专题10 Unit4 Natural Disasters语法、写作篇-【初升高】2025年新高一英语暑期衔接讲义（人教版2019）

Unit4 Natural Disasters语法、写作篇 ( 语法精讲 ) 限制性定语从句（Ⅰ）——关系代词 一．限制性定语从句的基本概述 限制性定语从句（restrictive relative clause）指修饰名词、代词或名词短语的从句,对所修饰的对象加以限制，表示"……的（人）"或"……的（物）"。从句不可去掉，一旦去掉主句的意思则不完整。 被修饰的名词、 代词或名词短语称为先行词。 引导定语从句的词被称为关系词， 关系词包含关系代词和关系副词两类。 二．关系代词的基本用法 关系代词替代指人或物的先行词并在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。常用的关系代词有who、whom、whose、which、that、as等（本单元讲前五个关系代词的用法）。 关系代 词 先行词 关系代词在 从句中作的 成分 例句 注意 who 指人 主语或宾语 Here comes the girl who（在从句中作主语） wants to see you.想见你的那个女孩过来了。  She wants to find the kid （who）（在从句中作宾语，可省略。） she met yesterday.她想找到昨天她遇见的那个孩子。 作宾语时一般可省略 、whom 指人 宾语 Rose is the person whom（在从句中作宾语，可用who或that代替，也可省略。） you should look after.罗斯是你应该照顾的人。 When I have trouble, he is the only one to whom（前有介词to,不能用who或that代替，也不可省略。） I can go for help. 当我有困难时，他是我唯一可以求助的人。 可省略，也可用who或that代替。若whom前有介词，则不能用who或that代替，也不可省略 whose 指人或物 定语 They rushed over to help the man whose. .（指人，在从句中作定语。）car had broken down.那个人的车坏了，他们都冲过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose（指物，在从句中作定语。） cover is green.请递给我那本绿色封皮的书。 / which 一般指物 主语或宾语 China is a country which（在从句中作主语） has a long  history.中国是一个历史悠久的国家。 The package （which）（在从句中作宾语，可省略。）  you are carrying is about to fall.你拿的包裹快掉了。 作宾语时一般可省略 that 指人或物 主语、宾语 或表语 The number of people.that（在从句中作主语,指人，可用who替代。） come to visit this city each year reaches one million.每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。 The chair that（在从句中作宾语，可省略。） you broke yesterday is now being repaired.你昨天弄坏的那把椅子现在正在被修理。 Our school is no longer the place that（在从句中作表语） it used to be.我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。 作宾语时一般可省略，指人时一般可用who替代，指物时一般可用which替代 注意 1.关系代词替代先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。 你昨天借我的那本书十分有趣。 ［误］The book （that/which） you lent it to me yesterday is very interesting. ［正］The book （that/which） you lent to me yesterday is very interesting. 2.关系代词用作介词的宾语。在正式场合,介词可以置于关系代词前,这种情况下关系代词不可省略，也不可以用that或who代替。 ［注意］固定短语中的介词不能前置到关系代词前。 Is this the magazine about which（which不能省略，不可用that替换。） you were talking just now?=Is this the magazine （which/that）you were talking about just now? 这就是你刚才谈论的那本杂志吗? You are the very person （whom/that） we are looking for.你就是我们要找的人。 3.当先行词是way并且定语从句要表示"以……的方式"时，定语从句常用that或in which引导，that可以省略。 我喜欢她微笑的样子。 I like the way （that）she smiles. I like the way in which she smiles. 1.A doctor tells me people_________ live the longest are dancers and cyclists. 【解析】空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词people, 指人，且从句中缺少主语，故填who/that。 2.The color she chose came in a box which had a picture of a woman _______ hair color looked just perfect. 【解析】此处表示这个盒子上有一位女士的照片，她头发的颜色看上去很完美。"____ hair color looked just perfect"是定语从句，空处在定语从句中作定语，故填whose。 3.But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place ___________ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life. 【解析】句意：但是，除了所有的古建筑外，北京也是一个欢迎快节奏发展的现代生活的地方。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句修饰先行词"a place"，指物，从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词which或that。 三．关系代词的选择 关系代词 情况 例句 宜用that不用which 当先行词是all、much、anything、 something、everything、nothing、little、none、few等不定代词时  She told me. .everything that she knew.她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时  This is the most exciting football game that I have seen  so far.这是我目前看过的最激动人心的足球比赛。 宜用that不用which 当先行词指物且被all、no、few、any、little （少）、some、much、last、only、very等修饰时  I've read all the books that were borrowed from others.我已经读了从别人那儿借来的所有的书。 当先行词既有人又有物时  I can well remember the people and some pictures that. .I saw in the room.我能清楚地记得我在那个房间里所见到的人和一些照片。 宜用 who/ whom不用that 当先行词是指人的代词he、they、anyone、 anybody、 everyone、everybody、 someone、 somebody等，或先行词为指人的one、those时，定语从句多用who/whom引导  He who does not advance fails.［谚］不进则退。  The student you should learn from is the. .one who works hard and studies well.你应该向那个学习努力而且学习好的学生学习。 1.That's how I was trained at university. I work on anything excites me. 【解析】空处引导的定语从句修饰先行词anything，anything为不定代词，故用that引导定语从句。 2.The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall has survived China's long history. 【解析】句意：西安城墙是中国历史上保存最完整的城墙。先行词为city wall，由形容词最高级the most complete修饰，常用that引导定语从句。 3.Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food_____ is provided by Mom with appreciation. 【解析】分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，从句缺少主语，先行词为the food,且被all修饰，故定语从句要用that引导。 4.People want to listen to someone_____is interesting, relaxed and comfortable. 【解析】句意：人们想听有趣的、放松的、舒适的人说话。分析句子结构可知，空处在此引导定语从句，先行词someone指人，并且从句缺少主语。故填关系代词who。 四．定语从句中的主谓一致 一般情况下，关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句谓语动词的人称和数一般与先行词的人称和数保持一致。 The books that were sold out in two weeks were all written by Tom.两周内卖光的那些书都是汤姆写的。 I'm fond of the piece of music which was played by Jenny.我喜欢珍妮弹的那首曲子。 注意 1."the only one of the +名词复数"后的定语从句谓语用单数，因为定语从句的先行词为"the only one"。 2."one of the +名词复数"后的定语从句谓语多用复数，即以"名词复数"为定语从句的先行词。 Jogging may be the only one of the five sports that is suitable for Bob. 慢跑可能是这五项运动中唯一适合鲍勃的运动。 Jogging is one of the five sports that are suitable for Bob. 慢跑是适合鲍勃的五项运动中的一项。 ( 综合训练 ) 一． 1.The little problems___________we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions. 【解析】句意：在日常生活中我们遇到的小问题可能是伟大发明的灵感来源。空处引导的定语从句修饰先行词The little（小） problems，先行词指物，定语从句中缺少宾语，故填that/which。 2.Happiness and success often come to those___________are good at recognizing their own strengths. 【解析】句意：幸福和成功往往属于那些善于认识自己长处的人。空处引导的定语从句修饰先行词those，先行词指人，且定语从句中缺少主语，故填who。 3.Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl___________mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. 【解析】句意：由于我们的努力，我们的女儿Georgia真的决定把一大袋玩具捐给一个小女孩，这个小女孩的妈妈因为生病而支付不起她的假期费用。空处引导的定语从句修饰先行词a little girl，关系词在从句中作定语，表示所属关系，故填whose。 4.The young athlete is the only one of the three athletes that ____________ （expect） to win the game. 【解析】句意：这名年轻的运动员是三名运动员中唯一一名有望赢得这场比赛的。that引导的定语从句修饰先行词the only one，故从句的谓语动词用单数；又the only one与动词expect为动宾关系，空处应用被动语态；再结合主句中的谓语动词is可知，空处填is expected。 5.This is the most exciting film ___________I have ever seen. 【解析】空处引导的定语从句修饰先行词film，关系词在从句中作宾语，先行词由形 容词最高级修饰，故用that引导。 6.The writer and his novel___________you have just talked about are really well known. 【解析】分析句子结构可知，空处指代The writer and his novel,在从句中作宾语，先行词既有人又有物，故填that。 7.He is an expert on rice planting from___________the local Zhuang people have learnt a lot. 【解析】此处从句中的from被提至关系词前，空处指人，作from的宾语，故填whom。 learn sth. from sb."向某人学习某事物"。 8.The first place___________they visited in London is Big Ben. 【解析】句意：他们在伦敦参观的第一个地方是大本钟。分析句子结构并结合句意 可知，空处引导定语从句，从句中缺少宾语，先行词为place且由序数词first修饰， 所以用that引导该从句。 9.In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to___________she could turn for help. 【解析】句意：在黑暗的街道上，她没有一个人可以求助。分析句子结构并结合句意可知，此处为定语从句，先行词为person，指人，在从句中作介词to的宾语，故应用关系代词whom引导从句。 10.The author _______________ you criticized in your review has written a reply. 【解析】句意：你在评论中批评的那位作者已经回复了。空处在此引导定语从句，修饰先行词The author（指人），定语从句中缺少宾语，故填whom/who/that。 11.Anyone___________enters the school must show his or her identity card. 【解析】句意：任何进入学校的人都必须出示身份证。空处引导的定语从句修饰先行词Anyone，从句中缺少主语。当someone、somebody、anyone、anybody、everyone、everybody等不定代词作先行词时,定语从句多用who引导。 12.As an artist _________ shares her journey on social media, I'm often asked by curious followers how to begin an art journey. 【解析】句意：作为一名在社交媒体上分享艺术之旅的艺术家，我经常被好奇的粉丝问到如何开始一段艺术之旅。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰an artist，指人，定语从句中缺少主语，故填关系代词who/that。 二．用定语从句合并下列每组句子 1.I have a friend. He likes listening to classical music. _______________________________________________________ 2.Last week Mary wore the dress. I gave it to her. _______________________________________________________ 3.They live in a room. Its window faces south. ______________________________________________ 4.She wants to visit the village. Her mother likes it best. _______________________________________________________________ 5.The man has left for New York. You borrowed the camera from him. _________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 1.I have a friend that/who likes listening to classical music. 2.Last week Mary wore the dress that/which I gave to her. 3.They live in a room whose window faces south. 4.She wants to visit the village （that/which） her mother likes best. 5.The man from whom you borrowed the camera has left for New York.或The man whom you borrowed the camera from has left for New York. 三．将下列句子合并为含定语从句的主从复合句 1.This was the reason. He gave the reason for his being late. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  2.Look at the boy and his dog. I meet them every day on my way to school. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  3.The girl is from America. Her father is a Chinese. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  4.Who is the man? He is drawing a picture over there. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  5.We visited the lady yesterday. She taught us Chinese when we were in primary school. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  6.I've made friends with some of the students. I met them in the English speech contest. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  1.This was the reason which/that he gave for his being late. 2.Look at the boy and his dog that I meet every day on my way to school. 3.The girl whose father is a Chinese is from America. 4.Who is the man that is drawing a picture over there? 5.We visited the lady who/that taught us Chinese when we were in primary school yesterday. 6.I've made friends with some of the students who/that I met in the English speech contest. 四．用that、which、who、whom或whose填空 A Girl Who Is Good at Drawing Mary 　1　 drawings were shown at the exhibition(展览会) last month is a model student 　2　 is often praised for her good works at school. As soon as we got into the exhibition hall, our attention was attracted by a very large picture 　3　 was hung on the wall in front of us.   The horse 　4　 is in the drawing is exactly like a real horse. The man 　5　is riding on it looks like a living man.   It is the best drawing 　6　 I have ever seen, and I should say Mary is the best young painter 　7　 I have ever heard of. However, you will be quite mistaken if you think that Mary is a born painter. One of her teachers told me that it had taken Mary thousands of hours to learn and practise drawing before she became the person of 　8　 her hometown is proud.  1.whose　先行词是Mary,关系词在从句中作定语,故填whose。 2.who/that　先行词是a model student,指人,关系词在从句中作主语,故填who或that。 3.that/which　先行词是a very large picture,指物,关系词在从句中作主语,故填that或which。 4.that/which　先行词是The horse,关系词在从句中作主语,故填that或which。 5.who/that　先行词是The man,指人,关系词在从句中作主语,故填who或that。 6.that　先行词被最高级修饰,指物,关系词在从句中作have ever seen的宾语,故填that。 7.that/who/whom　先行词是the best young painter,指人,关系词在从句中作宾语,故填that、who或whom。 8.whom　先行词是the person,指人,关系词前面有介词of,故填whom。 ( 写作精讲 ) 如何写新闻报道的概要 新闻概要的要点一般包括时间、地点、事件、起因、结果和可能的后续活动等。概要的内容只需包括文本中的重要信息或事例,原报道中的大量数字、被采访者的话语等均可省略,力求语言简明扼要,要点齐全。 概要写作可以分为三个步骤:要点获取、要点转述和要点衔接。 1.要点获取 通过筛选主题句和寻找关键词找出要点。 (1)筛选主题句 主题句是指能够概括全文或者整个段落的关键句。通常情况下段落是由主题句和细节句组成的,段落可以是“总—分”或“分—总”的结构。因此一个段落的主题句通常位于段首或段尾。 另外,我们也可以特别关注像so、therefore、thus这样的标志词,这些词后往往是作者对前文的一个总结,很可能就是主题句。 (2)寻找关键词 在实际写作中,我们会发现某些段落并不能直接找出主题句,那么,可以通过找出段落关键词,进而连词成句,得出段落要点。 2.要点转述 可以从下面四个方向进行转述: (1)同义替换 同义替换指的是用相同意义的单词、短语、或者句子代替从原文中找出的要点。 例　在“Scientists from NASA built the Mars Climate Orbiter to travel around Mars and get information.”中用sent、made、created等代替built,用explore Mars代替travel around Mars and get information。如此,我们得到要点Scientists from NASA sent the Mars Climate Orbiter to explore Mars. (2)语态转换 语态转换就是把句子在主动语态和被动语态之间进行转换。 例　本单元课文THE NIGHT THE EARTH DIDN'T SLEEP中的第一段“Strange things were happening in the countryside of northeastern Hebei...were asleep as usual that night.” 原要点:Strange things were happening, but people thought little of these events. 语态转换后的要点:Strange things were happening, but they were ignored. (3)词性改变 在进行要点转述的过程中,由于词汇量或其他原因,可能会遇到某些词很难找到同义词。这时,可以尝试用不同的词性表达相同的意思,如把动词改成名词短语或者把形容词改成名词短语等。 例　Most students experience a lot of stress while preparing for exams, as both their parents and teachers expect them to get high scores. 前半句可以同义转换成Many students are stressed during the exam period,后半句可以将expect改成expectation,这样得到了转换后的要点:Because of the high expectations from their parents and teachers, many students are stressed during the exam period. (4)句子重构 只有掌握了多种句式,如定语从句、宾语从句、非谓语动词作状语等,并对不同的句式进行灵活转换,才能写出层次清晰、语言简练的内容概要。概要写作在语言表达上也要求“以简为贵”。 例　原要点:The city hosted the event. It has witnessed many important ceremonies in history. 改写后的要点:The city which has witnessed many important ceremonies in history hosted the event. 3.要点衔接 注意要点之间的衔接,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子,要 用适当的关联词语贯穿全文,优先考虑使用较短的衔接词(如but、then、later、finally、besides、thus、therefore、yet、however等)。 原词 同义替换词 crash into hit、strike be expected to be predicted（预测）to said described、stated（陈述） cause lead to、result in、bring about difficult challenging many numerous、plenty of、a good/great many、a （large） number of/（large） numbers of bad negative（坏的）、serious good excellent、outstanding（杰出的） big huge、large、giant（巨大的）、vast（巨大的）、massive（巨大的） different various、a variety of interesting amusing brave courageous more than over rich wealthy （5）有效使用衔接词，确保行文连贯。 并列关系 and、or、also、too、as well、both...and...、either...or... 递进关系 what's more、besides、in addition（此外）、furthermore/moreover （再者）、not only...but also... 转折关系 but、however、though 顺序关系 first、first of all、to begin with、second、finally、last but not least 因果关系 because、because of、owing to （因为）、due to（由于）、as a result of、consequently （结果）、as a result、thus/therefore （所以） 归纳总结 on the whole、in a word/in conclusion/ in summary/in short、to summarize 典例详析 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 An 8.2-magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of northwestern Chile late on April 2, 2014, cutting the power off and leading to landslides and a tsunami. Four men and one woman died—two suffered heart attacks and three were crushed to death（压死）. About 300 prisoners escaped from the northern port city of Iquique. The quake struck at about 7:46 a.m. Beijing time, some 60 miles northwest of Iquique. Chile's National Emergency Office asked coastal residents（居民） to leave for safe places. "The fact is that we will know the extent of the damage as time goes by and when we inspect（查看） the areas in the light of day," Michelle Bachelet said early on that day. "The country has faced these first emergency hours very well." Residents in the port city of Antofagasta walked calmly through the streets to higher ground as the traffic became heavy in some places. "Many people are fearful after experiencing the powerful earthquake in 2010, so they immediately rushed to higher ground when they heard the tsunami warning," said a government official."There have been lots of aftershocks and communications have been cut off in many of the earthquake-hit areas. So people are waiting in the dark hills, not knowing what is to come, and hoping they will be able to return to their homes safely." Tsunami waves of more than six feet caused by the earthquake washed ashore on the coast of Iquique, with a population of more than 200,000 seeing seven-foot waves. 审题 本文是一篇关于地震、海啸的新闻报道。在进行概要写作时要突出主题和关键细节信息，同时注意人称、时态和新闻的语言特点。人称：第三人称为主；时态：一般过去时为主。 分析本篇新闻报道的要素： what An 8.2-magnitude earthquake when at about 7:46 a.m. Beijing time on April 2, 2014 where off the coast of northwestern Chile how ①cutting off the power ②causing landslides and a tsunami ③the death of five people ④lots of aftershocks ⑤cutting off communications ⑥residents left for safe places An 8.2-magnitude earthquake hit off the coast of northwestern Chile at about 7：46 a. m. Beijing time on April 2, 2014, leading to five deaths（动词-ing短语作结果状语）. Chile treated the first emergency hours well and residents moved to safety. Followed by landslides, aftershocks and a tsunami（动词-ed短语作伴随状语）, the earthquake made power and communications cut off（"make+宾语+宾补（动词-ed）"结构） in many earthquake-stricken areas. ［名师点评］本文简明扼要地交代了地震发生的时间、地点、伤亡情况 （要点一），震后人们的反应（ 要点二），以及地震带来的影响：电力和通讯中断、余震频发、海啸侵袭 （要点三）新闻导语虽揭示新闻的核心内容，但并未涵盖新闻的所有信息，需要学生自己对信息进行分类组合。本文第一句略微改动了新闻的导语，交代了what，when,where及伤亡情况。第二句提炼于新闻报道的第二段，介绍震后人们的反应。第三句将地震带来的影响进行分类组合。 ( 随堂精练 ) 一 概要写作 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 On July 15,2014, Fenghuang Ancient Town, one of China's most well-known ancient towns, was under water as heavy rain hit the center of the county, forcing tens of thousands of people into leaving the area. Heavy rain and floods lasted for a few days. Water in the nearby Tuojiang River rose above the warning level（警戒水位） due to heavy rainstorms. More than 120,000 locals and tourists were helped to leave there because of the terrible disaster. And more than 4,000 shops in the town were shut. Several bridges over the Tuojiang River were damaged or destroyed. Water flowed into many bars, restaurants and hotels in this ancient town, and electricity there was cut off. About 128,000 people were affected by the floods. Though the heavy rain stopped, the popular tourist spot（旅游景点） remained closed for people's safety. A shoe shop owner Mr Kuang said the flood was the worst one that the town had experienced. "The floods came so quickly that I didn't have time to move the shoes," he said sadly. "The flood has led Fenghuang Ancient Town to become a water town," a user said in a post on a discussion page on the topic set up on Sina Weibo."We could only live in an old factory now where many homeless people have to stay together. The crowded space is full of sadness," a victim said. 参考答案 Fenghuang Ancient Town was flooded due to heavy rain which lasted for a few days, making about 128,000 people affected. （要点1） The flood caused over 120,000 people to leave, over 4,000 shops to be shut and some bridges to be damaged or destroyed, and a power failure occurred. （要点2） The tourist spot was still closed while the heave rain stopped. （要点3） 二 　　阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 A 7.1⁃magnitude quake toppled(使倒塌) houses and cut off power and first⁃aid materials' supply in Yushu, Qinghai Province on Wednesday. Rescuers have set up more than 40 tents for survivors in Gyegu Town, near the epicenter(震中)in Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in southwestern Qinghai. But the effort seems far less than enough for the area populated by some 100,000 people. Many people sought temporary shelters in buildings that remained unaffected by the tremor(轻微地震). In the yard of Yushu's Sports Committee, nearly 1,000 people were sitting or lying on the ground in total darkness. Some wrapped themselves up in quilts(被子) taken out of the debris. Some brought their own tents and others turned on the lights of motorcycles. The National Meteorological Centre of CMA forecast on Wednesday that temperatures might hit minus 3 degrees Celsius at night and 15 degrees Celsius in the daytime in the coming days. The town will see strong winds and sunny weather in the coming days, providing favorable conditions for rescue operations. The town is located in a remote area in Qinghai and the quake and ensuing(随后的)landslides have damaged roads, causing great difficulties for rescuers and, especially, machines to enter the region. In addition, rescuers may easily get exhausted(筋疲力尽的) working at a place with an altitude(海拔) of above 4,000 meters. Thousands of rescuers and medical staff are rushing to Yushu from many regions of China, bringing machines, disaster⁃relief materials and medicines to the quake⁃hit town. The government, organizations, enterprises and individuals are offering donations of money and materials to the region. A 7.1⁃magnitude quake hit Yushu, Qinghai Province on Wednesday.(要点1)The survivors relied on the tents, and because of the limited tents, many people sought temporary shelters or stayed outdoors.(要点2) Despite the favorable weather conditions, the damaged roads and the high altitude cause great difficulties for the rescue work.(要点3) Luckily, a lot of rescuers, medical staff and disaster⁃relief materials are being sent to Yushu.(要点4) ( 1 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit4 Natural Disasters语法、写作篇 ( 语法精讲 ) 限制性定语从句（Ⅰ）——关系代词 一．限制性定语从句的基本概述 限制性定语从句（restrictive relative clause）指修饰名词、代词或名词短语的从句,对所修饰的对象加以限制，表示"……的（人）"或"……的（物）"。从句不可去掉，一旦去掉主句的意思则不完整。 被修饰的名词、 代词或名词短语称为先行词。 引导定语从句的词被称为关系词， 关系词包含关系代词和关系副词两类。 二．关系代词的基本用法 关系代词替代指人或物的先行词并在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。常用的关系代词有who、whom、whose、which、that、as等（本单元讲前五个关系代词的用法）。 关系代 词 先行词 关系代词在 从句中作的 成分 例句 注意 who 指人 主语或宾语 Here comes the girl who（在从句中作主语） wants to see you.想见你的那个女孩过来了。  She wants to find the kid （who）（在从句中作宾语，可省略。） she met yesterday.她想找到昨天她遇见的那个孩子。 作宾语时一般可省略 、whom 指人 宾语 Rose is the person whom（在从句中作宾语，可用who或that代替，也可省略。） you should look after.罗斯是你应该照顾的人。 When I have trouble, he is the only one to whom（前有介词to,不能用who或that代替，也不可省略。） I can go for help. 当我有困难时，他是我唯一可以求助的人。 可省略，也可用who或that代替。若whom前有介词，则不能用who或that代替，也不可省略 whose 指人或物 定语 They rushed over to help the man whose. .（指人，在从句中作定语。）car had broken down.那个人的车坏了，他们都冲过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose（指物，在从句中作定语。） cover is green.请递给我那本绿色封皮的书。 / which 一般指物 主语或宾语 China is a country which（在从句中作主语） has a long  history.中国是一个历史悠久的国家。 The package （which）（在从句中作宾语，可省略。）  you are carrying is about to fall.你拿的包裹快掉了。 作宾语时一般可省略 that 指人或物 主语、宾语 或表语 The number of people.that（在从句中作主语,指人，可用who替代。） come to visit this city each year reaches one million.每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。 The chair that（在从句中作宾语，可省略。） you broke yesterday is now being repaired.你昨天弄坏的那把椅子现在正在被修理。 Our school is no longer the place that（在从句中作表语） it used to be.我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。 作宾语时一般可省略，指人时一般可用who替代，指物时一般可用which替代 注意 1.关系代词替代先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。 你昨天借我的那本书十分有趣。 ［误］The book （that/which） you lent it to me yesterday is very interesting. ［正］The book （that/which） you lent to me yesterday is very interesting. 2.关系代词用作介词的宾语。在正式场合,介词可以置于关系代词前,这种情况下关系代词不可省略，也不可以用that或who代替。 ［注意］固定短语中的介词不能前置到关系代词前。 Is this the magazine about which（which不能省略，不可用that替换。） you were talking just now?=Is this the magazine （which/that）you were talking about just now? 这就是你刚才谈论的那本杂志吗? You are the very person （whom/that） we are looking for.你就是我们要找的人。 3.当先行词是way并且定语从句要表示"以……的方式"时，定语从句常用that或in which引导，that可以省略。 我喜欢她微笑的样子。 I like the way （that）she smiles. I like the way in which she smiles. 1.A doctor tells me people_________ live the longest are dancers and cyclists. 2.The color she chose came in a box which had a picture of a woman _______ hair color looked just perfect. 3.But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place ___________ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life. 三．关系代词的选择 关系代词 情况 例句 宜用that不用which 当先行词是all、much、anything、 something、everything、nothing、little、none、few等不定代词时  She told me. .everything that she knew.她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时  This is the most exciting football game that I have seen  so far.这是我目前看过的最激动人心的足球比赛。 宜用that不用which 当先行词指物且被all、no、few、any、little （少）、some、much、last、only、very等修饰时  I've read all the books that were borrowed from others.我已经读了从别人那儿借来的所有的书。 当先行词既有人又有物时  I can well remember the people and some pictures that. .I saw in the room.我能清楚地记得我在那个房间里所见到的人和一些照片。 宜用 who/ whom不用that 当先行词是指人的代词he、they、anyone、 anybody、 everyone、everybody、 someone、 somebody等，或先行词为指人的one、those时，定语从句多用who/whom引导  He who does not advance fails.［谚］不进则退。  The student you should learn from is the. .one who works hard and studies well.你应该向那个学习努力而且学习好的学生学习。 1.That's how I was trained at university. I work on anything excites me. 2.The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall has survived China's long history. 3.Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food_____ is provided by Mom with appreciation. 4.People want to listen to someone_____is interesting, relaxed and comfortable. 四．定语从句中的主谓一致 一般情况下，关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句谓语动词的人称和数一般与先行词的人称和数保持一致。 The books that were sold out in two weeks were all written by Tom.两周内卖光的那些书都是汤姆写的。 I'm fond of the piece of music which was played by Jenny.我喜欢珍妮弹的那首曲子。 注意 1."the only one of the +名词复数"后的定语从句谓语用单数，因为定语从句的先行词为"the only one"。 2."one of the +名词复数"后的定语从句谓语多用复数，即以"名词复数"为定语从句的先行词。 Jogging may be the only one of the five sports that is suitable for Bob. 慢跑可能是这五项运动中唯一适合鲍勃的运动。 Jogging is one of the five sports that are suitable for Bob. 慢跑是适合鲍勃的五项运动中的一项。 ( 综合训练 ) 一． 1.The little problems___________we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions. 2.Happiness and success often come to those___________are good at recognizing their own strengths. 3.Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl___________mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. 4.The young athlete is the only one of the three athletes that ____________ （expect） to win the game. 5.This is the most exciting film ___________I have ever seen. 6.The writer and his novel___________you have just talked about are really well known. 7.He is an expert on rice planting from___________the local Zhuang people have learnt a lot. 8.The first place___________they visited in London is Big Ben. 9.In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to___________she could turn for help. 10.The author _______________ you criticized in your review has written a reply. 11.Anyone___________enters the school must show his or her identity card. 12.As an artist _________ shares her journey on social media, I'm often asked by curious followers how to begin an art journey. 二．用定语从句合并下列每组句子 1.I have a friend. He likes listening to classical music. _______________________________________________________ 2.Last week Mary wore the dress. I gave it to her. _______________________________________________________ 3.They live in a room. Its window faces south. ______________________________________________ 4.She wants to visit the village. Her mother likes it best. _______________________________________________________________ 5.The man has left for New York. You borrowed the camera from him. _________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 三．将下列句子合并为含定语从句的主从复合句 1.This was the reason. He gave the reason for his being late. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  2.Look at the boy and his dog. I meet them every day on my way to school. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  3.The girl is from America. Her father is a Chinese. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  4.Who is the man? He is drawing a picture over there. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  5.We visited the lady yesterday. She taught us Chinese when we were in primary school. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  6.I've made friends with some of the students. I met them in the English speech contest. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  四．用that、which、who、whom或whose填空 A Girl Who Is Good at Drawing Mary 　1　 drawings were shown at the exhibition(展览会) last month is a model student 　2　 is often praised for her good works at school. As soon as we got into the exhibition hall, our attention was attracted by a very large picture 　3　 was hung on the wall in front of us.   The horse 　4　 is in the drawing is exactly like a real horse. The man 　5　is riding on it looks like a living man.   It is the best drawing 　6　 I have ever seen, and I should say Mary is the best young painter 　7　 I have ever heard of. However, you will be quite mistaken if you think that Mary is a born painter. One of her teachers told me that it had taken Mary thousands of hours to learn and practise drawing before she became the person of 　8　 her hometown is proud.  ( 写作精讲 ) 如何写新闻报道的概要 新闻概要的要点一般包括时间、地点、事件、起因、结果和可能的后续活动等。概要的内容只需包括文本中的重要信息或事例,原报道中的大量数字、被采访者的话语等均可省略,力求语言简明扼要,要点齐全。 概要写作可以分为三个步骤:要点获取、要点转述和要点衔接。 1.要点获取 通过筛选主题句和寻找关键词找出要点。 (1)筛选主题句 主题句是指能够概括全文或者整个段落的关键句。通常情况下段落是由主题句和细节句组成的,段落可以是“总—分”或“分—总”的结构。因此一个段落的主题句通常位于段首或段尾。 另外,我们也可以特别关注像so、therefore、thus这样的标志词,这些词后往往是作者对前文的一个总结,很可能就是主题句。 (2)寻找关键词 在实际写作中,我们会发现某些段落并不能直接找出主题句,那么,可以通过找出段落关键词,进而连词成句,得出段落要点。 2.要点转述 可以从下面四个方向进行转述: (1)同义替换 同义替换指的是用相同意义的单词、短语、或者句子代替从原文中找出的要点。 例　在“Scientists from NASA built the Mars Climate Orbiter to travel around Mars and get information.”中用sent、made、created等代替built,用explore Mars代替travel around Mars and get information。如此,我们得到要点Scientists from NASA sent the Mars Climate Orbiter to explore Mars. (2)语态转换 语态转换就是把句子在主动语态和被动语态之间进行转换。 例　本单元课文THE NIGHT THE EARTH DIDN'T SLEEP中的第一段“Strange things were happening in the countryside of northeastern Hebei...were asleep as usual that night.” 原要点:Strange things were happening, but people thought little of these events. 语态转换后的要点:Strange things were happening, but they were ignored. (3)词性改变 在进行要点转述的过程中,由于词汇量或其他原因,可能会遇到某些词很难找到同义词。这时,可以尝试用不同的词性表达相同的意思,如把动词改成名词短语或者把形容词改成名词短语等。 例　Most students experience a lot of stress while preparing for exams, as both their parents and teachers expect them to get high scores. 前半句可以同义转换成Many students are stressed during the exam period,后半句可以将expect改成expectation,这样得到了转换后的要点:Because of the high expectations from their parents and teachers, many students are stressed during the exam period. (4)句子重构 只有掌握了多种句式,如定语从句、宾语从句、非谓语动词作状语等,并对不同的句式进行灵活转换,才能写出层次清晰、语言简练的内容概要。概要写作在语言表达上也要求“以简为贵”。 例　原要点:The city hosted the event. It has witnessed many important ceremonies in history. 改写后的要点:The city which has witnessed many important ceremonies in history hosted the event. 3.要点衔接 注意要点之间的衔接,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子,要 用适当的关联词语贯穿全文,优先考虑使用较短的衔接词(如but、then、later、finally、besides、thus、therefore、yet、however等)。 原词 同义替换词 crash into hit、strike be expected to be predicted（预测）to said described、stated（陈述） cause lead to、result in、bring about difficult challenging many numerous、plenty of、a good/great many、a （large） number of/（large） numbers of bad negative（坏的）、serious good excellent、outstanding（杰出的） big huge、large、giant（巨大的）、vast（巨大的）、massive（巨大的） different various、a variety of interesting amusing brave courageous more than over rich wealthy （5）有效使用衔接词，确保行文连贯。 并列关系 and、or、also、too、as well、both...and...、either...or... 递进关系 what's more、besides、in addition（此外）、furthermore/moreover （再者）、not only...but also... 转折关系 but、however、though 顺序关系 first、first of all、to begin with、second、finally、last but not least 因果关系 because、because of、owing to （因为）、due to（由于）、as a result of、consequently （结果）、as a result、thus/therefore （所以） 归纳总结 on the whole、in a word/in conclusion/ in summary/in short、to summarize 典例详析 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 An 8.2-magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of northwestern Chile late on April 2, 2014, cutting the power off and leading to landslides and a tsunami. Four men and one woman died—two suffered heart attacks and three were crushed to death（压死）. About 300 prisoners escaped from the northern port city of Iquique. The quake struck at about 7:46 a.m. Beijing time, some 60 miles northwest of Iquique. Chile's National Emergency Office asked coastal residents（居民） to leave for safe places. "The fact is that we will know the extent of the damage as time goes by and when we inspect（查看） the areas in the light of day," Michelle Bachelet said early on that day. "The country has faced these first emergency hours very well." Residents in the port city of Antofagasta walked calmly through the streets to higher ground as the traffic became heavy in some places. "Many people are fearful after experiencing the powerful earthquake in 2010, so they immediately rushed to higher ground when they heard the tsunami warning," said a government official."There have been lots of aftershocks and communications have been cut off in many of the earthquake-hit areas. So people are waiting in the dark hills, not knowing what is to come, and hoping they will be able to return to their homes safely." Tsunami waves of more than six feet caused by the earthquake washed ashore on the coast of Iquique, with a population of more than 200,000 seeing seven-foot waves. 审题 本文是一篇关于地震、海啸的新闻报道。在进行概要写作时要突出主题和关键细节信息，同时注意人称、时态和新闻的语言特点。人称：第三人称为主；时态：一般过去时为主。 分析本篇新闻报道的要素： what An 8.2-magnitude earthquake when at about 7:46 a.m. Beijing time on April 2, 2014 where off the coast of northwestern Chile how ①cutting off the power ②causing landslides and a tsunami ③the death of five people ④lots of aftershocks ⑤cutting off communications ⑥residents left for safe places An 8.2-magnitude earthquake hit off the coast of northwestern Chile at about 7：46 a. m. Beijing time on April 2, 2014, leading to five deaths（动词-ing短语作结果状语）. Chile treated the first emergency hours well and residents moved to safety. Followed by landslides, aftershocks and a tsunami（动词-ed短语作伴随状语）, the earthquake made power and communications cut off（"make+宾语+宾补（动词-ed）"结构） in many earthquake-stricken areas. ［名师点评］本文简明扼要地交代了地震发生的时间、地点、伤亡情况 （要点一），震后人们的反应（ 要点二），以及地震带来的影响：电力和通讯中断、余震频发、海啸侵袭 （要点三）新闻导语虽揭示新闻的核心内容，但并未涵盖新闻的所有信息，需要学生自己对信息进行分类组合。本文第一句略微改动了新闻的导语，交代了what，when,where及伤亡情况。第二句提炼于新闻报道的第二段，介绍震后人们的反应。第三句将地震带来的影响进行分类组合。 ( 随堂精练 ) 一 概要写作 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 On July 15,2014, Fenghuang Ancient Town, one of China's most well-known ancient towns, was under water as heavy rain hit the center of the county, forcing tens of thousands of people into leaving the area. Heavy rain and floods lasted for a few days. Water in the nearby Tuojiang River rose above the warning level（警戒水位） due to heavy rainstorms. More than 120,000 locals and tourists were helped to leave there because of the terrible disaster. And more than 4,000 shops in the town were shut. Several bridges over the Tuojiang River were damaged or destroyed. Water flowed into many bars, restaurants and hotels in this ancient town, and electricity there was cut off. About 128,000 people were affected by the floods. Though the heavy rain stopped, the popular tourist spot（旅游景点） remained closed for people's safety. A shoe shop owner Mr Kuang said the flood was the worst one that the town had experienced. "The floods came so quickly that I didn't have time to move the shoes," he said sadly. "The flood has led Fenghuang Ancient Town to become a water town," a user said in a post on a discussion page on the topic set up on Sina Weibo."We could only live in an old factory now where many homeless people have to stay together. The crowded space is full of sadness," a victim said. 二 　　阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 A 7.1⁃magnitude quake toppled(使倒塌) houses and cut off power and first⁃aid materials' supply in Yushu, Qinghai Province on Wednesday. Rescuers have set up more than 40 tents for survivors in Gyegu Town, near the epicenter(震中)in Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in southwestern Qinghai. But the effort seems far less than enough for the area populated by some 100,000 people. Many people sought temporary shelters in buildings that remained unaffected by the tremor(轻微地震). In the yard of Yushu's Sports Committee, nearly 1,000 people were sitting or lying on the ground in total darkness. Some wrapped themselves up in quilts(被子) taken out of the debris. Some brought their own tents and others turned on the lights of motorcycles. The National Meteorological Centre of CMA forecast on Wednesday that temperatures might hit minus 3 degrees Celsius at night and 15 degrees Celsius in the daytime in the coming days. The town will see strong winds and sunny weather in the coming days, providing favorable conditions for rescue operations. The town is located in a remote area in Qinghai and the quake and ensuing(随后的)landslides have damaged roads, causing great difficulties for rescuers and, especially, machines to enter the region. In addition, rescuers may easily get exhausted(筋疲力尽的) working at a place with an altitude(海拔) of above 4,000 meters. Thousands of rescuers and medical staff are rushing to Yushu from many regions of China, bringing machines, disaster⁃relief materials and medicines to the quake⁃hit town. The government, organizations, enterprises and individuals are offering donations of money and materials to the region. ( 1 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$