专题05 阅读理解（说明文类+议论文类）（北京专用）-【好题汇编】2025年高考英语二模试题分类汇编

专题05 阅读理解——说明文类+议论文类 编者按：2025年北京六区高三二模分类整理，深度解析，排版整齐。 （一） （2025年·海淀·二模） If you’ve ever hung around scientists, you’ve most likely heard one of them say “the best explanation is the simplest one.” But is it? From the behavior of ants to the occurrence of tornadoes, the natural world is often quite complex. Why should we assume the simplest explanation is closest to the truth? This idea is known as Occam’s (or Ockham’s) razor. It’s also referred to as “rule of economy”. And it bears a family relationship to the “principle of least astonishment,” which holds that if an explanation is too surprising, it’s probably not right. The name comes from William of Ockham, a 14th-century scholastic philosopher. He formulated the principle that “entities (实体) should not be multiplied beyond necessity.” The philosophical claim is a form of ontological minimalism: we should not invoke entities unless we have evidence that they exist. In other words: don’t make stuff up. In 1687, Isaac Newton expanded on the notion with his concept of a vera causa — a true cause, stating that we should admit only causes that were both true and sufficient to explain natural phenomena. He added that Nature did nothing in vain and Nature was pleased with simplicity. Although Newton was a great scientist, this claim seems odd. Who is to say what “pleases Nature”? Doesn’t this guidance assume we know what we are in fact trying to figure out? Consider the world of Physics filled with explanations that are surprising, unexpected and hard to get your head around. Newton explained light as being made of particles, whereas other scientists explained it as a wave. Quantum mechanics, however, tells us light is both a wave and a particle. Newton’s account was simpler, but modern physics tells us the more complex model is closer to the truth. When we turn to biology, things get even more complicated. Imagine two smokers, both of whom went through a pack a day for 30 years. One gets cancer; the other doesn’t. The simplest explanation? For decades the tobacco industry’s answer was that smoking doesn’t cause cancer. Simple but false. In fact, disease is complex, and we don’t yet understand all the factors involved in cancer. Occam’s razor is not a fact or even a theory. It’s a metaphysical (形而上学的) principle: an idea held independently of empirical (实证的) evidence. In human affairs, things are more often than not complex. Human motivations are typically multiple. People can be good and bad at the same time, selfish and selfless, depending on circumstances. The shelves of ethicists are filled with books pondering why good people do bad things, and their answers are rarely short and sweet. Our explanations should match the world as best as we can make them. Science is about allowing things to unfold naturally, and sometimes this means accepting that the truth is not simple, even if it would make our lives easier if it were. 28. Occam’s razor indicates that_________. A. simpler explanations should be preferred B. reasonable explanations can’t be surprising C. explanations should be consistent with purposes D. sufficient causes can explain natural phenomena 29. What can we learn from this passage? A. Newton offered solid empirical support to Occam’s razor. B. The tobacco industry’s response is in line with Occam’s razor. C. Quantum mechanics confirms Newton’s particle theory of light. D. Ethicists argue human complexity results in multiple motivations. 30. It’s implied in the passage that we need to ________. A. follow the laws of nature B. interpret the world as it is C. balance accuracy and simplicity D. highlight the existence of entities 【答案】28. A 29. B 30. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了“奥卡姆剃刀”认为最简单的解释最接近真相，但牛顿的理论及物理中光的解释、生物学中吸烟与癌症的关系表明，自然和人类事务都很复杂。奥卡姆剃刀是形而上学原则，科学应让事物自然展现，真相往往并非简单，不应一味追求简单的解释。 【28题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“If you’ve ever hung around scientists, you’ve most likely heard one of them say “the best explanation is the simplest one.”(如果你曾经和科学家在一起，你很可能会听到他们中的一个人说：“最好的解释是最简单的。”)”以及第二段“He formulated the principle that “entities (实体) should not be multiplied beyond necessity.”(他提出了这样一个原则：“如无必要，勿增实体”)”可知，奥卡姆剃刀理论表明，更简单的解释更可取。故选A。 【29题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“When we turn to biology, things get even more complicated. Imagine two smokers, both of whom went through a pack a day for 30 years. One gets cancer; the other doesn’t. The simplest explanation? For decades the tobacco industry’s answer was that smoking doesn’t cause cancer. Simple but false. In fact, disease is complex, and we don’t yet understand all the factors involved in cancer.(当我们转向生物学时，事情变得更加复杂。想象一下，有两个吸烟者，他们每天吸一包烟，持续了30年。一个得了癌症；另一个没有。最简单的解释是什么？几十年来，烟草行业的答案是吸烟不会致癌。简单但错误。事实上，疾病是复杂的，我们还不了解与癌症有关的所有因素)”可知，烟草业用“吸烟不致癌”这一简单但错误的解释，虽违背事实，但其逻辑符合奥卡姆剃刀的表面原则（优先简单解释）。故选B。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Our explanations should match the world as best as we can make them. Science is about allowing things to unfold naturally, and sometimes this means accepting that the truth is not simple, even if it would make our lives easier if it were.(我们的解释应该尽可能符合现实。科学是关于让事物自然展开的，有时这意味着接受事实并不简单，即使事实简单会让我们的生活更容易)”可知，我们需要如实地解读世界。故选B。 （二） （2025年·海淀·二模） In 1922 British geologist Robert Sherlock put forth what is now considered to be the central argument for recognizing the Anthropocene (人类世) as a new geological era: the scale and character of human activities have become so great as to compete with natural forces. About one hundred years later, geologists have broadly accepted Sherlock’s core idea, and the Anthropocene Working Group has proposed Crawford Lake in Canada as the official site for marking the Anthropocene. The proposal attracted a great deal of press, much of it focused on a misguided controversy over how narrowly to define the Anthropocene. Amid this debate, observers may have been left to wonder why defining this chapter in Earth’s history should matter to ordinary people at all. Sherlock was not a lone wolf. He built on the work of others. One was an American scholar George Marsh, who had called attention to deforestation and the role of humans as “disturbing agents”. In addition to revisiting deforestation, Sherlock described the changed courses of rivers through dams and canals; and the huge quantities of stuff people move while mining the raw materials of modern civilization. Human impacts were becoming so manifest, Sherlock argued, that the distinction between “natural” and “artificial” was becoming difficult to sustain. We needed a new term to study the effects of human activities on Earth. Scientists of later generations followed his footsteps. And in 2000 Eugene F. Stormer and Paul J. Crutzen formally proposed the word “Anthropocene” in a paper. But science is conservative in nature — the burden of proof is always on those making a novel claim — and the social and economic consequences of recognizing the adverse effects of burning fossil fuels have led to enormous resistance beyond scientific community. The definition of the Anthropocene matters for at least two reasons. First, it is a way for scientists to declare that the shifts going on around us are no small issue. Anthropogenic climate change is a profound change in the conditions of life on Earth. In countless ways, the past may no longer be a reliable guide to the future. We must rethink core assumptions about how we build our economies and our infrastructures, how we travel, and even how we eat. Second, the definition of the Anthropocene extends the conversation beyond climate change. What geologists can now see in rocks — from the subtle to the gross — points to the widespread and lasting impact of human activities on Earth. It is common for people to say that as climate change proceeds, we can “just adapt”. Some wealthy people even think that, if necessary, they will move to higher ground or lower latitudes. No doubt some people will become climate refugees, either voluntarily or under force. But the definition of the Anthropocene reminds us that the challenge we face is geological in scale. It affects the whole Earth. It reminds us that as this new era unfolds, there won’t be anywhere to hide. 31. What can we learn about the Anthropocene? A. It is driven by dramatic climate change. B. It is approved as a definite geological era. C. It highlights the impact of human activities. D. It marks the unique features of Crawford Lake. 32. What can be inferred from the passage? A. A shift in mindset of responsibility is in great need. B. Geological changes in rocks remain to be uncovered. C. The proof of new claims makes science conservative. D. The press focuses on the significance of the Anthropocene. 33. What does the word “manifest” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Direct. B. Diverse. C. Negative. D. Striking. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Does the Anthropocene Matter? B. What Does the Anthropocene Tell Us? C. Can Humans Adapt to the Anthropocene? D. How Can Humans Reduce Anthropogenic Impact? 【答案】31. C 32. A 33. D 34. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章围绕“人类世”这一概念展开，讨论了其定义，科学意义以及社会影响。 【31题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“In 1922 British geologist Robert Sherlock put forth what is now considered to be the central argument for recognizing the Anthropocene (人类世) as a new geological era: the scale and character of human activities have become so great as to compete with natural forces.(1922年，英国地质学家罗伯特·歇洛克提出了人类世是一个新的地质时代的核心论点：人类活动的规模和性质已经变得如此之大，以至于可以与自然力量相竞争)”可知，人类世强调人类活动的影响。故选C。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“We must rethink core assumptions about how we build our economies and our infrastructures, how we travel, and even how we eat.(我们必须重新思考我们如何建设经济和基础设施，如何旅行，甚至如何饮食等核心假设)”以及最后一段“It reminds us that as this new era unfolds, there won’t be anywhere to hide.(它提醒我们，随着这个新时代的展开，我们将无处可藏)”可知，我们需要转变责任心态，承担更多的责任。故选A。 【33题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“the distinction between “natural” and “artificial” was becoming difficult to sustain(“自然”和“人工”之间的区别越来越难以维持)”可知，人类的影响变得如此明显，以至于“自然”和“人为”之间的区别难以维持。故划线词意思是“显著的，引人注目的”。故选D。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章围绕“人类世”这一概念展开，讨论了其定义，科学意义以及社会影响。结合倒数第三段中“The definition of the Anthropocene matters for at least two reasons.(人类世的定义之所以重要，至少有两个原因)”定义人类世很重要，它彰显人类活动影响，还提醒我们需转变观念，因为人类面临的挑战规模巨大，无处可躲。因此，A选项“人类世重要吗？”最符合文章标题。故选A。 （三） （2025年·西城·二模） The human being is a “social animal,” as Aristotle suggested. We have a fundamental need to belong. Yet we find ourselves in the middle of an epidemic of loneliness and isolation. How, then, might we encourage the feelings of connectedness that are so crucial to our well-being? Over the past several years, my colleagues and I have conducted scientific studies suggesting that experiential purchases tend to bring people more happiness than material ones. In recent research, we investigated another downstream consequence of spending on experiences rather than things: it can promote a greater sense of social connection. We conducted a series of 13 experiments involving 1,980 participants. We asked people to think about either experiential or material purchases they had made and then rate their thoughts and feelings about those purchases on nine-point scales. In some of our studies, people reported feeling more connection with someone who had made the same experiential purchase than someone who had made the same material purchase. This reflects the fact that experiential purchases are more central to an individual’s identity: our data show that people feel more similar to and more connection with someone who purchases the same experience as them because they believe this kind of consumption tends to represent more of one’s true, essential sense of self. These findings apply even when people think about how their experiences differ. Knowing that another person has a better version of what you have can create a sense of social distance. What we observe, however, is that this distance feels less wide when it comes to experiential purchases compared with material ones. We also discovered that experiential consumption fosters (促进) a sense of social connectedness more broadly, not just to those who have made a similar purchase. People who reflected on experiences they had acquired — rather than material goods — reported a broader sense of connection to humanity. Finally, we found that after people think about a fulfilling experience, they express a greater desire to engage in social activities than they do after they reflect on an important possession. Experiences connect us with others, and they provide memories of such connection that people can revisit. These memories, in turn, can encourage engagement in even more sociality. One clear takeaway from this research — like the many studies on experiential spending and happiness done to date — is that people would likely be wise to increase their spending on “doing” rather than “having.” But our work points to another implication as well. Communities could benefit in many ways from encouraging experiential pursuits. Policymakers can support access to public parks, beaches and museums, for example. Improved funding for the arts and performance spaces can be a way for communities to ensure that shared experiences continue to bring people together. Directing resources toward more community engagement might promote improvements in societal well-being. 28. What can be learned about experiential purchases? A. They effectively prevent social distancing. B. They promote involvement in social events. C. They allow people to discover their true selves. D. They reduce the likelihood of social comparison. 29. According to the passage, policymakers had better _______. A. address the funding challenges of communities B. advocate the importance of social well-being C. prioritize the construction of public spaces D. finance local cultural events and festivals 30. What is the purpose of this passage? A. To argue against materialism in modern society. B. To suggest ways to reduce loneliness and isolation. C. To compare the economic value of goods and experiences. D. To show how experiences boost connection and well-being. 【答案】28. B 29. D 30. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了体验式购物可以促进参与社会活动，解释了研究开展的过程以及带来的启发。 【28题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“In recent research, we investigated another downstream consequence of spending on experiences rather than things: it can promote a greater sense of social connection.(在最近 研究中，我们调查了把钱花在体验上而不是实物上的另一个下游后果：它可以促进更强的社会联系感)”可知，体验式购买可以促进参与社会活动。故选B。 【29题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Policymakers can support access to public parks, beaches and museums for example. Improved funding for the arts and performance spaces can be a way for communities to ensure that shared experiences continue to bring people together. Directing resources toward more community engagement might promote improvements in societal well-being.(例如，政策制定者可以支持进入公园、海滩和博物馆。改善对艺术和表演空间的资助可以成为社区确保共享体验继续将人们聚集在一起的一种方式。将资源用于更多的社区参与可能会促进社会福祉的改善)”可知，政策制定者最好资助当地的文化活动和节日。故选D。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，并根据第二段“Over the past several years, my colleagues and I have conducted scientific studies suggesting that experiential purchases tend to bring people more happiness than material ones. In recent research, we investigated another downstream consequence of spending on experiences rather than things: it can promote a greater sense of social connection.(在过去的几年里，我和同事进行的科学研究表明，体验式购买往往比物质购买给人们带来更多的幸福感。在最近的研究中，我们调查了把钱花在体验上而不是实物上的另一个下游后果：它可以促进更强的社会联系感)”可知，文章主要说明了体验式购物可以促进参与社会活动，解释了研究开展的过程以及带来的启发。由此推知，这篇文章的目的是展示体验如何促进联系和幸福感。故选D。 （四） （2025年·西城·二模） A theme at this year’s World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need to “accelerate breakthroughs in research and technology.” Some of this discussion was motivated by the climate emergency, some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in various conversations, it seemed to be taken for granted that to address the world’s problems, scientific research needs to move faster. The WEF meeting took place just two weeks after Harvard University President Claudine Gay stepped down after complaints were made about her political science scholarship. Gay’s troubles came after Stanford University President Marc Tessier Lavigne stepped down, after an internal investigation concluded that his neuroscience research had “multiple problems” and “fell below customary standards of scientific rigor.” Although it may be impossible to determine just how widespread such problems really are, it’s hard to imagine that the phenomenon of high-profile scholars correcting and withdrawing papers has not had a negative impact on public trust in science and perhaps in experts broadly. In recent years we’ve seen important papers withdrawn because of questionable data or methods. In one interesting case, Frances H. Arnold, who shared the 2018Nobel Prize in Chemistry, voluntarily withdrew a paper when her lab was unable to reproduce her results — but after the paper had been published. In an open apology, she stated that she was “a bit busy” when the paper was submitted and “did not do my job well.” Arnold’s honesty is admirable, but it raises a question: Are scholars at highly competitive places such as Harvard and Standford rushing to publishing rather than taking the time to do their work right? It’s impossible to answer this question scientifically because there’s no scientific definition of what constitutes “rushing”. But there’s little doubt that we live in a culture where academics at leading universities are under enormous pressure to produce results — and a lot of them — quickly. However, nearly a century passed between biochemist Friedrich Miescher’s identification of the DNA molecule and suggestion that it might be involved in inheritance (遗传) and the clarification of its double-helix (双螺旋) structure in the 1950s. And it took just about half a century for geologists and geophysicists to accept Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental drift (漂移). There’s plenty of circumstantial evidence that scientists and other scholars are pushing results out far faster than they used to. One recent study put the number at more than seven million a year, compared with fewer than a million as recently as 1980. Another study found 265 academic authors — two thirds of whom were in the medical and life sciences — published a paper every five days on average. The numbers suggest that the research world has prioritized quantity over quality. Researchers may need to slow down — not speed up — if we are to produce knowledge worthy of trust. 31. What does the word “rigor” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A. Quickness and convenience. B. Flexibility and openness. C. Strictness and precision. D. Fame and popularity. 32. DNA and continental drift are examples to demonstrate that _______. A. good science takes time B. science advances with time C. research across disciplines is needed D. breakthroughs seldom happen by chance 33. Which of the following situations can best reflect the author’s concern? A. A researcher fails to produce evidence for his paper. B. A university loses young talent due to a lack of funding. C. An editor overlooks the errors in a writer’s research methods. D. A scholar publishes a paper with limited data to gain recognition. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. The Danger of Fast Science B. The Battle between Quality and Quantity C. The Crisis among Top Scientists D. The Principle behind Research Assessments 【答案】31. C 32. A 33. D 34. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如今科学研究存在急于发表论文，过于注重数量导致了很多问题。 【31题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“his neuroscience research had “multiple problems” and “fell below customary standards of scientific (他的神经科学研究存在“多重问题”，并且“低于科学……的标准)”可知，斯坦福大学的校长因他的神经科学研究存在“多个问题”且“低于科学严谨性的惯常标准”而辞职。由于研究存在问题且未达到标准，这里的“rigor”意味着在科学研究中高水平的严格性和精确性。故划线词意思是“严格、精确”。故选C。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“However, nearly a century passed between biochemist Friedrich Miescher’s identification of the DNA molecule and suggestion that it might be involved in inheritance (遗传) and the clarification of its double-helix (双螺旋) structure in the 1950s. And it took just about half a century for geologists and geophysicists to accept Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental drift (漂移). (然而，从生物化学家弗里德里希·米歇尔鉴定出DNA分子并提出它可能与遗传有关，到20世纪50年代对其双螺旋结构的澄清，已经过去了近一个世纪。地质学家和地球物理学家仅仅用了半个世纪的时间就接受了阿尔弗雷德·韦格纳的大陆漂移学说。)”可知，DNA和大陆漂移就是证明好的科学需要时间的例子。故选A。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“There’s plenty of circumstantial evidence that scientists and other scholars are pushing results out far faster than they used to. (有大量的间接证据表明，科学家和其他学者推出结果的速度比过去快得多。)”以及“Another study found 265 academic authors — two thirds of whom were in the medical and life sciences — published a paper every five days on average. The numbers suggest that the research world has prioritized quantity over quality. Researchers may need to slow down — not speed up — if we are to produce knowledge worthy of trust. (另一项研究发现，265位学术作者——其中三分之二在医学和生命科学领域——平均每五天发表一篇论文。这些数字表明，研究界更看重数量而不是质量。如果我们要产生值得信任的知识，研究人员可能需要放慢速度，而不是加快速度。)”可知，“学者发表了一篇数据有限的论文以获得认可”最能反映作者的担忧。故选D。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“A theme at this year’s World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need to “accelerate breakthroughs in research and technology.” Some of this discussion was motivated by the climate emergency, some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in various conversations, it seemed to be taken for granted that to address the world’s problems, scientific research needs to move faster. (今年世界经济论坛会议的一个主题是人们认为有必要“加速研究和技术的突破”。其中一些框架是由气候紧急情况推动的，另一些是由可生成人工智能带来的机遇和挑战推动的。然而，在各种对话中，人们似乎理所当然地认为，要解决世界上的问题，科学研究需要加快步伐。)”结合文章主要说明了如今科学研究存在急于发表论文，过于注重数量导致了很多问题。可知，A选项“快速科学的危险”最符合文章标题。故选A。 （五） （2025年·东城·二模） Have you ever felt as though the temperatures your local weather app reported failed to capture how it felt outside? Well, you were right. As heat waves become more intense and more frequent, we need to change the way we think about outdoor temperatures. What matters is not how hot the air is but how hot the weather is to a human body. For that, we need “wet-bulb globe temperature”. Wet-bulb temperature, which athletic organizations, the military and regulators have used for decades, comes from a device with three thermometers to better capture how heat stresses the body The first is a basic thermometer, which measures the air temperature. The second is a thermometer inside a black ball, which captures the heat our bodies absorb from direct sunlight. The third is a thermometer covered in a wet cloth, mimicking our body’s ability to cool itself with sweat and accounting for factors such as humidity (湿度) and air movement. The three readings are combined using a weighting system to produce the wet-bulb temperature. Wet-bulb temperature might sound like the “heat index” — that is, when your local weatherperson says, “It’s 90 degrees, but it’s going to feel like 98 because of humidity” — and there are similarities. But there are also critical differences. The heat index assumes you’re in the shade and resting, but being in direct sunlight can add 15 degrees to the heat index. One way to understand the value of using wet temperatures is to look at maps comparing them with the more familiar “dry” temperatures. Take Fresno, Calif., which is forecast-to reach 102 degrees. But humidity is low, so the corresponding wet-bulb temperature is 80. New York City, for comparison, is forecast to be 98, but humidity will be high, putting the wet-bulb temperature at 88 — and making conditions even more dangerous than in Fresno. Don’t get me wrong. I just want to stress that we cannot ignore the even more dangerous weather happening elsewhere that might be less obvious. Of course, it will take time for the public to become familiar with wet-bulb temperatures. The downside is that, because they are generally lower than dry temperatures or the heat index, people could misinterpret them. The solution is to educate people about why they’re necessary. Policymakers have strategies to protect against extreme heat. For example, Portland, Ore, has begun distributing free air conditioners. Simple infrastructure enhancements such as white roofs can reflect the sun’s heat and incoming solar radiation. And planting more trees adjacent to buildings helps reduce temperatures and heat deaths. But these measures matter only if people and companies are aware there’s an issue, which means using the right data. The goal should be to help people experiencing extreme heat to protect themselves. We have the tools to measure this correctly; we just need to use them. 27. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A. The development of high-tech thermometers. B. The measurement of wet-bulb temperature. C. The standard of temperature classification. D. The application of a weighting system. 28. It is implied in this passage that ______. A. dry temperatures can be misleading B. wet temperature is higher than heat index C. intense heat paired with low humidity can be risky D. potential dangers of extreme heat should be stressed 29. As for current heat-fighting strategies, the author thinks ______. A. they may fail to deliver B. they should be monitored C. they ought to be diversified D. they can raise heat awareness 30. What is the purpose of the passage? A. To illustrate a concept B. To make a comparison. C. To propose a practice. D. To present a phenomenon 【答案】27. B 28. A 29. A 30. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了湿球温度这一概念，包括其测量方法、与其他温度指标的区别，以及强调使用湿球温度数据对于应对极端高温、保护人们免受高温危害的重要性。 【27题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第二段关键句“Wet-bulb temperature, which athletic organizations, the military and regulators have used for decades, comes from a device with three thermometers to better capture how heat stresses the body. (几十年来，体育组织、军方和监管机构一直在使用湿球温度，它来自一个带有三个温度计的设备，以更好地捕捉热量对身体的压力)”可知，本段主要介绍了测量湿球温度的方法，即通过一个带有三个温度计的设备，结合三种不同的温度读数，并使用加权系统来产生湿球温度。因此，本段的主要内容是湿球温度的测量。故选B。 【28题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Take Fresno, Calif., which is forecast-to reach 102 degrees. But humidity is low, so the corresponding wet-bulb temperature is 80. New York City, for comparison, is forecast to be 98, but humidity will be high, putting the wet-bulb temperature at 88 — and making conditions even more dangerous than in Fresno. (以加利福尼亚州的弗雷斯诺为例，该地预报气温将达到102华氏度。但湿度较低，所以相应的湿球温度是80华氏度。作为对比，纽约市预报气温为98华氏度，但湿度较高，使得湿球温度达到88华氏度，这使得纽约的情况比弗雷斯诺更加危险)”可知，干球温度（即文中提到的一般所说的温度）不能完全反映实际的危险程度，会让人产生误解，以为温度高的地方就更危险，而忽略了湿度等其他因素对实际体感温度和危险程度的影响。所以干球温度可能具有误导性。故选A。 29题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But these measures matter only if people and companies are aware there’s an issue, which means using the right data. (但这些措施只有在人们和公司意识到存在问题时才重要，这意味着要使用正确的数据)”可知，作者认为当前应对高温的策略取决于人们是否意识到问题以及是否使用正确的数据，言外之意目前这些策略可能无法发挥作用。故选A。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“We have the tools to measure this correctly; we just need to use them (我们有正确测量（极端高温）的工具，我们只需要使用它们)” 以及前文对湿球温度的介绍和其重要性的阐述可知，文章的目的是提议人们使用湿球温度这一正确的测量方式和数据来应对极端高温，即提议一种实践做法。故选C。 （六） （2025年·东城·二模） For almost two centuries, newspapers have been on a journey into the mass market which gave them scale, reputation and profit but which has now reached its end. They mostly abandoned dependence on subscriptions and instead sold below production cost as a way to attract readers to sell to advertisers. Since the Internet took off, the print media’s advertising-supported business model has suffered. In the past 20 years, newspapers’ ad profits have fallen by about 80%, while circulation has roughly fallen by half. Though online traffic has risen, profit from digital advertising has failed to offset (抵消) the profit draining out of print. “Platforms have become the new kings of the media landscape,” says the Competition and Markets Authority, a regulator. This power shift has led newspapers in many countries to turn to authorities for help. Partly because they have, by their very nature, a loud voice, they have generated sympathy. How much they deserve it is another matter. The world is filled with businesses torn apart by the digital revolution without anyone rushing to the rescue. Why are newspapers different? One argument is that a thriving press supports grass-roots journalism, which, though often loss-making, supports fairness and equality. That is reasonable. Yet it is mixed with other motivations, such as the desire to choke the tech giants. The result is a range of interventions aimed at putting the pressure on big tech. Mindful of the outcry, big tech is offering a handout, promising $1bn over three years to newspapers to provide news content for its site. Some publishers saw it as an unstated admission that big tech should pay for news. If anything, the gratitude for big tech’s generosity shows how desperate newspapers are for payment of any kind. More to the point, it will not change the underlying economics of the global newspaper industry. That is because the ad-funded business model was living on fumes even before the Internet ate the world this century. Data show that newspapers have been losing share of ad dollars to TV since the 1950s — long before the web. Circulation has also fallen relative to population, suggesting that profits were supported by economic and population growth, not because the industry was producing a more popular product. Claims that the tech giants are robbing newspapers for profit sound far-fetched, too. The real failure is that papers have lost control of distribution to platforms, making it harder to monetise the traffic. This is a mistake some content industries, such as video-streaming and music, have avoided. Moreover, some of the advertising dollars made by big tech came from bringing new firms into the market, rather than taking online advertisers from newspapers. So ignore the complaining of old-media companies in distress and look instead at how some newspapers have already adapted to the digital invasion. Also some digital publications with a newsworthy focus are thriving. The question of who pays for public-interest journalism remains unanswered. But few think it ought to be tech giants. That would “undermine the principles of an independent press”. 31. Why does the author cite the statistics in Paragraph 2? A. To prove the decline of print media. B. To emphasize the popularity of platforms. C. To indicate the importance of digital advertising. D. To demonstrate the inconsistency in subscriptions. 32. The underlined phrase “was living on fumes” in Paragraph 6 probably means ______. A. was taking off B. was moving forward C. was falling apart D. was struggling along 33. Which of the following may the author agree with? A. The platform should support grass-roots journalism. B. The old media should produce marketable products. C. New online advertisers should be introduced. D. Effective interventions should be made. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Where is the Digital Age leading the press? B. Are online platforms really a way out? C. How the Internet impacts old media? D. Should big tech save newspapers? 【答案】31. A 32. D 33. B 34. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇议论文，作者批驳了报纸业“支持草根新闻业是在支持公平和公正”、“科技巨头正在掠夺报纸利润”这两种观点，揭露报纸行业的本质问题在其自身而非数字平台的冲击，并建议报纸业应提升内容质量从而实现自救。 【31题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中“In the past 20 years, newspapers’ ad profits have fallen by about 80%, while circulation has roughly fallen by half.(在过去的20年里，报纸的广告利润下降了大约80%，而发行量大约下降了一半)”可知，此处引用数据是为了证明印刷媒体的衰落，故选A。 【32题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线部分下文“Data show that newspapers have been losing share of ad dollars to TV since the 1950s — long before the web. Circulation has also fallen relative to population(数据显示，自20世纪50年代以来——早在网络出现之前——报纸的广告收入份额就一直在输给电视。发行量相对于人口也有所下降)”可知，早在网络出现之前报纸的广告收入份额就一直在输给电视。发行量相对于人口也有所下降，由此推知划线短语所在句意为“这是因为即使在本世纪互联网吞噬世界之前，广告资助的商业模式就已经难以为继了”，was living on fumes意为“在困难中坚持，勉力维持”，故选D。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。根据第六段中“Circulation has also fallen relative to population, suggesting that profits were supported by economic and population growth, not because the industry was producing a more popular product.(发行量相对于人口也有所下降，这表明利润是由经济和人口增长支撑的，而不是因为该行业在生产更受欢迎的产品)”可知，旧媒体应该生产适销对路的产品，故选B。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合最后一段中“The question of who pays for public-interest journalism remains unanswered. But few think it ought to be tech giants. That would ‘undermine the principles of an independent press’.(谁为公共新闻买单的问题仍然没有答案。但很少有人认为应该是科技巨头。这将‘破坏新闻独立的原则’)”可知，作者批驳了报纸业“支持草根新闻业是在支持公平和公正”、“科技巨头正在掠夺报纸利润”这两种观点，揭露报纸行业的本质问题在其自身而非数字平台的冲击，并建议报纸业应提升内容质量从而实现自救，D项“科技巨头应该拯救报纸吗？”最适合作为标题，故选D。 （七） （2025年·朝阳·二模） Chinook salmon and their habitats in Seattle’s Thornton Creek suffered severely due to urban expansion, causing flash floods and biodiversity loss. Despite restoration efforts, the once-abundant salmon all but disappeared. During a conference, biologist Katherine Lynch proposed rebuilding the creek’s missing “liver” damaged by urbanization. Lynch has been studying the hyporheic zone, a layer of wet sediment (沉积物), small stones and tiny creatures beneath the streambed. It facilitates water mixing and oxygen delivery to salmon eggs, earning the nickname “liver of the river.” The disappearance of this zone threatens the health of waterways. Lynch recognized that, however, most restoration efforts in Seattle overlooked it or disconnected it from the surface water. Teamed with engineer Mike Hrachovec, Lynch redesigned Thornton Creek. They strategically put logs into the water at precise angles to create tiny waterfalls and nearly still water pockets, generating hydraulic pressure to force water down into the hyporheic zone. These accurately placed logs and rocks, known as “hyporheic structures,” also create pockets of slow water that provide safe shelters for juvenile fish — all meant to emulate features of a natural stream. Subsequent data analysis confirmed the stream functioned as Lynch’s team — and nature — intended. But was the stream also supporting life? Given that the stone and sand positioned were sterile (贫瘠的) territory, Lynch thought that a biological jumpstart might be necessary and that the return of life to restored creeks relied on organisms migrating from healthy upstream habitats. So her team tried another ground-breaking move: inoculating (接种) the engineered hyporheic zone with microbes (微生物), which quickly populated the areas. But even though the number of individuals was high, the biodiversity was relatively low. A 2021 study by stream ecologist Sarah Morley noted that while a few of the new species grew rapidly, most were similar to those in unrestored section. Scientists are exploring reasons for the limited survival of introduced species, and because this science is so new, they have not ruled out any potential explanations: differences in the donor stream, size of the restored area, or poor water quality. They might have inoculated the hyporheic too soon, before essential vegetation could establish. The Thornton Creek restorations have successfully prevented neighbourhood flooding, even during heavy storms, and stabilized the stream’s flow. Most notably, Chinook salmon returned to lay eggs in the restored hyporheic zones, touching Lynch deeply. She recalls, “this success suggests that small urban creek restorations can revitalize functioning ecosystems.” 28. What does the underlined word “emulate” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Record. B. Copy. C. Monitor. D. Transform. 29 What can be inferred about the microbial inoculation in Thornton Creek? A. It introduced essential vegetation. B. It restored the original biodiversity. C. It increased the total quantity of microbes. D. It sourced microbes from downstream habitats. 30. What can we learn from Lynch’s restoration project? A. It focused on increasing water oxygen levels. B. It recreated the conditions of the donor stream. C It removed human-made structures from the creek. D. It integrated physical redesign with bio-intervention. 31. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. To Revive a River, Restore Its Liver. B. Urbanization: A Silent Killer of a River. C. Chinook Salmon Boost the Diversity of Ecosystems. D. What Makes the Hyporheic Zone Vital for Restoration?. 【答案】28. B 29. C 30. D 31. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科学家通过重建溪流“肝脏”——潜流带，成功恢复生态系统功能并使鲑鱼回归的生态修复过程。 【28题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第三段中“They strategically put logs into the water at precise angles to create tiny waterfalls and nearly still water pockets, generating hydraulic pressure to force water down into the hyporheic zone. These accurately placed logs and rocks, known as “hyporheic structures,” also create pockets of slow water that provide safe shelters for juvenile fish — all meant to emulate features of a natural stream. (他们从策略上以精确的角度把原木放入水中，以制造出小瀑布和近乎静止的水洼，产生液压将水挤压进潜流带。这些精准放置的原木和石头被称为“潜流结构”，它们还形成了水流缓慢的区域，为幼鱼提供了安全的庇护所——这一切都是为了emulate自然溪流的特征)”可知，这些结构和设计都是为了模仿天然溪流的特征，所以“emulate”意思是“模仿”，与“copy”意思相近。故选B。 【29题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中“But even though the number of individuals was high, the biodiversity was relatively low. (但是，尽管个体数量很高，生物多样性却相对较低)”以及“So her team tried another ground-breaking move: inoculating (接种) the engineered hyporheic zone with microbes (微生物), which quickly populated the areas. (于是，她的团队尝试了另一项开创性的举措：向经过改造的潜流带接种微生物，这些微生物迅速在这些区域大量繁殖)”可知，对桑顿溪进行微生物接种后，微生物数量迅速增加，但生物多样性相对较低。所以可以推断出微生物接种增加了微生物的总量。故选C。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Teamed with engineer Mike Hrachovec, Lynch redesigned Thornton Creek. They strategically put logs into the water at precise angles to create tiny waterfalls and nearly still water pockets, generating hydraulic pressure to force water down into the hyporheic zone. (林奇与工程师迈克・赫拉乔韦茨合作，重新设计了桑顿溪。他们颇有策略地将原木以精确的角度放入水中，打造出微型瀑布和近乎静止的水洼，产生水压，迫使水流进入潜流带)”以及第四段中“So her team tried another ground-breaking move: inoculating (接种) the engineered hyporheic zone with microbes (微生物), which quickly populated the areas. (于是，她的团队尝试了另一项开创性的举措：向经过改造的潜流带接种微生物，这些微生物迅速在这些区域大量繁殖)”可知，林奇的修复项目既包括对溪流的物理重新设计，如放置原木和岩石来制造“潜流结构”，又包括生物干预，如对潜流带进行微生物接种，将两者结合起来，由此推知，林奇的修复项目将物理重新设计与生物干预相结合。故选D。 【31题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是第一段中“During a conference, biologist Katherine Lynch proposed rebuilding the creek’s missing “liver” damaged by urbanization. (在一次会议上，生物学家凯瑟琳・林奇提议重建这条因城市化而受损、缺失的溪流“肝脏”)”可知，文章主要讲述了生物学家Katherine Lynch为了恢复西雅图桑顿溪的生态系统，提出重建被城市化破坏的溪流“肝脏”——潜流带的建议，并通过与工程师合作进行了一系列修复工作，最终取得了成功，使奇努克鲑鱼回到了修复后的潜流带产卵。A选项“To Revive a River, Restore Its Liver (要恢复一条河，先恢复它的“肝脏”)”能够很好地概括文章主旨，既体现了修复的对象是河流，又突出了恢复潜流带这一关键内容，是文章的最佳标题。故选A。 （八） （2025年·朝阳·二模） Books are about to become a little less “Impressive!”, “Appealing!” and “Spellbinding!”. Fewer still will offer a “tour de force” (whatever one of those might be). That is because Simon & Schuster, an American publisher, has decided to stop doing book blurbs ( also called “puffs” in Britain) — those invited comments from other authors on the back of books. They are, says Sean Manning, the company’s publisher, “very awkward”. The problem with blurbs is that there is always a need to publicly evaluate books. It is a fact in the life of a writer that if one publicly publishes, one is going to be publicly judged. When negative, such judgments can be painful, when stupid, it can be maddening, but when positive, it can also be a joyful, supportive moment. However, when a writer gets prearranged remarks, it devalues legitimate (合情合理的) responses. The style of a puff is, as the name suggests, breathless. Someone might declare a book “authoritative”; another, “unputdownable”; and a third, “If you can read this book without screaming with excitement, your soul is dead”. You feel guilty, wrote George Orwell, when you are in the library and “fail to scream with delight”. Also, in theory blurbs are testament to an author’s narrative skills. In truth they are a testament to their social ones: they often reflect arm-twisting rather than artistry. Literary heavyweights hate giving them. “We would as soon sell our tears for lemon-drops”, wrote Nathaniel Parker Willis, a poet, than thus “spoil one of the truthful adjectives in the world”. New authors struggle to get blurbs, which is partly why Simon & Schuster is giving them up. Blurbs more often exemplify the very bad writing. Many are less written than pieced up from stock phrases — “A heartbreaking, unputdownable page-turner!” — with an exclamation mark at the end. This makes them exhausting to read! There has been honest copy on dust jackets — T. S. Eliot’s description of Louis MacNeice, a fellow poet, informed readers that “His work is accessible but unpopular” — but it is too rare. It turns out that the habit of using words like “unputdownable” is itself quite putdownable. Mr. Manning says his editors will use the time they save on chasing quotes to instead produce good books. Not, note, “charming” or “absorbing” books but simply “the best books possible”. It is an admirably modest aim. 32. What can we learn about blurbs? A. They serve the interest of book writers. B. They guarantee legitimate responses. C. New authors are sick of writing them. D. Readers feel guilty after reading them. 33. The author uses Eliot’s example mainly to ____________. A. advocate the originality in blurbs B. clarify a misconception about blurbs C. distinguish the various types of current blurbs D. suggest the widespread presence of dishonest blurbs 34. What can we infer from the passage? A. Blurbs are self-defeating. B. There is no need for blurbs. C. Blurbs promote social skills. D. Established authors favor blurbs. 【答案】32. A 33. D 34. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了美国出版商西蒙与舒斯特决定停止在书籍背面使用其他作者的书评式推荐语的现象及原因。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中“However, when a writer gets prearranged remarks, it devalues legitimate (合情合理的) responses.(然而，当作家得到预先安排好的评论时，这会降低合法回应的价值)”可知，预先安排好的书评式推荐语（blurbs）损害了读者对书籍的真正评价，即它们并不能保证书籍得到合理的回应，反而是服务于书籍出版商或作者的利益。故选A。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“Many are less written than pieced up from stock phrases — “A heartbreaking, unputdownable page-turner!” — with an exclamation mark at the end. This makes them exhausting to read! There has been honest copy on dust jackets — T. S. Eliot’s description of Louis MacNeice, a fellow poet, informed readers that “His work is accessible but unpopular” — but it is too rare.(许多评语与其说是写出来的，不如说是用陈词滥调拼凑起来的 ——“一本令人心碎、令人爱不释手的引人入胜的书！”—— 结尾还带有一个感叹号。这让它们读起来很累！在书的护封上也有诚实的评语 ——T. S. Eliot对同为诗人的路易斯・麦克尼斯的描述告诉读者“他的作品易懂但不受欢迎”—— 但这样的评语太少见了)” 可知，T. S. Eliot的例子是为了说明诚实的评语很少见，也就是不诚实的评语广泛存在。故选D。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中“However, when a writer gets prearranged remarks, it devalues legitimate (合情合理的) responses.(然而，当作家得到预先安排好的评论时，这会降低合法回应的价值)”以及第三段中“Also, in theory blurbs are testament to an author’s narrative skills. In truth they are a testament to their social ones: they often reflect arm-twisting rather than artistry.(此外，从理论上讲，书评式推荐语是作者叙事能力的证明。事实上，它们是他们社交能力的证明：它们往往反映的是胁迫，而不是艺术性)”和最后一段中“Mr. Manning says his editors will use the time they save on chasing quotes to instead produce good books.(曼宁表示，他的编辑们将把节省下来寻找引语的时间用来出版好书)”可推知，书评式推荐语（blurbs）往往不是基于书籍的真实质量，而是受到出版商或作者社交手段的影响，它们并不能真实反映书籍的价值，甚至可能损害书籍的声誉，因此可以说是自毁的。故选A。 （九） （2025年·丰台·二模） In economic theories, people are typically represented as analytical agents who learn from past experiences to optimize (优化) their performance, eventually reaching a stable state in which they know how to maximise their earnings. This assumption surprised Garnier Brun at École Polytechnique in France because, as a physicist, he knew that interactions in nature such as those between atoms often result in chaos rather than stability. To test whether economists are correct to assume that learning from the past can help people avoid chaos, Brun and his colleagues devised a mathematical mode for a game featuring hundreds of simulated players. Each player can choose between two actions, like buying or selling a stock. They also interact with each other, and the players’ decision-making is influenced by what they have done before — meaning they are able to learn from experience. The researchers could adjust the precise extent to which a player’s past experiences influenced their subsequent decision-making. They could also control the interactions between the players to make them either cooperate or compete with each other more. With all these control knobs available to them, Brun and his colleagues used methods from statistical physics to simulate different game situations on a computer. In some situations, the researchers expected that the game would always result in chaos, with players unable to learn how to optimise their performance. Economic theory would also suggest that, given the right set of parameters (参数), the players would settle into a stable state where they had mastered the game — but the researchers found this wasn’t really the case. The most likely outcome was a state that never settled. Team member Jean Martin, also at École Polytechnique, says that, in the absence of one centralised and all-knowing player who could coordinate everyone, regular players could only learn how to reach “satisficing” states. That is a level that satisfied minimum expectations, but not much more. Players gained more than they would have done by playing at random, so learning wasn’t useless, but they still gained less than they would have if past experience had allowed them to truly optimise their performance. Martin says the game model is too simple to be immediately adopted for making real-world predictions, but she sees the study as a challenge to economists to drop many assumptions that currently go into theorising processes, like merchants choosing suppliers or banks setting interest rates. The finding could also be important for simulating processes like foraging decisions by animals or for some machine-learning applications, says Toby Galla at the Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems in Spain. 27. According to the passage, what inspired Brun to carry out the study? A. The belief that chaos is a common outcome in natural systems. B. The conflicts between economic theories and interactions in nature. C. The similarities in interaction patterns between atoms and humans. D. The inability of economic theories to predict individual behaviours. 28. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A. The research purpose. B. The research subjects. C. The research methods. D. The research direction. 29. What can we infer from Martin’s words? A. The “satisficing” state is an ideal outcome for players in the game. B. Players can reach optimal performance with enough past experiences. C. Centralised control is essential for players to reach their full potential. D. Learning from past experiences isn’t sufficient to maximise one’s gains. 30. What can be the best title of the passage? A. Economic Theories: Are They Reliable in Predicting Stability? B. Learning from Mistakes: The Key to Optimal Decision-Making. C. A Mathematical Model: Breaking Economic Stability Assumptions. D. Game Model Findings: Spreading Influence Across Multiple Disciplines. 【答案】27. B 28. C 29. D 30. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是一项挑战经济稳定性假设的研究，通过数学模型揭示经验学习未必导向最优决策。 【27题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“In economic theories, people are typically represented as analytical agents who learn from past experiences to optimize (优化) their performance, eventually reaching a stable state in which they know how to maximise their earnings. This assumption surprised Garnier Brun at École Polytechnique in France because, as a physicist, he knew that interactions in nature such as those between atoms often result in chaos rather than stability.(在经济理论中，人们通常被描述为分析主体，他们从过去的经验中学习，优化自己的表现，最终达到一个稳定的状态，在这个状态下，他们知道如何最大限度地提高收入。这个假设让法国École Polytechnique的Garnier Brun感到惊讶，因为作为一名物理学家，他知道自然界中的相互作用，比如原子之间的相互作用，往往会导致混乱而不是稳定。)”可知，Brun之所以开展这项研究，是因为他对经济学理论中“人们通过学习经验可以达到稳定状态”的假设产生质疑，他作为物理学家知道自然界的互动通常导致混乱而非稳定，由此可知，他研究的动机来源于经济理论稳定性假设与自然系统实际行为之间的冲突。故选B项。 【28题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“The researchers could adjust the precise extent to which a player’s past experiences influenced their subsequent decision-making. They could also control the interactions between the players to make them either cooperate or compete with each other more. (研究人员可以精确地调整玩家过去经验对其后续决策的影响程度。他们还可以控制玩家之间的互动，使他们更多地合作或竞争。)”可知，本段详细介绍了研究人员如何设置游戏模型、调整参数以及控制变量来模拟不同情境，这些都属于研究过程中使用的方法，由此可知，本段主要介绍的是研究方法。故选C项。 【29题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Players gained more than they would have done by playing at random, so learning wasn’t useless, but they still gained less than they would have if past experience had allowed them to truly optimise their performance.(玩家通过学习获得的收益比随机游戏时要多，所以学习并非毫无用处，但如果过去的经验允许他们真正优化自己的表现，他们所获得的收益仍然比现在少。)”可知，让玩家通过过去的经验真正优化自己的表现时，他们所获得的收益仍然比现在少，由此可知，从过去的经验中学习不足以使收益最大化。故选D项。 【30题详解】 主旨大意题。根据首段中的“In economic theories, people are typically represented as analytical agents who learn from past experiences to optimize (优化) their performance, eventually reaching a stable state in which they know how to maximise their earnings. This assumption surprised Garnier Brun at École Polytechnique in France because, as a physicist, he knew that interactions in nature such as those between atoms often result in chaos rather than stability.(在经济理论中，人们通常被描述为具有分析能力的个体，他们从过去的经验中学习，以优化自身表现，最终达到一个稳定的状态，在这种状态下他们懂得如何使自己的收益最大化。这一假设令法国巴黎综合理工学院的Garnier Brun感到惊讶，因为作为一名物理学家，他深知自然界中的相互作用（例如原子之间的相互作用）往往导致混乱而非稳定。)”以及下文中介绍的他设计的数学模型对此假设的研究及发现可知，文章主要讲述了法国巴黎综合理工学院的Garnier Brun等研究人员设计了一个数学模型来验证经济学理论中人们能通过学习过去的经验达到稳定状态的假设，结果发现并非如此，玩家很难达到真正的稳定状态，并且从过去的经验中学习也不足以使收益最大化，所以题目“一个数学模型：打破经济稳定性假设”符合文章主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选C项。 （十） （2025年·丰台·二模） In an era of big research, having confidence in scientists, individually or collectively, involves trade-offs. Science is ideally built on evidence but in reality, for most people, it is based on trust. Scientific evidence is hard to access. Journals are difficult to get and their articles, written in specialised language, are only understandable to a few field experts. So, we trust experts’ results without being able to question them ourselves, believing that if needed, someone knowledgeable will. Historically, the reputation of individual scientists has been important in facilitating the spread of scıentific theories and discoveries. If a scientist is, or can appear to be, trustworthy, so might that scientist’s ideas. This can lead to odd consequences. Recognisable scientists receive more credit and trust, while unrecognisable scientists often have their work overlooked. The history of science is filled with cases where basic papers written by relatively unknown scientists were neglected for years. Consider the case of Joseph Fourier, whose classic paper on the propagation of heat had to wait 13 years to be published. Since recognisable scientists receive disproportionate (不成比例的) credit, their names become disproportionately associated with discoveries. Statistics professor Stephen Stigler formulated “Stigler’s law of eponymy” (斯蒂格勒命名法则), stating no scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer. For instance, Pythagoras wasn't the first to discover the Pythagorean theorem, nor was Edwin Hubble the first to formulate Hubble’s law. However, modern science operates differently. Large collaborative (合作的) projects often produce papers with hundreds of authors. The record for the number of authors on a single scientific paper is currently 5,154. Furthermore, an editorial board composed of project group members actually wrote the papers. The papers were then placed on an electronic bulletin board for criticism and comment by all. Some massive collaborative projects constantly maintain author lists of hundreds of names, which are automatically submitted on every publication. If we can’t identify the thousands in big science projects or know their actual authors, who do we trust? I’d say we trust “science” itself regardless of the individual scıentists’ integrity. We trust the organisations that are considered scientific. Any clickbait news articles with “Science Says” in the title show this shift from trusting individuals to trusting the scientific enterprise. This shift to trusting “science” itself has risks. Misidentifying experts or trusting dishonest ones can abuse scientific erodibility. A striking example is Merchants of Doubt, where experts hid truths about acid rain and global warming. Authorship, then, serves one last function, which in some cases only benefits the historian like me: accountability. 31. What is the passage mainly about? A. The moral issues in scientific authorship and accountability. B. The role of individual scientists in modern scientific research. C. The evolution of trust in science from individuals to enterprises. D. The challenges of confirming scientific evidence in the digital age. 32. Why is “Stigler’s law of eponymy” mentioned? A. To justify an argument. B. To introduce an approach. C. To challenge a convention. D. To evaluate an assumption. 33. According to the passage, the author may agree that ________. A. modern science collaboration challenges the trust in individual scientists B. the current trend of trusting science overlooks scientists’ sacrifices C. authorship ought to be founded upon intellectual contributions D. it is vital to identify the authors of large-scale science projects 34. What is the author’s attitude towards the shift to trusting science itself? A. Sympathetic. B. Cautious. C. Disapproving. D. Puzzied. 【答案】31. C 32. A 33. A 34. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了科学信任从个人到企业的演变，分析了这种演变背后的原因、影响以及潜在风险，并提出了作者对于这一转变的谨慎态度。 31题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段“In an era of big research, having confidence in scientists, individually or collectively, involves trade-offs.(在科研成果丰硕的时代，无论是选择信任个体科学家，还是选择信任科学家集体，都存在着权衡取舍。)”、第二段中“ Historically, the reputation of individual scientists has been important in facilitating the spread of scıentific theories and discoveries. (从历史上看，科学家个人的声誉在促进科学理论和发现的传播方面一直很重要。)”、第五段“However, modern science operates differently. (然而，现代科学的运作方式不同。)”以及第六段中“If we can’t identify the thousands in big science projects or know their actual authors, who do we trust? I’d say we trust “science” itself regardless of the individual scıentısts’ integrity. (如果我们无法确定大型科学项目中的数千人或知道他们的实际作者，我们该信任谁呢？我想说，我们信任“科学”本身，而不考虑个别科学家的诚信)”等可知，文章开篇指出在大研究时代对科学家的信任存在权衡，接着阐述历史上个体科学家声誉对科学理论传播的作用，然后说明现代科学中大型合作项目的情况，最后表明信任从科学家个体向 “科学” 本身的转变存在风险，由此推知，文章重点讲述的是科学信任从个体到机构的演变过程。故选C。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Since recognisable scientists receive disproportionate credit, their names become disproportionately associated with discoveries. Statistics professor Stephen Stigler formulated “Stigler’s law of eponymy”, stating no scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer. (由于知名科学家获得不成比例的赞誉，他们的名字与发现不成比例地联系在一起。统计学教授斯蒂芬·斯蒂格勒提出了“斯蒂格勒命名法则”，即没有一项科学发现是以其最初发现者的名字命名的)”可知，第四段先阐述了知名科学家与发现之间不成比例的联系这一现象，然后提出“斯蒂格勒命名法则”来进一步说明这种不成比例的联系，也就是为了进一步论证前面提到的知名科学家获得不成比例赞誉这一观点。故选A。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段“However, modern science operates differently. Large collaborative projects often produce papers with hundreds of authors. The record for the number of authors on a single scientific paper is currently 5,154. Furthermore, an editorial board composed of project group members actually wrote the papers. The papers were then placed on an electronic bulletin board for criticism and comment by all. Some massive collaborative projects constantly maintain author lists of hundreds of names, which are automatically submitted on every publication. (然而，现代科学的运作方式不同。大型合作项目经常产生有数百名作者的论文。目前，一篇科学论文的作者人数记录为5154人。此外，由项目组成员组成的编辑委员会实际上撰写了论文。然后，这些论文被放在电子公告板上，供所有人批评和评论。一些大型合作项目不断维护着数百人的作者名单，这些名单在每次发表时都会自动提交)”以及第六段中“If we can’t identify the thousands in big science projects or know their actual authors, who do we trust? I’d say we trust “science” itself regardless of the individual scientists’ integrity. (如果我们无法确定大型科学项目中的数千人或知道他们的实际作者，我们该信任谁呢？我想说，我们信任“科学”本身，而不考虑个别科学家的诚信)”可知，现代科学中大型合作项目作者众多，人们难以确定作者，进而信任“科学”本身而非个体科学家，这表明现代科学合作模式挑战了人们对个体科学家的信任。故选A。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“This shift to trusting ‘science’ itself has risks. Misidentifying experts or trusting dishonest ones can abuse scientific erodibility. A striking example is Merchants of Doubt, where experts hid truths about acid rain and global warming. (这种对“科学”本身的信任转变存在风险。误认专家或信任不诚实的专家会滥用科学的可信度。一个明显的例子是《怀疑的商人》，其中专家隐瞒了酸雨和全球变暖的真相)”可知，作者提到这种对“科学”本身的信任转变存在风险，并举例说明这种风险，由此可推断作者对这种转变持谨慎态度。A. Sympathetic同情的；B.Cautious谨慎的；C. Disapproving不赞成的；D. Puzzied困惑的。故选B。 （十一） （2025年·昌平·二模） Microsoft Excel’s auto-correction has long annoyed casual users. Dashes (破折号) before lists of numbers are misread as a minus sign. Phone numbers lose their leading zeroes. Credit-card numbers get re-expressed in scientific notation, like 1.30521E + 17. Geneticists struggle with a particular version of this problem. A gene (基因) called Membrane Associated Ring-CH-type finger 1, commonly known as MARCH1, is, for instance, frequently re-encoded as the date March 1. Something similar happens to genes in the Septin family, of which SEPT1 is a member, and to Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Family Member E41, often known as DEC2. This problem was first noticed in 2004, but was brought to wider attention in 2016 by Mark Ziemann of Deakin University, in Australia. By surveying 166,000 genomics-related papers published between 2014 and 2020, he and his co-authors showed that the number of papers using Excel has steadily increased, and the proportion with auto-correct errors is at around 30%. Errors have also been flagged by researchers in other languages. In Portuguese, for instance, AGO2 (Argonaute RISC Catalytic Component 2) rebrands itself as Agosto 2. Dutch users experience problems with MEII (Meiotic Double-Stranded Break Formation Protein 1), “Mei” being the Dutch for “May”. And geneticists in Finland, where the first month of the year is called Tammikuu, find TAMM41 encoding itself as 41st of January. This continuing state of affairs is surprising. In August 2020, the committee which standardises gene names renamed those beginning MARC, MARCH and SEPT to begin MTARC, MARCHF and SEPTIN, and rebranded DEC1 as DELEC1. Other problematic gene names remained, but this was widely seen as a step in the right direction. Dr Zieman’s latest paper, though, suggests that few researchers have taken it. Such errors often seem amusing rather than dangerous. But they reflect a deeper problem, which is that spreadsheets allow such silent errors, too well camouflaged for authors or their editors to spot, to go undetected for years. To stop this, Dr Ziemann recommends researchers abandon software like Excel in favor of scheduled code written with scientific applications in mind. Such programs are more difficult to be autocorrected and easier to examine. Whether his advice will be taken this time remains to be seen. 28. As for Excel’s auto-correct issue, which statement might Dr Ziemann agree with? A. Switching to science-specific coding tools. B. Relying on Excel’s advanced function. C. Adopting the renamed gene terms. D. Avoiding auto-correct in papers. 29. What does the underlined word “camouflaged” in the last paragraph probably mean? A. Decorated deliberately. B. Hidden unnoticeably. C. Corrected automatically. D. Increased sharply. 30. What is the purpose of the passage? A. To emphasize the drawback of autocorrection in scientific research. B. To explain a problem-solving procedure for autocorrection. C. To recommend a new software to replace Excel. D. To advocate a campaign to abandon Excel. 【答案】28. A 29. B 30. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了Microsoft Excel的自动更正功能给遗传学家等科研人员带来的问题。 【28题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“To stop this, Dr Ziemann recommends researchers abandon software like Excel in favor of scheduled code written with scientific applications in mind.(为了阻止这种情况，Dr Ziemann建议研究人员放弃使用Excel等软件，转而使用为科学应用程序编写的预定代码。)”可知，至于Excel的自动更正问题，Dr Ziemann可能同意的是转而使用科学专用的编码工具。故选A。 【29题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句子“But they reflect a deeper problem, which is that spreadsheets allow such silent errors, too well camouflaged for authors or their editors to spot, to go undetected for years.(但它们反映了一个更深层次的问题，那就是电子表格允许这种无声的错误，这些错误camouflaged太好，以至于作者或编辑无法发现，多年来一直未被发现。)”中“silent errors(无声的错误)”、修饰well camouflaged的“too”以及“for authors or their editors to spot, to go undetected for years”可知，这些错误被伪装得太好，以至于作者或编辑无法发现，多年来一直未被发现，划线词camouflaged的意思是“伪装的”，和Hidden unnoticeably意思相近。故选B。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Microsoft Excel’s auto-correction has long annoyed casual users. Dashes (破折号) before lists of numbers are misread as a minus sign. Phone numbers lose their leading zeroes. Credit-card numbers get re-expressed in scientific notation, like 1.30521E + 17.(微软Excel的自动纠错功能长期以来一直困扰着普通用户。数字列表前的破折号会被误读为减号。电话号码失去了前导零。信用卡号用科学记数法重新表示，如1.30521E + 17。)”可知，本文的目的是强调科学研究中自动纠错的弊端。故选A。 （十二） （2025年·昌平·二模） Of the many patients who need an organ from a donor, 90% go without. About 240 million people live with rare genetic discases, most of which cannot be treated. Each year poor diets cause more than 10 million early deaths. Suffering on such an immense scale can appear hopeless. However, a technique called CRISPR gene editing promises to help deal with these issues and many more and proper regulation can help it develop. CRISPR is like an editor for DNA. It can rewrite DNA, removing harmful mutations (突变) or adding protective ones. This summer, clinical trials (试验) will start on pig organs edited for human transplants. Last year, the first new treatment went on the market. It seemingly cures sickle- cell disease and beta-thalassemia, two blood disorders that affect millions. If ongoing trials succeed, a one-time treatment might protect against heart attacks for life. CRISPR can also help farming. It can increase outputs or protect crops from climate change. Soon, consumers may get healthier, tastier foods. But now is a crucial time. Since its discovery in 2012, CRISPR has replaced old, less-effective ideas. Gene treatment, which uses viruses to insert genes, can treat rare genetic diseases but is expensive. Genetically modified (GM) crops, which borrow genes from other species, face opposition in Europe. CRISPR offers a new way. But to succeed, it needs continuous investment, which means achieving real-world successes. For this to happen, scientists must show they can get CRISPR into more body cells easily and cheaply. If it can create personalized treatments for individual mutations, it will be even more useful. This requires new science and better regulation. Current regulations for rare-disease drugs aren’t suitable for new medicines. They stop patients from getting new treatments. Developing drugs for small groups has always been hard, and many CRISPR companies are struggling. But CRISPR is programmable, so the same drug can target different mutations. If safety testing and manufacturing standards are loosened, small-batch drugs for rare diseases can be made more cheaply. For patients who may die before drug approval, this is a good trade-off. Agriculture also needs reform. In many regions, gene-edited foods are regulated like GM foods, though they’re different. Gene-edited plants have their own genes adjusted, not genes from other species. Britain plans to pass new, looser laws for gene-edited foods to address climate change threats to food security. But public trust in regulators and scientists could be a problem. 31. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A. The challenges and requirements for CRISPR’s success. B. The differences between CRISPR and GM farming. C. The economic benefits of genetic engineering. D. The history of CRISPR development. 32. What can be inferred about current safety testing standards? A. They are unnecessary for CRISPR treatments. B. They delay treatment access for urgent cases. C. They ensure complete safety for all patients. D. They focus only on agricultural products. 33. As for CRISPR gene editing, the author is ______. A. critical B. doubtful C. indifferent D. positive 34. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. CRISPR: Medical Breakthroughs and Funding Shortages. B. CRISPR: Public Distrust in Agricultural Innovation. C. CRISPR: Potential and Regulatory Adaptation. D. CRISPR: Limitations in Current Applications. 【答案】31. A 32. B 33. D 34. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了CRISPR基因编辑技术如何为解决器官移植短缺、罕见遗传病治疗、不良饮食导致的过早死亡以及农业问题等全球性挑战带来希望，并探讨了该技术发展所面临的挑战和所需的改进措施。 【31题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第三段“Gene treatment, which uses viruses to insert genes, can treat rare genetic diseases but is expensive. Genetically modified (GM) crops, which borrow genes from other species, face opposition in Europe. CRISPR offers a new way. But to succeed, it needs continuous investment, which means achieving real-world successes. For this to happen, scientists must show they can get CRISPR into more body cells easily and cheaply. If it can create personalized treatments for individual mutations, it will be even more useful. This requires new science and better regulation. (基因治疗利用病毒将基因插入（人体细胞），能够治疗罕见的遗传性疾病，但成本高昂。转基因作物从其他物种中借入基因，在欧洲面临反对声音。而CRISPR技术提供了一种新的途径。然而，要取得成功，它需要持续的投资，这意味着要实现实际应用的突破。为了实现这一目标，科学家们必须证明他们能够轻松且廉价地将CRISPR技术引入更多的体细胞中。如果CRISPR能够针对个体突变创造出个性化的治疗方案，那么它将更具实用性。而这需要新的科学研究以及更完善的监管。)”可知，第三段主要讲的是CRISPR成功的挑战和要求。故选A。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Current regulations for rare-disease drugs aren’t suitable for new medicines. They stop patients from getting new treatments. (目前对罕见病药物的规定不适用于新药。他们阻止病人接受新的治疗。)”和“If safety testing and manufacturing standards are loosened, small-batch drugs for rare diseases can be made more cheaply. (如果安全检测和生产标准放松，治疗罕见疾病的小批量药物就可以生产得更便宜。)”可知，目前的安全检测标准延误了对紧急病例的治疗。故选B。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“But CRISPR is programmable, so the same drug can target different mutations. If safety testing and manufacturing standards are loosened, small-batch drugs for rare diseases can be made more cheaply. For patients who may die before drug approval, this is a good trade-off. (但是CRISPR是可编程的，所以同样的药物可以针对不同的突变。如果安全检测和生产标准放松，治疗罕见疾病的小批量药物就可以生产得更便宜。对于可能在药物批准前死亡的患者来说，这是一个很好的权衡。)”可知，作者对CRISPR基因编辑的态度是积极的，故选D。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“However, a technique called CRISPR gene editing promises to help deal with these issues and many more and proper regulation can help it develop. (然而，一种被称为CRISPR基因编辑的技术有望帮助解决这些问题，而更多适当的监管可以帮助它的发展。)”可知，本文主要讲述了CRISPR基因编辑技术如何为解决器官移植短缺、罕见遗传病治疗、不良饮食导致的过早死亡以及农业问题等全球性挑战带来希望，并探讨了该技术发展所面临的挑战和所需的改进措施，因此最好的题目是C选项“CRISPR: Potential and Regulatory Adaptation. (CRISPR：潜力和调控适应)”。故选C。 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题05 阅读理解——说明文类+议论文类 编者按：2025年北京六区高三二模分类整理，深度解析，排版整齐。 （一） （2025年·海淀·二模） If you’ve ever hung around scientists, you’ve most likely heard one of them say “the best explanation is the simplest one.” But is it? From the behavior of ants to the occurrence of tornadoes, the natural world is often quite complex. Why should we assume the simplest explanation is closest to the truth? This idea is known as Occam’s (or Ockham’s) razor. It’s also referred to as “rule of economy”. And it bears a family relationship to the “principle of least astonishment,” which holds that if an explanation is too surprising, it’s probably not right. The name comes from William of Ockham, a 14th-century scholastic philosopher. He formulated the principle that “entities (实体) should not be multiplied beyond necessity.” The philosophical claim is a form of ontological minimalism: we should not invoke entities unless we have evidence that they exist. In other words: don’t make stuff up. In 1687, Isaac Newton expanded on the notion with his concept of a vera causa — a true cause, stating that we should admit only causes that were both true and sufficient to explain natural phenomena. He added that Nature did nothing in vain and Nature was pleased with simplicity. Although Newton was a great scientist, this claim seems odd. Who is to say what “pleases Nature”? Doesn’t this guidance assume we know what we are in fact trying to figure out? Consider the world of Physics filled with explanations that are surprising, unexpected and hard to get your head around. Newton explained light as being made of particles, whereas other scientists explained it as a wave. Quantum mechanics, however, tells us light is both a wave and a particle. Newton’s account was simpler, but modern physics tells us the more complex model is closer to the truth. When we turn to biology, things get even more complicated. Imagine two smokers, both of whom went through a pack a day for 30 years. One gets cancer; the other doesn’t. The simplest explanation? For decades the tobacco industry’s answer was that smoking doesn’t cause cancer. Simple but false. In fact, disease is complex, and we don’t yet understand all the factors involved in cancer. Occam’s razor is not a fact or even a theory. It’s a metaphysical (形而上学的) principle: an idea held independently of empirical (实证的) evidence. In human affairs, things are more often than not complex. Human motivations are typically multiple. People can be good and bad at the same time, selfish and selfless, depending on circumstances. The shelves of ethicists are filled with books pondering why good people do bad things, and their answers are rarely short and sweet. Our explanations should match the world as best as we can make them. Science is about allowing things to unfold naturally, and sometimes this means accepting that the truth is not simple, even if it would make our lives easier if it were. 28. Occam’s razor indicates that_________. A. simpler explanations should be preferred B. reasonable explanations can’t be surprising C. explanations should be consistent with purposes D. sufficient causes can explain natural phenomena 29. What can we learn from this passage? A. Newton offered solid empirical support to Occam’s razor. B. The tobacco industry’s response is in line with Occam’s razor. C. Quantum mechanics confirms Newton’s particle theory of light. D. Ethicists argue human complexity results in multiple motivations. 30. It’s implied in the passage that we need to ________. A. follow the laws of nature B. interpret the world as it is C. balance accuracy and simplicity D. highlight the existence of entities （二） （2025年·海淀·二模） In 1922 British geologist Robert Sherlock put forth what is now considered to be the central argument for recognizing the Anthropocene (人类世) as a new geological era: the scale and character of human activities have become so great as to compete with natural forces. About one hundred years later, geologists have broadly accepted Sherlock’s core idea, and the Anthropocene Working Group has proposed Crawford Lake in Canada as the official site for marking the Anthropocene. The proposal attracted a great deal of press, much of it focused on a misguided controversy over how narrowly to define the Anthropocene. Amid this debate, observers may have been left to wonder why defining this chapter in Earth’s history should matter to ordinary people at all. Sherlock was not a lone wolf. He built on the work of others. One was an American scholar George Marsh, who had called attention to deforestation and the role of humans as “disturbing agents”. In addition to revisiting deforestation, Sherlock described the changed courses of rivers through dams and canals; and the huge quantities of stuff people move while mining the raw materials of modern civilization. Human impacts were becoming so manifest, Sherlock argued, that the distinction between “natural” and “artificial” was becoming difficult to sustain. We needed a new term to study the effects of human activities on Earth. Scientists of later generations followed his footsteps. And in 2000 Eugene F. Stormer and Paul J. Crutzen formally proposed the word “Anthropocene” in a paper. But science is conservative in nature — the burden of proof is always on those making a novel claim — and the social and economic consequences of recognizing the adverse effects of burning fossil fuels have led to enormous resistance beyond scientific community. The definition of the Anthropocene matters for at least two reasons. First, it is a way for scientists to declare that the shifts going on around us are no small issue. Anthropogenic climate change is a profound change in the conditions of life on Earth. In countless ways, the past may no longer be a reliable guide to the future. We must rethink core assumptions about how we build our economies and our infrastructures, how we travel, and even how we eat. Second, the definition of the Anthropocene extends the conversation beyond climate change. What geologists can now see in rocks — from the subtle to the gross — points to the widespread and lasting impact of human activities on Earth. It is common for people to say that as climate change proceeds, we can “just adapt”. Some wealthy people even think that, if necessary, they will move to higher ground or lower latitudes. No doubt some people will become climate refugees, either voluntarily or under force. But the definition of the Anthropocene reminds us that the challenge we face is geological in scale. It affects the whole Earth. It reminds us that as this new era unfolds, there won’t be anywhere to hide. 31. What can we learn about the Anthropocene? A. It is driven by dramatic climate change. B. It is approved as a definite geological era. C. It highlights the impact of human activities. D. It marks the unique features of Crawford Lake. 32. What can be inferred from the passage? A. A shift in mindset of responsibility is in great need. B. Geological changes in rocks remain to be uncovered. C. The proof of new claims makes science conservative. D. The press focuses on the significance of the Anthropocene. 33. What does the word “manifest” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Direct. B. Diverse. C. Negative. D. Striking. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Does the Anthropocene Matter? B. What Does the Anthropocene Tell Us? C. Can Humans Adapt to the Anthropocene? D. How Can Humans Reduce Anthropogenic Impact? （三） （2025年·西城·二模） The human being is a “social animal,” as Aristotle suggested. We have a fundamental need to belong. Yet we find ourselves in the middle of an epidemic of loneliness and isolation. How, then, might we encourage the feelings of connectedness that are so crucial to our well-being? Over the past several years, my colleagues and I have conducted scientific studies suggesting that experiential purchases tend to bring people more happiness than material ones. In recent research, we investigated another downstream consequence of spending on experiences rather than things: it can promote a greater sense of social connection. We conducted a series of 13 experiments involving 1,980 participants. We asked people to think about either experiential or material purchases they had made and then rate their thoughts and feelings about those purchases on nine-point scales. In some of our studies, people reported feeling more connection with someone who had made the same experiential purchase than someone who had made the same material purchase. This reflects the fact that experiential purchases are more central to an individual’s identity: our data show that people feel more similar to and more connection with someone who purchases the same experience as them because they believe this kind of consumption tends to represent more of one’s true, essential sense of self. These findings apply even when people think about how their experiences differ. Knowing that another person has a better version of what you have can create a sense of social distance. What we observe, however, is that this distance feels less wide when it comes to experiential purchases compared with material ones. We also discovered that experiential consumption fosters (促进) a sense of social connectedness more broadly, not just to those who have made a similar purchase. People who reflected on experiences they had acquired — rather than material goods — reported a broader sense of connection to humanity. Finally, we found that after people think about a fulfilling experience, they express a greater desire to engage in social activities than they do after they reflect on an important possession. Experiences connect us with others, and they provide memories of such connection that people can revisit. These memories, in turn, can encourage engagement in even more sociality. One clear takeaway from this research — like the many studies on experiential spending and happiness done to date — is that people would likely be wise to increase their spending on “doing” rather than “having.” But our work points to another implication as well. Communities could benefit in many ways from encouraging experiential pursuits. Policymakers can support access to public parks, beaches and museums, for example. Improved funding for the arts and performance spaces can be a way for communities to ensure that shared experiences continue to bring people together. Directing resources toward more community engagement might promote improvements in societal well-being. 28. What can be learned about experiential purchases? A. They effectively prevent social distancing. B. They promote involvement in social events. C. They allow people to discover their true selves. D. They reduce the likelihood of social comparison. 29. According to the passage, policymakers had better _______. A. address the funding challenges of communities B. advocate the importance of social well-being C. prioritize the construction of public spaces D. finance local cultural events and festivals 30. What is the purpose of this passage? A. To argue against materialism in modern society. B. To suggest ways to reduce loneliness and isolation. C. To compare the economic value of goods and experiences. D. To show how experiences boost connection and well-being. （四） （2025年·西城·二模） A theme at this year’s World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need to “accelerate breakthroughs in research and technology.” Some of this discussion was motivated by the climate emergency, some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in various conversations, it seemed to be taken for granted that to address the world’s problems, scientific research needs to move faster. The WEF meeting took place just two weeks after Harvard University President Claudine Gay stepped down after complaints were made about her political science scholarship. Gay’s troubles came after Stanford University President Marc Tessier Lavigne stepped down, after an internal investigation concluded that his neuroscience research had “multiple problems” and “fell below customary standards of scientific rigor.” Although it may be impossible to determine just how widespread such problems really are, it’s hard to imagine that the phenomenon of high-profile scholars correcting and withdrawing papers has not had a negative impact on public trust in science and perhaps in experts broadly. In recent years we’ve seen important papers withdrawn because of questionable data or methods. In one interesting case, Frances H. Arnold, who shared the 2018Nobel Prize in Chemistry, voluntarily withdrew a paper when her lab was unable to reproduce her results — but after the paper had been published. In an open apology, she stated that she was “a bit busy” when the paper was submitted and “did not do my job well.” Arnold’s honesty is admirable, but it raises a question: Are scholars at highly competitive places such as Harvard and Standford rushing to publishing rather than taking the time to do their work right? It’s impossible to answer this question scientifically because there’s no scientific definition of what constitutes “rushing”. But there’s little doubt that we live in a culture where academics at leading universities are under enormous pressure to produce results — and a lot of them — quickly. However, nearly a century passed between biochemist Friedrich Miescher’s identification of the DNA molecule and suggestion that it might be involved in inheritance (遗传) and the clarification of its double-helix (双螺旋) structure in the 1950s. And it took just about half a century for geologists and geophysicists to accept Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental drift (漂移). There’s plenty of circumstantial evidence that scientists and other scholars are pushing results out far faster than they used to. One recent study put the number at more than seven million a year, compared with fewer than a million as recently as 1980. Another study found 265 academic authors — two thirds of whom were in the medical and life sciences — published a paper every five days on average. The numbers suggest that the research world has prioritized quantity over quality. Researchers may need to slow down — not speed up — if we are to produce knowledge worthy of trust. 31. What does the word “rigor” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A. Quickness and convenience. B. Flexibility and openness. C. Strictness and precision. D. Fame and popularity. 32. DNA and continental drift are examples to demonstrate that _______. A. good science takes time B. science advances with time C. research across disciplines is needed D. breakthroughs seldom happen by chance 33. Which of the following situations can best reflect the author’s concern? A. A researcher fails to produce evidence for his paper. B. A university loses young talent due to a lack of funding. C. An editor overlooks the errors in a writer’s research methods. D. A scholar publishes a paper with limited data to gain recognition. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. The Danger of Fast Science B. The Battle between Quality and Quantity C. The Crisis among Top Scientists D. The Principle behind Research Assessments （五） （2025年·东城·二模） Have you ever felt as though the temperatures your local weather app reported failed to capture how it felt outside? Well, you were right. As heat waves become more intense and more frequent, we need to change the way we think about outdoor temperatures. What matters is not how hot the air is but how hot the weather is to a human body. For that, we need “wet-bulb globe temperature”. Wet-bulb temperature, which athletic organizations, the military and regulators have used for decades, comes from a device with three thermometers to better capture how heat stresses the body The first is a basic thermometer, which measures the air temperature. The second is a thermometer inside a black ball, which captures the heat our bodies absorb from direct sunlight. The third is a thermometer covered in a wet cloth, mimicking our body’s ability to cool itself with sweat and accounting for factors such as humidity (湿度) and air movement. The three readings are combined using a weighting system to produce the wet-bulb temperature. Wet-bulb temperature might sound like the “heat index” — that is, when your local weatherperson says, “It’s 90 degrees, but it’s going to feel like 98 because of humidity” — and there are similarities. But there are also critical differences. The heat index assumes you’re in the shade and resting, but being in direct sunlight can add 15 degrees to the heat index. One way to understand the value of using wet temperatures is to look at maps comparing them with the more familiar “dry” temperatures. Take Fresno, Calif., which is forecast-to reach 102 degrees. But humidity is low, so the corresponding wet-bulb temperature is 80. New York City, for comparison, is forecast to be 98, but humidity will be high, putting the wet-bulb temperature at 88 — and making conditions even more dangerous than in Fresno. Don’t get me wrong. I just want to stress that we cannot ignore the even more dangerous weather happening elsewhere that might be less obvious. Of course, it will take time for the public to become familiar with wet-bulb temperatures. The downside is that, because they are generally lower than dry temperatures or the heat index, people could misinterpret them. The solution is to educate people about why they’re necessary. Policymakers have strategies to protect against extreme heat. For example, Portland, Ore, has begun distributing free air conditioners. Simple infrastructure enhancements such as white roofs can reflect the sun’s heat and incoming solar radiation. And planting more trees adjacent to buildings helps reduce temperatures and heat deaths. But these measures matter only if people and companies are aware there’s an issue, which means using the right data. The goal should be to help people experiencing extreme heat to protect themselves. We have the tools to measure this correctly; we just need to use them. 27. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A. The development of high-tech thermometers. B. The measurement of wet-bulb temperature. C. The standard of temperature classification. D. The application of a weighting system. 28. It is implied in this passage that ______. A. dry temperatures can be misleading B. wet temperature is higher than heat index C. intense heat paired with low humidity can be risky D. potential dangers of extreme heat should be stressed 29. As for current heat-fighting strategies, the author thinks ______. A. they may fail to deliver B. they should be monitored C. they ought to be diversified D. they can raise heat awareness 30. What is the purpose of the passage? A. To illustrate a concept B. To make a comparison. C. To propose a practice. D. To present a phenomenon （六） （2025年·东城·二模） For almost two centuries, newspapers have been on a journey into the mass market which gave them scale, reputation and profit but which has now reached its end. They mostly abandoned dependence on subscriptions and instead sold below production cost as a way to attract readers to sell to advertisers. Since the Internet took off, the print media’s advertising-supported business model has suffered. In the past 20 years, newspapers’ ad profits have fallen by about 80%, while circulation has roughly fallen by half. Though online traffic has risen, profit from digital advertising has failed to offset (抵消) the profit draining out of print. “Platforms have become the new kings of the media landscape,” says the Competition and Markets Authority, a regulator. This power shift has led newspapers in many countries to turn to authorities for help. Partly because they have, by their very nature, a loud voice, they have generated sympathy. How much they deserve it is another matter. The world is filled with businesses torn apart by the digital revolution without anyone rushing to the rescue. Why are newspapers different? One argument is that a thriving press supports grass-roots journalism, which, though often loss-making, supports fairness and equality. That is reasonable. Yet it is mixed with other motivations, such as the desire to choke the tech giants. The result is a range of interventions aimed at putting the pressure on big tech. Mindful of the outcry, big tech is offering a handout, promising $1bn over three years to newspapers to provide news content for its site. Some publishers saw it as an unstated admission that big tech should pay for news. If anything, the gratitude for big tech’s generosity shows how desperate newspapers are for payment of any kind. More to the point, it will not change the underlying economics of the global newspaper industry. That is because the ad-funded business model was living on fumes even before the Internet ate the world this century. Data show that newspapers have been losing share of ad dollars to TV since the 1950s — long before the web. Circulation has also fallen relative to population, suggesting that profits were supported by economic and population growth, not because the industry was producing a more popular product. Claims that the tech giants are robbing newspapers for profit sound far-fetched, too. The real failure is that papers have lost control of distribution to platforms, making it harder to monetise the traffic. This is a mistake some content industries, such as video-streaming and music, have avoided. Moreover, some of the advertising dollars made by big tech came from bringing new firms into the market, rather than taking online advertisers from newspapers. So ignore the complaining of old-media companies in distress and look instead at how some newspapers have already adapted to the digital invasion. Also some digital publications with a newsworthy focus are thriving. The question of who pays for public-interest journalism remains unanswered. But few think it ought to be tech giants. That would “undermine the principles of an independent press”. 31. Why does the author cite the statistics in Paragraph 2? A. To prove the decline of print media. B. To emphasize the popularity of platforms. C. To indicate the importance of digital advertising. D. To demonstrate the inconsistency in subscriptions. 32. The underlined phrase “was living on fumes” in Paragraph 6 probably means ______. A. was taking off B. was moving forward C. was falling apart D. was struggling along 33. Which of the following may the author agree with? A. The platform should support grass-roots journalism. B. The old media should produce marketable products. C. New online advertisers should be introduced. D. Effective interventions should be made. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Where is the Digital Age leading the press? B. Are online platforms really a way out? C. How the Internet impacts old media? D. Should big tech save newspapers? （七） （2025年·朝阳·二模） Chinook salmon and their habitats in Seattle’s Thornton Creek suffered severely due to urban expansion, causing flash floods and biodiversity loss. Despite restoration efforts, the once-abundant salmon all but disappeared. During a conference, biologist Katherine Lynch proposed rebuilding the creek’s missing “liver” damaged by urbanization. Lynch has been studying the hyporheic zone, a layer of wet sediment (沉积物), small stones and tiny creatures beneath the streambed. It facilitates water mixing and oxygen delivery to salmon eggs, earning the nickname “liver of the river.” The disappearance of this zone threatens the health of waterways. Lynch recognized that, however, most restoration efforts in Seattle overlooked it or disconnected it from the surface water. Teamed with engineer Mike Hrachovec, Lynch redesigned Thornton Creek. They strategically put logs into the water at precise angles to create tiny waterfalls and nearly still water pockets, generating hydraulic pressure to force water down into the hyporheic zone. These accurately placed logs and rocks, known as “hyporheic structures,” also create pockets of slow water that provide safe shelters for juvenile fish — all meant to emulate features of a natural stream. Subsequent data analysis confirmed the stream functioned as Lynch’s team — and nature — intended. But was the stream also supporting life? Given that the stone and sand positioned were sterile (贫瘠的) territory, Lynch thought that a biological jumpstart might be necessary and that the return of life to restored creeks relied on organisms migrating from healthy upstream habitats. So her team tried another ground-breaking move: inoculating (接种) the engineered hyporheic zone with microbes (微生物), which quickly populated the areas. But even though the number of individuals was high, the biodiversity was relatively low. A 2021 study by stream ecologist Sarah Morley noted that while a few of the new species grew rapidly, most were similar to those in unrestored section. Scientists are exploring reasons for the limited survival of introduced species, and because this science is so new, they have not ruled out any potential explanations: differences in the donor stream, size of the restored area, or poor water quality. They might have inoculated the hyporheic too soon, before essential vegetation could establish. The Thornton Creek restorations have successfully prevented neighbourhood flooding, even during heavy storms, and stabilized the stream’s flow. Most notably, Chinook salmon returned to lay eggs in the restored hyporheic zones, touching Lynch deeply. She recalls, “this success suggests that small urban creek restorations can revitalize functioning ecosystems.” 28. What does the underlined word “emulate” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Record. B. Copy. C. Monitor. D. Transform. 29 What can be inferred about the microbial inoculation in Thornton Creek? A. It introduced essential vegetation. B. It restored the original biodiversity. C. It increased the total quantity of microbes. D. It sourced microbes from downstream habitats. 30. What can we learn from Lynch’s restoration project? A. It focused on increasing water oxygen levels. B. It recreated the conditions of the donor stream. C It removed human-made structures from the creek. D. It integrated physical redesign with bio-intervention. 31. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. To Revive a River, Restore Its Liver. B. Urbanization: A Silent Killer of a River. C. Chinook Salmon Boost the Diversity of Ecosystems. D. What Makes the Hyporheic Zone Vital for Restoration?. （八） （2025年·朝阳·二模） Books are about to become a little less “Impressive!”, “Appealing!” and “Spellbinding!”. Fewer still will offer a “tour de force” (whatever one of those might be). That is because Simon & Schuster, an American publisher, has decided to stop doing book blurbs ( also called “puffs” in Britain) — those invited comments from other authors on the back of books. They are, says Sean Manning, the company’s publisher, “very awkward”. The problem with blurbs is that there is always a need to publicly evaluate books. It is a fact in the life of a writer that if one publicly publishes, one is going to be publicly judged. When negative, such judgments can be painful, when stupid, it can be maddening, but when positive, it can also be a joyful, supportive moment. However, when a writer gets prearranged remarks, it devalues legitimate (合情合理的) responses. The style of a puff is, as the name suggests, breathless. Someone might declare a book “authoritative”; another, “unputdownable”; and a third, “If you can read this book without screaming with excitement, your soul is dead”. You feel guilty, wrote George Orwell, when you are in the library and “fail to scream with delight”. Also, in theory blurbs are testament to an author’s narrative skills. In truth they are a testament to their social ones: they often reflect arm-twisting rather than artistry. Literary heavyweights hate giving them. “We would as soon sell our tears for lemon-drops”, wrote Nathaniel Parker Willis, a poet, than thus “spoil one of the truthful adjectives in the world”. New authors struggle to get blurbs, which is partly why Simon & Schuster is giving them up. Blurbs more often exemplify the very bad writing. Many are less written than pieced up from stock phrases — “A heartbreaking, unputdownable page-turner!” — with an exclamation mark at the end. This makes them exhausting to read! There has been honest copy on dust jackets — T. S. Eliot’s description of Louis MacNeice, a fellow poet, informed readers that “His work is accessible but unpopular” — but it is too rare. It turns out that the habit of using words like “unputdownable” is itself quite putdownable. Mr. Manning says his editors will use the time they save on chasing quotes to instead produce good books. Not, note, “charming” or “absorbing” books but simply “the best books possible”. It is an admirably modest aim. 32. What can we learn about blurbs? A. They serve the interest of book writers. B. They guarantee legitimate responses. C. New authors are sick of writing them. D. Readers feel guilty after reading them. 33. The author uses Eliot’s example mainly to ____________. A. advocate the originality in blurbs B. clarify a misconception about blurbs C. distinguish the various types of current blurbs D. suggest the widespread presence of dishonest blurbs 34. What can we infer from the passage? A. Blurbs are self-defeating. B. There is no need for blurbs. C. Blurbs promote social skills. D. Established authors favor blurbs. （九） （2025年·丰台·二模） In economic theories, people are typically represented as analytical agents who learn from past experiences to optimize (优化) their performance, eventually reaching a stable state in which they know how to maximise their earnings. This assumption surprised Garnier Brun at École Polytechnique in France because, as a physicist, he knew that interactions in nature such as those between atoms often result in chaos rather than stability. To test whether economists are correct to assume that learning from the past can help people avoid chaos, Brun and his colleagues devised a mathematical mode for a game featuring hundreds of simulated players. Each player can choose between two actions, like buying or selling a stock. They also interact with each other, and the players’ decision-making is influenced by what they have done before — meaning they are able to learn from experience. The researchers could adjust the precise extent to which a player’s past experiences influenced their subsequent decision-making. They could also control the interactions between the players to make them either cooperate or compete with each other more. With all these control knobs available to them, Brun and his colleagues used methods from statistical physics to simulate different game situations on a computer. In some situations, the researchers expected that the game would always result in chaos, with players unable to learn how to optimise their performance. Economic theory would also suggest that, given the right set of parameters (参数), the players would settle into a stable state where they had mastered the game — but the researchers found this wasn’t really the case. The most likely outcome was a state that never settled. Team member Jean Martin, also at École Polytechnique, says that, in the absence of one centralised and all-knowing player who could coordinate everyone, regular players could only learn how to reach “satisficing” states. That is a level that satisfied minimum expectations, but not much more. Players gained more than they would have done by playing at random, so learning wasn’t useless, but they still gained less than they would have if past experience had allowed them to truly optimise their performance. Martin says the game model is too simple to be immediately adopted for making real-world predictions, but she sees the study as a challenge to economists to drop many assumptions that currently go into theorising processes, like merchants choosing suppliers or banks setting interest rates. The finding could also be important for simulating processes like foraging decisions by animals or for some machine-learning applications, says Toby Galla at the Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems in Spain. 27. According to the passage, what inspired Brun to carry out the study? A. The belief that chaos is a common outcome in natural systems. B. The conflicts between economic theories and interactions in nature. C. The similarities in interaction patterns between atoms and humans. D. The inability of economic theories to predict individual behaviours. 28. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A. The research purpose. B. The research subjects. C. The research methods. D. The research direction. 29. What can we infer from Martin’s words? A. The “satisficing” state is an ideal outcome for players in the game. B. Players can reach optimal performance with enough past experiences. C. Centralised control is essential for players to reach their full potential. D. Learning from past experiences isn’t sufficient to maximise one’s gains. 30. What can be the best title of the passage? A. Economic Theories: Are They Reliable in Predicting Stability? B. Learning from Mistakes: The Key to Optimal Decision-Making. C. A Mathematical Model: Breaking Economic Stability Assumptions. D. Game Model Findings: Spreading Influence Across Multiple Disciplines. （十） （2025年·丰台·二模） In an era of big research, having confidence in scientists, individually or collectively, involves trade-offs. Science is ideally built on evidence but in reality, for most people, it is based on trust. Scientific evidence is hard to access. Journals are difficult to get and their articles, written in specialised language, are only understandable to a few field experts. So, we trust experts’ results without being able to question them ourselves, believing that if needed, someone knowledgeable will. Historically, the reputation of individual scientists has been important in facilitating the spread of scıentific theories and discoveries. If a scientist is, or can appear to be, trustworthy, so might that scientist’s ideas. This can lead to odd consequences. Recognisable scientists receive more credit and trust, while unrecognisable scientists often have their work overlooked. The history of science is filled with cases where basic papers written by relatively unknown scientists were neglected for years. Consider the case of Joseph Fourier, whose classic paper on the propagation of heat had to wait 13 years to be published. Since recognisable scientists receive disproportionate (不成比例的) credit, their names become disproportionately associated with discoveries. Statistics professor Stephen Stigler formulated “Stigler’s law of eponymy” (斯蒂格勒命名法则), stating no scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer. For instance, Pythagoras wasn't the first to discover the Pythagorean theorem, nor was Edwin Hubble the first to formulate Hubble’s law. However, modern science operates differently. Large collaborative (合作的) projects often produce papers with hundreds of authors. The record for the number of authors on a single scientific paper is currently 5,154. Furthermore, an editorial board composed of project group members actually wrote the papers. The papers were then placed on an electronic bulletin board for criticism and comment by all. Some massive collaborative projects constantly maintain author lists of hundreds of names, which are automatically submitted on every publication. If we can’t identify the thousands in big science projects or know their actual authors, who do we trust? I’d say we trust “science” itself regardless of the individual scıentists’ integrity. We trust the organisations that are considered scientific. Any clickbait news articles with “Science Says” in the title show this shift from trusting individuals to trusting the scientific enterprise. This shift to trusting “science” itself has risks. Misidentifying experts or trusting dishonest ones can abuse scientific erodibility. A striking example is Merchants of Doubt, where experts hid truths about acid rain and global warming. Authorship, then, serves one last function, which in some cases only benefits the historian like me: accountability. 31. What is the passage mainly about? A. The moral issues in scientific authorship and accountability. B. The role of individual scientists in modern scientific research. C. The evolution of trust in science from individuals to enterprises. D. The challenges of confirming scientific evidence in the digital age. 32. Why is “Stigler’s law of eponymy” mentioned? A. To justify an argument. B. To introduce an approach. C. To challenge a convention. D. To evaluate an assumption. 33. According to the passage, the author may agree that ________. A. modern science collaboration challenges the trust in individual scientists B. the current trend of trusting science overlooks scientists’ sacrifices C. authorship ought to be founded upon intellectual contributions D. it is vital to identify the authors of large-scale science projects 34. What is the author’s attitude towards the shift to trusting science itself? A. Sympathetic. B. Cautious. C. Disapproving. D. Puzzied. （十一） （2025年·昌平·二模） Microsoft Excel’s auto-correction has long annoyed casual users. Dashes (破折号) before lists of numbers are misread as a minus sign. Phone numbers lose their leading zeroes. Credit-card numbers get re-expressed in scientific notation, like 1.30521E + 17. Geneticists struggle with a particular version of this problem. A gene (基因) called Membrane Associated Ring-CH-type finger 1, commonly known as MARCH1, is, for instance, frequently re-encoded as the date March 1. Something similar happens to genes in the Septin family, of which SEPT1 is a member, and to Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Family Member E41, often known as DEC2. This problem was first noticed in 2004, but was brought to wider attention in 2016 by Mark Ziemann of Deakin University, in Australia. By surveying 166,000 genomics-related papers published between 2014 and 2020, he and his co-authors showed that the number of papers using Excel has steadily increased, and the proportion with auto-correct errors is at around 30%. Errors have also been flagged by researchers in other languages. In Portuguese, for instance, AGO2 (Argonaute RISC Catalytic Component 2) rebrands itself as Agosto 2. Dutch users experience problems with MEII (Meiotic Double-Stranded Break Formation Protein 1), “Mei” being the Dutch for “May”. And geneticists in Finland, where the first month of the year is called Tammikuu, find TAMM41 encoding itself as 41st of January. This continuing state of affairs is surprising. In August 2020, the committee which standardises gene names renamed those beginning MARC, MARCH and SEPT to begin MTARC, MARCHF and SEPTIN, and rebranded DEC1 as DELEC1. Other problematic gene names remained, but this was widely seen as a step in the right direction. Dr Zieman’s latest paper, though, suggests that few researchers have taken it. Such errors often seem amusing rather than dangerous. But they reflect a deeper problem, which is that spreadsheets allow such silent errors, too well camouflaged for authors or their editors to spot, to go undetected for years. To stop this, Dr Ziemann recommends researchers abandon software like Excel in favor of scheduled code written with scientific applications in mind. Such programs are more difficult to be autocorrected and easier to examine. Whether his advice will be taken this time remains to be seen. 28. As for Excel’s auto-correct issue, which statement might Dr Ziemann agree with? A. Switching to science-specific coding tools. B. Relying on Excel’s advanced function. C. Adopting the renamed gene terms. D. Avoiding auto-correct in papers. 29. What does the underlined word “camouflaged” in the last paragraph probably mean? A. Decorated deliberately. B. Hidden unnoticeably. C. Corrected automatically. D. Increased sharply. 30. What is the purpose of the passage? A. To emphasize the drawback of autocorrection in scientific research. B. To explain a problem-solving procedure for autocorrection. C. To recommend a new software to replace Excel. D. To advocate a campaign to abandon Excel. （十二） （2025年·昌平·二模） Of the many patients who need an organ from a donor, 90% go without. About 240 million people live with rare genetic discases, most of which cannot be treated. Each year poor diets cause more than 10 million early deaths. Suffering on such an immense scale can appear hopeless. However, a technique called CRISPR gene editing promises to help deal with these issues and many more and proper regulation can help it develop. CRISPR is like an editor for DNA. It can rewrite DNA, removing harmful mutations (突变) or adding protective ones. This summer, clinical trials (试验) will start on pig organs edited for human transplants. Last year, the first new treatment went on the market. It seemingly cures sickle- cell disease and beta-thalassemia, two blood disorders that affect millions. If ongoing trials succeed, a one-time treatment might protect against heart attacks for life. CRISPR can also help farming. It can increase outputs or protect crops from climate change. Soon, consumers may get healthier, tastier foods. But now is a crucial time. Since its discovery in 2012, CRISPR has replaced old, less-effective ideas. Gene treatment, which uses viruses to insert genes, can treat rare genetic diseases but is expensive. Genetically modified (GM) crops, which borrow genes from other species, face opposition in Europe. CRISPR offers a new way. But to succeed, it needs continuous investment, which means achieving real-world successes. For this to happen, scientists must show they can get CRISPR into more body cells easily and cheaply. If it can create personalized treatments for individual mutations, it will be even more useful. This requires new science and better regulation. Current regulations for rare-disease drugs aren’t suitable for new medicines. They stop patients from getting new treatments. Developing drugs for small groups has always been hard, and many CRISPR companies are struggling. But CRISPR is programmable, so the same drug can target different mutations. If safety testing and manufacturing standards are loosened, small-batch drugs for rare diseases can be made more cheaply. For patients who may die before drug approval, this is a good trade-off. Agriculture also needs reform. In many regions, gene-edited foods are regulated like GM foods, though they’re different. Gene-edited plants have their own genes adjusted, not genes from other species. Britain plans to pass new, looser laws for gene-edited foods to address climate change threats to food security. But public trust in regulators and scientists could be a problem. 31. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A. The challenges and requirements for CRISPR’s success. B. The differences between CRISPR and GM farming. C. The economic benefits of genetic engineering. D. The history of CRISPR development. 32. What can be inferred about current safety testing standards? A. They are unnecessary for CRISPR treatments. B. They delay treatment access for urgent cases. C. They ensure complete safety for all patients. D. They focus only on agricultural products. 33. As for CRISPR gene editing, the author is ______. A. critical B. doubtful C. indifferent D. positive 34. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. CRISPR: Medical Breakthroughs and Funding Shortages. B. CRISPR: Public Distrust in Agricultural Innovation. C. CRISPR: Potential and Regulatory Adaptation. D. CRISPR: Limitations in Current Applications. 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$