专题07 阅读理解说明文、议论文（全国通用）-【好题汇编】2025年高考真题和模拟题英语分类汇编

专题07 阅读理解说明文、议论文 Passage 1 （2025年全国一卷）While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 28. What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A. Cars often get stuck on the road. B. Traffic accidents occur frequently. C. People walk less and drive more. D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules. 29. What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do? A. Keep their cities livable. B. Promote cultural diversity. C. Help the needy families. D. Make expressways accessible. 30. What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? A. They boosted the sales of cars. B. They turned out largely ineffective. C. They won government support. D. They advocated building new parks. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why the Rush? B. What’s Next? C. Where to Stay? D. Who to Blame? 【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B 31. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿童步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能，重视城市宜居性。 【28题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. (虽然近年来我们的街道可能已经改善了安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流动性下降，尤其是年轻儿童。许多家长说，路上的交通太拥挤，他们的孩子无法安全步行上学，所以他们把孩子塞进车里)”可知，作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。 【29题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” (最著名的是，一位加拿大记者在20世纪50年代初举家迁往曼哈顿，她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的运动。在描述她对用高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时，Jane Jacobs呼吁她的市长捍卫“纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而不仅是匆匆穿过的通道”)”可推知，加拿大记者和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. (尽管这些运动很普遍，但现实是大多数西方城市完全围绕汽车需求重新设计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加)”可推知，20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的竞选活动未能阻止汽车发展，基本上没有效果。故选B。 【31题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章最后一段“We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? (我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真正的成本。我们真的认识到当孩子们不能在我们的社区安全地移动时，我们作为一个社会将会付出什么代价吗)”可推知，本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需求的现象，A项“Why the Rush? (为何匆匆？)”质问“rush through (匆匆通行)”的规划理念，契合主旨，最适合作为本文标题。故选A。 Passage 2 （2025年全国一卷）Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept. C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics. 33. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time. C. The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water. 34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity of the microplastic problem. C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water. 35. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study. C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings. 【答案】32. C 33. A 34. B 35. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球，甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤可能会显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. (微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现了在人类体内)”可推知，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. (至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于含有足够碳酸钙的水来截留塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量)”可知，决定在水中截留微塑料的有效性的是水的硬度。故选A。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly diffcult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. (尽管如此，研究结果显示了减少微塑料接触的潜在途径——这一任务正变得越来越困难。今年早些时候，科学家们发现，即使是瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比原先想象的高出10到1000倍。)”可推断，作者提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。故选B。 【35题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” (苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay没有参与这项研究，她告诉《新科学家》杂志：“他们展示微塑料如何在煮沸过程中被截留的方式很不错。”“我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，以便它们能去除微塑料”)”可推知，Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay的建议是关于这项研究结果的潜在应用，即升级饮用水处理厂。故选D。 Passage 3 （2025年全国二卷）When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 8. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A. It faced tough competition. B. It suffered a great loss. C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well. 9. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment. C. They raise the cortisol level. D. They enhance productivity. 10. What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A. The necessity of social skills. B. The meaning of sustainability. C. The importance of repeated efforts. D. The value of professional opinions. 11. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home 【答案】8 D 9. D 10. C 11. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。 【8题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. (当Sonja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份订单)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。 【9题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”(Knuth表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。 【10题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. (Detrinidad说：“医生需要不断实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。”)”可知，Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。 【11题详解】 主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood (植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。 Passage 4 （2025年全国二卷）Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 12. What can be inferred about the author’s early life? A. He witnessed food shortage. B. He enjoyed the local cuisine. C. He donated food to Africans. D. He helped to cook at home. 13. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A. To customize dishes for guests. B. To make the public aware of food waste. C. To test a food processing method. D. To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems. 14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 15. What can we learn about wastED? A. It has ended as planned. B. It is creating new jobs. C. It has regained popularity. D. It is criticized by top chefs. 【答案】12. A 13. B 14. C 15. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。 【12题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. (这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历 —— 在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿” 这句话与其说是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒)” 可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。 【13题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. (每道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识)”可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。 【14题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。 【15题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. (尽管 wastED 餐厅收获了热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill 餐厅已回归常规菜单)”可知，wastED从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结束了。故选A。 Passage 5 （2025年1月浙江卷）A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from. C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of. 29. Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced? A. To control weeds in large gardens. B. To bring in foreign species of plants. C. To conserve soil and water resources. D. To develop low-maintenance parkland. 30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens? A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking. C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected. 31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A. The future of gardening is WILD. B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS. C. Matrix gardens need more CARE. D. Old garden plots work WONDERS. 【答案】28. B 29. D 30. C 31. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新型园艺设计方法——矩阵种植。 【28题详解】 词句猜测题。根据上文“Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing.(这种被称为矩阵种植的方法旨在让大自然在花园中承担更多繁重的工作，甚至承担一些设计工作)”可知，矩阵种植是让大自然自身承接更多的工作；结合常识和划线词所在句“Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.(Eschewing化肥和电动工具，它基于一个极其简单的原则：更像大自然那样进行园艺种植)”中“to garden more like nature does”可推知，要像大自然那样进行园艺种植，让大自然自身承接更多的工作，就不需要使用化肥和电动工具。所以划线词“Eschewing”的意思是“避开、远离”，与“Keeping away from.”同义。故选B项。 【29题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.(这个概念诞生于二战后，当时德国城市规划者试图以一种可复制且需要最少维护的方式种植大片公园绿地)”可知，引入矩阵种植的想法是为了开发低维护成本的公园绿地。故选D项。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four season interest and serving the needs of wildlife.(荷兰植物学家兼设计师Piet Oudolf的花园推广了这种风格，在种植组合中增添了艺术气息，同时玩转色彩和形态，四季都有看点，还满足了野生动物的需求)”可知，Piet Oudolf的花园有艺术气息，很有品味。故选C项。 【31题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.(这种被称为矩阵种植的方法旨在让大自然在花园中承担更多繁重的工作，甚至承担一些设计工作。它避开化肥和电动工具，基于一个极其简单的原则：更像大自然那样进行园艺种植)”和最后一段中“With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.(随着人类投入的大幅减少，花园的生态系统可以良好发展。成熟的矩阵花园不需要我们给予大多数花园的维持手段：化肥、分株、定期浇水。与传统花园地块相比，它们增加了碳吸收，减少了雨水径流，并显著改善了栖息地和生物多样性)”可知，文章主要介绍了矩阵种植这种新型园艺设计方法，它让花园更接近自然、野生的状态，未来园艺可能会朝着这种更自然、野生的方向发展。故A项“The future of gardening is WILD(园艺的未来是自然的)”能概括文章主旨，适合做文章标题。故选A项。 Passage 6 （2025年1月浙江卷）As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics. In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu.” It was found that gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are more valued than those associated with women. These qualities, in turn, are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender. Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she.” Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance. 32. What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless? A. To reduce stereotypes. B. To meet public demand. C. To cut production costs. D. To encourage competition. 33. What were the participants probably asked to do in the study? A. Design a product. B. Respond to a survey. C. Work as assistants. D. Take a language test. 34. Why is it difficult to create genderless objects? A. They cannot be mass-produced. B. Naming them is a challenging task. C. People assume they are unreliable. D. Gender is rooted in people’s mind. 35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A. The quality of genderless products. B. The upside of gendering a product. C. The meaning of anthropomorphism. D. The stereotypes of men and women. 【答案】32. A 33. B 34. D 35. B 【解析】 【导语】本文为说明文。文章讲述了新技术呈现人类特质时人们试图使其去性别化，但性别是人们与物体建立联系的基本方式，且创造无性别物体很难，拟人化或能改变刻板印象。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“‘People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,’ says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. (斯坦福大学组织行为学副教授阿什利·马丁说：“人们以非常传统的方式对有性别的物品形成刻板印象。”完全去除物品的性别似乎是解决这个问题的简单方法)”可知，人们对有性别的物品存在刻板印象，让新技术无性别化的目的是减少这种刻板印象。故选A项。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self driving car known as ‘Miuu.’ (在她的研究中，马丁让参与者对数字语音助手和名为‘Miuu’的自动驾驶汽车的男性、女性和无性别版本的喜爱程度进行评分)”可知，参与者被要求对不同版本的产品进行评价，这类似于对调查做出回应。故选B项。 【34题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a ‘he’ or ‘she.’ (马丁的研究还发现，创造无性别对象很困难。例如，如果一个物品的名字听起来是无性别化的，比如Miuu，参与者仍然会给它赋予一个性别——他们会认为Miuu是‘他’或‘她’)”可知，因为性别观念根深蒂固在人们的脑海中，所以即使物品本身试图设计成无性别，人们还是会赋予其性别，这导致创造无性别对象很困难。故选D项。 【35题详解】 主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) ‘provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.’ (然而，马丁看到了一线希望：她认为拟人化‘提供了改变刻板印象的机会’)”以及后文所举的例子可知，最后一段主要讲了赋予产品性别有积极的一面，即可以通过拟人化改变刻板印象。故选B项。 Passage 7 （2025年北京卷）Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way — just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”. Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over. 28. How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? A. Excited. B. Inspired. C. Energized. D. Relieved. 29. What does the word “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A. Major achievements. B. Complex feelings. C. Significant impacts. D. Fine differences. 30. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit B. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties C. Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble D. Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science 【答案】28. B 29. D 30. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过讲述自己和女儿关于能否延长看屏幕时间的争论，引出对社会比较这一观念的思考，指出并非所有社会比较都不健康，若理解其原理，可加以利用促进自我提升。 【28题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. (虽然我女儿没有赢，但她确实帮助揭露了我曾经给出的最糟糕的建议之一。)” 以及后文作者对社会比较的重新思考可知，作者从女儿的争论中得到了启发。故选B。 【29题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段“ In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. (为自己辩护一下，我做了我们所有人都做过的事，就是重复那些大家都认可的观点，却没有探究其中的____。但现在是时候纠正这个观点了，首先要质疑所有社会比较都是不健康的这一想法。)” 可知，作者之前只是重复普遍观点，没有深入探究不同情况，现在要重新审视，所以“nuances”意思可能是 “细微差别”。故选D。 【30题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第三段“Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. (当然，社会比较常常会给我们带来情感困扰。但如果我们了解其运作原理，就可以利用它们来提升自我。)”，以及第四段 “Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation (如果你关注那些比你表现出色的人所拥有而你没有的东西，与他们比较可能会导致嫉妒之情；但如果你将这些比较作为动力来源，它也可以让你充满活力并受到鼓舞)” 等内容，表明了社会比较并非全然有害，若运用得当可成为健康习惯，助力个人发展。所以选项 A“与他人比较可以成为一种健康的习惯”为最佳标题，故选A。 Passage 8 （2025年北京卷）The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 31. What can be inferred about personal stories? A. They are unrelated to health. B. Consistent ones lead to stress. C They are relevant to happiness. D. Thematic ones hold back change. 32. What can we learn from this passage? A. Talking about gains from failure is negative. B. New Year resolutions are well received. C. The West tends to overvalue optimism. D. Social roles fail to be highlighted. 33. What does the author mainly do in this passage? A. Clarify a goal. B. Analyse an event. C. Make a comparison. D. Illustrate an approach. 34. What is the passage mainly about? A. How self-identity works. B. How story-tellers are made. C. How personal stories raise doubts. D. How timing affects personal identity. 【答案】31. C 32. C 33. D 34. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间关系及如何改变个人故事。 【31题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. (拥有更一致故事的人往往有更强的身份认同感，他们觉得自己的生活更有意义、更有方向、更有目标感。这样的人总体上对生活的满意度也更高。)”可知，个人故事与幸福感相关。故选C。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段中“She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. (她说，西方文化已经促使人们在每一片乌云背后寻找一线希望。)”可知，西方倾向于过度重视乐观主义。故选C。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”和第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可知，文章主要阐述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系，并举例说明了如何通过改变个人故事来影响自我认同和幸福感，因此作者主要是在阐述一种方法。故选D。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。根据尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”和第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可知，全文围绕“个人生活故事如何构建自我认知并影响幸福感”展开，分析了其形成、作用及相关研究。“How self-identity works. (自我认同是如何运作的。)”符合题意。故选A。 Passage 1 （2025·福建福州·名校高三下学期5月适应性联考）Go to any movie theater or sports venue, and it’s obvious there’s an invisible bond that forms from laughing, crying, and simply feeling while brushing shoulders with others. Researches have long backed up this sense of connection, but some aspects of the phenomenon remained unclear. Now, a new study is offering insight. Writing in the journal Royal Society Open Science, Victor Chung of the École Normale Supérieure in France and his team reported how they examined the matter by inviting strangers to watch videos together in same sex pairs. Pairs of strangers watched three types of videos together: positive, negative, and neutral with a curtain between them that was either open or closed. At the start of the experiment the researchers asked each participant whether they’d like to meet the other member of their pair again. After watching each video, participants reported their emotions and feelings of connectedness, and after seeing all three videos they were asked once again about their feelings towards the other participant. The results showed the emotional films generated stronger responses than the neutral film. Crucially, the team said participants’ feelings of connectedness within the pairs was boosted when they experienced more intense emotions. However, this was only the case when participants watched the films with the curtain between them open. The researchers said that whether or not the pairs could see each other had no impact on how positively or negatively they felt about the films. “We found that silently watching emotional films together with another individual is associated with social bonding, even when this person is a stranger and without any verbal communication,” said Chung, the study author. The team added that the findings may help explain why people seek out group activities that generate strong emotions, “even participating in sad memorials that cause negative emotions.” In other words, because emotion bonds us, and humans have a fundamental desire to belong, we’re up for experiences one might think we’d naturally want to avoid. 28．What can we learn about the research method of Victor Chung’s team?​ A．They invited pairs of strangers of different genders to watch videos.​ B．Participants watched the videos without any physical barriers between them.​ C．Participants were asked about their feelings only once during the experiment.​ D．They compared participants’ responses to three types of videos with different emotional tones.​ 29．According to the study, which of the following factors most affects the sense of connectedness between participants?​ A．The type of the video they watched.​ B．Whether they could see each other during watching.​ C．The intensity of emotions the video aroused.​ D．The order in which they watched the videos.​ 30．What can be inferred from the underlined sentence “this was only the case when participants watched the films with the curtain between them open” in Paragraph 4?​ A．Watching videos with the curtain closed had no effect on participants’ emotions.​ B．Visual contact was a necessary condition for the enhancement of connectedness.​ C．Participants felt more positive about the films when they could see each other.​ D．The presence of a curtain between participants influenced their emotional responses to the films.​ 31．What is the main idea of the passage?​ A．To introduce a new study on how group activities strengthen social bonds.​ B．To analyze the reasons why people prefer certain types of group activities.​ C．To explain the impact of different emotional experiences on social bonding.​ D．To prove that silent watching of emotional films promotes social connection. 【答案】28．D 29．C 30．B 31．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍一项关于共同观看情感类影片如何增强陌生人之间社交联系的研究。 28．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Pairs of strangers watched three types of videos together: positive, negative, and neutral with a curtain between them that was either open or closed.(成对的陌生人一起观看了三种类型的视频：积极的、消极的和中性的，他们之间有一道帘子，要么是打开的，要么是关闭的)”以及“After watching each video, participants reported their emotions and feelings of connectedness, and after seeing all three videos they were asked once again about their feelings towards the other participant. (观看每段视频后，参与者需要报告自己的情绪和与对方的联结感；在看完所有三段视频后，他们会再次被问及对另一位参与者的感受)”可知，Victor Chung团队的研究方法是比较参与者对三种不同情感基调视频的反应。故选D项。 29．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Crucially, the team said participants’ feelings of connectedness within the pairs was boosted when they experienced more intense emotions.(关键是，研究团队表示，当参与者体验到更强烈的情绪时，他们之间的联系感会增强)”可知，视频唤起的情绪强度最影响参与者之间的联系感。故选C项。 30．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The results showed the emotional films generated stronger responses than the neutral film. Crucially, the team said participants’ feelings of connectedness within the pairs was boosted when they experienced more intense emotions. (结果显示，情感类影片比中性影片引发的反应更强烈。关键的是，研究团队称，当参与者体验到更强烈的情绪时，两人之间的联结感会增强)”可知，结果显示情感类影片比中性影片引发的反应更强烈，结合划线句子“However, this was only the case when participants watched the films with the curtain between them open.(然而，这一现象仅在参与者观看影片时中间的帘子处于打开状态的情况下才会出现)”可知，情感类影片比中性影片引发的反应更强烈只是参与者观看影片时中间的帘子处于打开状态的情况下才会出现。由此可知，视觉接触是增强联系感的必要条件。故选B项。 31．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第五段中的““We found that silently watching emotional films together with another individual is associated with social bonding, even when this person is a stranger and without any verbal communication,” said Chung, the study author. (该研究作者Chung表示：“我们发现，即便与陌生人一起默默观看情感类影片，且双方没有任何语言交流，这种行为也能促进社会联结。”)”可知，文章主要介绍一项新研究，证明默默观看情感电影能促进社交联系。故选D项。 Passage 2 （2025·东北三省四市·教研联合体模拟预测）You’re probably aware that your coffee drink or bakery is loaded with sugar. But did you know that large amounts of added sugar are also in your breakfast cereal (谷类食物), dairy-free milk alternative and even takeout fried chicken? “Americans are simply consuming too much sugar,” says Frank Hu, a professor of nutrition. Most people consume three times the recommended daily limit of sugar. And it’s not just a harmless habit. Even if you’ve gotten the message that too much sugar isn’t good for your health and are taking steps to cut back, like switching to “low-sugar” baked goods and diet soda, you haven’t solved the issue and you may have created a new problem. Since the 1990s, aspartame (阿斯巴甜代糖也称人工甜味剂) has been widely used as a sugar substitute (替代品) in products such as diet drinks, yogurt and breakfast cereal. But the sweetener has come under thorough examination following a July 2023 statement from the International Agency for Research on Cancer that officially classified aspartame as “possibly carcinogenic (致癌的) to humans.” So what’s the answer? Ultimately, we need to rethink our relationship with the sweet stuff. For the most part, the sugars that naturally occur in an apple, a sweet potato or a glass of milk aren’t an issue. It’s the sugar introduced during the manufacturing of a jarred pasta sauce or when you stir a spoonful of sugar into your coffee, for example, that’s harming your health. When you eat or drink something with added sugar, your blood sugar and insulin (胰岛素) rise sharply. On the other hand, when you chew a bowl of fresh berries, the whole fruit contains fiber and other compounds that slow how quickly the sugar is digested, so your blood sugar doesn’t rise in the same way. Definitely, consuming not only less added sugar but also sugar substitutes over time is bound to make your life a whole lot sweeter. 8．What can we probably infer in paragraph 1? A．The writer shows his own puzzle. B．People ignore an issue about sugar. C．People take action to give up sugar. D．Bakery has less sugar than dairy-free milk. 9．Which food or drink may do less harm to our health in the text? A．Breakfast cereal. B．Diet drinks. C．Coffee drink. D．A sweet potato. 10．Why do people fail to consume less sugar? A．More sugary snacks are produced. B．Foods without sugar pose more health risks. C．Sugar substitutes exist in many foods and drinks. D．Compounds in sugar are reported to be carcinogenic. 11．Which is the most suitable title according to the text? A．Aspartame Should replace sugar? B．The Bitter Truth About Sugar C．Keep Away From Sugar D．Sugar Talks Sweetly 【答案】8．B 9．D 10．C 11．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了现代人糖分摄入过多的问题，特别是添加糖和人工甜味剂（如阿斯巴甜）在食品中的广泛使用及其对健康的潜在影响。 8．推理判断题。根据第一段“You’re probably aware that your coffee drink or bakery is loaded with sugar. But did you know that large amounts of added sugar are also in your breakfast cereal (谷类食物), dairy-free milk alternative and even takeout fried chicken?(你可能意识到你的咖啡饮料或烘焙食品中含有大量的糖。但是你知道吗，在你的早餐麦片、无乳牛奶替代品甚至外卖炸鸡中也含有大量的添加糖？)”可知，从第一段我们可以推断出人们忽略了糖的问题。故选B。 9．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“For the most part, the sugars that naturally occur in an apple, a sweet potato or a glass of milk aren’t an issue.(在大多数情况下，苹果、红薯或一杯牛奶中天然存在的糖都不是问题。)”可知，红薯对我们的健康危害较小。故选D。 10．推理判断题。根据第四段“Since the 1990s, aspartame (阿斯巴甜代糖也称人工甜味剂) has been widely used as a sugar substitute (替代品) in products such as diet drinks, yogurt and breakfast cereal.(自20世纪90年代以来，阿斯巴甜已被广泛用作无糖饮料、酸奶和早餐麦片等产品中的代糖。)”可知，人们无法减少糖的摄入是因为糖替代品存在于许多食品和饮料中。故选C。 11．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“You’re probably aware that your coffee drink or bakery is loaded with sugar. But did you know that large amounts of added sugar are also in your breakfast cereal (谷类食物), dairy-free milk alternative and even takeout fried chicken?(你可能意识到你的咖啡饮料或烘焙食品中含有大量的糖。但是你知道吗，在你的早餐麦片、无乳牛奶替代品甚至外卖炸鸡中也含有大量的添加糖？)”可知，本文主要讲述了现代人糖分摄入过多的问题，特别是添加糖和人工甜味剂（如阿斯巴甜）在食品中的广泛使用及其对健康的潜在影响，因此最恰当的标题是B选项“The Bitter Truth About Sugar(关于糖的苦涩真相)”。故选B。 Passage 3 （2025·东北三省四市·教研联合体模拟预测）Many of the astronauts going up to space are among the smartest people on the planet. However, a new NASA study has found a surprising effect of space travel — it may actually slow down the human brain. Contrary to what you might expect, researchers discovered that while space travelers orbit the Earth, they experience some temporary mental slowdowns, including processing information slower and difficulties with attention and memory. Luckily, the study also finds spending months in space doesn’t permanently scramble (打乱) an astronaut’s cognitive (认知的) abilities. Their overall brain performance remains remarkably resilient (有适应力的). The study examined 25 professional astronauts who spent an average of six months aboard the International Space Station. Scientists tracked their cognitive performance through a series of rigorous (谨慎的) tests designed to measure everything from processing speed to memory and attention. “We show that there is no evidence of any significant cognitive impairment or neurodegenerative decline in astronauts spending six months on the ISS,” explains Dr. Sheena Dev, the study’s lead researcher, in a media release. So what exactly changed? Think of it like your brain running in “low power mode”. Astronauts completed tasks just as accurately as they would on Earth, but they took slightly longer to process information. Processing speed, working memory, and attention were the most affected cognitive fields — similar to how you might feel after a stressful day without enough sleep. The most interesting but unusual finding is how quickly the brain adapts. Some performance changes, like slower attention spans, were only noticeable early in the mission. Others, like reduced processing speed, took a bit longer to return to normal after the astronauts returned to Earth. These insights are more than just scientific curiosity. As humanity looks toward ambitious missions to the Moon and Mars, understanding how the human brain responds to extreme environments becomes crucial. This research provides a baseline for future space explorers, helping mission planners predict and reduce potential cognitive challenges. 12．How may astronauts perform during space travel? A．They take longer to respond to the tasks. B．They complete tasks as quickly as on earth. C．Their cognitive abilities are damaged heavily. D．They spend years recovering their physical health 13．What does the underlined word “impairment” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Improvement. B．Damage. C．Development. D．Change. 14．What can we learn from the passage? A．Astronauts’ cognitive abilities remain stable wherever they are. B．Astronauts’ performance in space is much worse than that on Earth. C．Astronauts’ attention spans were always slower in the space. D．Astronauts’ brain performance can return to normal later 15．What does the last paragraph mainly about? A．The later plans for space missions. B．The development of cognitive study. C．The significance of the study. D．The future of space exploration. 【答案】12．A 13．B 14．D 15．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了NASA的一项新研究发现，太空旅行可能导致宇航员出现短暂的认知减缓，但不会造成永久性损伤，且大脑具有恢复能力，最后强调了该研究对未来太空任务的意义。 12．细节理解题。根据第二段“Contrary to what you might expect, researchers discovered that while space travelers orbit the Earth, they experience some temporary mental slowdowns, including processing information slower and difficulties with attention and memory.(与你所期望的相反，研究人员发现，当太空旅行者绕地球飞行时，他们会经历一些暂时的思维放缓，包括处理信息的速度变慢，注意力和记忆力出现困难。)”和第五段的句子“Astronauts completed tasks just as accurately as they would on Earth, but they took slightly longer to process information.(宇航员完成任务和在地球上一样准确，但他们处理信息的时间稍长一些。)”可知，宇航员在太空旅行时完成任务的准确性和在地球上一样，但处理信息需要更长时间，也就是对任务的反应时间变长。故选A项。 13．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Luckily, the study also finds spending months in space doesn’t permanently scramble (打乱) an astronaut’s cognitive (认知的) abilities. Their overall brain performance remains remarkably resilient(幸运的是，这项研究还发现，在太空中呆上几个月并不会永久性地影响宇航员的认知能力。他们的整体大脑表现仍然非常有弹性)”可知，在太空待几个月不会永久性地损害宇航员的认知能力，可推测划线单词impairment的意义为“损害、损伤”。与damage意义一致。故选B项。 14．细节理解题。根据第三段的句子“Luckily, the study also finds spending months in space doesn’t permanently scramble (打乱) an astronaut’s cognitive (认知的) abilities. Their overall brain performance remains remarkably resilient (有适应力的)(幸运的是，这项研究还发现，在太空中呆上几个月并不会永久性地影响宇航员的认知能力。他们的整体大脑表现仍然非常有弹性)”以及第五段的句子“Others, like reduced processing speed, took a bit longer to return to normal after the astronauts returned to Earth.(其他的，比如处理速度降低，在宇航员返回地球后需要更长的时间才能恢复正常。)”可知，宇航员的大脑表现之后可以恢复正常。故选D项。 15．主旨大意题。根据最后一段的句子“These insights are more than just scientific curiosity. As humanity looks toward ambitious missions to the Moon and Mars, understanding how the human brain responds to extreme environments becomes crucial. This research provides a baseline for future space explorers, helping mission planners predict and reduce potential cognitive challenges.(这些见解不仅仅是科学上的好奇心。随着人类对月球和火星的雄心壮志，了解人类大脑如何对极端环境做出反应变得至关重要。这项研究为未来的太空探索者提供了一个基线，帮助任务规划者预测和减少潜在的认知挑战。)” ，本段强调了这项研究的重要性，即其意义。故选C项。 Passage 4 （2025·山东德州·三模）In The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jane Jacobs challenged the longstanding practice of centralized urban planning, which treated cities as places requiring order through controlled centralization. Jacobs rejected this mindset by emphasizing her three basic principles: local knowledge, decentralized decision-making, and the spontaneous (自发的) urban order. Jacobs argued that urban planning should prioritize the lived experiences of residents over abstract expertise, but conventional planners often relied on statistical models and aesthetic (审美的) ideals, ignoring the practical knowledge of city inhabitants. The East Harlem Housing Project was a typical example of this disconnect. While officials celebrated its modernist towers and expansive lawns, residents criticized its isolation and lack of community integration. When local residents’ needs conflicted with central planners, the resolution all too often fell in favor of the “experts”. Jacobs knew that decentralized planning was the best way to make the most of local knowledge. The urban planner’s best course of action is to allow individuals to create their own plans drawing on their unique preferences and local knowledge, helping build and maintain the spontaneous orders making urban life work. It concerns the natural order emerging from decentralized planning: sidewalks that help keep streets safe, diverse residential and commercial uses, and self-governing communities. The spontaneous orders are the result of human action. By allowing individuals to organize themselves in relation to one another, natural urban orders emerge as flexible frameworks, empowering individuals to shape their environments according to local contexts, mirrored in New York City’s 1811 Grid Plan, which provided a flexible foundation for diverse, adaptive development over centuries and enabled residents to make choices about housing, commerce, and public spaces while respecting the complexity of urban life. Jacobs stood up to centralized urban planning and celebrated the wisdom of average people. Now, she has laid the groundwork for an urban revolution to come. 12．What did Jacobs think of as a vital element in urban planning? A．Ideas from relevant experts. B．Human-environment unity. C．Preference of urban planners. D．Aesthetic of decision-makers. 13．What made the East Harlem Housing Project a target for public criticism? A．Lack of spacious living area. B．Existence of old-fashioned buildings. C．Layout of functioning areas. D．Reliability of the local knowledge. 14．What does the fourth paragraph focus on? A．The role of social interaction. B．The complexity of urban planning. C．The need of changing the local culture. D．The limitation of the spontaneous orders. 15．What’s the best title of the passage? A．The Rise of Centralized Urban Planning B．Jane Jacobs and Her Impact on American Cities C．Urban Planning: Its Past, Present, and Future D．Jane Jacobs: Challenging Traditional Urban Planning 【答案】12．B 13．C 14．A 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Jane Jacobs在《美国大城市的死与生》一书中对集中式城市规划的长期做法提出挑战，并强调了本地知识、分散决策和自发城市秩序这三个基本原则在城市规划中的重要性。 12．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Jacobs rejected this mindset by emphasizing her three basic principles: local knowledge, decentralized decision-making, and the spontaneous (自发的) urban order. (Jacobs通过强调她的三个基本原则来拒绝这种心态：本地知识、分散决策和自发的城市秩序)”以及第三段中“Jacobs knew that decentralized planning was the best way to make the most of local knowledge. (Jacobs知道分散规划是充分利用本地知识的最佳方式)”可知，Jacobs认为本地知识和分散决策是城市规划中的关键要素，这体现了人与环境的统一，因为分散决策能够更好地反映和适应本地环境。故选B项。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The East Harlem Housing Project was a typical example of this disconnect. While officials celebrated its modernist towers and expansive lawns, residents criticized its isolation and lack of community integration. (东哈莱姆住宅项目就是这种脱节的一个典型例子。虽然官员们称赞其现代主义塔楼和广阔的草坪，但居民们批评其孤立无援，缺乏社区融合)”可知，东哈莱姆住宅项目成为公众批评的目标是因为其功能区的布局导致孤立无援，缺乏社区融合。故选C项。 14．主旨大意题。根据第四段“The spontaneous orders are the result of human action. By allowing individuals to organize themselves in relation to one another, natural urban orders emerge as flexible frameworks, empowering individuals to shape their environments according to local contexts, mirrored in New York City’s 1811 Grid Plan, which provided a flexible foundation for diverse, adaptive development over centuries and enabled residents to make choices about housing, commerce, and public spaces while respecting the complexity of urban life. (自发的秩序是人类行动的结果。通过允许个体相互组织，自然的城市秩序作为灵活的框架出现，使个体能够根据当地环境塑造他们的环境，这反映在纽约市1811年的网格计划中，该计划为数百年来多样、适应性强的开发提供了灵活的基础，并使居民能够在尊重城市生活复杂性的同时，对住房、商业和公共空间做出选择)”可知，第四段主要讨论了社会互动在自发秩序形成中的作用，即通过个体之间的相互组织，自然城市秩序作为灵活的框架出现，使个体能够根据当地环境塑造他们的环境。故选A项。 15．主旨大意题。纵览全文，尤其是根据第一段中“In The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jane Jacobs challenged the longstanding practice of centralized urban planning, which treated cities as places requiring order through controlled centralization. Jacobs rejected this mindset by emphasizing her three basic principles: local knowledge, decentralized decision-making, and the spontaneous (自发的) urban order. (在《美国大城市的死与生》一书中，Jane Jacobs对集中式城市规划的长期做法提出挑战，这种做法将城市视为需要通过集中控制来维持秩序的地方。Jacobs通过强调她的三个基本原则来拒绝这种心态：本地知识、分散决策和自发的城市秩序)”可知，文章主要介绍了Jane Jacobs对传统城市规划的挑战，并强调了她的三个基本原则在城市规划中的重要性。因此，D项“Jane Jacobs: Challenging Traditional Urban Planning (Jane Jacobs：挑战传统城市规划)”最符合文章主旨，适宜作为标题。故选D项。 Passage 5 （2025·湖北武昌·高三5月质量检测）People have been enjoying staring out of the window of the plane for a spectacular view for over a century. That’s why you may be surprised to learn that for decades, aircraft designers have been considering planes with video screens instead of passenger windows. In 2014, for example, the UK-based Centre for Process Innovation (CPI) uncovered a design for such a windowless airliner. In 2022, Dubai-based airline Emirates released Boeing 777s equipped with “virtual windows”. But Emirates has no plan for a windowless airliner. However, an aircraft producer does aim to go windowless. For the past few years, a privately owned Boston-based company, Spike Aerospace, has been working to develop the Spike S-512, an 18-passenger business jet. Instead of usual small glass windows, there will be a pair of 20-foot-long -meter) digital video screens that will stretch the length of the cabin (机舱) on either side of the aircraft. Multiple high definition cameras on the outside of the plane will provide 4K video, which the aircraft will sew together, using special software developed by Spike Aerospace. “Removing conventional glass windows from planes has other advantages as well, “Spike Aerospace president and CEO Vik Kachoria says. For example, it would be possible to reduce noise from the engines. It also would strengthen the aircraft and make it safer. “Wherever you have a hole is a structural weakness,” he said. If passengers are not interested in the view, they also will be able to use the screens to do other things. You can watch videos or even get hands on office software. Kachoria envisions delivering the first jet without passenger windows in 2025. Initially, only people wealthy enough to afford a private jet will be able to enjoy Spike Aerospace’s windowless flying experience. But Kachoria expects that the innovative technology eventually will find its way into regular airliners as well. 8．Why are CPI and Emirates mentioned? A．To demonstrate their market dominance. B．To compare different aircraft technologies. C．To show early efforts for windowless planes. D．To explain the challenges of windowless design. 9．What is the main focus about Spike S-512 in Paragraph 3? A．Its size. B．Its design. C．Its producer. D．Its construction. 10．What is special about Spike Aerospace’s digital video screens? A．They reduce engine noise levels. B．They display exterior landscapes. C．They remove structural weakness. D．They enable document processing 11．What’s Kachoria’s hope for the windowless aircraft? A．It will upgrade flying experience. B．It will accomodate more passengers. C．It will be accessible to general public. D．It will go into mass production in 2025. 【答案】8．C 9．B 10．D 11．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了飞机设计领域的一个新趋势——无窗飞机，并详细阐述了这一设计的背景、现状、优势以及未来的发展前景。 8．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“In 2014, for example, the UK-based Centre for Process Innovation (CPI) uncovered a design for such a windowless airliner. In 2022, Dubai-based airline Emirates released Boeing 777s equipped with “virtual windows”. But Emirates has no plan for a windowless airliner.(例如，2014年，英国工艺创新中心（CPI）公布了一款无窗客机的设计方案。2022年，总部位于迪拜的阿联酋航空公司推出了配备“虚拟舷窗”的波音777客机。不过，阿联酋航空并没有推出无窗客机的计划。)”可知，文章提及这两者是为了举例说明“几十年来飞机设计师一直在考虑用视频屏幕取代舷窗”的早期探索。故选C。 9．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Instead of usual small glass windows, there will be a pair of 20-foot-long -meter) digital video screens that will stretch the length of the cabin (机舱) on either side of the aircraft. Multiple high definition cameras on the outside of the plane will provide 4K video, which the aircraft will sew together, using special software developed by Spike Aerospace.(这款飞机没有传统的小玻璃窗，而是在机舱两侧各安装一对20英尺（约6米）长的数字视频屏幕，贯穿整个客舱。飞机外部的多个高清摄像头将提供4K视频，并通过Spike Aerospace开发的专用软件进行拼接。)”可知，本段详细描述了Spike S-512的设计特点：取消传统玻璃窗，改用两侧20英尺长的数字视频屏幕，通过外部高清摄像头和专用软件拼接4K视频。整段围绕其设计构造展开。故选B。 10．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“If passengers are not interested in the view, they also will be able to use the screens to do other things. You can watch videos or even get hands on office software.(如果乘客对窗外景色不感兴趣，他们还可以利用屏幕做其他事情，比如观看视频，甚至使用办公软件。)”可推测，Spike Aerospace的数字屏幕可以支持文档处理。故选D。 11．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“But Kachoria expects that the innovative technology eventually will find its way into regular airliners as well.(但Kachoria预计，这项创新技术最终也会应用于普通客机。)”可知，Kachoria希望这项无窗技术最终能应用于普通客机，即让更多普通乘客受益。故选C。 Passage 6 （2025·湖北武昌·高三5月质量检测）Human echolocation (回声定位) has at times allowed people to ride bikes or play basketball despite being completely blind from a very young age. They typically perceive environment by clicking sharply with their tongues and listening to differences in the sounds reflected off objects. Brain-imaging studies reveal that expert echolocators display responses to sound in their brain’s primary visual region, possibly because long-term input disadvantage leads to visual regions being repurposed. “It’s traditionally thought that the blind brain is different and requires sensory loss for this neuroplasticity,” says neuroscientist Lore Thaler. Thaler co-led a 2021 study showing that both blind and sighted people could learn echolocation in 10 weeks. They examined the brain changes underlying these abilities. After training, both displayed responses to echoes in their visual cortex (大脑皮层), a finding that challenges the belief that primary sensory regions are wholly sense-specific. The researchers trained 14 sighted and 12 blind people for two to three hours twice a week. They started by teaching participants to produce mouth clicks, then trained them on three tasks involving judging object size and orientation, and navigating virtual webs using simulated click-plus-echo sounds tied to their positions. Both groups improved on all the tasks. “This study significantly contributes to a growing body of evidence that this is a trainable, ordinary skill available to both blind and sighted people, “says Santani Teng, a psychologist. After training, both groups showed increased auditory (听觉的) cortex activation and higher gray matter density in auditory areas. Most surprisingly, they also showed visual cortex activation in response to echoes. “We weren’t sure if we would get this result in sighted people. so it was really rewarding to see it,” Thaler says. She suspects that rather than just processing visual data, this brain area takes in information from multiple senses that aid spatial understanding.     A follow-up survey found that 83 percent of blind participants reported improved independence and well-being. The researchers are working to spread the training more widely as a powerful sensory tool for people with vision damage. 12．The underlined word “neuroplasticity” in Para. 2 refers to the brain’s ____________. A．control of body movements B．resistance to external changes C．enhancement of old memories D．adjustment of its own structure 13．What does the study’s key finding show? A．Echolocation is inborn. B．Sensory loss isn’t required. C．Sighted people don’t benefit. D．Auditory cortex plays a key role. 14．How does the visual cortex respond to echolocation training? A．It prioritizes auditory input. B．It processes sound and space. C．It increases gray matter density. D．It functions differently in both groups 15．What would be the best title for the text? A．Echolocation Training Rewires Visual Cortex B．Sensory Loss Activates Brain Flexibility. C．Sound-based Training Helps the Blind. D．Echolocation Cures Vision Problems. 【答案】12．D 13．B 14．B 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项关于人类回声定位的研究，表明盲人和有视力的人都能在10周内学会回声定位，训练会使视觉皮层有相应反应。 12．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Brain imaging studies reveal that expert echolocators display responses to sound in their brain’s primary visual region, possibly because long term input disadvantage leads to visual regions being repurposed. “It’s traditionally thought that the blind brain is different and requires sensory loss for this neuroplasticity,” says neuroscientist Lore Thaler.(脑成像研究显示，专业回声定位者大脑的初级视觉区会对声音产生反应，这可能是由于长期视觉输入缺失导致视觉区域被重新利用。神经系统科学家洛尔·塞勒说：“传统观点认为，盲人的大脑是不同的，需要感官缺失才能产生这种神经可塑性。”)”和指代关系可推知，“neuroplasticity”指的是上文提到的由于长期视觉输入缺失导致视觉区域被重新利用，即“大脑自身结构因长期输入劣势而进行的调整”。故选D项。 13．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Thaler co-led a 2021 study showing that both blind and sighted people could learn echolocation in 10 weeks. They examined the brain changes underlying these abilities. After training, both displayed responses to echoes in their visual cortex (大脑皮层), a finding that challenges the belief that primary sensory regions are wholly sense specific.(塞勒共同领导了一项2021年的研究，表明盲人和有视力的人都能在10周内学会回声定位。他们研究了这些能力背后的大脑变化。训练后，两组人在视觉皮层都对回声有反应，这一发现挑战了初级感觉区域完全特定于某种感觉的观点)”可知，该研究主要发现盲人和有视力的人都能学会回声定位，表明学习回声定位不需要感官丧失。故选B项。 14．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Most surprisingly, they also showed visual cortex activation in response to echoes. ‘We weren’t sure if we would get this result in sighted people. so it was really rewarding to see it,’ Thaler says. She suspects that rather than just processing visual data, this brain area takes in information from multiple senses that aid spatial understanding.(最令人惊讶的是，他们的视觉皮层也对回声做出了反应。‘我们不确定是否能在视力正常的人身上得到同样的结果。所以看到它真的很值得。’塞勒说。她怀疑这个大脑区域不仅仅是处理视觉数据，它还从多种感官中吸收信息，从而帮助理解空间)”可知，视觉皮层在回声定位训练中处理声音和空间信息。故选B项。 15．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第三段中“After training, both displayed responses to echoes in their visual cortex (大脑皮层), a finding that challenges the belief that primary sensory regions are wholly sense specific.(训练后，两组人在视觉皮层都对回声有反应，这一发现挑战了初级感觉区域完全特定于某种感觉的观点)”以及后文内容可知，本文主要介绍了回声定位训练会使视觉皮层产生变化。故A项“Echolocation Training Rewires Visual Cortex(回声定位训练重塑视觉皮层)”能概括文章内容，最适合做文章标题。故选A项。 Passage 7 （2025·重庆·高三5月质量检测）In male-on-male mouse fights, the victims of aggression often hide behind a female mouse to shift their attackers’ attention. Think back to a time when you were confronted by a bully or found yourself in another challenging situation — you either confronted the issue directly or looked for ways to escape it, says Joshua Neunuebel at the University of Delaware. Animals often deal with similar struggles. Fights between male mice can be ferocious, often involving biting, wrestling or rolling over each other if their encounter becomes intense. Neunuebel and his colleagues recorded more than 3,000 aggressive fights between male mice in the lab and then processed the interactions with machine learning. This tool learned to recognize certain behaviors automatically based on video examples that the researchers had manually labeled, such as footage (片段) of one male mouse aggressor closely chasing a second male. The analysis revealed an attention-shifting strategy in which a male mouse ran away from an aggressor male to approach a female mouse. That often drove the aggressor to interact with the same female mouse, taking the heat off the victim of aggression, which then moved away. This series of events played out more than half the time following aggressive encounters between males. “I believe one reason we were able to discover this bait-and-switch strategy was that we studied group behavior by recording multiple mice together, which is much less common than studying pairs of mice,” says Neunuebel. But Markus Meister at the California Institute of Technology described the effects of the aggressive behavior on mouse social interactions as “small and barely significant”. “Before investigating any underlying mechanisms, one would really like to see a more consistent behaviour first,” he says. 28．What is the focus of the study? A．Aggressive behavior of male mice. B．Defensive strategies of male mice. C．Differences between human and mice conflicts. D．Communication between male and female mice. 29．What does the underlined word“ferocious” mean in Paragraph 2? A．Violent. B．Skillful. C．Endless. D．Decisive. 30．How did Neunuebel’s team discover the bait-and-switch strategy? A．By studying individual mice. B．By using high-tech tracking. C．By changing outdoor settings. D．By observing group interactions. 31．What did Markus Meister think of the finding? A．Extensive. B．Innovative. C．Unconvincing. D．Puzzling. 【答案】28．B 29．A 30．D 31．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在雄鼠之间的争斗中，受攻击的雄鼠常常会躲在雌鼠身后以转移攻击者的注意力，研究人员通过实验对此进行了研究，同时还提到了其他学者对该研究发现的看法。 28．细节理解题。根据第一段“In male-on-male mouse fights, the victims of aggression often hide behind a female mouse to shift their attackers’ attention.(在雄鼠之间的争斗中，受攻击的一方常常躲在一只雌鼠身后，以转移攻击者的注意力)” 以及后文围绕雄鼠这种躲避攻击策略展开的研究内容可知，研究重点是雄鼠的防御策略。故选B。 29．词义猜测题。根据第二段划线词所在句“Fights between male mice can be ferocious, often involving biting, wrestling or rolling over each other if their encounter becomes intense.(雄鼠之间的争斗可能会很ferocious，当它们的遭遇变得紧张时，常常会涉及撕咬、扭打或相互翻滚缠斗)”中 “biting”“wrestling”“rolling over each other” 以及 “intense” 这些描述可知，雄鼠之间的争斗是很激烈的。ferocious意为“猛烈的，激烈的”。故选A。 30．细节理解题。根据第三段“I believe one reason we were able to discover this bait-and-switch strategy was that we studied group behavior by recording multiple mice together, which is much less common than studying pairs of mice,” says Neunuebel.(Neunuebel 说：“我认为我们能够发现这种‘诱饵与替换’策略的一个原因是我们通过同时记录多只老鼠的行为来研究群体行为，这比研究成对的老鼠要少见得多”)” 可知，Neunuebel 团队是通过记录多只小鼠一起的群体行为，即观察群体互动，从而发现了这种策略。故选D。 31．推理判断题。根据第四段“But Markus Meister at the California Institute of Technology described the effects of the aggressive behavior on mouse social interactions as“small and barely significant”. “Before investigating any underlying mechanisms, one would really like to see a more consistent behaviour first,” he says.(但加州理工学院的 Markus Meister 称，攻击行为对小鼠社交互动的影响“很小且几乎不显著”。他说：“在研究任何潜在机制之前，人们真的希望首先看到更一致的行为表现”)”可知，Markus Meister认为攻击行为对小鼠社交互动的影响小且几乎不显著，并且觉得在研究潜在机制前应先看到更稳定一致的行为表现，由此可推断他对该研究发现持怀疑态度，觉得不太令人信服。故选C。 Passage 8 （2025·湖南长沙雅礼中学·高三模拟试卷）Cats aren’t known for their sensitivity. But a new study published in the journal Applied Animal Behaviour Science suggests that our feline friends may care more about us and other pets in the house than we give them credit for. What it found was that cats responded to the loss in a way that looked strikingly similar to mourning. To dig deeper into this phenomenon, a team led by psychologist Jennifer Vonk and her co-author Brittany Greene embarked on a comprehensive investigation. They surveyed 412 cat owners or caregivers, asking them how their cat reacted after the death of another pet in the house. Participants used a five-point scale to indicate changes in the cats’ behaviours in the days and weeks after the death. The recorded behaviours were numerous: altered sleep, eating and playing habits, increased vocalisation, spending more time alone, seeking human attention by sitting or lying near them, showing fear or curiosity, interacting with remaining pets, grooming changes, and even searching for the lost pet by sniffing its usual spots. Respondents were also asked to describe the relationships between the cat and the deceased pet, as well as their own bonds and grief. This indicated that cats form connections and respond emotionally to loss. It seems cats get sad when a companion dies, though it’s hard to prove this. Some cats changed their eating and playing habits. Others sought more human interaction. And some even searched the house for their missing family members, lingering around the places where they used to play or sleep. Still, Jennifer cautions that there could be other reasons for the changes in the behaviour besides cats’ grief. They might be eating more because they now have more access to the food bowl, or they might be playing less because they no longer have a playmate. But, she says, even if they do experience grief, it’s probably different from the kind that humans feel. It’s more likely they’re noticing that something has changed in their social environment, and they are responding to the change with feelings of fear or anxiety. 28．What is the main finding of the study on cats? A．Cats are very emotionally stable animals. B．Cats react only by changing their eating habits. C．Cats avoid interaction with humans after a pet dies. D．Cats might display mourning behaviours like humans. 29．What was the method used by researchers to gather data? A．Conducting interviews with professionals. B．Asking cat owners about their cats’ changes. C．Studying the cats’ interactions with their owners. D．Observing the cats in a controlled environment. 30．According to the study, which of the following behaviours may be unrelated to grief? A．Sitting or lying near humans. B．Seeking more interaction with humans. C．Eating more when there is food around. D．Searching the house for the missing pet. 31．Why does Jennifer think cats react emotionally to another pet’s loss? A．They are experiencing the same grief as humans. B．They feel abandoned and fearful when left alone. C．They respond to changes in their social environment. D．They have developed strong friendships with other pets. 【答案】28．D 29．B 30．C 31．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究表明猫与家中的人类和其他宠物之间可能有更深的情感联系，它们会在同伴或家中其他宠物死亡后表现出类似于人类的哀悼行为，但猫表现出的这种悲伤与人类的悲伤不同，而是以恐惧或焦虑等情绪对社会环境变化作出的反应。 28．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“What it found was that cats responded to the loss in a way that looked strikingly similar to mourning.(研究发现，猫对损失的反应与哀悼惊人地相似。)”可知，研究发现猫对家中成员的离世作出的反应看起来与哀悼极为相似。故选D。 29．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“They surveyed 412 cat owners or caregivers, asking them how their cat reacted after the death of another pet in the house. Participants used a five-point scale to indicate changes in the cats’ behaviours in the days and weeks after the death. (他们调查了412名猫主人或看护者，询问他们的猫在家里另一只宠物死亡后的反应。参与者使用五分制来指示猫在死后几天和几周内的行为变化。)”可知，研究人员对412名养猫人士展开调查，询问他们在家中另一只宠物死后，他们的猫有何反应、行为有何变化，然后据此进行数据收集。故选B。 30．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Still, Jennifer cautions that there could be other reasons for the changes in the behaviour besides cats’ grief. They might be eating more because they now have more access to the food bowl, or they might be playing less because they no longer have a playmate. (不过，珍妮弗提醒说，除了猫的悲伤之外，可能还有其他原因导致猫的行为变化。他们可能会吃得更多，因为他们现在有更多的机会接触到食物碗，或者他们可能会玩得更少，因为他们不再有玩伴。)”可知，猫的行为变化可能还有其他原因，比如因为更容易获取食物而吃得更多，但这一行为和悲伤无关。故选C。 31．细节理解题。根据最后一段“But, she says, even if they do experience grief, it’s probably different from the kind that humans feel. It’s more likely they’re noticing that something has changed in their social environment, and they are responding to the change with feelings of fear or anxiety. (但是，她说，即使它们确实经历了悲伤，也可能与人类的感受不同。更有可能的是，他们注意到他们的社会环境发生了变化，他们对这种变化的反应是恐惧或焦虑。)”可知，珍妮弗认为猫的确有悲伤情绪，但这种情绪与人类的可能不同，猫之所以会有悲伤情绪可能是因为在其他宠物死亡后，它们注意到自己所处的社会环境发生了变化，并正在以悲伤和焦虑等情绪对这种变化作出反应。故选C。 Passage 9 Passage 9 （2025·湖南长沙雅礼中学·高三模拟试卷）In 1780, Jeremy Bentham wrote the first lines of the first chapter of one of his most famous works. It read, “Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two masters: pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do.” The British philosopher built an entire philosophy around this idea — that we are all motivated by pleasure and pain. Lucky for him, then, that almost all of the social sciences today agree with him. More than that, many behavioral scientists believe we can game our own mechanisms of pleasure and pain and achieve anything. It’s all to do with something called “Skinner’s Law”. Skinner’s Law, named after American behaviorist B．F. Skinner, is that when you are procrastinating (拖延) or finding a task hard to get on with, you have two choices: either “make the pain of not doing it greater than the pain of doing it” or “make the pleasure of doing it greater than the pleasure of not doing it.” The next question is: Is it better to promise yourself pleasure or to threaten yourself with pain to achieve your goal? It turns out that pain is by far the stronger motivator. Daniel Kahneman won the 2002 Nobel Prize for a theory called “Prospect Theory.” He and Amos Tversky showed that we find pain more motivating than equivalent (等同的) pleasure. Using all of this, here are two practical bits of advice: Make a bet: Find a friend or a family member, and bet them some sum of money or some item you value that you will do a certain thing. “Okay, Dad,” you might say, “if I’m not 5 pounds lighter by my birthday, you can have my PlayStation 5.” Social accountability: Tell everyone you’re trying to do something. Tell them your target and your deadline. Keep people updated about your progress. This serves two purposes: to present the carrot and the stick. The carrot is that you get praise, support, and advice from your closest relatives. The stick is that you might be embarrassed or ashamed if you fail. 32．What are Bentham’s words mainly about? A．The primary root of human suffering. B．The driving forces behind human behavior. C．The fundamental principles of nature’s law. D．The role of social sciences in understanding humans. 33．What does the underlined word “game” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Evaluate. B．Control. C．Strengthen. D．Understand. 34．What does the author suggest readers do to stick with their task? A．Enjoy the pain of losing things. B．Work together with a trusted partner. C．Inform others of their advancements regularly. D．Keep reminding themselves of the deadline. 35．What is the best title for the text? A．Overcoming Procrastination: Strategies for Success B．The Origins of Skinner’s Law: A Historical Review C．The Power of Pleasure: A Behavioral Science Analysis D．Reclaim Your Motivation: Applying Skinner’s Law 【答案】32．B 33．B 34．C 35．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章主要讲的是作者建议读者运用斯金纳定律（Skinner’s Law）调节自己完成任务过程中的痛苦和快乐，并进一步强调痛苦作为激励因素的主要力量，帮助人们维持做事的动力，从而实现目标。 32．推理判断题。根据文章第一段““Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two masters: pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do.”(“大自然将人类置于两位主宰者的统治之下：痛苦与快乐。唯有它们能为我们指明应当做什么，也能决定我们将做什么。”)”可知，Bentha的话主要讨论了人类行为背后的驱动力，即痛苦和快乐，这是他认为影响人类决策和行为的主要因素，故选B项。 33．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“More than that, many behavioral scientists believe we can game our own mechanisms of pleasure and pain and achieve anything. It’s all to do with something called “Skinner’s Law”.(更重要的是，许多行为科学家认为，我们可以game自己的快乐和痛苦机制，实现任何目标。这都与“斯金纳定律”有关。)”可知，此处引出了斯金纳定律的概念，由此可知，划线词所在句应与斯金纳定律的应用相关，文章第三段“when you are procrastinating (拖延) or finding a task hard to get on with, you have two choices: either “make the pain of not doing it greater than the pain of doing it” or “make the pleasure of doing it greater than the pleasure of not doing it.(当你拖延或发现一项任务难以完成时，你有两个选择：要么“让不做的痛苦大于做的痛苦”，要么“让做的快乐大于不做的快乐”)”对斯金纳定律进行了具体介绍，由此可推测，我们可以通过“控制”我们内在的痛苦和快乐机制来维持做事的动力，进而达成目标，所以划线词game的意思与B项Control(控制)意思相近，故选B项。 34．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Tell everyone you’re trying to do something. Tell them your target and your deadline. Keep people updated about your progress.(告诉大家你在努力做点什么。告诉他们你的目标和截止日期。让别人了解你的最新进展。)”可知，作者建议读者定期告知他人自己的进展，以坚持自己的任务，故选C项。 35．主旨大意题。文章第一段由Bentha的话指出痛苦和快乐是人类行为背后的驱动力，文章第二段提出斯金纳定律，文章第三段对斯金纳定律进行介绍，文章第四段至最后一段主要讲述了如何利用斯金纳定律来重新激发和控制我们的内在动机，即通过增加不采取行动的痛苦或增加采取行动快乐来实现目标，纵观全文，D项“Reclaim Your Motivation: Applying Skinner’s Law(重拾动力：应用斯金纳定律)”准确地概括了文章的主要内容和主题，作为文章标题最合适，故选D项。 Passage 10 （2025·石家庄·高三质量检测（三））Scientists have been looking at DNA to store all types of data, not just biological, but also digital. Yet while DNA is a great storage material, it’s also quite delicate. Water or heat can damage it easily unless it’s given an amber-like（似琥珀）coating. That new idea was borrowed from the 1993movie Jurassic Park, in which scientists cloned dinosaurs from DNA trapped in amber. DNA is the world’s oldest data storage device. The most amazing thing about DNA is that it can potentially be used to store any type of data. Putting information into DNA uses a process called encoding. “Your computer stores information in a binary format（二进制）, zeroes and ones,” notes Karishma Matange, a computational biologist. “Encoding works to change these zeroes and ones into A, C, G and T, the DNA bases that can store information.” The order of the bases in DNA is called sequence（序列）, which spells out the information it holds. To pull information back out from the DNA, you rewind the process. Scientists can store DNA for long periods. But it requires freezing temperatures, special equipment and dangerous chemicals, which makes the process costly. James Banal, a scientist in San Carlos, California, and his team came up with a new method T-REX. His team uses this method to trap DNA in a material similar to plastic. “Plastics are durable.” Banal points out. Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative to enclose DNA． To test it, the team encoded the Jurassic Park theme music and a person’s genome into DNA．Then they put the DNA in the glassy plastic. Damp and heat are DNA’s biggest threats. But the T-REX material keeps damp out. The researchers heated it up to 75°Celsius. Later, they got the DNA by breaking the coating down. The best part, Banal says, is that the broken-down material can be reused to store DNA again. Banal and his colleagues want to use the T-REX method to preserve genetic data or even safely store biological samples that will be launched into space. And we might one day use it to store the massive amounts of data people generate every day. 28．How is digital information stored into DNA? A．By turning binary code into DNA bases. B．By freezing the DNA at low temperatures. C．By coating the DNA with amber material. D．By sequencing DNA from ancient samples. 29．What is the main advantage of the T-REX method for DNA storage? A．Breaking DNA down with chemicals. B．Offering cost-effective storage of DNA． C．Helping DNA survive extreme wetness. D．Withdrawing whole DNA from dinosaurs. 30．What will the DNA storage technology be used for in the future? A．Cloning extinct dinosaurs. B．Reducing global plastic pollution. C．Preserving diverse samples. D．Speeding future space exploration. 31．What’s the main idea of the text? A．A breakthrough in DNA data storage technology. B．How digital technology advances DNA analysis. C．The biological applications of DNA repairing system. D．How Jurassic Park inspired DNA preservation research. 【答案】28．A 29．B 30．C 31．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。 文章主要介绍了DNA存储数据的原理，传统存储的缺陷及T-REX新方法，其成本低、耐用，未来或用于多领域存储。 28．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Putting information into DNA uses a process called encoding. “Your computer stores information in a binary format (二进制), zeroes and ones,” notes Karishma Matange, a computational biologist. “Encoding works to change these zeroes and ones into A, C, G and T, the DNA bases that can store information.” (将信息输入DNA需要一个称为编码的过程。计算生物学家Karishma Matange指出：“你的计算机以二进制格式（0和1）存储信息。”。“编码的作用是将这些0和1转换为A、C、G和T，即可以存储信息的DNA碱基。”)”可知，数字信息是通过将二进制数据转换为DNA的四种碱基（A、C、G、T）进行存储的。故选A。 29．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative to enclose DNA. (此外，T-REX是包裹DNA的廉价替代品。)”和第四段“But the T-REX material keeps damp out. The researchers heated it up to 75° Celsius. Later, they got the DNA by breaking the coating down. The best part, Banal says, is that the broken-down material can be reused to store DNA again. (但T-REX材料可以防潮。研究人员将其加热至75摄氏度。后来，他们通过分解涂层获得了DNA。Banal说，最好的部分是，分解的材料可以再次用于存储DNA。)”可知，T-REX方法既成本低廉，又能防潮，并且可以重复使用材料来存储DNA，因此，T-REX方法的主要优势是提供了一种经济有效的DNA存储方式。故选B。 30．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Banal and his colleagues want to use the T-REX method to preserve genetic data or even safely store biological samples that will be launched into space. And we might one day use it to store the massive amounts of data people generate every day. (Banal和他的同事们希望使用T-REX方法来保存遗传数据，甚至安全地存储将被发射到太空的生物样本。有一天，我们可能会用它来存储人们每天生成的大量数据。)”可知，DNA存储技术未来将用于保存多样化的样本。故选C。 31．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Scientists have been looking at DNA to store all types of data, not just biological, but also digital. Yet while DNA is a great storage material, it’s also quite delicate. (科学家们一直在研究DNA来存储所有类型的数据，不仅是生物数据，还有数字数据。然而，尽管DNA是一种很好的存储材料，但它也很脆弱。)”和文章第三段“James Banal, a scientist in San Carlos, California, and his team came up with a new method T-REX. His team uses this method to trap DNA in a material similar to plastic. “Plastics are durable.” Banal points out. Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative to enclose DNA. (加利福尼亚州圣卡洛斯的科学家James Banal和他的团队提出了一种新的方法T-REX。他的团队使用这种方法将DNA捕获在类似塑料的材料中。巴纳尔指出：“塑料很耐用。”。此外，T-REX是包裹DNA的廉价替代品。)”可知，文章主要讲述了科学家们一直在研究使用DNA来存储各种类型的数据，并介绍了DNA作为存储材料的优缺点，以及一种新的DNA存储方法T-REX的研发和应用。因此，文章的主旨大意是DNA数据存储技术的突破。故选A。 Passage 11 （2025·石家庄·高三质量检测（三））Have you ever had something good happen to you and felt like shouting it from the rooftops? Sharing positive events with others and receiving an enthusiastic response in return has been tied to many good outcomes, including closer relationships and greater happiness. Now, a new study suggests another benefit of sharing the good stuff: more feelings of gratitude. The researchers started by asking 300 participants how often they tended to share good news, and how other people in their lives generally responded to their good news. Then, six times a day for 10 days, the researchers asked participants to report on how grateful they were in the moment, how recently they’d had a social encounter, whether they’d shared good news with that person, and how close they felt to the person as a result. Afterward, the researchers analyzed the results to look for patterns. They found those who shared positive events with others felt more grateful in the moment and closer to the person with whom they shared the news. In addition, people with a tendency to share good news and receive enthusiastic responses were the most grateful in the group, overall. Sharing good news calls attention to the good things happening in your life, says Alexandra Gray, study coauthor of Northeastern University. For example, you might tell a friend what a great time you had over the holidays, and in recounting what happened, you can re-experience the positive feelings and become even more appreciative. Getting an enthusiastic response to your good news is also important, says Gray, because it makes you feel recognized, and cared for in a way that strengthens your relationship, and also leads to gratitude. Though there’s still more research to be done, Gray suggests people not hold back on sharing their good news with others, or on showing enthusiasm when others share good news with them. We all have a role to play in helping positivity spread. 32．How did the researchers conduct the study? A．By analyzing participants’ daily reports. B．By observing participants’ social encounters. C．By studying participants’ attitudes to sharing. D．By tracking participants’ interactive behavior. 33．What does the underlined word “recounting” probably mean in paragraph 4? A．Repeating. B．Analyzing. C．Inquiring. D．Recalling. 34．What can we infer about positive responses to shared good news? A．They boost the sharer’s self-awareness. B．They serve to confirm the listener’s opinions. C．They are more influential if given by friends. D．They make people more connected with others. 35．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To discuss the key to strong friendships. B．To encourage people to share good news. C．To compare ways people react to good news. D．To analyze how gratitude improves happiness. 【答案】32．A 33．D 34．D 35．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述一项新研究表明分享好消息除了能带来如更亲密的关系和更大的幸福感等好处外，还能带来更多的感恩之情，并介绍了研究过程及分享好消息和对好消息给予热情回应的重要性。 32．推理判断题。根据第二段“Then, six times a day for 10 days, the researchers asked participants to report on how grateful they were in the moment, how recently they’d had a social encounter, whether they’d shared good news with that person, and how close they felt to the person as a result. (然后，在 10 天的时间里，研究人员每天询问参与者 6 次，他们当时的感恩程度，最近一次社交接触的时间，是否与那个人分享了好消息，以及因此对那个人的亲近感。)” 可推知研究人员是通过分析参与者的日常报告来进行研究的。故选A。 33．词句猜测题。根据第四段“For example, you might tell a friend what a great time you had over the holidays, and in recounting what happened, you can re-experience the positive feelings and become even more appreciative. (例如，你可能会告诉朋友你在假期过得多么愉快，在 recounting 发生的事情时，你可以重新体验积极的感觉，变得更加感激。)” 可知，你可以重新体验积极的感觉，变得更加感激，所以是在回忆的时候发生的，故recounting 是回忆的意思。故选D。 34．推理判断题。根据第三段“They found those who shared positive events with others felt more grateful in the moment and closer to the person with whom they shared the news. (他们发现，那些与他人分享积极事件的人，当下会感到更感恩，并且与他们分享消息的人关系更亲密。)” 以及第五段“Getting an enthusiastic response to your good news is also important, says Gray, because it makes you feel recognized, and cared for in a way that strengthens your relationship, and also leads to gratitude. (格雷说，对你的好消息得到热情回应也很重要，因为它让你感到被认可、被关心，从而加强你们的关系，也会带来感恩之情。)” 可推知对分享的好消息的积极回应能让人们与他人联系更紧密。故选D。 35．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Though there’s still more research to be done, Gray suggests people not hold back on sharing their good news with others, or on showing enthusiasm when others share good news with them. We all have a role to play in helping positivity spread. (尽管仍有更多研究要做，但格雷建议人们不要在与他人分享好消息时有所保留，或者当他人与自己分享好消息时不要吝啬热情。我们都可以在帮助积极情绪传播中发挥作用。)” 可推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是鼓励人们分享好消息。故选B。 Passage 12 （2025·广东省深圳·高三下学期第一次调研）Self-confidence is trusting in our abilities or qualities. It’s usually seen as a good thing. But is it possible that we might benefit from a little less confidence in our beliefs? For many years, Dr. Mark Leary, a neuroscientist at Duke University in Durham, N.C． , has studied the role of people’s beliefs in their behavior. He found overconfidence is very common, especially when it comes to what people believe to be true, and can lead us to disastrous decisions. In 1986, NASA believed that the risk of loss for any space flight was roughly 1 in 100,000. It was an overconfident belief and might have led to the explosion of the Challenger. The good news is that there’s a “vaccine (疫苗)” for overconfidence, and that’s what scientists call “intellectual humility”— recognizing that your beliefs could be wrong. A survey of 144 college students to measure their intellectual humility found that students who saw their thinking could be wrong tended to be more curious and more likely to seek out new knowledge. They ended up knowing more at the end of the day. But does it actually help you beyond that? To find out more, Dr. Tenelle Porter at Ball State University conducted a series of studies with high school students. She found that students with intellectual humility were much more likely to test themselves to see whether they really understood the material and seek out potential holes in their understanding. When they got test scores, they’d change their study strategics to improve their performance and master the material for the next test. Students who didn’t see their knowledge could be wrong might instead just sail through their studying and wouldn’t stop to ask themselves if they truly understood what they read, heard, or did. Such students thought they got a subject down pat, but when asked to explain it on a test, they found they didn’t actually understand as much as they had thought. Although it might be good for you, researchers recognize that questioning your beliefs can be truly hard. Still, it’s important to remember that questioning beliefs isn’t always about replacing old ones with new ones. If you find it hard to question a belief, try taking “baby steps.” 8．Why does the author mention the explosion of the Challenger? A．To express his sorrow for the loss. B．To stress the high risk of space flights. C．To show the result of wrong operation. D．To give an example of overconfidence. 9．What do we know about intellectual humility according to Porter’s research? A．It urged students to gain recognition. B．It encouraged students to take exams. C．It helped students to adjust learning methods. D．It motivated students to memorize knowledge. 10．What do the underlined words “got a subject down pat” mean in paragraph 5? A．Fully mastered a subject. B．Put great effort into a subject C．Really enjoyed a subject. D．Benefited a lot from a subject. 11．What will probably be discussed in the following paragraphs? A．Why questioning our belief is hard. B．Why intellectual humility is helpful. C．How to become a confident person. D．How to practice intellectual humility. 【答案】8．D 9．C 10．A 11．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家的研究，通过具体研究案例，来说明智力谦逊如何帮助人们更好地学习和调整学习策略。 8．推理判断题。根据第二段第二至第四句“He found overconfidence is very common, especially when it comes to what people believe to be true, and can lead us to disastrous decisions. In 1986, NASA believed that the risk of loss for any space flight was roughly 1 in 100,000. It was an overconfident belief and might have led to the explosion of the Challenger. (他发现过度自信非常普遍，尤其是在人们认为某件事情正确时，这种过度自信可能会导致灾难性的决策。1986年，NASA认为每次太空飞行发生损失的风险大约是1/100,000。这种过度自信的信念可能引发了“挑战者号”的爆炸)”可知，作者先介绍了科学家发现过度自信可能导致严重后果，之后提及1986年这起灾难。由此推知，提及“挑战者号”爆炸是说明过度自信会导致灾难的一个例子。故选D项。 9．细节理解题。根据第四段第二、三句“She found that students with intellectual humility were much more likely to test themselves to see whether they really understood the material and seek out potential holes in their understanding. When they got test scores, they’d change their study strategics to improve their performance and master the material for the next test. (她发现，智力谦逊的学生更有可能去检验自己是否真正理解了学习材料，并寻找自己理解上的漏洞。当他们看到考试成绩时，他们会调整学习策略，以提高学习表现，并掌握好材料为下一次考试做准备)”可知，智力谦逊这种特质会使学生及时反思自己的学习，相应调整学习方法。故选C项。 10．词句猜测题。根据第五段第二句“Such students thought they got a subject down pat, but when asked to explain it on a test, they found they didn’t actually understand as much as they had thought. (这些学生以为自己对某个科目got down pat，但在考试中被要求解释时，他们发现自己的理解并没有自己想象的那么多)”可知，学生们在考试之前应是对自己比较自信，认为自己对该相关知识十分了解，或已经全会了，但到考场答题时，才发现自己会的不如原本所认为的那么多。由此可知，got a subject down pat应是“对某科目了解很多”或“对某科目完全掌握”之意。故选A项。 11．推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“The good news is that there’s a “vaccine (疫苗)” for overconfidence, and that’s what scientists call “intellectual humility”— recognizing that your beliefs could be wrong. (好消息是，过度自信有一种“疫苗”，科学家称之为“智力谦逊”——即认识到你的信念可能是错误的)”及全文最后一句“If you find it hard to question a belief, try taking “baby steps.” (如果你觉得很难质疑一种信念，可以尝试迈出“一小步”)”可知，最后一句中所说的“question a belief”即前文所说的“recognizing that your beliefs could be wrong”，也就是第二段最后一句引号中所言的“智力谦逊”。全文最后一句又说，“可以尝试迈出‘一小步’”。由此推知，所谓的“一小步”究竟该怎么做，会在下文进行介绍，即如何练习做到“智力谦虚”。故选D项。 Passage 13 （2025·广东省深圳·高三下学期第一次调研）The ability to detect a nearby presence without seeing or touching it may sound fantastical — but it’s a real ability that some creatures have. A family of African fish known as Mormyrids are weakly electric, and have special organs that can locate a nearby target, even when it’s hiding in the mud. Scientists have now developed an artificial sensor system modelled on the ability of these fish. “We developed a new strategy for 3D motion positioning by electronic skin, bio-inspired by ‘electric fish’,” says Dr. Xinge Yu, an associate professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the City University of Hong Kong. The team described their e-skin sensor in a paper published on November 14 in Nature. The artificial sensor is multi-layered. One layer acts as a transmitter (发射器), which will generate an electric field once activated, and another layer acts as a receiver to detect both the direction and the distance to an object. A separate controller creates the driving signal to activate the transmitter. When an object comes within range, the electric field around the sensor is disrupted (扰乱), which in turn can be detected by the receiver. This data is then processed by a microcontroller unit, which computes the position of the target object and sends that information to a smartphone or other devices. A special biogel (生物凝胶) is used in the sensor, which has the ability to transmit and receive electric signals from a pattern of microchannels on the surface. The end result is a sensor that is thin, soft and flexible, making it cosy to adapt to irregular surfaces, such as the human body. In contrast to the traditional sensor system that needs a large number of sensors to achieve spatial positioning, the new system can locate an object precisely in 3D space using just a few sensors. This significantly reduces the power consumption of data collection, transmission, and processing. The researchers hope that this sensor could one day open up a new range of wearable technologies, including sensors for human-machine interaction and thin, flexible e-skin. 12．The first paragraph aims to show __________. A．the special ability of African fish B．the inspiration for a new invention C．the big challenge of locating objects D．the reason for developing a sensor 13．What is the correct order of the system’s working procedures? a. The transmitter creates an electric field. b. A unit computes the position of the target. c. The controller sends the activating signal. d. The receiver detects the change of electric signals. e. The electric field is disrupted by an approaching object. A．c-a-e-d-b. B．c-a-d-e-b. C．a-c-e-d-b. D．a-e-c-d-b. 14．What is an advantage of the new sensor system? A．Its sensitivity to different stimulations. B．Its adaptation to environmental changes. C．Its efficiency in achieving 3D positioning. D．Its speed in data collection and processing. 15．What is the best title for the text? A．Machine Detective “Wears” Flexible E-skin B．Bio-inspired Sensor “Feels” Without Touching C．E-Skin Sensor: The Future of Machine Learning D．Electric Fields: The Frontier of Object Detection 【答案】12．B 13．A 14．C 15．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了一种仿生传感器，灵感来自一种鱼类，无需触摸即可感知物体的位置。 12．推理判断题。根据第一段中“A family of African fish known as Mormyrids are weakly electric, and have special organs that can locate a nearby target, even when it’s hiding in the mud. Scientists have now developed an artificial sensor system modelled on the ability of these fish. (一种被称为电鱼的非洲鱼类是弱电性的，有特殊的器官可以定位附近的目标，即使它躲在泥里。科学家们现在已经开发出一种以这些鱼的能力为模型的人工传感器系统)”可知，第一段主要介绍了一种鱼类，有特殊的器官可以定位附近的目标，受此启发，科学家们开发出一种以这些鱼的能力为模型的人工传感器系统，由此可知，第一段旨在介绍一个新发明的灵感。故选B项。 13．细节理解题。根据第三段内容“The artificial sensor is multi-layered. One layer acts as a transmitter (发射器), which will generate an electric field once activated, and another layer acts as a receiver to detect both the direction and the distance to an object. A separate controller creates the driving signal to activate the transmitter. When an object comes within range, the electric field around the sensor is disrupted (扰乱), which in turn can be detected by the receiver. This data is then processed by a microcontroller unit, which computes the position of the target object and sends that information to a smartphone or other devices. (人工传感器是多层的。一层充当发射器，一旦激活就会产生电场，另一层充当接收器，检测物体的方向和距离。一个单独的控制器产生驱动信号来激活发射器。当物体进入范围内时，传感器周围的电场会被扰乱，这反过来又可以被接收器检测到。然后，微控制器单元处理这些数据，计算目标物体的位置，并将该信息发送到智能手机或其他设备)”可知，工作过程是控制器发送激活信号，发射器产生电场，电场被接近的物体扰乱，接收器检测电信号的变化，一个微控制器单元计算目标的位置，结合选项可知，系统工作程序的正确顺序是“c-a-e-d-b”。故选A项。 14．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“In contrast to the traditional sensor system that needs a large number of sensors to achieve spatial positioning, the new system can locate an object precisely in 3D space using just a few sensors. This significantly reduces the power consumption of data collection, transmission, and processing. (与需要大量传感器来实现空间定位的传统传感器系统相比，新系统可以使用几个传感器在3D空间中精确定位物体。这大大降低了数据收集、传输和处理的功耗)”可知，新传感器系统在实现3D定位方面的效率更高，大大降低了数据收集、传输和处理的功耗，由此可知，新传感器系统的优点是它在实现3D定位方面的效率更高。故选C项。 15．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“A family of African fish known as Mormyrids are weakly electric, and have special organs that can locate a nearby target, even when it’s hiding in the mud. Scientists have now developed an artificial sensor system modelled on the ability of these fish. (一种被称为电鱼的非洲鱼类是弱电性的，有特殊的器官可以定位附近的目标，即使它躲在泥里。科学家们现在已经开发出一种以这些鱼的能力为模型的人工传感器系统)”可知，文章主要介绍了受生物启发开发的一种新型传感器，该传感器能够通过电场感知物体而无需接触，具备灵活、高效的特点。B选项“Bio-inspired Sensor “Feels” Without Touching(受生物启发的传感器“无需接触即可感知”)”准确概括了文章的核心内容。故选B项。 Passage 14 （2025·湖南长沙第一中学·一模）Every day, you likely hear a new piece of advice. One suggestion you may hear is to “fake it until you make it”, especially if you’re starting something new, like a job. But is it really good advice? Fake it till you make it is an expression in which a person imitates (模仿) the confidence or skills they need to succeed in what they are doing in the hope that they will eventually feel real. Advocates of this idea say you can fake confidence and hope that, eventually, it will inspire real confidence. The best time to use this strategy may be when you’re trying to change your behavior to improve yourself. If you aim to boost your work productivity, you might draw inspiration from your more efficient colleagues. This way can help you learn strategies to enhance your $$ 专题07 阅读理解说明文、议论文 Passage 1 （2025年全国一卷）While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 28. What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A. Cars often get stuck on the road. B. Traffic accidents occur frequently. C. People walk less and drive more. D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules. 29. What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do? A. Keep their cities livable. B. Promote cultural diversity. C. Help the needy families. D. Make expressways accessible. 30. What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? A. They boosted the sales of cars. B. They turned out largely ineffective. C. They won government support. D. They advocated building new parks. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why the Rush? B. What’s Next? C. Where to Stay? D. Who to Blame? Passage 2 （2025年全国一卷）Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept. C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics. 33. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time. C. The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water. 34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity of the microplastic problem. C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water. 35. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study. C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings. Passage 3 （2025年全国二卷）When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 8. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A. It faced tough competition. B. It suffered a great loss. C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well. 9. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment. C. They raise the cortisol level. D. They enhance productivity. 10. What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A. The necessity of social skills. B. The meaning of sustainability. C. The importance of repeated efforts. D. The value of professional opinions. 11. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home Passage 4 （2025年全国二卷）Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 12. What can be inferred about the author’s early life? A. He witnessed food shortage. B. He enjoyed the local cuisine. C. He donated food to Africans. D. He helped to cook at home. 13. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A. To customize dishes for guests. B. To make the public aware of food waste. C. To test a food processing method. D. To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems. 14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 15. What can we learn about wastED? A. It has ended as planned. B. It is creating new jobs. C. It has regained popularity. D. It is criticized by top chefs. Passage 5 （2025年1月浙江卷）A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from. C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of. 29. Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced? A. To control weeds in large gardens. B. To bring in foreign species of plants. C. To conserve soil and water resources. D. To develop low-maintenance parkland. 30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens? A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking. C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected. 31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A. The future of gardening is WILD. B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS. C. Matrix gardens need more CARE. D. Old garden plots work WONDERS. Passage 6 （2025年1月浙江卷）As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics. In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu.” It was found that gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are more valued than those associated with women. These qualities, in turn, are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender. Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she.” Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance. 32. What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless? A. To reduce stereotypes. B. To meet public demand. C. To cut production costs. D. To encourage competition. 33. What were the participants probably asked to do in the study? A. Design a product. B. Respond to a survey. C. Work as assistants. D. Take a language test. 34. Why is it difficult to create genderless objects? A. They cannot be mass-produced. B. Naming them is a challenging task. C. People assume they are unreliable. D. Gender is rooted in people’s mind. 35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A. The quality of genderless products. B. The upside of gendering a product. C. The meaning of anthropomorphism. D. The stereotypes of men and women. Passage 7 （2025年北京卷）Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way — just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”. Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over. 28. How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? A. Excited. B. Inspired. C. Energized. D. Relieved. 29. What does the word “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A. Major achievements. B. Complex feelings. C. Significant impacts. D. Fine differences. 30. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit B. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties C. Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble D. Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science Passage 8 （2025年北京卷）The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 31. What can be inferred about personal stories? A. They are unrelated to health. B. Consistent ones lead to stress. C They are relevant to happiness. D. Thematic ones hold back change. 32. What can we learn from this passage? A. Talking about gains from failure is negative. B. New Year resolutions are well received. C. The West tends to overvalue optimism. D. Social roles fail to be highlighted. 33. What does the author mainly do in this passage? A. Clarify a goal. B. Analyse an event. C. Make a comparison. D. Illustrate an approach. 34. What is the passage mainly about? A. How self-identity works. B. How story-tellers are made. C. How personal stories raise doubts. D. How timing affects personal identity. Passage 1 （2025·福建福州·名校高三下学期5月适应性联考）Go to any movie theater or sports venue, and it’s obvious there’s an invisible bond that forms from laughing, crying, and simply feeling while brushing shoulders with others. Researches have long backed up this sense of connection, but some aspects of the phenomenon remained unclear. Now, a new study is offering insight. Writing in the journal Royal Society Open Science, Victor Chung of the École Normale Supérieure in France and his team reported how they examined the matter by inviting strangers to watch videos together in same sex pairs. Pairs of strangers watched three types of videos together: positive, negative, and neutral with a curtain between them that was either open or closed. At the start of the experiment the researchers asked each participant whether they’d like to meet the other member of their pair again. After watching each video, participants reported their emotions and feelings of connectedness, and after seeing all three videos they were asked once again about their feelings towards the other participant. The results showed the emotional films generated stronger responses than the neutral film. Crucially, the team said participants’ feelings of connectedness within the pairs was boosted when they experienced more intense emotions. However, this was only the case when participants watched the films with the curtain between them open. The researchers said that whether or not the pairs could see each other had no impact on how positively or negatively they felt about the films. “We found that silently watching emotional films together with another individual is associated with social bonding, even when this person is a stranger and without any verbal communication,” said Chung, the study author. The team added that the findings may help explain why people seek out group activities that generate strong emotions, “even participating in sad memorials that cause negative emotions.” In other words, because emotion bonds us, and humans have a fundamental desire to belong, we’re up for experiences one might think we’d naturally want to avoid. 28．What can we learn about the research method of Victor Chung’s team?​ A．They invited pairs of strangers of different genders to watch videos.​ B．Participants watched the videos without any physical barriers between them.​ C．Participants were asked about their feelings only once during the experiment.​ D．They compared participants’ responses to three types of videos with different emotional tones.​ 29．According to the study, which of the following factors most affects the sense of connectedness between participants?​ A．The type of the video they watched.​ B．Whether they could see each other during watching.​ C．The intensity of emotions the video aroused.​ D．The order in which they watched the videos.​ 30．What can be inferred from the underlined sentence “this was only the case when participants watched the films with the curtain between them open” in Paragraph 4?​ A．Watching videos with the curtain closed had no effect on participants’ emotions.​ B．Visual contact was a necessary condition for the enhancement of connectedness.​ C．Participants felt more positive about the films when they could see each other.​ D．The presence of a curtain between participants influenced their emotional responses to the films.​ 31．What is the main idea of the passage?​ A．To introduce a new study on how group activities strengthen social bonds.​ B．To analyze the reasons why people prefer certain types of group activities.​ C．To explain the impact of different emotional experiences on social bonding.​ D．To prove that silent watching of emotional films promotes social connection. Passage 2 （2025·东北三省四市·教研联合体模拟预测）You’re probably aware that your coffee drink or bakery is loaded with sugar. But did you know that large amounts of added sugar are also in your breakfast cereal (谷类食物), dairy-free milk alternative and even takeout fried chicken? “Americans are simply consuming too much sugar,” says Frank Hu, a professor of nutrition. Most people consume three times the recommended daily limit of sugar. And it’s not just a harmless habit. Even if you’ve gotten the message that too much sugar isn’t good for your health and are taking steps to cut back, like switching to “low-sugar” baked goods and diet soda, you haven’t solved the issue and you may have created a new problem. Since the 1990s, aspartame (阿斯巴甜代糖也称人工甜味剂) has been widely used as a sugar substitute (替代品) in products such as diet drinks, yogurt and breakfast cereal. But the sweetener has come under thorough examination following a July 2023 statement from the International Agency for Research on Cancer that officially classified aspartame as “possibly carcinogenic (致癌的) to humans.” So what’s the answer? Ultimately, we need to rethink our relationship with the sweet stuff. For the most part, the sugars that naturally occur in an apple, a sweet potato or a glass of milk aren’t an issue. It’s the sugar introduced during the manufacturing of a jarred pasta sauce or when you stir a spoonful of sugar into your coffee, for example, that’s harming your health. When you eat or drink something with added sugar, your blood sugar and insulin (胰岛素) rise sharply. On the other hand, when you chew a bowl of fresh berries, the whole fruit contains fiber and other compounds that slow how quickly the sugar is digested, so your blood sugar doesn’t rise in the same way. Definitely, consuming not only less added sugar but also sugar substitutes over time is bound to make your life a whole lot sweeter. 8．What can we probably infer in paragraph 1? A．The writer shows his own puzzle. B．People ignore an issue about sugar. C．People take action to give up sugar. D．Bakery has less sugar than dairy-free milk. 9．Which food or drink may do less harm to our health in the text? A．Breakfast cereal. B．Diet drinks. C．Coffee drink. D．A sweet potato. 10．Why do people fail to consume less sugar? A．More sugary snacks are produced. B．Foods without sugar pose more health risks. C．Sugar substitutes exist in many foods and drinks. D．Compounds in sugar are reported to be carcinogenic. 11．Which is the most suitable title according to the text? A．Aspartame Should replace sugar? B．The Bitter Truth About Sugar C．Keep Away From Sugar D．Sugar Talks Sweetly Passage 3 （2025·东北三省四市·教研联合体模拟预测）Many of the astronauts going up to space are among the smartest people on the planet. However, a new NASA study has found a surprising effect of space travel — it may actually slow down the human brain. Contrary to what you might expect, researchers discovered that while space travelers orbit the Earth, they experience some temporary mental slowdowns, including processing information slower and difficulties with attention and memory. Luckily, the study also finds spending months in space doesn’t permanently scramble (打乱) an astronaut’s cognitive (认知的) abilities. Their overall brain performance remains remarkably resilient (有适应力的). The study examined 25 professional astronauts who spent an average of six months aboard the International Space Station. Scientists tracked their cognitive performance through a series of rigorous (谨慎的) tests designed to measure everything from processing speed to memory and attention. “We show that there is no evidence of any significant cognitive impairment or neurodegenerative decline in astronauts spending six months on the ISS,” explains Dr. Sheena Dev, the study’s lead researcher, in a media release. So what exactly changed? Think of it like your brain running in “low power mode”. Astronauts completed tasks just as accurately as they would on Earth, but they took slightly longer to process information. Processing speed, working memory, and attention were the most affected cognitive fields — similar to how you might feel after a stressful day without enough sleep. The most interesting but unusual finding is how quickly the brain adapts. Some performance changes, like slower attention spans, were only noticeable early in the mission. Others, like reduced processing speed, took a bit longer to return to normal after the astronauts returned to Earth. These insights are more than just scientific curiosity. As humanity looks toward ambitious missions to the Moon and Mars, understanding how the human brain responds to extreme environments becomes crucial. This research provides a baseline for future space explorers, helping mission planners predict and reduce potential cognitive challenges. 12．How may astronauts perform during space travel? A．They take longer to respond to the tasks. B．They complete tasks as quickly as on earth. C．Their cognitive abilities are damaged heavily. D．They spend years recovering their physical health 13．What does the underlined word “impairment” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Improvement. B．Damage. C．Development. D．Change. 14．What can we learn from the passage? A．Astronauts’ cognitive abilities remain stable wherever they are. B．Astronauts’ performance in space is much worse than that on Earth. C．Astronauts’ attention spans were always slower in the space. D．Astronauts’ brain performance can return to normal later 15．What does the last paragraph mainly about? A．The later plans for space missions. B．The development of cognitive study. C．The significance of the study. D．The future of space exploration. Passage 4 （2025·山东德州·三模）In The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jane Jacobs challenged the longstanding practice of centralized urban planning, which treated cities as places requiring order through controlled centralization. Jacobs rejected this mindset by emphasizing her three basic principles: local knowledge, decentralized decision-making, and the spontaneous (自发的) urban order. Jacobs argued that urban planning should prioritize the lived experiences of residents over abstract expertise, but conventional planners often relied on statistical models and aesthetic (审美的) ideals, ignoring the practical knowledge of city inhabitants. The East Harlem Housing Project was a typical example of this disconnect. While officials celebrated its modernist towers and expansive lawns, residents criticized its isolation and lack of community integration. When local residents’ needs conflicted with central planners, the resolution all too often fell in favor of the “experts”. Jacobs knew that decentralized planning was the best way to make the most of local knowledge. The urban planner’s best course of action is to allow individuals to create their own plans drawing on their unique preferences and local knowledge, helping build and maintain the spontaneous orders making urban life work. It concerns the natural order emerging from decentralized planning: sidewalks that help keep streets safe, diverse residential and commercial uses, and self-governing communities. The spontaneous orders are the result of human action. By allowing individuals to organize themselves in relation to one another, natural urban orders emerge as flexible frameworks, empowering individuals to shape their environments according to local contexts, mirrored in New York City’s 1811 Grid Plan, which provided a flexible foundation for diverse, adaptive development over centuries and enabled residents to make choices about housing, commerce, and public spaces while respecting the complexity of urban life. Jacobs stood up to centralized urban planning and celebrated the wisdom of average people. Now, she has laid the groundwork for an urban revolution to come. 12．What did Jacobs think of as a vital element in urban planning? A．Ideas from relevant experts. B．Human-environment unity. C．Preference of urban planners. D．Aesthetic of decision-makers. 13．What made the East Harlem Housing Project a target for public criticism? A．Lack of spacious living area. B．Existence of old-fashioned buildings. C．Layout of functioning areas. D．Reliability of the local knowledge. 14．What does the fourth paragraph focus on? A．The role of social interaction. B．The complexity of urban planning. C．The need of changing the local culture. D．The limitation of the spontaneous orders. 15．What’s the best title of the passage? A．The Rise of Centralized Urban Planning B．Jane Jacobs and Her Impact on American Cities C．Urban Planning: Its Past, Present, and Future D．Jane Jacobs: Challenging Traditional Urban Planning Passage 5 （2025·湖北武昌·高三5月质量检测）People have been enjoying staring out of the window of the plane for a spectacular view for over a century. That’s why you may be surprised to learn that for decades, aircraft designers have been considering planes with video screens instead of passenger windows. In 2014, for example, the UK-based Centre for Process Innovation (CPI) uncovered a design for such a windowless airliner. In 2022, Dubai-based airline Emirates released Boeing 777s equipped with “virtual windows”. But Emirates has no plan for a windowless airliner. However, an aircraft producer does aim to go windowless. For the past few years, a privately owned Boston-based company, Spike Aerospace, has been working to develop the Spike S-512, an 18-passenger business jet. Instead of usual small glass windows, there will be a pair of 20-foot-long -meter) digital video screens that will stretch the length of the cabin (机舱) on either side of the aircraft. Multiple high definition cameras on the outside of the plane will provide 4K video, which the aircraft will sew together, using special software developed by Spike Aerospace. “Removing conventional glass windows from planes has other advantages as well, “Spike Aerospace president and CEO Vik Kachoria says. For example, it would be possible to reduce noise from the engines. It also would strengthen the aircraft and make it safer. “Wherever you have a hole is a structural weakness,” he said. If passengers are not interested in the view, they also will be able to use the screens to do other things. You can watch videos or even get hands on office software. Kachoria envisions delivering the first jet without passenger windows in 2025. Initially, only people wealthy enough to afford a private jet will be able to enjoy Spike Aerospace’s windowless flying experience. But Kachoria expects that the innovative technology eventually will find its way into regular airliners as well. 8．Why are CPI and Emirates mentioned? A．To demonstrate their market dominance. B．To compare different aircraft technologies. C．To show early efforts for windowless planes. D．To explain the challenges of windowless design. 9．What is the main focus about Spike S-512 in Paragraph 3? A．Its size. B．Its design. C．Its producer. D．Its construction. 10．What is special about Spike Aerospace’s digital video screens? A．They reduce engine noise levels. B．They display exterior landscapes. C．They remove structural weakness. D．They enable document processing 11．What’s Kachoria’s hope for the windowless aircraft? A．It will upgrade flying experience. B．It will accomodate more passengers. C．It will be accessible to general public. D．It will go into mass production in 2025. Passage 6 （2025·湖北武昌·高三5月质量检测）Human echolocation (回声定位) has at times allowed people to ride bikes or play basketball despite being completely blind from a very young age. They typically perceive environment by clicking sharply with their tongues and listening to differences in the sounds reflected off objects. Brain-imaging studies reveal that expert echolocators display responses to sound in their brain’s primary visual region, possibly because long-term input disadvantage leads to visual regions being repurposed. “It’s traditionally thought that the blind brain is different and requires sensory loss for this neuroplasticity,” says neuroscientist Lore Thaler. Thaler co-led a 2021 study showing that both blind and sighted people could learn echolocation in 10 weeks. They examined the brain changes underlying these abilities. After training, both displayed responses to echoes in their visual cortex (大脑皮层), a finding that challenges the belief that primary sensory regions are wholly sense-specific. The researchers trained 14 sighted and 12 blind people for two to three hours twice a week. They started by teaching participants to produce mouth clicks, then trained them on three tasks involving judging object size and orientation, and navigating virtual webs using simulated click-plus-echo sounds tied to their positions. Both groups improved on all the tasks. “This study significantly contributes to a growing body of evidence that this is a trainable, ordinary skill available to both blind and sighted people, “says Santani Teng, a psychologist. After training, both groups showed increased auditory (听觉的) cortex activation and higher gray matter density in auditory areas. Most surprisingly, they also showed visual cortex activation in response to echoes. “We weren’t sure if we would get this result in sighted people. so it was really rewarding to see it,” Thaler says. She suspects that rather than just processing visual data, this brain area takes in information from multiple senses that aid spatial understanding.     A follow-up survey found that 83 percent of blind participants reported improved independence and well-being. The researchers are working to spread the training more widely as a powerful sensory tool for people with vision damage. 12．The underlined word “neuroplasticity” in Para. 2 refers to the brain’s ____________. A．control of body movements B．resistance to external changes C．enhancement of old memories D．adjustment of its own structure 13．What does the study’s key finding show? A．Echolocation is inborn. B．Sensory loss isn’t required. C．Sighted people don’t benefit. D．Auditory cortex plays a key role. 14．How does the visual cortex respond to echolocation training? A．It prioritizes auditory input. B．It processes sound and space. C．It increases gray matter density. D．It functions differently in both groups 15．What would be the best title for the text? A．Echolocation Training Rewires Visual Cortex B．Sensory Loss Activates Brain Flexibility. C．Sound-based Training Helps the Blind. D．Echolocation Cures Vision Problems. Passage 7 （2025·重庆·高三5月质量检测）In male-on-male mouse fights, the victims of aggression often hide behind a female mouse to shift their attackers’ attention. Think back to a time when you were confronted by a bully or found yourself in another challenging situation — you either confronted the issue directly or looked for ways to escape it, says Joshua Neunuebel at the University of Delaware. Animals often deal with similar struggles. Fights between male mice can be ferocious, often involving biting, wrestling or rolling over each other if their encounter becomes intense. Neunuebel and his colleagues recorded more than 3,000 aggressive fights between male mice in the lab and then processed the interactions with machine learning. This tool learned to recognize certain behaviors automatically based on video examples that the researchers had manually labeled, such as footage (片段) of one male mouse aggressor closely chasing a second male. The analysis revealed an attention-shifting strategy in which a male mouse ran away from an aggressor male to approach a female mouse. That often drove the aggressor to interact with the same female mouse, taking the heat off the victim of aggression, which then moved away. This series of events played out more than half the time following aggressive encounters between males. “I believe one reason we were able to discover this bait-and-switch strategy was that we studied group behavior by recording multiple mice together, which is much less common than studying pairs of mice,” says Neunuebel. But Markus Meister at the California Institute of Technology described the effects of the aggressive behavior on mouse social interactions as “small and barely significant”. “Before investigating any underlying mechanisms, one would really like to see a more consistent behaviour first,” he says. 28．What is the focus of the study? A．Aggressive behavior of male mice. B．Defensive strategies of male mice. C．Differences between human and mice conflicts. D．Communication between male and female mice. 29．What does the underlined word“ferocious” mean in Paragraph 2? A．Violent. B．Skillful. C．Endless. D．Decisive. 30．How did Neunuebel’s team discover the bait-and-switch strategy? A．By studying individual mice. B．By using high-tech tracking. C．By changing outdoor settings. D．By observing group interactions. 31．What did Markus Meister think of the finding? A．Extensive. B．Innovative. C．Unconvincing. D．Puzzling. Passage 8 （2025·湖南长沙雅礼中学·高三模拟试卷）Cats aren’t known for their sensitivity. But a new study published in the journal Applied Animal Behaviour Science suggests that our feline friends may care more about us and other pets in the house than we give them credit for. What it found was that cats responded to the loss in a way that looked strikingly similar to mourning. To dig deeper into this phenomenon, a team led by psychologist Jennifer Vonk and her co-author Brittany Greene embarked on a comprehensive investigation. They surveyed 412 cat owners or caregivers, asking them how their cat reacted after the death of another pet in the house. Participants used a five-point scale to indicate changes in the cats’ behaviours in the days and weeks after the death. The recorded behaviours were numerous: altered sleep, eating and playing habits, increased vocalisation, spending more time alone, seeking human attention by sitting or lying near them, showing fear or curiosity, interacting with remaining pets, grooming changes, and even searching for the lost pet by sniffing its usual spots. Respondents were also asked to describe the relationships between the cat and the deceased pet, as well as their own bonds and grief. This indicated that cats form connections and respond emotionally to loss. It seems cats get sad when a companion dies, though it’s hard to prove this. Some cats changed their eating and playing habits. Others sought more human interaction. And some even searched the house for their missing family members, lingering around the places where they used to play or sleep. Still, Jennifer cautions that there could be other reasons for the changes in the behaviour besides cats’ grief. They might be eating more because they now have more access to the food bowl, or they might be playing less because they no longer have a playmate. But, she says, even if they do experience grief, it’s probably different from the kind that humans feel. It’s more likely they’re noticing that something has changed in their social environment, and they are responding to the change with feelings of fear or anxiety. 28．What is the main finding of the study on cats? A．Cats are very emotionally stable animals. B．Cats react only by changing their eating habits. C．Cats avoid interaction with humans after a pet dies. D．Cats might display mourning behaviours like humans. 29．What was the method used by researchers to gather data? A．Conducting interviews with professionals. B．Asking cat owners about their cats’ changes. C．Studying the cats’ interactions with their owners. D．Observing the cats in a controlled environment. 30．According to the study, which of the following behaviours may be unrelated to grief? A．Sitting or lying near humans. B．Seeking more interaction with humans. C．Eating more when there is food around. D．Searching the house for the missing pet. 31．Why does Jennifer think cats react emotionally to another pet’s loss? A．They are experiencing the same grief as humans. B．They feel abandoned and fearful when left alone. C．They respond to changes in their social environment. D．They have developed strong friendships with other pets. Passage 9 （2025·湖南长沙雅礼中学·高三模拟试卷）In 1780, Jeremy Bentham wrote the first lines of the first chapter of one of his most famous works. It read, “Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two masters: pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do.” The British philosopher built an entire philosophy around this idea — that we are all motivated by pleasure and pain. Lucky for him, then, that almost all of the social sciences today agree with him. More than that, many behavioral scientists believe we can game our own mechanisms of pleasure and pain and achieve anything. It’s all to do with something called “Skinner’s Law”. Skinner’s Law, named after American behaviorist B．F. Skinner, is that when you are procrastinating (拖延) or finding a task hard to get on with, you have two choices: either “make the pain of not doing it greater than the pain of doing it” or “make the pleasure of doing it greater than the pleasure of not doing it.” The next question is: Is it better to promise yourself pleasure or to threaten yourself with pain to achieve your goal? It turns out that pain is by far the stronger motivator. Daniel Kahneman won the 2002 Nobel Prize for a theory called “Prospect Theory.” He and Amos Tversky showed that we find pain more motivating than equivalent (等同的) pleasure. Using all of this, here are two practical bits of advice: Make a bet: Find a friend or a family member, and bet them some sum of money or some item you value that you will do a certain thing. “Okay, Dad,” you might say, “if I’m not 5 pounds lighter by my birthday, you can have my PlayStation 5.” Social accountability: Tell everyone you’re trying to do something. Tell them your target and your deadline. Keep people updated about your progress. This serves two purposes: to present the carrot and the stick. The carrot is that you get praise, support, and advice from your closest relatives. The stick is that you might be embarrassed or ashamed if you fail. 32．What are Bentham’s words mainly about? A．The primary root of human suffering. B．The driving forces behind human behavior. C．The fundamental principles of nature’s law. D．The role of social sciences in understanding humans. 33．What does the underlined word “game” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Evaluate. B．Control. C．Strengthen. D．Understand. 34．What does the author suggest readers do to stick with their task? A．Enjoy the pain of losing things. B．Work together with a trusted partner. C．Inform others of their advancements regularly. D．Keep reminding themselves of the deadline. 35．What is the best title for the text? A．Overcoming Procrastination: Strategies for Success B．The Origins of Skinner’s Law: A Historical Review C．The Power of Pleasure: A Behavioral Science Analysis D．Reclaim Your Motivation: Applying Skinner’s Law Passage 10 （2025·石家庄·高三质量检测（三））Scientists have been looking at DNA to store all types of data, not just biological, but also digital. Yet while DNA is a great storage material, it’s also quite delicate. Water or heat can damage it easily unless it’s given an amber-like（似琥珀）coating. That new idea was borrowed from the 1993movie Jurassic Park, in which scientists cloned dinosaurs from DNA trapped in amber. DNA is the world’s oldest data storage device. The most amazing thing about DNA is that it can potentially be used to store any type of data. Putting information into DNA uses a process called encoding. “Your computer stores information in a binary format（二进制）, zeroes and ones,” notes Karishma Matange, a computational biologist. “Encoding works to change these zeroes and ones into A, C, G and T, the DNA bases that can store information.” The order of the bases in DNA is called sequence（序列）, which spells out the information it holds. To pull information back out from the DNA, you rewind the process. Scientists can store DNA for long periods. But it requires freezing temperatures, special equipment and dangerous chemicals, which makes the process costly. James Banal, a scientist in San Carlos, California, and his team came up with a new method T-REX. His team uses this method to trap DNA in a material similar to plastic. “Plastics are durable.” Banal points out. Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative to enclose DNA． To test it, the team encoded the Jurassic Park theme music and a person’s genome into DNA．Then they put the DNA in the glassy plastic. Damp and heat are DNA’s biggest threats. But the T-REX material keeps damp out. The researchers heated it up to 75°Celsius. Later, they got the DNA by breaking the coating down. The best part, Banal says, is that the broken-down material can be reused to store DNA again. Banal and his colleagues want to use the T-REX method to preserve genetic data or even safely store biological samples that will be launched into space. And we might one day use it to store the massive amounts of data people generate every day. 28．How is digital information stored into DNA? A．By turning binary code into DNA bases. B．By freezing the DNA at low temperatures. C．By coating the DNA with amber material. D．By sequencing DNA from ancient samples. 29．What is the main advantage of the T-REX method for DNA storage? A．Breaking DNA down with chemicals. B．Offering cost-effective storage of DNA． C．Helping DNA survive extreme wetness. D．Withdrawing whole DNA from dinosaurs. 30．What will the DNA storage technology be used for in the future? A．Cloning extinct dinosaurs. B．Reducing global plastic pollution. C．Preserving diverse samples. D．Speeding future space exploration. 31．What’s the main idea of the text? A．A breakthrough in DNA data storage technology. B．How digital technology advances DNA analysis. C．The biological applications of DNA repairing system. D．How Jurassic Park inspired DNA preservation research. Passage 11 （2025·石家庄·高三质量检测（三））Have you ever had something good happen to you and felt like shouting it from the rooftops? Sharing positive events with others and receiving an enthusiastic response in return has been tied to many good outcomes, including closer relationships and greater happiness. Now, a new study suggests another benefit of sharing the good stuff: more feelings of gratitude. The researchers started by asking 300 participants how often they tended to share good news, and how other people in their lives generally responded to their good news. Then, six times a day for 10 days, the researchers asked participants to report on how grateful they were in the moment, how recently they’d had a social encounter, whether they’d shared good news with that person, and how close they felt to the person as a result. Afterward, the researchers analyzed the results to look for patterns. They found those who shared positive events with others felt more grateful in the moment and closer to the person with whom they shared the news. In addition, people with a tendency to share good news and receive enthusiastic responses were the most grateful in the group, overall. Sharing good news calls attention to the good things happening in your life, says Alexandra Gray, study coauthor of Northeastern University. For example, you might tell a friend what a great time you had over the holidays, and in recounting what happened, you can re-experience the positive feelings and become even more appreciative. Getting an enthusiastic response to your good news is also important, says Gray, because it makes you feel recognized, and cared for in a way that strengthens your relationship, and also leads to gratitude. Though there’s still more research to be done, Gray suggests people not hold back on sharing their good news with others, or on showing enthusiasm when others share good news with them. We all have a role to play in helping positivity spread. 32．How did the researchers conduct the study? A．By analyzing participants’ daily reports. B．By observing participants’ social encounters. C．By studying participants’ attitudes to sharing. D．By tracking participants’ interactive behavior. 33．What does the underlined word “recounting” probably mean in paragraph 4? A．Repeating. B．Analyzing. C．Inquiring. D．Recalling. 34．What can we infer about positive responses to shared good news? A．They boost the sharer’s self-awareness. B．They serve to confirm the listener’s opinions. C．They are more influential if given by friends. D．They make people more connected with others. 35．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To discuss the key to strong friendships. B．To encourage people to share good news. C．To compare ways people react to good news. D．To analyze how gratitude improves happiness. Passage 12 （2025·广东省深圳·高三下学期第一次调研）Self-confidence is trusting in our abilities or qualities. It’s usually seen as a good thing. But is it possible that we might benefit from a little less confidence in our beliefs? For many years, Dr. Mark Leary, a neuroscientist at Duke University in Durham, N.C． , has studied the role of people’s beliefs in their behavior. He found overconfidence is very common, especially when it comes to what people believe to be true, and can lead us to disastrous decisions. In 1986, NASA believed that the risk of loss for any space flight was roughly 1 in 100,000. It was an overconfident belief and might have led to the explosion of the Challenger. The good news is that there’s a “vaccine (疫苗)” for overconfidence, and that’s what scientists call “intellectual humility”— recognizing that your beliefs could be wrong. A survey of 144 college students to measure their intellectual humility found that students who saw their thinking could be wrong tended to be more curious and more likely to seek out new knowledge. They ended up knowing more at the end of the day. But does it actually help you beyond that? To find out more, Dr. Tenelle Porter at Ball State University conducted a series of studies with high school students. She found that students with intellectual humility were much more likely to test themselves to see whether they really understood the material and seek out potential holes in their understanding. When they got test scores, they’d change their study strategics to improve their performance and master the material for the next test. Students who didn’t see their knowledge could be wrong might instead just sail through their studying and wouldn’t stop to ask themselves if they truly understood what they read, heard, or did. Such students thought they got a subject down pat, but when asked to explain it on a test, they found they didn’t actually understand as much as they had thought. Although it might be good for you, researchers recognize that questioning your beliefs can be truly hard. Still, it’s important to remember that questioning beliefs isn’t always about replacing old ones with new ones. If you find it hard to question a belief, try taking “baby steps.” 8．Why does the author mention the explosion of the Challenger? A．To express his sorrow for the loss. B．To stress the high risk of space flights. C．To show the result of wrong operation. D．To give an example of overconfidence. 9．What do we know about intellectual humility according to Porter’s research? A．It urged students to gain recognition. B．It encouraged students to take exams. C．It helped students to adjust learning methods. D．It motivated students to memorize knowledge. 10．What do the underlined words “got a subject down pat” mean in paragraph 5? A．Fully mastered a subject. B．Put great effort into a subject C．Really enjoyed a subject. D．Benefited a lot from a subject. 11．What will probably be discussed in the following paragraphs? A．Why questioning our belief is hard. B．Why intellectual humility is helpful. C．How to become a confident person. D．How to practice intellectual humility. Passage 13 （2025·广东省深圳·高三下学期第一次调研）The ability to detect a nearby presence without seeing or touching it may sound fantastical — but it’s a real ability that some creatures have. A family of African fish known as Mormyrids are weakly electric, and have special organs that can locate a nearby target, even when it’s hiding in the mud. Scientists have now developed an artificial sensor system modelled on the ability of these fish. “We developed a new strategy for 3D motion positioning by electronic skin, bio-inspired by ‘electric fish’,” says Dr. Xinge Yu, an associate professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the City University of Hong Kong. The team described their e-skin sensor in a paper published on November 14 in Nature. The artificial sensor is multi-layered. One layer acts as a transmitter (发射器), which will generate an electric field once activated, and another layer acts as a receiver to detect both the direction and the distance to an object. A separate controller creates the driving signal to activate the transmitter. When an object comes within range, the electric field around the sensor is disrupted (扰乱), which in turn can be detected by the receiver. This data is then processed by a microcontroller unit, which computes the position of the target object and sends that information to a smartphone or other devices. A special biogel (生物凝胶) is used in the sensor, which has the ability to transmit and receive electric signals from a pattern of microchannels on the surface. The end result is a sensor that is thin, soft and flexible, making it cosy to adapt to irregular surfaces, such as the human body. In contrast to the traditional sensor system that needs a large number of sensors to achieve spatial positioning, the new system can locate an object precisely in 3D space using just a few sensors. This significantly reduces the power consumption of data collection, transmission, and processing. The researchers hope that this sensor could one day open up a new range of wearable technologies, including sensors for human-machine interaction and thin, flexible e-skin. 12．The first paragraph aims to show __________. A．the special ability of African fish B．the inspiration for a new invention C．the big challenge of locating objects D．the reason for developing a sensor 13．What is the correct order of the system’s working procedures? a. The transmitter creates an electric field. b. A unit computes the position of the target. c. The controller sends the activating signal. d. The receiver detects the change of electric signals. e. The electric field is disrupted by an approaching object. A．c-a-e-d-b. B．c-a-d-e-b. C．a-c-e-d-b. D．a-e-c-d-b. 14．What is an advantage of the new sensor system? A．Its sensitivity to different stimulations. B．Its adaptation to environmental changes. C．Its efficiency in achieving 3D positioning. D．Its speed in data collection and processing. 15．What is the best title for the text? A．Machine Detective “Wears” Flexible E-skin B．Bio-inspired Sensor “Feels” Without Touching C．E-Skin Sensor: The Future of Machine Learning D．Electric Fields: The Frontier of Object Detection Passage 14 （2025·湖南长沙第一中学·一模）Every day, you likely hear a new piece of advice. One suggestion you may hear is to “fake it until you make it”, especially if you’re starting something new, like a job. But is it really good advice? Fake it till you make it is an expression in which a person imitates (模仿) the confidence or skills they need to succeed in what they are doing in the hope that they will eventually feel real. Advocates of this idea say you can fake confidence and hope that, eventually, it will inspire real confidence. The best time to use this strategy may be when you’re trying to change your behavior to improve yourself. If you aim to boost your work productivity, you might draw inspiration from your more efficient colleagues. This way can help you learn strategies to enhance your performance. Similarly, in your personal life, striving to be more friendly and warm can initially feel awkward but will ultimately foster better relationships with those around you. Unfortunately, faking it till you make it doesn’t always bring sunshine, lollipops, and rainbows. It may not work when dealing with hard skills, assisting others, or faking who you are. For example, it is incredibly hard to fake technical skills and competence like software experience. It’s also hard to assist others if you lack understanding of the subject. Moreover, pretending to be someone you’re not or making false claims can be exposed. One study shows that it can snowball into imposter syndrome, which can arise when individuals feel their success is undeserved and fear being exposed as a fake. Unfortunately, faking it till you make it can exacerbate that syndrome, leading to avoidance and negative impacts on productivity and well-being. In conclusion, there is a difference between learning new behaviors and lying about your identity or skills. One can build you into a better worker or friend, but the latter can get you into trouble. “Fake it till you make it” can be a useful approach for some, while it can also contribute to imposter syndrome for others. 8．Why do some people adopt the strategy “fake it till you make it”? A．To criticize the behavior of others. B．To make others trust their abilities. C．To avoid taking on new challenges. D．To gain confidence through imitation. 9．In what type of situation might “fake it till you make it” be ineffective? A．When taking up a new hobby. B．When trying to stay focused in class. C．When teaching others computer skills. D．When socializing with your classmates. 10．What does the underlined word “exacerbate” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Worsen. B．Relieve. C．Prevent. D．Recognize. 11．What is the author’s main viewpoint on the strategy “fake it till you make it”? A．It can be positive or negative. B．It is a useful tool in our daily life. C．It is more harmful in the long run. D．It’s always good for personal growth. Passage 15 （2025·湖南长沙第一中学·一模）After spending many years studying the effects of lightning on rainforests, Evan Gora, a forest ecologist at the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, began wondering whether trees could not only survive this usually deadly event but also actually get some kind of advantage from it. To find out, he and his colleagues spent several years following the cases of 93 trees from various species in the rainforest of central Panama when they were directly struck by lightning. Nine were from a species known as the almendro, a forest giant native to Central and South America that can grow up to 165 feet tall. After the trees were struck, the researchers continued to monitor the ones that survived the shock, checking their overall condition and noting whether the lightning killed neighboring trees and any parasitic vines (寄生藤蔓) growing on them. The results showed that the almendro trees were very resistant to lightning and minimally damaged compared with almost all the other tree species, which were severely damaged — 64 percent of the latter trees died within two years of being struck. A few other large species also survived the strikes and might have benefited as well, but lightning had not struck enough of these species for the researchers to be certain. Many of the trees that had surrounded the almendros — competing with the species for water and nutrients — were killed by lightning that spread through their branches after it hit the almendro trees. This left more resources and space for the latter. Lightning strikes on the almendros also reduced the average number of parasitic vines on a tree by 78 percent, by killing them. These vines climb on top of the trees to “steal” light. Equipped with data on lightning strike frequency and the trees’ survival rates after reaching a certain size, the team used computer models to estimate that a typical almendro is likely struck by lightning about five times during its 300-year lifespan. The researchers found that lightning strikes seem to be almost a necessity for the trees. Without the benefits the strikes bring, “they would not live as long,” Gora says. 12．How did the researchers study the effects of lightning on rainforest trees mainly? A．By measuring vine growth rates. B．By tracking struck trees for years. C．By comparing multiple tree species. D．By counting annual lightning strikes. 13．Why did the researchers focus on almendro trees in the study? A．They grow tallest. B．They attract most vines. C．They resist lightning best. D．They are widely distributed. 14．How do lightning strikes help almendro trees live longer? A．By providing sufficient light. B．By removing competing plants, C．By strengthening tree branches. D．By increasing nutrient absorption. 15．What is the best title for this passage? A．Lightning's Role in Rainforest Ecology B．The Survival of Struck Rainforest Trees C．Why Some Trees Love Lightning Strike D．Why Some Trees Resistant to Lightning Strike Passage 16 Passage 17 （2025·山东省实验中学·二次模拟）Chocolate is a popular snack, but the price of it continues to rise. Cocoa from the cacao tree is the basic ingredient of chocolate; the trees thrive in warm and damp climates but are struggling due to increasing aridity — a slow but non-stop drying of the land. This issue extends to producers around the globe, threatening cocoa production and livelihoods of farmers. Over the past 30 years, more than three-quarters of the Earth’s landmass has become drier. This dryness is a long-term transformation with disastrous consequences for ecosystems, agriculture, and livelihoods. Aridity arises from human-driven factors, including greenhouse gas emissions, unsustainable land use, and natural resource degradation. Climate change, primarily caused by fossil fuel consumption and deforestation, increases global temperatures, accelerating evaporation (蒸发) and heightening water shortage — even in regions with moderate rainfall. Unsustainable land use further intensifies aridity. Practices like deforestation and industrial farming degrade soils, removing them from protective vegetation and essential nutrients. In cocoa-producing regions, deforestation upsets local water cycles and wears away the topsoil. Degraded soils hold less water, deepening drought conditions. Cocoa is just one crop at risk. Major agricultural zones are also affected. By 2100, up to 5 billion people may live in dry lands, stretching food systems to their limit and forcing migration. Aridity also threatens ecosystems. Wildlife struggles to adapt, and plant species suited to warm and damp conditions fail to survive. Economic losses are overwhelming — Africa saw a 12% GDP decline from 1990 to 2015 due to rising aridity. Governments face additional burdens from sandstorms, wildfires, and water shortages. While aridity’s effects are severe, they are not entirely changeless. Restoring degraded lands, improving soil health, and adopting sustainable farming practices can help. Efficient water management, investment in renewable energy, and international cooperation are essential in battling aridity. As chocolate prices hit record highs in early 2025 due to dry conditions in Africa, addressing aridity is a matter of urgency. Beyond saving chocolate, it’s about preserving the planet’s ability to sustain life. 28．What’s the main reason for the rising price of chocolate? A．The decline of cocoa production. B．The high cost of basic ingredients. C．The increasing demand for chocolate. D．The shortage of cocoa tree plantations. 29．What do we know about aridity? A．It is mainly caused by natural factors. B．It only affects cocoa-producing regions. C．It has a wide-ranging impact on various aspects. D．It will disappear if sustainable land use is adopted. 30．Why is Africa’s GDP decline mentioned in paragraph 5? A．To show aridity only causes economic losses in Africa. B．To prove Africa is the most severely affected by aridity. C．To criticize Africa lacks effective measures against aridity. D．To illustrate aridity has a significant influence on economy. 31．Which of the following can fight against aridity? A．Cutting off water supplies. B．Replacing renewable energy. C．Promoting soil conservation. D．Practicing industrial farming. Passage 18 （2025·山东省实验中学·二次模拟）For something designed to streamline communication, corporate jargon (行话) often does the opposite—leaving many employees confused and excluded. A survey of more than 8,000 working professionals across eight countries found that 58 percent feel their fellow employees overuse jargon. If given the opportunity, nearly half of them would remove its usage since interpreting their meanings “causes stress and slows down productivity”. Yet, we keep using it. Then why does it continue to exist? “Language isn’t just about sharing information. It’s social,” said Daria Bahtina, a lecturer from the University of California Los Angeles. “When we speak, we’re performing relationships, identities, and positions,” she explained. This isn’t limited to managers or corporate departments. Bahtina noted specialized language pops up wherever people gather, for example, in a team of software engineers, or even a neighborhood book club after their third bottle of wine. In addition, jargon is a means of exclusiveness. “Shared jargon can develop a sense of identity and community,” said Eric Anicich, associate professor at the USC’s Marshall School of Business. Anicich and his team conducted research that shows how office jargon is employed to draw invisible lines between insiders and outsiders. According to their findings, lower-status individuals are more likely to use jargon in evaluative situations—not to clarify their message but to signal intelligence and competence. So, where do we go from here? When asked about his position on jargon, Anicich replied, “Jargon is used as a tool—it’s not naturally good nor bad, so it depends on how and when you use it.” In fact, jargon is integrated into everyday life in ways we barely notice. Bahtina mentions how fans of medical dramas who have never set foot in a hospital can still understand phrases like “code blue”. “This doesn’t mean that they can perform surgery; it shows how jargon can flow beyond its origin and become part of everyday speech,” she says. Rather than going to extremes, experts agree that it’s best to question whether jargon is being used appropriately. If our vocabulary is building walls instead of bridges, it may be time to circle back—and rethink how we speak at work. 32．Why would employees stop using jargon if possible? A．They find it less helpful. B．They think it is used too often. C．They prefer diverse expressions. D．They intend to expand its meanings. 33．Who is more likely to use jargon according to the text? A．A friend in the bar. B．An employer on vacation. C．A customer over the phone. D．An applicant in an interview. 34．What is Eric Anicich’s attitude toward jargon? A．Appreciative. B．Unprejudiced. C．Disapproving. D．Indefinite. 35．What is a suitable title for the text? A．Jargon: hated but used B．Applying jargon, raising doubt C．Jargon: a universal device D．Using jargon, building bridges Passage 19 （2025·广东深圳·5月高考适应性考试）If you’re digitally skilled, it has likely been a while since you spent much time writing by hand. The laborious process of tracing out our thoughts, letter by letter, on the page is becoming a thing of the past in our screen-dominated world, where text messages and thumb-typed grocery lists have replaced handwritten letters and sticky notes. To keep up, many schools are introducing computers as early as preschool, meaning some kids may learn the basics of typing before writing by hand. Although electronic keyboards offer obvious efficiency benefits, giving up handwriting may come at a significant cost. Typing pays no attention to the form of the letters — only involving relatively simple and uniform movements. By contrast, handwriting is a complex task. Motor system has to delicately adjust the pressure that each finger applies on the pen to recreate each letter. Adding to the complexity, your visual system must continuously process that letter as it’s formed, with your brain making adjustments to fingers in real time to create the letters’ shapes. “This process lets you make your body and what you are seeing mesh (匹配).” says Robert Wiley, a cognitive psychologist at the University of North Carolina, adding “such complexity is crucial to mental development.” Screens and keyboards replacing pen and paper might affect kids’ ability to learn letters, which is actually an important predictor of later reading and math attainment. If young children are not receiving any handwriting training, their brains simply won’t reach their full potential. For adults, typing often results in failing to actually process information. During a lecture, it’s possible to type what they’re hearing word for word. But often, they’re just typing blindly, failing to make information their own. On the other hand, taking notes by hand forces them to write only key words and use drawings or arrows to work through ideas. Actually, we don’t have to drop digital tools, like graphics tablets and smart pens, to capitalize on the power of handwriting. Recent research suggests that writing on a screen activates the same brain pathways as writing on paper. It’s the movement that counts, not its final form. 8．What does the author mainly convey in paragraph 1? A．Abandoning handwriting is unwise. B．Digital literacy is ignored nowadays. C．Handwritten communication is out of date. D．Computer courses are unusual in preschools. 9．Why is handwriting considered a complex task? A．It demands high creativity in designing each letter. B．It involves precise finger pressure and visual adjustment. C．It relies entirely on visual processing to shape the letters. D．It requires consistent pressure from the fingers to form letters. 10．What can be inferred from paragraph 3? A．Blind typing contributes to brain development. B．Kids have a preference for screens and keyboards. C．Handwritten markers are good for getting ideas linked. D．Adults have the ability to memorize complex information. 11．What is the author’s attitude towards using digital pens? A．Doubtful. B．Unclear. C．Critical. D．Favourable. Passage 20 （2025·广东深圳·5月高考适应性考试）What do you do as spring sets in? Taking off your warm winter coat, and putting it away? For humans, taking off winter coats is a one-minute task. As it turns out, not all animals are so capable. Snowshoe rabbits live in the mountain ranges of North America, and have a pure white coat during the wintertime to match the snowy surroundings and to help avoid being caught. And they take off winter coats for a darker brown fur colour to match the dirt and leaves after the snow melts in the spring. Sounds like a great way to escape from their natural enemies, right? However, concern begins when scientists begin looking at how the warming climate will impact the rabbits. There are more and more white rabbits in the middle of a brown habitat, where the snow has already melted away. This is a problem for them, as they are more easily seen by their natural enemies, giving them a “mismatch” problem. Snowshoe rabbits time the coat change in spring from white to brown based on the change in day length, not the temperature or the presence of snow in their habitat. Nowadays, the snow is melting a week on average before the change in day length signals the change in coat colour, leaving the rabbits exposed to their natural enemies. Some predictions put the rabbits in up to 8 weeks of a white coat in a brown, snowless habitat by the end of this century. This timeline could spell doom for their populations, as their natural enemies will have nearly two months of easily spotting them. Fortunately, scientists have found areas with snowshoe rabbits in colour from white to brown in the same place, meaning the timing of the coat change can be influenced by the environment. Snowshoe rabbits reproduce quickly, and if the colour change timing is passed down then it is possible for rabbits to change coats accordingly. By protecting areas with variable ones, we can give snowshoe rabbits the opportunity to adapt to the changing climate. 12．Why does the author mention humans’ taking off winter coats? A．To imply the cleverness of humans. B．To stress the influence of climate change. C．To lead to the problem of snowshoe rabbits. D．To show the bond between humans and animals. 13．What has made scientists worry about snowshoe rabbits? A．They are active in freezing winter. B．They fail to keep their white colour. C．They can’t get rid of white fur when snow melts. D．They are easily caught by hunters on snowy days. 14．What can be inferred from the underlined sentence in Paragraph 4? A．More rabbits will be killed. B．Rabbits’ enemies are stronger. C．The rabbit population will explode. D．The rabbits may die out in the near future. 15．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．Snowshoe Rabbits: Masters of Coat Change. B．Snowshoe Rabbits: Survivors of Illegal Hunting. C．Snowshoe Rabbits: Victims of Climate Mismatch. D．Snowshoe Rabbits: Witnesses of Natural Selection. 26 / 28 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $