when they grow up and have to work for 4 (they). Nearly everything they study at school has some practical use in their life. But is that 5 only reason why they go to school? There is 6 (much) in education than just learning facts. We go to school to learn how to learn, so that when we have left school we can continue to learn. A man 7 really knows how to learn will always be 8 (success), because when he has to do something new, he will not only be able to do it well himself, he will also be able 9 (teach) others how to do it in the best way. So the purpose of schools is not to teach languages, history, science, etc., but to teach 10 (student) the way to learn. 题型二 阅读理解 A （24-25高一上·山东济南·期末）Why does one plus one equal two? One possible answer is “It just does!” That is really a different way of saying “Because I said so!” — an answer that has been annoying children for generations. Math can seem like a world of rules you just have to follow, which makes it seem boring. But my love of math is somewhat driven by my love of breaking rules or at least pushing against them, both of which advance human understanding and mathematical understanding. So rather than think about why one plus one is two, let’s go a little further and question whether it’s even true all the time, my you put one rabbit and another rabbit together. You might end up with many rabbits. Sometimes, if you put a pile of sand on top of another, then you just get one pile of sand. And if I say “I’m not not hungry,” that means “I’m hungry.” You might think that these aren’t really situations in which one plus one equals something else, because they aren’t really addition, or because those aren’t really numbers. You’re welcome to think that, but that’s not what math does. Math instead says: Let’s work out the context in which one plus one really does equal two, and contexts in which it doesn’t. Math isn’t really about getting the right answer, it’s about building good explanations. Imagine we were designing a jungle (丛林) gym for children. We’d want to test it in every possible way to make sure it’s safe. We’d want to jump on it, fall from it, and try to pull it out of the ground, rather than simply trusting that we built it well. The solidity of math comes from wanting to know our framework (框架) will hold up. One of the reasons why the framework is so strong is that we question it so deeply. I hope that we will start seeing mathematics as a place to raise questions and explore answers, rather than a place where the answers are fixed and we’re supposed to know them. 1．Why does the author love math? A．He enjoys the number games. B．He finds uncertainty in math. C．He likes going beyond rules. D．He knows and fears nothing. 2．What can be inferred from Paragraph 3? A．Contexts decide math results. B．One plus one always equals two. C．Addition is sometimes confusing. D．There is no trick to learning math. 3．What does the author suggest by mentioning a jungle gym? A．Safety comes first. B．Test outplays trust. C．Math keeps men exact. D．Practice makes perfect. 4．How are we expected to learn math according to the text? A．Team up effectively. B．Question reasonably. C．Review patiently. D．Count frequently. B （24-25高二上·福建莆田·期末）A few years ago, I stood in a small classroom just outside of New York City, watching a high schooler named Serena Stevenson answer math questions. An instructor read out numbers — 74,470, 70,809, 98,402 — and Stevenson added them in her head. For each question, she closed her eyes, and then the fingers of her right hand began to move. She answered most of the problems correctly. The key to her success was an ancient technology called the abacus (算盘). Stevenson used a practice called “mental abacus”, imagining the abacus in her mind and then using her fingers to work through the problems. From watching Stevenson, I knew that gaining skill at the abacus was more than a matter of counting beads, so I decided to sign up for an abacus course with my two daughters to see if we could also improve our math skills. I was one of the many who had some math doubts and I felt a touch of fear. My typical solution was avoidance, and if I had to calculate something like a percentage change, I would go online. Then after a few abacus classes and a good amount of practice, math seemed a little less frightening. I didn’t become Euclid, the founder of geometry. But the practice brought my numerical fears down. This is a time-tested power of the abacus. Confidence grows easily in the device, and abacus students are less likely to be nervous about an upcoming math test, according to one study. Part of the reason, it seems, is that practice and outcomes appear to move in step. My kids gained much as well. My youngest daughter could work out those math problems that once baffled her, while my older child brought her abacus to school to show it to her classmates and teacher. These were just small successes for them, but that was how they finally developed confidence. 1．What is the main purpose of the first paragraph? A．To prove the difficulty of math. B．To introduce the topic of the abacus. C．To show the high intelligence of Stevenson. D．To stress the importance of abacus learning. 2．What do we know about the author from paragraph 3? A．He was weak in math. B．He was good at computer. C．He regarded math as useful. D．He had a close relationship with kids. 3．What does the author realize from his learning experience? A．Knowledge starts with practice. B．It’s never too late to learn. C．Faith can move mountains. D．Practice makes perfect. 4．What does the underlined word “baffled” in the last paragraph mean? A．Excited. B．Inspired. C．Defeated. D．Interested. C （24-25高一上·江西宜春·期末）Handwriting notes in class might seem old-fashioned as digital technology affects nearly every part of learning. But a recent study in Frontiers in Psychology suggests that taking notes with pen and paper is still the best way to learn, especially for young children. The new research is based on a 2014 study that suggested people may type notes quickly, without thinking much about what they’re writing — but writing by hand is slower and makes them actively pay attention to and process the incoming information. This way of building on existing knowledge can make it easier for students to stay interested and understand new ideas more easily. To understand specific brain-activity differences during the two note-taking methods, the researchers of the new study put 256 electrodes (电极) into a hairnet, which let the scientists record 36 students’ brain activity as they wrote or typed words. When students wrote by hand, the electrodes picked up widespread brain connectivity. Typing, however, resulted in little activity in brain areas. Vanderbilt University educational neuroscientist Sophia Vinci-Booher says the recent study stresses the clear tie between bodily movements and understanding ideas, “As you’re writing a word, you’re taking this continuous understanding of something and creating it.” That creation then affects and strengthens the connection between an action and the words related to it. Vinci-Booher notes that the new findings don’t mean technology is always a disadvantage in the classroom. Digital tools can be more helpful for writing papers and offer more equal educational opportunities. However, more and more people are relying on digital tools to perform cognitive (认知的) tasks, such as taking photos instead of memorizing information. Yadurshana Sivashankar, a researcher at the University of Waterloo says, “If we’re not actively using these areas, then they are going to become worse over time.” 1．Why does the author mention the 2014 study? A．To make the research more believable. B．To compare two note taking methods. C．To present different research findings. D．To show the advantage of writing slowly. 2．What can be learned from the experiment in Paragraph 3? A．Typing made the brain connectivity more active. B．Electrodes were only used to record typing words. C．Electrodes were connected to students’ hair directly. D．Writing by hand uses more brain power than typing. 3．What would Sophia Vinci-Booher probably advise students to do? A．Memorize words by writing. B．Take advantage of digital tools. C．Use a new way to taking notes. D．Make better use of technology. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．Technology is an advantage in classroom. B．Taking notes improves students’ brain activity. C．Writing by hand comes with learning benefits. D．Two note-taking methods have clear differences. 1 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Welcome Unit 核心语法精练（句子成分和基本句型） 目录 1 B 考点夯基·专项突破 4 一、单项选择 4 二、指出下列句中画线部分是什么句子成分 11 三、分析句子成分并写出基本句型 12 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 14 题型一 语法填空（模考真题） 14 题型二 阅读理解（模考真题） 18 句子成分和基本句型的概念: 1. 句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语和同位语。 (1) 主语：名词、代词主格、数词、动词不定式、动名词等 如：I have a stomachache. 我胃痛。 (2) 谓语：动词，一般位于主语之后 如：He put the book on the table.他把书放在桌上。 (3) 宾语：名词、代词宾格、数词、动词不定式、动名词等 如：I lost my school ID card. 我丢了校园卡。 （4）表语：在连系动词之后的形容词、名词、代词、动词不定式、介词短语等 如：My keys are in my schoolbag. 我的钥匙在书包里。 （5）定语：形容词、代词、数词、名词、动名词不定式、介词短语等 如：The white model plane is hers. 白色的飞机模型是她的。 （6）状语：副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和分词短语等 如：Sports star eats well. 运动明星吃得很好。 （7）宾语补足语：形容词、名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、分词等 如：The loud music makes me nervous.吵闹的音乐使我很紧张。 （8）同位语：名词、数词、代词或从句 如：Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。 （9）连系动词的种类： ① be动词类：am，is，are，was，were ② 表示变化类：become，get，turn ③ 感官动词类：look，sound，smell，taste，feel ④ 表示延续性的动词 ：remain，stay，keep 2.句子的基本构型——八大基本句型 句型1 主语＋谓语(S V) 归纳：谓语动词是不及物动词，本身能表达完整的意思，后面不需接宾语。 The rain stopped.雨停了。 句型2 主语＋谓语＋状语(S V Ad) 归纳：谓语动词是不及物动词。状语一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、分词或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。 The time passed quickly. 时间过得很快。 句型3 主语＋系动词＋表语(S V P) 归纳：系动词不能表达一个完整的意思，后面必须加上一个表明主语身份、特征、性质、状态等的表语。 My sister is a nurse. 我姐姐是个护士。 [温馨提示]　系动词除了be动词之外，还有： ①表示感官的动词：feel, look, smell, taste, sound等； ②表示似乎、好像的动词：seem, appear等； ③表示状态延续的动词：remain, stay, keep等； ④表示转变、变化的动词：become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow等； ⑤表示终止性结果的动词：prove, turn out。 I feel quite happy.我感觉很开心。 句型4 主语＋谓语＋宾语(S V O) 归纳：谓语动词是及物动词，表达的意思不完整，其后必须要接一个宾语，即动作的承受者。作宾语的可以是：名词、代词、动名词、不定式、疑问词＋不定式、宾语从句等。 ①I love these types of books. 我爱读这些种类的书籍。 ②I know how to solve the problem. 我知道如何解决这个问题。 句型5 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语(S V O Ad) 归纳：有时宾语后会接副词、介词短语、不定式、分词等作状语。 ①I like to stay at home on Sundays. 星期天我喜欢待在家里。 ②He turned his head around to look at the child. 他扭头看向那个孩子。 句型6 主语＋谓语＋间宾＋直宾(S V IO DO) 此句型中的谓语动词后接两个宾语："间接宾语"多由代词或名词充当；"直接宾语"，往往由名词充当。这类句型常有"给某人某物"、"送某人某物"、"留给某人某物"等意思。常见的这类谓语动词有：buy, bring, get(给某人弄到……), give, hand, lend, leave(留给某人…… ), pay, pass(递给某人……), read, rent(租赁某人……), recommend(将某人推荐给……) , send, show, tell , take(给某人拿……), teach , write等。例如： 这种句型中间接宾语常常指“人”，直接宾语常常指“物”。 He　　　　bought　　　　me　  　a birthday present．他给我买了一份生日礼物。 主语　 谓语(及物动词)　间接宾语　　直接宾语 　I　　showed　　　　him　 　my pictures．我给他看我的照片。 主语 谓语(及物动词)  间接宾语　 直接宾语 常见的能跟双宾语的及物动词 (1)give, tell, teach, write, bring, lend, hand, show, offer, send, pay, pass, allow, return等后的间接宾语可转换为介词to的宾语。 ◆Please hand him a book! ＝Please hand a book to him!   请递给他一本书。  (2)buy, do, get, fetch, save, make, sing, choose等后的间接宾语可转换为介词for的宾语来表示。 ◆Her father bought her a bike． ＝Her father bought a bike for her． 她的父亲给她买了一辆自行车。 句型7 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语(S V O C)  有些及物动词的后面有时常带复合宾语结构（即：宾语 + 宾语补足语）。在这一结构中，宾语补足语是对宾语"做什么"、"怎么样"等方面进行补充说明。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词或介词短语担当。常带复合宾语结构的及物动词有： ask(请求，要求) , allow(容许) ,appoint(任命) , believe , call(称) ,  cause(使得) , catch(发现) , consider(认为) , elect(选举) , expect(预期) , feel(感觉到) , find , get(使得) , have(使，让) , hear , imagine(想象) , keep , let , listen to , look at ,make(使) , notice(注意到) , see , smell, watch(注视，看) , tell等等。 这种句型中的“宾语＋宾语补足语”可统称为“复合宾语”。 迈克告诉我不要现在走。 Mike　　told　　  me　 〈not to go now〉．  主语 谓语(及物动词)  宾语　　宾语补足语 They　　painted　　the door　〈green〉． 他们把门漆成绿色。 主语　 　 谓语　　 宾语　     宾语补足语 句型8 There be结构 【归纳总结】There be ... 意思是“有”，表示“人或事物的存在”或“某地有某物”。There be ... 属于倒装结构，后面的名词是句子的主语。There be中的be有时可以用lie, exist, stand, happen to be, used to be, seem to be, appear to be等代替。 ①There are two people waiting outside. 有两个人正在外面等候。 ②There happened to be nobody around. 碰巧周围没有人。 一、单项选择 1．All of us considered him honest. A．谓语 B．宾语 C．宾补 D．定语 【答案】C 【详解】考查句子结构。句意：我们都认为他是诚实的。分析句子可知，All of us在本句中作主语； considered为谓语；him为宾语；honest为宾补，对宾语进行补充说明。故选C项。 2．Grandma told me an interesting story last night. A．定语 B．宾语 C．状语 D．主语 【答案】C 【详解】考查句子成分分析。句意：奶奶昨晚给我讲了一个有趣的故事。根据句子成分分析可知，该句划线短语last night意为“昨晚”作句子的时间状语成分。故选C项。 3．Trees turn green when spring comes. A．谓语 B．状语 C．表语 D．定语 【答案】C 【详解】考查句子成分。句意：当春天来临时，树木变绿。分析句子结构可知，Trees为主语，turn为系动词，green为表语；when spring comes为时间状语从句，状语从句中spring为主语，comes为谓语。故选A项。 4．He broke a piece of glass. A．谓语 B．宾语 C．主语 D．定语 【答案】A 【详解】考查成分。句意：他打碎了一块玻璃。划线部分为谓语，主语为he；a piece of glass为宾语。故选A。 5．选出划线部分为宾语的句子 A．They helped the old with their housework. B．I saw Kate on the playground. C．I have five toy cars. D．It began to rain. 【答案】A 【详解】考查句子成分。A. They helped the old with their housework.(他们帮助老人做家务。)，划线部分中的the old为动词helped宾语，意为“老人”，their house work为介词with的宾语，意为“他们的家务”；B. I saw Kate on the playground.(我看见凯特在操场上)，划线部分为介词短语作状语，意为“在操场上”；C. I have five toy cars.(我有五辆玩具汽车。)，划线部分为定语修饰名词cars，意为“五辆玩具”；D. It began to rain.(开始下雨了。)，划线部分为句子的谓语，意为“开始”，综上可知，只有A选项中划线部分作宾语。故选A项。 6．In the sentence “I didn’t feel awkward at all.”, the underlined word “awkward” is ________. A．谓语 B．表语 C．状语 D．宾语 【答案】B 【详解】考查句子成分。句意：在“我一点也不觉得尴尬”这句话中，下划线的单词“尴尬”是表语。分析句子结构可知，I“我”为主语，feel“感觉”为系动词，故awkward“尴尬”为表语。故选B。 7．There is no one singing in the classroom. A．表语 B．主语 C．宾语 D．状语 E．定语 【答案】B 【详解】考查句子成分。句意：教室里没有人唱歌。分析句子结构，这里是There be句型，其后的no one是主语，singing为现在分词作后置定语，in the classroom为介词短语作地点状语。故选B。 8．The guy next to me tried to talk to me the whole time. A．主语 B．谓语 C．宾语 D．表语 【答案】A 【详解】考查句子成份。句意：我旁边那个人一直想和我说话。The guy是句子主语，next to me是后置定语，修饰The guy，tried to talk to是谓语，me是宾语，the whole time是时间状语。故选A。 9．Tom is looking forward to meeting the new exchange student. A．主语 B．谓语 C．直接宾语 D．间接宾语 【答案】B 【详解】考查句子成分。句意：Tom期待着见到新来的交换生。此处是谓语动词，be+现在分词构成的现在进行时。故选B项。 10．They painted the door green.划线部分是什么成分________ A．Ad B．OC C．IO D．DO 【答案】B 【详解】考查句子结构分析。句意：他们把门漆成绿色。分析句子可知，本句的结构为：主+谓+宾+宾补，其中they为主语，paint为谓语，the door为宾语，green为宾补，补充说明门的颜色。选项B符合题意，故选B。 11．Many people grow their own tea gardens. A．adverbial B．object C．subject D．predicate 【答案】D 【详解】考查句子成分。句意：很多人种他们自己的茶园。A.adverbial 状语。B.object宾语C.subject主语D.predicate谓语。本句是主谓宾的结构。主语是many people，grow是谓语动词，是主语发出的动作，宾语是gardens。故选D项。 12．Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. A．subject B．predicate C．attribute D．appositive 【答案】D 【详解】考查句子结构。句意：我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。分析句子可知，our new teacher是对主语Mr. Smith身份的进一步说明和解释，与主语互为同位关系，因此在本句中充当同位语（appositive）。故选D项。 13．If you feel like you have problems that you can't solve, you will make yourself miserable. A．adverbial B．attribute C．object D．object complement 【答案】B 【详解】考查句子成分。句意：如果你觉得自己有无法解决的问题，你会让自己痛苦的。A.adverbial 状语；B.attribute定语；C.subject主语；D.object complement宾语补足语。分析句子可知，划线部分是定语从句，作定语修饰problems。故选B。 【点睛】 14．They painted the door green. A．SVP B．SV C．SVO D．SVOC 【答案】D 【详解】考查句子结构。句意：他们把门漆成绿色。They是主语，painted是谓语，the door是宾语，green是宾补，故本句是“主语+谓语+宾语+宾补”句型。故选D。 15．She cooked her husband a delicious meal. A．SVP B．SV C．SVO D．SVIODO 【答案】D 【详解】考查句子结构。句意：她给丈夫做了一顿美味的饭菜。主语（S）：She（她）；谓语（V）：cooked（烹饪，及物动词）；间接宾语（IO）：her husband（她的丈夫）；直接宾语（DO）：a delicious meal（一顿美味的饭菜）。由此可知，句子结构是SVIODO。故选D。 16．I want to have a cup of tea. A．SVP B．SV C．SVO D．SVOC 【答案】C 【详解】考查句子结构。句意：我想喝杯茶。I是主语，want是谓语动词，to have a cup of tea是动词不定式作宾语，故本句结构是“主谓宾”。故选C。 17．The sentence structure of “I painted the wall white.” is ________. A．S+V+DO+OC B．S+V+O C．S+V+P D．S+V+ID+DO 【答案】A 【详解】考查句子结构。句意：我把墙漆成白色。该句中，主语是I，谓语是painted ，宾语是wall ，形容词white作宾语补足语。故选A项。 18．What’s the structure of the following sentence? “The way you look at people doesn’t give them a good impression.” A．S+V+O B．S+V+IO+DO C．S+V+DO+IO D．S+V+O+OC 【答案】B 【详解】考查句子成分分析。句意：你看别人的方式不会给他们留下好印象。分析句子可知，该句主语为The way；谓语为doesn’t give；them作间接宾语；a good impression作直接宾语。故该句的句型为主谓宾宾。故选B项。 19．What is the structure of the sentence “The company offered me a job the day before yesterday”? A．S+V+P (主语+系表结构) B．S+ V + O (主语+谓语动词+宾语) C．S+V+O+OC (主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语) D．S+V+IO+DO (主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语) 【答案】D 【详解】考查句子结构。句意：“前天公司给了我一份工作”这句话的结构是什么？分析句子可知，“The company”作句子主语，“offered”为谓语动词，“me”为间接宾语，“a job”为“直接宾语”，“the day before yesterday”作时间状语，故句子为“主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”。故选D项。 20．“The cloth feels soft.” The structure of this sentence is________. A．S+V B．S+V+P C．S+V+O D．S+V+A 【答案】B 【详解】考查句子结构。句意：“这块布摸起来很软。”分析句子结构可知主语为The cloth，feels 为系动词，soft为形容词作表语，所以句子结构为主系表。故选B项。 21．Analyze the structure of the following sentence: We consider his behavior to be impolite. A．S+V+O B．S+V+O+C C．S+V+IO+DO D．S+V+O+A 【答案】B 【详解】考查句子结构。句意：我们认为他的行为不礼貌。A. S+V+O主+谓+宾；B. S+V+O+C主+谓+宾+宾补；C. S+V+IO+DO主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾补；D. S+V+O+A主+谓+宾+状。分析句子可知，“We”是主语，“consider”是谓语，“his behavior”是宾语，“to be impolite”是宾语补足语。故选B项。 22．选出本句属于哪种句子结构：We had chemistry in the newly built lab. A．SVA B．S V IO DO C．SVOA D．SVOC 【答案】C 【详解】考查基本句型。句意：我们在新建的实验室里上化学课。A. SVA主谓状；B. S V IO DO主谓+间接宾语+直接宾语；C. SVOA主谓宾状；D. SVOC主谓宾宾补。分析句子结构可知，“We”在句中作主语，“had”作谓语动词，“chemistry”在句中作动词had宾语，“in the newly built lab”作地点状语，因此该句的结构为“SVOA(主谓宾状)”。故选C项。 23．分析句子结构: “Mr. Wu gave me a book.” A．主+谓+宾 B．主+系+表 C．主+谓+双宾 D．主+谓+宾+宾补 【答案】C 【详解】考查句子结构。句意：吴先生给了我一本书。该句中Mr. Wu是主语，gave是谓语动词，me是间接宾语，a book是直接宾语，间接宾语和直接宾语称双宾语。故选C。 24．分析句子结构: “Her first impression was deep.” A．主+谓+宾 B．主+系+表 C．主+谓+双宾 D．主+谓+宾+宾补 【答案】B 【详解】考查句子结构。句意：她的第一印象是深刻的。该句中Her first impression是句子主语，was是谓语部分，形容词deep在句中作表语，属于主系表结构。故选B。 25．Our teacher told us an interesting story. A．SVOC B．SVOO C．SVC D．SVO 【答案】B 【详解】考查句子结构。句意：老师给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。A. SVOC主谓宾宾补；B. SVOO主谓宾宾；C. SVC主系表；D. SVO主谓宾。Our teacher为主语，told为谓语，us为间接宾语，an interesting story为直接宾语，句子为“主+谓+宾+宾”结构，即SVOO。故选B项。 26．He found his new job challenging. (判断句子结构类型) A．S+V B．S+V+O C．S+V+IO+DC D．S+V+O+C 【答案】D 【详解】考查句子结构类型。句意：他发现他的新工作很有挑战性。分析句子结构可知，该句为主谓宾宾补结构。主语为He；谓语为found；宾语为his new job；宾语补足语为challenging。故选D项。 27．The sentence structure of the sentence "You will find English easy to learn."is ________. (S: subject              V: verb          O: object          C: complement) A．S+V+O B．S+V+O1+O2 C．S+V+O+C D．S+V 【答案】C 【详解】考查句子结构。句意：你会发现英语很容易学。句子主语为you，谓语动词为will find，宾语为English，to learn作宾语补足语。所以本句为主谓宾补结构。故选C。 28．“The news makes me feel very happy.” The structure of this sentence is “________”. A．S+V+O B．S+V+IO+DO C．S+V+P D．S+V+O+C 【答案】D 【详解】考查句子成分。分析句子结构可知，本句主语The news；谓语makes；宾语me；宾补feel very happy（此处使用省略to的动词不定式作宾补），S主语，V谓语，O宾语，P表语,IO间接宾语，DO直接宾语，C补语，故选择D项。 29．He asked us to join in the game last night. Sentence elements :_______ A．SVPA B．SVOC C．SVOCA D．SVOOA 【答案】C 【详解】考查句子结构。句意：他昨晚请我们参加比赛。主语为he，谓语动词为ask，us为宾语，to join in the game为宾补，last night为时间状语。故句子为“主谓宾宾补（SVOCA）”，故选C。 30．The sentence structure of “Just then, the king saw a young girl coming along.” is _____________. A．SVO B．SVOC C．SVP D．SV 【答案】B 【详解】考查句子结构。句意：就在这时，国王看到一个年轻的女孩走过来。分析句子结构可知，Just then是时间状语，the king是主语，saw是谓语动词，a young girl是宾语，coming along是现在分词短语作宾语补足语。所以该句的结构为“主谓宾补”结构。故选B。 二、指出下列句中画线部分是什么句子成分 1．It will be held in the school lecture hall from 3 p. m. to 5 p. m. next Friday. 2．Our hard work will finally be rewarded. 3．I won first prize in the English Speech Competition last year. 4．I find my room clean and tidy. 5．I would like to give you some suggestions. 6．They should make use of their spare time to taste these wonderful works carefully. 7．We do sincerely hope that your health will improve soon. 8．The question is that no one knows the location of the new hospital. 9．What you said just now didn’t make me happy. 10．It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 11．Hearing what he said, everybody laughed. 12．Most students in my class like playing chess. 13．His being late made the teacher very angry. 14．The book lying on the desk is on American history. 15．To finish the task on time is impossible. 16．There are many kinds of TV sets on sale in that store. 17．The red flags waved in the wind. 18．Mr. White will give us a talk next week. 19．This bed seems hard. 20．How interesting the film is! 【答案】1．状语 2．主语 3．宾语 4．宾语补足语 5．直接宾语 6．状语 7．宾语 8．表语 9．主语 10. 形式主语,真正的主语 11．谓语 12．宾语 13．宾语补足语 14．表语 15．主语 16．主语 17．谓语 18．间接宾语；直接宾语 19．表语 20．表语 【解析】 1．考查状语。句意：它将于下周五下午3点至5点在学校演讲厅举行。It 作主语；will be held作谓语；in the school lecture hall 作地点状语；from 3 p. m. to 5 p. m. 作时间状语；next Friday 作时间状语。故填状语。 2．考查主语。句意：我们的努力工作最后会被回报的。Our hard work作主语；will  be rewarded 作谓语；finally作状语。故填主语。 3．考查宾语。句意：我在去年的英语演讲比赛中赢得了一等奖。I 作主语；won作谓语；first prize作宾语；in the English Speech Competition作地点状语；last year作时间状语。故填宾语。 4．考查宾语补足语。句意：我发现我的房间干净整洁。I 作主语；find 作谓语；my room作宾语；clean and tidy 作宾语补足语。故填宾语补足语。 5．考查直接宾语。句意：我想给你一些建议。I作主语；would like to give 作谓语；you作间接宾语；some suggestions作直接宾语。故填直接宾语。 6．考查状语。句意：他们应该利用业余时间仔细品尝这些美妙的作品。They作主语；should make use of 作谓语；their spare time作宾语；to taste these wonderful works carefully作目的状语。故填状语。 7．考查宾语。句意：我们真诚希望您的健康会很快改善。We作主语；hope作谓语；that your health will improve soon整个句子作hope的宾语。故填宾语。 8．考查表语。句意：问题是没人知道这个新医院的地址。The question作主语；is 作谓语；that no one knows the location of the new hospital整个句子作表语。故填表语。 9．考查主语。句意：你刚才所说的没有使我开心。What you said just now作整个主句的主语；didn’t make 作谓语；me作宾语；happy作宾语补足语。故填主语。 10．考查。代词和不定式结构。句意：保持教室干净整洁是我们的责任。句中it为形式主语，真正的主语为后文的不定式结构。故答案为形式主语和真正主语。 11．考查动词。句意：听了他的话，大家都笑了。句子描述过去事实，故使用一般过去时，句子使用laughed作句子的谓语。故答案为谓语。 12．考查名词。句意：我们班大多数学生都喜欢下棋。句中使用动名词playing chess作like的宾语。故答案为宾语。 13．考查形容词。句意：他的迟到使老师非常生气。句中使用very angry作宾语补足语，补充说明宾语teacher。故答案为宾语补足语。 14．考查介词短语。句意：放在桌子上的那本书是关于美国历史的。句中使用介词短语on American history作表语。故答案为表语。 15．考查非谓语动词。句意：按时完成任务是不可能的。句中使用不定式结构To finish the task on time 作主语。故答案为主语。 16．考查名词短语。句意：那家商店有很多种电视机在出售。句中使用名词短语many kinds of TV sets主语，句子构成的是there be结构。故答案为主语。 17．考查动词。句意：红旗在风中飘扬。句中使用waved动词作谓语，句子表述过去事实，故使用一般过去时。故答案为谓语。 18．考查代词和名词。句意：怀特先生下周将给我们作报告。句中使用us代词作间接宾语，a talk名词作直接宾语，构成双宾结构。故答案为直接宾语；间接宾语。 19．考查形容词。句意：这张床似乎很硬。句中使用hard作表语。故答案为表语。 20．考查形容词。句意：这部电影多有趣啊！句中使用形容词interesting作表语，此处与前文的how构成强调句。故答案为表语。 三、分析句子成分并写出基本句型 1．It is a great pleasure to talk with you 2．All of us considered him honest. 3．My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. 4．He broke a piece of glass. 5．He made it clear that he would leave the city． 6．I love you more than her, child 7．Tees turn green when spring comes. 8．They pushed the door open. 9．Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 10．Don’t get nervous，help yourself to what you like． 【答案】1．主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 2．主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 3．主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 4．主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 5．主语 ＋动词 ＋ 形式宾语it＋ 宾语补足语+宾语 6．主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 7．主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 8．主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 9．主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 10．主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 【解析】 1．考查句子成分。句意：和你说话真愉快。其中“ to talk with you（和你说话）”作句子主语；“is”是系动词；“ a great pleasure (一件开心的事）”作句子表语。故填主语＋系动词＋表语。 2．考查句子成分。句意：我们所有人都认为他诚实。其中“All of us（我们所有人）”作句子主语；“considered ”是动词；“him (他）”作宾语；“honest （诚实的）”作宾语补足语。故填主语＋动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语。 3．考查句子成分。句意：我祖父给我买了一双运动鞋。其中“My grandfather（我的祖父）”作句子主语；“ bought（买）”是双宾动词；“me（我 ）”作间接宾语；“a pair of sports shoes（一双运动鞋）”作直接宾语。故填主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语。 4．考查句子成分。句意：他打碎了一块玻璃。其中“He （他）”作句子主语；“broke （打碎） ”是及物动词；“a piece of glass（ 一块玻璃）”作宾语。故填主语＋及物动词＋宾语。 5．考查句子成分。句意：他明确表示他会离开这个城市。其中“He （他）”作句子主语；“made（使）” 是动词；“it”作形式宾语；“clear（清楚的）”作宾语补足语；“that he would leave the city（他会离开这个城市）”作宾语。故填主语＋动词＋形式宾语it＋宾语补足语+宾语。 6．考查句子成分。句意：我爱你超过她，孩子。其中“I（我）”作句子主语；“love（爱）”是及物动词；“you（你）”作宾语。故填主语＋及物动词＋宾语。 7．考查句子成分。句意：春天来时树变绿。其中“Tees（树）”作句子主语；“turn”是系动词；“green (绿色的）”作句子表语。故填主语＋系动词＋表语。 8．考查句子成分。句意：他们推开门。其中“They（他们）”作句子主语；“pushed”是动词；“the door (门）”作宾语；“open（开着的）”作宾语补足语。故填主语＋动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语。 9．考查句子成分。句意：昨晚奶奶给我讲了一个有趣的故事。其中“Grandma（奶奶）”作句子主语；“ told（讲） ”是双宾动词；“me（我 ）”作间接宾语；“ an interesting story（一个有趣的故事）”作直接宾语。故填主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语。 10．考查句子成分。句意：不要变得紧张。本句时祈使句，省略主语；“get”是系动词；“nervous (紧张的）”作句子表语。故填主语＋系动词＋表语。 题型一 语法填空 A （24-25高一上·山东潍坊·阶段练习）阅读下面的短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 When Han Jing was a senior high school student 1 last, she was a little anxious. Since she wanted to make a good first 2 (impress), she was rather worried about whether she could make some 3 (friend). Having had 4 (she) first maths class at senior high school, she realized though the class was difficult, most of her classmates and teachers were friendly and 5 (help). And in the afternoon, her chemistry class in the science lab was great, even though there was a guy 6 always made her not concentrate on the experiment. At night, she didn’t feel awkward or 7 (frighten) at all. She missed her friends from junior high school, 8 she believed she would make new friends soon. With a lot 9 (explore) at senior high, she felt 10 (confident) than before and believed that tomorrow would be a great day. 【答案】 1．at 2．impression 3．friends 4．her 5．helpful 6．who/that 7．frightened 8．but 9．to explore 10．more confident 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章通过讲述韩静进入高中后第一天的经历，展现了她从焦虑到逐渐适应新环境的心理变化过程。 1．考查介词。句意：当韩静终于成为一名高中生时，她有点焦虑。at last“最后；终于”是固定短语。故填at。 2．考查名词。句意：因为她想给人留下好印象，所以她很担心自己能否交到朋友。根据空格前的make a可知，空格处应该用单数名词impression作宾语，意为“印象”。故填impression。 3．考查名词复数。句意：因为她想给人留下好印象，所以她很担心自己能否交到朋友。根据空格前的some可知，空格处应该用复数名词friends作宾语。故填friends。 4．考查代词。句意：在上了高中第一节数学课后，她意识到虽然这门课很难，但她的大多数同学和老师都很友好且乐于助人。空格处作定语，修饰下文的名词class，应该用形容词性物主代词her。故填her。 5．考查形容词。句意：在上了高中第一节数学课后，她意识到虽然这门课很难，但她的大多数同学和老师都很友好且乐于助人。根据空格前的and可知，空格处与上文的friendly并列作表语，应该用形容词helpful意为“乐于助人的”符合句意。故填helpful。 6．考查定语从句。句意：下午，她在科学实验室的化学课很棒，尽管有个家伙总是让她无法专注于实验。空格处引导定语从句，对先行词guy进行限定说明，先行词指人，从句中缺少主语，所以应该用关系代词that或who代替先行词在从句中作主语。故填that/who。 7．考查形容词。句意：到了晚上，她一点也不觉得尴尬或害怕。根据空格前的feel和连词or可知，空格处与上文的awkward并列作表语，所以应该用形容词frightened意为“害怕的”。故填frightened。 8．考查连词。句意：她想念初中时的朋友，但她相信自己很快就能交到新朋友。空格前的句子与空格后的句子是转折关系，所以应该用连词but连接。故填but。 9．考查非谓语动词。句意：在高中还有许多东西等着她去探索，她比以前更有信心了，并且相信明天会是美好的一天。空格处在“with复合结构”中作补足语，表示将来未发生的动词，应该用不定式形式作补足语。故填to explore。 10．考查形容词比较级。句意：在高中还有许多东西等着她去探索，她比以前更有信心了，并且相信明天会是美好的一天。根据空格后的than可知，空格处应该用形容词比较级more confident作表语。故填more confident。 B （24-25高一上·四川广元·阶段练习）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 China’s first artificial intelligence (AI) textbook for high school students 1 (publish) last week, 2 (include) AI courses in primary and secondary schools. The nine-chapter textbook, 3 (name) “Fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence”, was written by outstanding 4 (expert) from well-known schools nationwide. It covers the history of AI and how the technology can be applied in areas such as facial recognition, auto driving and public security. “The textbook focuses not only on basics of AI, but on 5 (practice) use of AI in daily life, ” said Chen Yukun, a professor at East China Normal University, 6 is also a contributor to the book. So far, about 40 high schools across the country 7 (take) the task of being the first group of the AI high education pilot program by introducing the textbook in the curriculum. “The AI sector is facing a talent shortage. 8 (fortunate), the publication of the book is 9 breakthrough (突破) as it takes AI technology out of the ‘Ivory tower’ and makes it part of high school learning, which is 10 great significance for the further development of AI”, said Lin Dahua, a professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. 【答案】 1．was published 2．including 3．named 4．experts 5．practical 6．who 7．have taken 8．Fortunately 9．a 10．of 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍的是上周中国首本面向高中生的人工智能（AI）教材出版，该教材包含中小学AI课程。 1．考查动词语态。句意：上周，中国第一本面向高中学生的人工智能（AI）教科书出版，其中包括中小学的人工智能课程。设空处使用动词作谓语，根据last week判断应用一般过去时，主语textbook和publish之间是被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态，主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式。故填was published。 2．考查介词。句意：同上。设空处使用介词including意为“包括”，和空后的内容构成介词短语。故填including。 3．考查非谓语动词。句意：这本名为《人工智能基础》的九章教科书由来自全国知名学校的优秀专家撰写。句中was written为谓语动词，设空处使用非谓语动词，此处逻辑主语textbook与name之间构成被动关系，用过去分词形式表示被动关系。故填named。 4．考查名词复数。句意：同上。expert是可数名词，此处表示“很多专家”编写了这本书，用复数形式。故填experts。 5．考查形容词。句意：华东师范大学教授陈玉坤，他也是这本书的撰稿人之一，说：“这本教科书不仅关注人工智能的基础知识，而且关注人工智能在日常生活中的实际应用”。设空处使用practice的形容词practical作定语修饰use。故填practical。 6．考查定语从句。句意：同上。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Chen Yukun，为人，引导词在从句作主语，故用关系代词who。故填who。 7．考查动词时态。句意：截至目前，全国约有40所高中通过在课程中引入教科书，承担了成为AI高等教育试点项目第一批的任务。设空处使用动词作谓语。结合时间状语so far可知，此处使用现在完成时，主语40 high schools为复数，助动词用have。故填have taken。 8．考查副词。句意：幸运的是，这本书的出版是一个突破，因为它让人工智能技术走出了象牙塔，成为高中学习的一部分，这对人工智能的进一步发展具有重要意义，”香港中文大学教授林大华表示。设空处使用fortunate的副词fortunately作状语，修饰整个句子。同时该空置于句首，开头单词首字母大写。故填Fortunately。 9．考查冠词。句意：同上。句中breakthrough为名词，此处表示泛指“一个突破”，故使用不定冠词，其首字母为辅音音素。故填a。 10．考查介词。句意：同上。句中构成be of great+抽象名词的固定结构，意为“极其……”，此处be of great significance意为“极其重要的”。故填of。 C （24-25高一上·山东泰安·期中）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Have you ever asked yourself why children go to school? You will 1 (probable) say that they go to learn languages, history, science and some other knowledge. That’s quite true, but do you know 2 they learn these things? We send our children to school to prepare them 3 the future when they grow up and have to work for 4 (they). Nearly everything they study at school has some practical use in their life. But is that 5 only reason why they go to school? There is 6 (much) in education than just learning facts. We go to school to learn how to learn, so that when we have left school we can continue to learn. A man 7 really knows how to learn will always be 8 (success), because when he has to do something new, he will not only be able to do it well himself, he will also be able 9 (teach) others how to do it in the best way. So the purpose of schools is not to teach languages, history, science, etc., but to teach 10 (student) the way to learn. 【答案】 1．probably 2．why 3．for 4．themselves 5．the 6．more 7．who/that 8．successful 9．to teach 10．students 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章解释了孩子们上学的原因。孩子们上学不仅是为了学习语言、历史、科学等知识，更重要的是学会如何学习。 1．考查副词。句意：你也许会说他们要去学习语言、历史、科学和一些其他的知识。probable是个形容词，修饰动词say应该用副词。故填probably。 2．考查宾语从句。句意：那的确是对的，但你知道他们为什么要学这些东西吗？本句中挖空处引导宾语从句，并在句中充当原因状语。故填why。 3．考查介词。句意：我们送孩子们上学是为了让他们为将来做准备，当他们长大后必须为自己工作。prepare sb. for sth.意为“让某人为某事做好准备”。故填for。 4．考查反身代词。句意：我们送孩子们上学是为了让他们为将来做准备，当他们长大后必须为自己工作。主语和宾语为同一人，应用反身代词。故填themselves。 5．考查定冠词。句意：但那是他们上学的唯一理由吗？“only reason”后面由定语从句“why they go to school”修饰，表示特指，因此前面应该用定冠词修饰。故填the。 6．考查比较级。句意：教育中不仅仅只有学习事实。分析句子结构可知，than是比较级的标志，much的比较级是more。故答案是more。 7．考查定语从句。句意：一个真正知道如何学习的人总是会成功的，因为当他需要做新的事情时，他不仅能自己做好，还能教会别人如何以最好的方式去做。这个句子是个限制性定语从句，先行词是a man，指人，挖空处所填的关系代词指代先行词，引导定语从句并在从句中作主语。故填who或者that。 8．考查形容词。句意：一个真正知道如何学习的人总是会成功的，因为当他需要做新的事情时，他不仅能自己做好，还能教会别人如何以最好的方式去做。结合句意并分析句子结构可知，挖空处应该用形容词作表语，表示“成功的”。故填successful。 9．考查固定搭配。句意：一个真正知道如何学习的人总是会成功的，因为当他需要做新的事情时，他不仅能自己做好，还能教会别人如何以最好的方式去做。be able to do sth.意为“能够做某事”。故填to teach。 10．考查名词单复数。句意：所以学校的目的不是教语言、历史、科学等，而是教学生学习的方法。根据常识可知，此处应该用student的复数形式作teach的宾语，表示泛指。故填students。 题型二 阅读理解 A （24-25高一上·山东济南·期末）Why does one plus one equal two? One possible answer is “It just does!” That is really a different way of saying “Because I said so!” — an answer that has been annoying children for generations. Math can seem like a world of rules you just have to follow, which makes it seem boring. But my love of math is somewhat driven by my love of breaking rules or at least pushing against them, both of which advance human understanding and mathematical understanding. So rather than think about why one plus one is two, let’s go a little further and question whether it’s even true all the time, my you put one rabbit and another rabbit together. You might end up with many rabbits. Sometimes, if you put a pile of sand on top of another, then you just get one pile of sand. And if I say “I’m not not hungry,” that means “I’m hungry.” You might think that these aren’t really situations in which one plus one equals something else, because they aren’t really addition, or because those aren’t really numbers. You’re welcome to think that, but that’s not what math does. Math instead says: Let’s work out the context in which one plus one really does equal two, and contexts in which it doesn’t. Math isn’t really about getting the right answer, it’s about building good explanations. Imagine we were designing a jungle (丛林) gym for children. We’d want to test it in every possible way to make sure it’s safe. We’d want to jump on it, fall from it, and try to pull it out of the ground, rather than simply trusting that we built it well. The solidity of math comes from wanting to know our framework (框架) will hold up. One of the reasons why the framework is so strong is that we question it so deeply. I hope that we will start seeing mathematics as a place to raise questions and explore answers, rather than a place where the answers are fixed and we’re supposed to know them. 1．Why does the author love math? A．He enjoys the number games. B．He finds uncertainty in math. C．He likes going beyond rules. D．He knows and fears nothing. 2．What can be inferred from Paragraph 3? A．Contexts decide math results. B．One plus one always equals two. C．Addition is sometimes confusing. D．There is no trick to learning math. 3．What does the author suggest by mentioning a jungle gym? A．Safety comes first. B．Test outplays trust. C．Math keeps men exact. D．Practice makes perfect. 4．How are we expected to learn math according to the text? A．Team up effectively. B．Question reasonably. C．Review patiently. D．Count frequently. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要论述了作者喜爱数学的原因以及对如何学习数学的一些见解。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“But my love of math is somewhat driven by my love of breaking rules or at least pushing against them, both of which advance human understanding and mathematical understanding.(但我对数学的热爱在某种程度上是由我对打破规则的热爱所驱动的，或者至少是对规则的挑战，这两者都促进了人类的理解和对数学的理解)”可知，作者喜欢数学因为喜欢打破常规。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“So rather than think about why one plus one is two, let’s go a little further and question whether it’s even true all the time, my you put one rabbit and another rabbit together. You might end up with many rabbits. Sometimes, if you put a pile of sand on top of another, then you just get one pile of sand. And if I say “I’m not not hungry,” that means “I’m hungry.”(所以与其思考为什么1加1等于2，不如进一步思考一下，如果你把一只兔子和另一只兔子放在一起，它是否一直都是正确的。你可能会得到很多兔子。有时候，如果你把一堆沙子放在另一堆沙子上，那么你只会得到一堆沙子。如果我说“我不是不饿”，意思是“我饿了”)”可知，语境决定数学成绩。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Imagine we were designing a jungle (丛林) gym for children. We’d want to test it in every possible way to make sure it’s safe. We’d want to jump on it, fall from it, and try to pull it out of the ground, rather than simply trusting that we built it well. The solidity of math comes from wanting to know our framework (框架) will hold up. One of the reasons why the framework is so strong is that we question it so deeply. (想象一下，我们正在为孩子们设计一个丛林健身房。我们想要用各种可能的方法来测试它，以确保它是安全的。我们想要跳上去，从上面掉下来，试着把它从地上拉出来，而不是简单地相信我们把它造得很好。数学的坚固性来自于我们想知道我们的框架是否能够支撑起来。这个框架如此强大的原因之一是我们对它的质疑如此深刻)”可知，作者提到攀爬架是为了表明测试胜过信任。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“I hope that we will start seeing mathematics as a place to raise questions and explore answers, rather than a place where the answers are fixed and we’re supposed to know them.(我希望我们开始把数学看作是一个提出问题和探索答案的地方，而不是一个答案是固定的，我们应该知道它们的地方)”可知，学习数学应该合理提问。故选B。 B （24-25高二上·福建莆田·期末）A few years ago, I stood in a small classroom just outside of New York City, watching a high schooler named Serena Stevenson answer math questions. An instructor read out numbers — 74,470, 70,809, 98,402 — and Stevenson added them in her head. For each question, she closed her eyes, and then the fingers of her right hand began to move. She answered most of the problems correctly. The key to her success was an ancient technology called the abacus (算盘). Stevenson used a practice called “mental abacus”, imagining the abacus in her mind and then using her fingers to work through the problems. From watching Stevenson, I knew that gaining skill at the abacus was more than a matter of counting beads, so I decided to sign up for an abacus course with my two daughters to see if we could also improve our math skills. I was one of the many who had some math doubts and I felt a touch of fear. My typical solution was avoidance, and if I had to calculate something like a percentage change, I would go online. Then after a few abacus classes and a good amount of practice, math seemed a little less frightening. I didn’t become Euclid, the founder of geometry. But the practice brought my numerical fears down. This is a time-tested power of the abacus. Confidence grows easily in the device, and abacus students are less likely to be nervous about an upcoming math test, according to one study. Part of the reason, it seems, is that practice and outcomes appear to move in step. My kids gained much as well. My youngest daughter could work out those math problems that once baffled her, while my older child brought her abacus to school to show it to her classmates and teacher. These were just small successes for them, but that was how they finally developed confidence. 1．What is the main purpose of the first paragraph? A．To prove the difficulty of math. B．To introduce the topic of the abacus. C．To show the high intelligence of Stevenson. D．To stress the importance of abacus learning. 2．What do we know about the author from paragraph 3? A．He was weak in math. B．He was good at computer. C．He regarded math as useful. D．He had a close relationship with kids. 3．What does the author realize from his learning experience? A．Knowledge starts with practice. B．It’s never too late to learn. C．Faith can move mountains. D．Practice makes perfect. 4．What does the underlined word “baffled” in the last paragraph mean? A．Excited. B．Inspired. C．Defeated. D．Interested. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者自己和孩子学习珠算的故事，得出了“熟能生巧”的道理。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“For each question, she closed her eyes, and then the fingers of her right hand began to move. She answered most of the problems correctly.(对于每一个问题，她都闭上眼睛，然后她右手的手指开始移动。她正确地回答了大部分问题)”以及第二段“The key to her success was an ancient technology called the abacus (算盘).(她成功的关键是一种叫做算盘的古老技术)”可推知，第一段的主要目的是引出算盘这个主题。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“I was one of the many who had some math doubts and I felt a touch of fear. My typical solution was avoidance, and if I had to calculate something like a percentage change, I would go online.(我是许多对数学有疑问的人之一，我感到一丝恐惧。我的典型解决方案是回避，如果我必须计算诸如百分比变化之类的东西，我会上网)”可推知，作者对数学有疑惑，且对数学有一丝恐惧，故作者的数学不好。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Then after a few abacus classes and a good amount of practice, math seemed a little less frightening. I didn’t become Euclid, the founder of geometry. But the practice brought my numerical fears down. This is a time-tested power of the abacus.(经过几节算盘课和大量的练习，数学似乎没那么可怕了。我没有成为欧几里得，几何学的奠基人。但这种做法消除了我对数字的恐惧。这是一种久经考验的算盘的力量)”可推知，作者从他的学习经历中意识到熟能生巧。故选D。 4．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“These were just small successes for them, but that was how they finally developed confidence. (对他们来说，这些只是小小的成功，但这就是她们最终建立自信的方式)”可知，孩子们学算盘学的不错，获得成功，说明最小的女儿也解开了曾经打败自己的数学题。故划线词与C项“Defeated(打败)”意思相近。故选C。 C （24-25高一上·江西宜春·期末）Handwriting notes in class might seem old-fashioned as digital technology affects nearly every part of learning. But a recent study in Frontiers in Psychology suggests that taking notes with pen and paper is still the best way to learn, especially for young children. The new research is based on a 2014 study that suggested people may type notes quickly, without thinking much about what they’re writing — but writing by hand is slower and makes them actively pay attention to and process the incoming information. This way of building on existing knowledge can make it easier for students to stay interested and understand new ideas more easily. To understand specific brain-activity differences during the two note-taking methods, the researchers of the new study put 256 electrodes (电极) into a hairnet, which let the scientists record 36 students’ brain activity as they wrote or typed words. When students wrote by hand, the electrodes picked up widespread brain connectivity. Typing, however, resulted in little activity in brain areas. Vanderbilt University educational neuroscientist Sophia Vinci-Booher says the recent study stresses the clear tie between bodily movements and understanding ideas, “As you’re writing a word, you’re taking this continuous understanding of something and creating it.” That creation then affects and strengthens the connection between an action and the words related to it. Vinci-Booher notes that the new findings don’t mean technology is always a disadvantage in the classroom. Digital tools can be more helpful for writing papers and offer more equal educational opportunities. However, more and more people are relying on digital tools to perform cognitive (认知的) tasks, such as taking photos instead of memorizing information. Yadurshana Sivashankar, a researcher at the University of Waterloo says, “If we’re not actively using these areas, then they are going to become worse over time.” 1．Why does the author mention the 2014 study? A．To make the research more believable. B．To compare two note taking methods. C．To present different research findings. D．To show the advantage of writing slowly. 2．What can be learned from the experiment in Paragraph 3? A．Typing made the brain connectivity more active. B．Electrodes were only used to record typing words. C．Electrodes were connected to students’ hair directly. D．Writing by hand uses more brain power than typing. 3．What would Sophia Vinci-Booher probably advise students to do? A．Memorize words by writing. B．Take advantage of digital tools. C．Use a new way to taking notes. D．Make better use of technology. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．Technology is an advantage in classroom. B．Taking notes improves students’ brain activity. C．Writing by hand comes with learning benefits. D．Two note-taking methods have clear differences. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项研究表明手写笔记能增强学习效果，尤其是对儿童而言。手写可激活大脑视觉和运动区域，促进信息加工与概念理解，优于键盘输入。然而科技在教育中仍有其价值，关键在于平衡使用。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“The new research is bases on a 2014 study that suggested people may type notes quickly, without thinking much about what they’re writing — but writing by hand is slower and makes them actively pay attention to and process the incoming information. (这项新的研究建立在2014年的一项研究的基础上，该研究表明，人们可能会快速打字，而不会过多考虑自己在写什么，但手写速度较慢，会让他们积极关注和处理收到的信息。)”可知，新的研究建立在2014年的研究的基础上，所以作者提及2014年的研究是为了让新的研究更具说服力。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“When students wrote by hand, the electrodes picked up widespread brain connectivity. Typing, however, resulted in little activity in brain areas. (当学生用手写字时，电极发现了广泛的大脑连接。然而，打字导致这些大脑区域的活动极小。)”可知，手写可以激活大脑更广泛区域的活动，相比之下，打字只在这些区域产生了最小的活动，由此可知，手写比打字更能激活大脑活动。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Vanderbilt University educational neuroscientist Sophia Vinci-Booher says the recent study stresses the clear tie between physical actions and understanding ideas, “As you’re writing a word, you’re taking this continuous understanding of something and creating it.” That creation then affects and strengthens the connection between an action and the words related to it.” (范德比尔特大学教育神经科学家Sophia Vinci Booher表示，最近的研究强调了身体动作和概念理解之间的明确联系，“当你写一个单词时，你正在对某物进行持续的理解，并创造它。”然后，这种创造会影响并加强动作与相关单词之间的联系。)”可知，Sophia Vinci Booher认为写单词可以增进持续的理解，所以Sophia Vinci Booher可能会建议学生通过写文章来记忆单词。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“But a recent study in Frontiers in Psychology suggests that taking notes with pen and paper is still the best way to learn, especially for young children. (但《心理学前沿》最近的一项研究表明，用笔和纸做笔记仍然是最好的学习方式，尤其是对儿童来说。)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了手写笔记能增强学习效果，有助于学习。故选C项。 1 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$