内容正文:
新概念英语第一册121-132课知识点归纳
· 121-122课 定语从句
定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词、词组或代词叫先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等;关系副词有:when, where, why等。
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? (who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2)whose用来指人或物。若指物,还可以同of which互换:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
Please pass me the book whose /of which cover is green.
3)which, that代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等:
A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
The package which/that you are carrying is about to come upwrapped.
· 123-124课 定语从句
定语从句的省略
1)当关系代词在定语从句部分作宾语的时候,关系代词可以省略:
That is the man (who) I know very well.
2)当关系代词在定语从句部分作主语,并且从句的谓语动词是进行时态的时候,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略:
The man who is standing at the gate is my boss. The man standing at the gate is my boss.
3)当关系代词在定语从句部分作主语,并且从句的谓语动词是be+介词短语构成的系表结构时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略:
The woman who is in a hat is my wife. The woman in a hat is my wife.
· 125-126课 must与have to的用法异同
1)都可以表示必须、必要。
2)have to的含义与must相似,两者往往可以互换使用,但have to有各种形式,随have的变化而定。must与have to有下列几点不同:
①must表示的说话人的主观看法,而have to则往往强调客观需要:
The play is not interesting. I really must go now.
I had to work when I was at your age.
②must一般只表现在,have则有更多的时态形式。
③二者的否定意义不大相同:
You mustn’t go. You don’t have to go.
注意:回答must引出的问句时,如果是否定的回答,不能用mustn’t,而要用needn’t或者don’t have to:
Must we hand in our exercise books today?
Yes, you must. / No, you don’t have to.
· 127-128课 must be的用法
1. 表示对现在或将来的肯定推测
结构:must be +名词/形容词/介词短语/现在分词doing
含义:“一定是”“肯定是”,用于说话人根据现有证据或常识作出的确定性推测。
例1:The light is on in her room. She must be at home. 她房间灯亮着,肯定在家。
例2:It must be raining outside. The ground is wet. 外面一定在下雨,地面是湿的。
2. 对现在正在进行的动作的推测
结构:must be +现在分词doing
例:Listen! There’s noise upstairs. They must be having a party. 听!楼上有动静,他们一定在开派对。
3. 它的否定式用can’t be,意思是“不可能是”:
They can’t be husband and wife.
· 129-130课 must have been的用法
1. 表示对过去情况的肯定推测
结构:must have been +名词/形容词/介词短语或must have+过去分词done
含义:“一定已经……”“肯定是(过去)……”,用于对过去发生的事情或状态的推测。
例1:The ground was wet yesterday. It must have rained at night. 昨天地面湿,晚上一定下雨了。
例2:She wasn’t at the meeting. She must have been busy. 她没参加会议,肯定是忙。
2. 对过去正在进行的动作的推测
结构:must have been +现在分词doing
例:He didn’t answer the phone last night. He must have been sleeping. 他昨晚没接电话,一定在睡觉。
3. 它的否定式用can’t have been,意思是“当时不可能是”:
He must have been watching television. I can’t have been listening to music.
· 131-132课 may和might的用法
1)表示请求、允许时,might比may的语气更委婉一些,否定回答时要用mustn’t表示“不可以”、“禁止”:
Might I use your pen? No, you mustn’t.
May I…? 表征询对方许可,在文体上比较正式,在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中,用Can I…? 征询对方意见更为常见。
2)用于祈使句中表示祝愿:
May you succeed!
3)表示推测、可能,意思是“可能是”:
He may be very busy now.
4)“may/ might have+过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测,意思是“当时可能是”:
He may not have finished the work.
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