定语从句讲义-2026届高考英语一轮复习专项

定语从句 一、限定性定语从句 （一）、定义 在复合句中用充当定语成分的句子叫作定语从句，用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征。 【例】 This is my friend who gets angry easily. The man who lives next to us is a policeman. 1. 什么是定语？ a beautiful girl 一个漂亮的女孩 a story book 一本故事书 a girl in red 一个穿着红色衣服的女孩 a friend to leave 一位将要离开的朋友 a developing country 一个发展中国家 a developed country 一个发达国家 定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词（短语）或代词的品质或特征的词、短语，通常由名词（短语）、形容词（形容词性物主代词）、介词短语或非谓语（现在分词，过去分词，动词不定式）等来充当。 （二）、位置 被修饰的名词（先行词）的后面。 注：定语从句三要素 1. 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或者代词。“先行”一步的东西或人，走在定语从句前面。 2. 定语从句：修饰某一名词或者代词，充当定语成分的句子。像个跟屁虫，跟在先行词后面，用来修饰先行词。 3. 关系词：引导定语从句的词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。 像关系调和剂，想办法让定语从句和先行词搭上关系。 注：关系词VS连接词/引导词 1. 连接/引导作用（同其它从句） 2. 代替作用（代替先行词） 3. 充当成分作用。 关系词代替先行词，在定语从句中充当一定的成分。 【例】 I helped an old man who lost his way. He is the boy whom you want to play with. 我帮助了一位老人。 I helped an old man. 这位老人迷路了。 An old man lost his way. 我帮助了一位迷路的老人。 I helped an old man An old man lost his way. I helped an old man who lost his way. （三）、关系词 1.关系代词that, which, who /whom, whose, as 关系代词指代人或者物，在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，定语等成分。 (1).指人 who指人，在定语从句中充当主语。 The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩们来自一班。 Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。 whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常用who代替，可省略。 Mr. Liu is the person (who/whom) you talked about. 刘先生就是你谈到的那个人。 The man (who/whom) you met just now is my friend. 你刚才见到的那个人是我的朋友。 (2).which指物，在定语从句中充当主语或者宾语，作宾语时可省略。 Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大部分男孩喜欢的游戏。(which在句子中作主语) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的笔。(which在句子中做宾语) 注： that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中充当主语或者宾语，作宾语时可省略。 (3).whose通常指人，也可指物的，在定语从句中充当定语。 He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸是医生的朋友。 I lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. 我过去住在一个屋顶塌陷的房子里。 注：whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替 whose+n.=the+n.+of+which/whom The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. =The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. 门坏掉的那个教室将很快被修理。 Do you like the book whose color is yellow?=Do you like the book the color of which is yellow? 你喜欢那本颜色是黄色的书吗？ 2.关系副词when, where, why 关系副词在引导定语从句时，其功能相当于介词短语，在句中作状语。when, where, why在定语从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。 1. when 先行词是表示时间的名词（如time,day,year,month, week等)，且关系词在从句中作时间状语时，定语从句用 when引导。 I still remember the day when I first met him. Winter is the time of a year when the day is short but the night is long. 注: 1. when可以换成"介词+which" I still remember the day when/on which I first met him. Winter is the time of year when/ in which the day is short but the night is long. 2. 如果先行词是时间名词但关系词在定语从句中做主语或宾语，则用which或that引导。 I still remember the day which/that was his 100th birthday. I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. 2.where 先行词是表示地点名词如place, factory, house等或抽象地点名词case,state, condition, point, situation 且在定语从句中作状语，则用where。 Shanghai is the city where I was born. I was born in the city I know a place where we can have a picnic. 注: 1. where可以换成"介词+which" Shanghai is the city where / in which I was born. I know a place where / in which we can have a picnic. 2. 如果先行词是地点名词但关系词在定语从句中做主语或宾语，则用which或that引导。 Shanghai is the city which/that I want to visit. I know a place which / that is famous for scenery. 3. why 先行词是表示原因的名词reason, 且关系词在从句中作原因状语时，定语从句用why引导。 This is the reason why he left in a hurry. You should tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 注: 1. why可以换成for which。 This is the reason why /for which he left in a hurry. You should tell me the reason why /for which you missed the plane. 2. 若先行词为reason,且关系词在定语从句中不作状语，而是 充当主语或宾语，则用which或that引导。 I didn’t believe the reason (that/which) he explained to me The reason that he told me yesterday is a lie. 注: 限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况 1. 当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等不定代词时 或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等不定代词修饰时。 She told me the everything that she knew. I will tell him all that you told me at the party. 2. 行词前面有序数词/最高级 或者被序数词/最高级修饰时。 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. This is the best film that I have ever seen. 3. 当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。 This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 4. 当先行词为人与物时。 They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school Tell me about the people and things that/ 不填 you came across on the trip. 1. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。 Who is the man that is standing by the gate? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 同位语从句与定语从句的区别 1.被修饰的词不同：同位语从句的前面一般是不可数的表示抽象意义的名词；而定语从句的先行词是具体的名词。 The news that the health hazzard around the world is coming make us worried.(同位语从句) 世界各地的健康危害即将来临的消息使我们感到担忧。 I am a student who is study in South China Normal University.(定语从句) 我是一名就读于华南师范大学的学生。 2.从句的作用不同：同位语从句表示同位名词的具体内容，而定语从句是对先行词的限制、描绘或说明。 The news that we have won the football match is true.(同位语从句) 我们赢得足球比赛的消息是真的。 The news that Jackson told me yesterday was fake.(定语从句) 杰克逊昨天告诉我的消息是假的。 3.引导词不同：what, how, whether等不能用引导定语从句，但可用于引导同位从句。 The argument whether we should take for granted has not been discussed.(同位语从句) 我们是否应该视之为理所当然的争论还没有被讨论。 The order that Jackson received yesterday was that we would send some people to help the housewife ease the burden of housework.(定语从句) 杰克逊昨天接到的命令是，我们要派一些人去帮助那位家庭主妇减轻家务的负担。 4.引导词的作用不同：引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句的that为关系代词，在从句中充当一定的句子成分。 The news that has won the football match made me happy.(定语从句) 赢得足球比赛的消息使我很高兴。 The news that the coach come back made me happy.(同位语从句) 教练回来的消息让我很高兴。 5.判定定语从句和同位语从句的方法：由于同位语从句是用以说明被修饰名词的具体内容的，所它可以转换同位名词的表语；而定语从句则不能作这种转换。 In the morning, Jackson read a kind of novel that Mary had recommended to me.(定语从句) 早上，杰克逊读了玛丽推荐给我的一种小说。 The real news that we have lost the basketball game can not be accepted by the public.(同位语从句) 2、 非限定性定语从句 （一）、定义 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是一句话。 （二）、位置 先行词后面，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。 （三）、关系词 1.关系代词which, who /whom, whose, as (1). which指代主句中的名词，被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。 These apple trees, which I planted three years ago, have not born any fruit. 这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。 Water, which is a clear liquid，has many uses. 水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。 (2).which指代主句中的形容词。 She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was. 她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。 She is always careless, which we should not be. 她总是马虎大意，我们可不应该这样。 (3).which指代主句中的某个从句。 He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true. 他说以前从没见过她，这不是真的。 (4).which指代整个主句。 In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable. 在那么多人面前他有点紧张，这是可以理解的。 He never has problems in his study, which was admired by his teacher. 他学习上从来没出过问题，他的老师很欣赏这点。 (2).who Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook. 我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，是一位优秀的厨师。 My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year. 我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果。 (3).whom引导 Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris. 彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。 Mr Smith, from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist. 史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。 (4).whose引导 The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard. 这个男孩，他的爸爸是一位工程师，学习很努力 The play，whose style is rigidly formal，is typical of the period. 这剧本是那个时期的典型作品，风格拘谨刻板。 (5).as引导 as引出非限定性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明但通常用于像as we all know, as it is known, as is known to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限定性定语从句中作主语、宾语，且引出的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如……， 就像……”之意。 As we all know, the earth is round.众所周知，地球是圆的。（as在从句中作宾语） As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer. 美国人都知道，马克·吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。（as在从句中作主语） He is absorbed in work, as he often was. 他正在全神贯注地工作，他过去经常这样。（as在从句中作表语） 介词+关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句：在介词后引导非限制性定语从句。 注：特殊结构 “名词/代词+of+which / whom”引导非限制性定语从句。 There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new. 大厅里有三十把椅子，绝大部分是新的。 The textile mill has over 8,000 workers and staffs, eighty per cent of whom are women. 这家纺织厂有8千多职工，女职工占百分之八十。 2.关系副词when, where, why(for which) He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free. 他将把郊游推迟到5月1号，那时他将有空。 They went to London, where they lived for six months. 他们去了伦敦，在那儿呆了六个月的时间。 I had told them the reason, for which I didn’t attend the meeting．我把理由告诉了他们，为此我没去开会。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$