精品解析：上海市曹杨中学2024-2025学年高二下学期期末考试英语试题

上海市曹杨中学2024学年第二学期 高二英语期末试卷 总分：115分；考试时间：105分钟； I．Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Friend or Enemy? It’s clear that the viruses ___1___ (trap) in our genome (基因组) have brought us enormous benefits on an evolutionary timescale. But they aren’t all so helpful. Around one in twenty human babies is born with a new viral ‘jump’ somewhere in its genome, which could deactivate an important gene and cause disease. There’s increasing evidence ___2___ jumping transposons (跳跃基因) contribute to the genetic problems inside cancer cells. And research suggests that brain cells are particularly good locations for reactivating jumping genes, possibly increasing the diversity of nerve cells and enhancing our brainpower but also potentially causing ageing-related memory problems ___3___ (occur). So are these viruses inside our DNA our friends or our enemies? Paolo Mita, a postdoctoral fellow researching transposons at NYU School of Medicine in New York, ___4___ (suggest) that it’s a bit of both. “I’ll call them our ‘frenemies’, because when you look at their role ___5___ one human lifespan, they are going to produce negative effects if ___6___ (mobilize),” he explains. “In the short term, they are our enemies. On the other hand, if you are looking across time, these elements are a powerful force of evolution and they are still active in our species today. Evolution is just the way ___7___ organisms respond to changes in the environment, and in this case they are definitely our friends because they have shaped ___8___ our genome works now.” And are the viruses ___9___ (infect) us today going to have an impact on our evolution in the future? “Of course! The answer is why not?” laughs Mita. “But it will be many generations until we can look back and say this evolution has happened. But you can see the remains of previous arms races in the genome between the endogenous retroviruses (内源性逆转录病毒) and the host cells. It’s a continuous battle, and I don’t think it ____10____ (stop) ever.” 【答案】1. trapped 2. that 3. to occur 4. suggests 5. in 6. mobilized 7. that 8. how 9. infecting 10. has stopped 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一项研究报告，人类基因组的某个地方出现的新病毒既是人类的朋友，也是敌人。 【1题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：显然，在漫长的进化历程中，我们基因组中所携带的病毒为我们带来了巨大的益处。此处trap与viruses构成被动关系，故用过去分词作定语。故填trapped。 【2题详解】 考查同位语从句。句意：越来越多的证据表明，跳跃式转座因子会引发癌细胞内部的遗传问题。引导同位语从句，说明evidence的内容，从句不缺少成分且句意完整，故用that。故填that。 【3题详解】 考查不定式。句意：研究显示，脑细胞是激活跳跃基因的绝佳场所，这可能会增加神经细胞的多样性，提高大脑的智力水平，但同时也可能引发与衰老相关的记忆问题。cause...to do“导致……做某事”为固定搭配，不定式作宾补。故填to occur。 【4题详解】 考查时态。句意：纽约大学医学院从事转座子研究的博士后研究员保罗·米塔认为，它们既可能是我们的朋友，也可能是我们的敌人。陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为Paolo Mita，谓语用三单形式。故填suggests。 【5题详解】 考查介词。句意：“我会称他们为我们的‘敌友关系者’，因为从一个人生的整个历程来看，一旦这些因素被激发出来，它们将会产生负面影响的。”他解释道。in one human lifespan“在人的一生中”是固定搭配。故填in。 【6题详解】 考查状语从句的省略。句意：“我会称他们为我们的‘敌友关系者’，因为从一个人生的整个历程来看，一旦这些因素被激发出来，它们将会产生负面影响的。”他解释道。此处是条件状语从句的省略，完整句子应是if they are mobilized，they指代 viruses，和mobilize为被动关系，用一般现在时的被动语态，省略主语和be动词。故填mobilized。 【7题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：进化不过就是生物体对环境变化作出的反应方式，在这种情况下，它们无疑就是我们的朋友，因为正是它们塑造了我们现在的基因运作方式。定语从句修饰先行词way，在从句作方式状语，故填that。 【8题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：进化不过就是生物体对环境变化作出的反应方式，在这种情况下，它们无疑就是我们的朋友，因为正是它们塑造了我们现在的基因运作方式。引导宾语从句，从句缺少方式状语，需用连接副词how, 故填how。 【9题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：今天感染我们的病毒会对我们未来的进化产生影响吗？infect和主语viruses为主动关系，用现在分词形作后置定语。故填infecting。 【10题详解】 考查冠词。句意：这是一场持续不断的战斗，我认为它从未停止过。ever用于现在完成时，主语是it，助动词用has。故填has stopped。 Section B Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．unrecognized B．consequently C．fiction D．advanced E．historically F．understanding G．identify H．picture I．unaffected J．long-standing K．breakthroughs A New Dark Age Possibility Imagine a future in which humanity’s wisdom about Earth — our vast experience with weather trends, fish migration patterns and much more — turns out-of-date. Civilization enters a dark age in its ____11____ of our planet. To comprehend, how this could occur, ____12____ yourself in our grandchildren’s time. Significant global warming has occurred, as scientists predicted. Nature’s ____13____ patterns — relied on for millennia by humanity to plan everything — are no longer so reliable. Cycles that have been largely repeatable are disrupted (打乱) by dramatic climate changes. As Earth’s warming becomes stable, new patterns begin to appear. At first, they are hard to ____14____ These new patterns need many years — sometimes decades — to reveal themselves fully. Until then, farmers will struggle to predict new seasonal patterns and regularly plant wrong crops. Early signs of major disasters will go ____15____. Disruptive impacts will be widespread. Such a dark age is a growing possibility. In a recent report, scientists concluded that human-caused global warming was already changing patterns of some extreme weather events. Our foundation of Earth knowledge, largely obtained from ____16____ observed patterns, has been central to society’s progress. Early cultures kept track of nature’s ebb and flow (起伏盛衰), passing improved knowledge about Earth to each new generation. Science has sped up this process through ____17____ observation methods. However, as Earth warms, our historical understanding will turn out-of-date faster than we can replace it with new knowledge. Some patterns will change significantly; others will be largely ____18____ though it will be difficult to say what will change, by how much, and when. Without big scientific ____19____, we will remain reliant on pattern-based methods. The problem is, these patterns will become increasingly difficult to track. Predicting extreme weather may become even tougher than it is today. We _____20_____ will face huge challenges. Our grandchildren could grow up knowing less about the planet than we do today. This is not what we want to leave them, yet we are on the edge of ensuring this happens. 【答案】11. F 12. H 13. J 14. G 15. A 16. E 17. D 18. I 19. K 20. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了全球变暖可能导致人类对地球的认知陷入“新黑暗时代”的风险：气候模式的改变会使传统知识过时，若缺乏科学突破，人类将难以适应新变化，面临巨大挑战。 【11题详解】 考查名词。句意：文明在对我们星球的理解上进入了一个黑暗时代。根据上文“humanity’s wisdom about Earth — our vast experience with weather trends, fish migration patterns and much more(人类对地球的智慧——我们对天气趋势、鱼类迁徙模式等的丰富经验)”可知，此处指对地球的理解进入黑暗时代，空处应用名词understanding，表示“理解”，作介词in的宾语。故选F。 【12题详解】 考查动词。句意：为了理解这是如何发生的，想象一下自己身处孙辈的时代。分析句子结构可知，此处为祈使句，空处应用动词原形，结合“身处孙辈时代”的语境可知，此处应用picture表示“想象”。故选H。 【13题详解】 考查形容词。句意：人类数千年来赖以规划一切的自然长期模式不再那么可靠。根据下文“relied on for millennia(依赖了几千年)”可知，此处指自然长期模式不再可靠，空处应用形容词long-standing，表示“长期的”，修饰名词patterns。故选J。 【14题详解】 考查动词。句意：起初，它们很难识别。根据下文“These new patterns need many years — sometimes decades — to reveal themselves fully.”可知，新的模式需要很多年才能完全显现，所以起初很难识别，空处应用动词identify，表示“识别”，且空前有不定式符号to，所以空处用动词原形。故选G。 【15题详解】 考查形容词。句意：重大灾难的早期迹象将不被注意。根据上文“These new patterns need many years — sometimes decades — to reveal themselves fully. Until then, farmers will struggle to predict new seasonal patterns and regularly plant wrong crops.(这些新的模式需要很多年——有时是几十年——才能完全显露出来。在此之前，农民将难以预测新的季节模式，并经常种植错误的作物)”可知，此处指重大灾难的早期迹象将不被注意，“go + 形容词”表示状态，空处应用形容词unrecognized，表示“未被注意的”，作表语。故选A。 【16题详解】 考查副词。句意：我们对地球知识的基础，主要来自于对历史上观察到的模式的理解，一直是社会进步的核心。根据下文“Early cultures kept track of nature’s ebb and flow (起伏盛衰), passing improved knowledge about Earth to each new generation.(早期的文化记录着自然的起伏盛衰，将对地球的认识传给每一代新人)”可知，此处指对历史上观察到的模式的理解，空处应用副词historically，表示“历史上地”，修饰动词observed。故选E。 【17题详解】 考查形容词。句意：科学通过先进的观察方法加速了这一过程。根据“Science has sped up this process”可知，此处指先进的观察方法加速了这一过程，空处应用形容词advanced，表示“先进的”，修饰名词observation methods。故选D。 【18题详解】 考查形容词。句意：一些模式将发生重大变化；而其他模式将基本不受影响，尽管很难说哪些会改变，改变多少，以及何时改变。此处和上文“Some patterns will change significantly”形成对比，故指其他模式将基本不受影响，空处应用形容词unaffected，表示“不受影响的”，作表语。故选I。 【19题详解】 考查名词。句意：如果没有重大的科学突破，我们将继续依赖基于模式的方法。根据“we will remain reliant on pattern-based methods”可知，此处指如果没有重大的科学突破，空处应用名词breakthroughs，表示“突破”，作介词without的宾语。故选K。 【20题详解】 考查副词。句意：我们因此将面临巨大的挑战。根据上文“we will remain reliant on pattern-based methods”和“The problem is, these patterns will become increasingly difficult to track. Predicting extreme weather may become even tougher than it is today.(问题是，这些模式将变得越来越难以追踪。预测极端天气可能会比现在更加困难)”可知，此处指无疑将面临巨大的挑战，应用副词consequently，表示“因此，无疑地”，来表示一种因果关系。故选B。 II．Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. If you survey American parents about what they want for their kids, more than 90 percent say one of their top priorities is that their children be caring. This makes sense: Kindness and concern for others are held as ____21____ in nearly every society. But when you ask children what their parents want for them, 81 percent say their parents ____22____ achievement and happiness over caring. Kids learn what’s ____23____ to adults not by listening to what we say, but by noticing what gets our attention. And in many developed societies, parents now pay more attention to individual achievement and happiness than anything else. However much we ____24____ kindness and caring, we’re not actually showing our kids that we appreciate these traits. Perhaps we shouldn’t be surprised, then, that kindness appears to be ____25____. An analysis of annual surveys of American college students showed a substantial drop from 1979 to 2009 in imagining the perspectives of others. Over this period; students grew ____26____ to feel concern for people less fortunate than themselves. It’s not just that people care less; they seem to be ____27____ less, too. In one experiment, a sociologist left thousands of what appeared to be lost letters in dozens of American cities in 2001, and again in 2011. From the first round to the second one, the proportion of letters that was ____28____ by passersby and put in a mailbox declined by 10 percent. Psychologists find that kids born after 1995 ____29____ as much as their predecessors (前辈) that other people experiencing difficulty should be helped — but they feel less personal responsibility to take action themselves. If we truly care less about one another, some of the _____30_____ lies with the values parents have promoted. In our own lives, we’ve observed many parents becoming so focused on achievement that they _____31_____ kindness. Other parents discourage kindness, seeing it as a source of _____32_____ in a fiercely competitive world. In some parenting circles, for example, there’s a movement against _____33_____ when preschoolers are selfish in their play. These parents worry that stepping in might prevent kids from learning to stick up for themselves, and say that they’re less _____34_____ the prospect of raising an adult who doesn’t share than one who struggles to say no. But there’s no reason parents can’t teach their kids to care about others and themselves — to be both _____35_____ and self-respecting. If you encourage children to consider the needs and feelings of others, sometimes they will and sometimes they won’t. But they’ll soon learn that if you don’t treat others considerately, they may not be considerate toward you. 21. A. events B. virtues C. records D. media 22. A. change B. dislike C. value D. pay 23. A. important B. available C. familiar D. equal 24. A. encounter B. deserve C. display D. praise 25. A. in decline B. under control C. on hand D. above average 26. A. more willing B. less likely C. more surprised D. less relieved 27. A. saying B. thinking C. enjoying D. helping 28. A. set aside B. taken down C. picked up D. put off 29. A. care B. doubt C. believe D. complain 30. A. difference B. theme C. demand D. blame 31. A. neglect B. respect C. define D. evaluate 32. A. happiness B. weakness C. comfort D. anxiety 33. A. discriminating B. forgiving C. collapsing D. intervening 34. A. curious about B. grateful for C. worried about D. helpful for 35. A. independent B. generous C. knowledgeable D. appreciative 【答案】21. B 22. C 23. A 24. D 25. A 26. B 27. D 28. C 29. C 30. D 31. A 32. B 33. D 34. C 35. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要讨论了美国父母对孩子期望与孩子感知之间的差异，特别是关于成就、幸福与关怀之间的平衡，以及这种差异如何影响孩子的价值观和行为。 【21题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这很有道理：在几乎每个社会中，善良和对他人的关心都被视为美德。A. events事件；B. virtues美德；C. records记录；D. media媒体。根据上文“more than 90 percent say one of their top priorities is that their children be caring(超过90%的人表示，他们的首要任务之一是让孩子变得关心他人)”以及“Kindness and concern for others”可知，善良和对他人的关心都是“美德”。故选B项。 【22题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：但当你问孩子们他们的父母希望他们成为什么样的人时，81%的孩子说他们的父母更看重成就和幸福，而不是关心他人。A. change改变；B. dislike不喜欢；C. value重视；D. pay支付。根据上文“what their parents want for them”和下文“parents now pay more attention to individual achievement and happiness than anything else(比起其他任何事情，父母现在更关注个人的成就和幸福)”可知，此处指孩子们认为父母更“重视，看重”成就和幸福。故选C项。 【23题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：孩子们通过观察什么能吸引我们的注意力，而不是听我们说什么，来了解成年人认为什么是重要的。A. important重要的；B. available可获得的；C. familiar熟悉的；D. equal平等的。根据文章首句中“If you survey American parents about what they want for their kids(如果你调查美国父母对孩子的期望)”以及下文“parents now pay more attention to individual achievement and happiness than anything else(比起其他任何事情，父母现在更关注个人的成就和幸福)”中的“pay attention to”可知，孩子们通过观察父母的注意力所在来了解成年人认为什么是“重要的”。故选A项。 【24题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：无论我们多么赞扬善良和关心他人，我们实际上并没有向孩子们展示我们欣赏这些品质。A. encounter遭遇；B. deserve值得；C. display展示；D. praise赞扬。根据上文“more than 90 percent say one of their top priorities is that their children be caring(超过90%的人表示，他们的首要任务之一是让孩子变得关心他人)”和下文“we’re not actually showing our kids that we appreciate these traits”表达的让步关系可知，父母都希望孩子变得善良体贴，故此处表示尽管我们“赞扬、歌颂”善良和体贴，但实际上没有向孩子表现出这一点。故选D项。 【25题详解】 考查介词短语辨析。句意：也许我们不应该感到惊讶，因为善良似乎正在减少。A. in decline在减少；B. under control在控制之下；C. on hand在手头；D. above average高于平均水平。根据下文“An analysis of annual surveys of American college students showed a substantial drop from 1979 to 2009 in imagining the perspectives of others.(一项对美国大学生年度调查的分析显示，从1979年到2009年，从别人的角度着想的能力大幅下降)”可知，善良似乎正在“减少，衰退”。故选A项。 【26题详解】 考查形容词短语辨析。句意：在这段时间里，学生们越来越不太可能对那些比自己不幸人表示关心。A. more willing更愿意的；B. less likely不太可能的；C. more surprised更惊讶的；D. less relieved不太放心的。根据上文“a substantial drop from 1979 to 2009 in imagining the perspectives of others”可知，为别人着想的能力在下降，故学生们越来越“不太可能”对那些比自己不幸的人表示关心。故选B项。 【27题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：不仅仅是人们关心得更少了；他们似乎也帮助得更少了。A. saying说；B. thinking思考；C. enjoying享受；D. helping帮助。根据下文“other people experiencing difficulty should be helped — but they feel less personal responsibility to take action themselves(其他遇到困难的人应该得到帮助，但他们觉得自己没有采取行动的个人责任)”可知，人们似乎也更不愿意“帮忙”了。故选D项。 【28题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：从第一轮到第二轮，被路人捡起并放入邮箱的信件比例下降了10%。A. set aside留出；B. taken down记下；C. picked up捡起；D. put off推迟。根据上文“what appeared to be lost letters”以及下文“by passersby and put in a mailbox”可知，此处表示看似被丢掉的信件被路人“捡起”并放入邮箱。故选C项。 【29题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：心理学家发现，1995年以后出生的孩子和他们的前辈一样认同那些遇到困难的人应该得到帮助，但他们觉得自己采取行动的个人责任感降低了。A. care关心；B. doubt怀疑；C. believe相信，认同；D. complain抱怨。根据下文“but they feel less personal responsibility to take action themselves”表示的转折关系可知，孩子们“认为”那些遇到困难的人应该得到帮助，但是他们认为自己没有义务采取行动去帮忙，空处和下文“take action”形成对比。故选C项。 【30题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果我们真的不那么关心彼此，部分责任在于父母所提倡的价值观。A. difference差异；B. theme主题；C. demand需求；D. blame责任。根据下文“we’ve observed many parents becoming so focused on achievement that they ____11____ kindness”以及“Other parents discourage kindness”可知，下文描述了父母关注个人成就而不关心善良体贴的事实，故此处表示孩子不会关心他人的部分“责任”在于父母所提倡的价值观。故选D项。 【31题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在我们自己的生活中，我们观察到许多父母过于关注成就，以至于忽视了善良。A. neglect忽视；B. respect尊重；C. define定义；D. evaluate评估。根据上文描述的善良下降的现象以及空前“many parents becoming so focused on achievement”可知，许多父母过于关注成就，以至于“忽视”了善良。故选A项。 32题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：其他父母则不鼓励善良，认为在一个竞争激烈的世界里，善良是软弱的根源。A. happiness幸福；B. weakness软弱；C. comfort安慰；D. anxiety焦虑。根据上文“Other parents discourage kindness”和下文“in a fiercely competitive world”可知，在一个竞争激烈的世界里，善良被视为“软弱”的根源。故选B项。 【33题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，在一些育儿圈子里，有一场运动反对在学龄前儿童在玩耍时表现出自私进行干预。A. discriminating歧视；B. forgiving原谅；C. collapsing崩溃；D. intervening干预。根据下文“stepping in”可知，此处表示反对在孩子玩耍中出现自私行为时“干预”。故选D项。 【34题详解】 考查形容词短语辨析。句意：这些父母担心干预可能会阻止孩子学会维护自己，并表示与担心培养出一个不懂得分享的成年人相比，他们更担心的是培养出一个难以说“不”的成年人。A. curious about对……好奇；B. grateful for对……感激；C. worried about担心；D. helpful for对……有帮助。根据上文“there’s a movement against ____13____ when preschoolers are selfish in their play. These parents worry that stepping in might prevent kids from learning to stick up for themselves”可知，一些父母反对干预孩子的自私行为，希望孩子学会维护自己，由此推知这些父母“不那么担心”培养出一个不懂得分享的成年人，更担心的是培养出一个不会拒绝的成年人。故选C项。 【35题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但父母没有理由不教他们的孩子关心他人和关心自己 —— 既要慷慨仁慈又要自重。A. independent独立的；B. generous慷慨的，仁慈的；C. knowledgeable知识渊博的；D. appreciative感激的。根据上文“teach their kids to care about others and themselves”可知，父母应该教孩子既要“慷慨“又要自尊，此处与care about others对应，表示对他人“慷慨，体贴”。故选B项。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Sometimes a stranger can significantly improve our day. A pleasant encounter with someone we don’t know, even a nonverbal exchange, can comfort us when no one else is around. It may get us out of our own heads — a proven mood booster — and help broaden our perspective. “People feel more connected when they talk to strangers, like they are part of something bıgger,” says Gillian Sandstrom, a psychologist and senior lecturer at the University of Essex who studies interactions between strangers. In research studies, Sandstrom has found that people’s moods improve after they have a conversation with a stranger — say, a Starbucks barista, a volunteer at a museum, or the person next to them in line. Overall, people report that they are happier on days when they have more interactions with acquaintances (泛泛之交) they don’t know well. And yet most of us resist talking to people we don’t know or barely know. We feel upset about the mechanics of the conversation — how to start, maintain, or stop it. We think we will blather on and disclose too much, or not talk enough. We worry we will bore the other person. We’re typically wrong. Sandstrom’s research shows that people underestımate how much another person will like them when they talk for the first time. In a study in which she asked participants to talk to at least one stranger a day for five days, 99 percent said they had found at least one of the exchanges pleasantly surprising, 82 percent said they’d learned something from one of the strangers, 43 percent had exchanged contact information, and 40 percent had communicated with one of the strangers again. Scientists believe there may be an ancient reason why humans are able to enjoy interacting with strangers. To survive as a species, we need to mate outside our own gene pool, so we may have evolved to have both the social skills and the motivation to be with people who are not in our tribe. You don’t even have to talk to complete strangers to reap the benefits. Multiple studies show that people who interact regularly with passing acquaintances or who engage with others through community groups, religious gatherings, or volunteer opportunities have better emotional and physical health and live longer than those who do not. 36. According to the passage, most people are ______ to talk with strangers. A. comfortable B. eager C. unwilling D. disappointed 37. The figures in paragraph 5 are meant to illustrate that ______. A. people feel better than expected after talking with strangers B. people may disclose too much if they communicate with strangers C. people should leave a good impression while talking with strangers D. people underestimate their ability to start a conversation with strangers 38. According to the passage, which statement are scientists most likely to agree with? A. Our social skills are declining with evolution. B. We enjoy interacting with strangers by nature. C. We prefer to communicate with strangers non-verbally. D. Our motivation to interact with strangers varies across cultures. 39. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? A. Strangers are kinder than we think. B. Random interactions can be meaningful. C. We should be careful when talking with strangers. D. Interactions with acquaintances may not benefit us. 【答案】36. C 37. A 38. B 39. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了与陌生人交流的益处，包括提升心情、拓宽视野等，并解释了人们为何倾向于避免与陌生人交流，同时指出与陌生人交流对身心健康有积极影响。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“And yet most of us resist talking to people we don’t know or barely know. (然而，我们大多数人都拒绝与不认识或几乎不认识的人交谈。)”可知，大多数人不愿意与陌生人交谈。故选C项。 【37题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段中“Sandstrom’s research shows that people underestımate how much another person will like them when they talk for the first time. In a study in which she asked participants to talk to at least one stranger a day for five days, 99 percent said they had found at least one of the exchanges pleasantly surprising, 82 percent said they’d learned something from one of the strangers, 43 percent had exchanged contact information, and 40 percent had communicated with one of the strangers again. (Sandstrom的研究表明，人们低估了第一次交谈时对方对自己的喜欢程度。在一项研究中，她要求参与者在五天内每天至少与一个陌生人交谈，99%的人表示，他们发现至少有一次交流令人惊喜，82%的人表示，他们从其中一个陌生人那里学到了一些东西，43%的人交换了联系方式，40%的人再次与其中一个陌生人交流。)”可推知，第五段中的数字是为了说明人们在与陌生人交谈后感觉比预期的要好。故选A项。 【38题详解】 推理判断题。根据第六段“Scientists believe there may be an ancient reason why humans are able to enjoy interacting with strangers. To survive as a species, we need to mate outside our own gene pool, so we may have evolved to have both the social skills and the motivation to be with people who are not in our tribe. (科学家们认为，人类之所以能够享受与陌生人的互动，可能有一个古老的原因。作为一个物种，为了生存，我们需要在自己的基因库之外寻找配偶，所以我们可能已经进化出了与部落之外的人相处的社交技能和动机。)”可推知，科学家们最可能同意的观点是我们天生就喜欢与陌生人互动。故选B项。 【39题详解】 推理判断题。纵览全文，尤其是根据第一段“Sometimes a stranger can significantly improve our day. A pleasant encounter with someone we don’t know, even a nonverbal exchange, can comfort us when no one else is around. It may get us out of our own heads — a proven mood booster — and help broaden our perspective. (有时候，一个陌生人就能大大改善我们的一天。与一个我们不认识的人愉快地相遇，甚至是一个非语言的交流，都能在我们身边没有其他人的时候安慰我们。它可能会让我们摆脱自己的思维定式 —— 这是一种已被证明能提升情绪的方法 —— 并帮助我们拓宽视野。)”以及最后一段“You don’t even have to talk to complete strangers to reap the benefits. Multiple studies show that people who interact regularly with passing acquaintances or who engage with others through community groups, religious gatherings, or volunteer opportunities have better emotional and physical health and live longer than those who do not.(你甚至不需要和完全陌生的人交谈就能获得好处。多项研究表明，与过路的熟人定期互动，或通过社区团体、宗教聚会或志愿者机会与他人交往的人，比那些不这样做的人情绪和身体健康状况更好，寿命也更长。)”可推知，文章主要讲述了与陌生人交流的益处，由此可得出结论：不经意的互动可能是有意义的。故选B项。 (B) A scientist’s guide to Spring Cleaning ①________ It depends on how much you care about the effects that cleaning can have. We’ve done research into this. In one study, people completed tasks in tidy or untidy rooms, then had the option to donate to charity. We found that those in tidy room were more likely to donate. Cleaning seems to make you more likely to act in a way that is more upstanding and consistent with social norms. Can I still get psychological benefits of cleaning if I pay someone else to do it? Absolutely. You don’t have to be the person that does all the tidying in order for your behaviour to change. A neat house can have an effect on everyone in the household. My teenage daughter argues that she can’t help being messy. Should I let her off tidying her room? Some people are habitually messy, but that’s not always a bad thing. In another study, we had our subjects sit in clean or messy rooms while dreaming up new uses for ping pong balls. We found that people from the messy rooms were more creative and innovative with their ideas. Now I have an excuse for the state of my house. But when should I worry that things are too messy? Speaking from a personal perspective, you should start to worry if the mess is preventing you from getting things done in an efficient manner. There’s a concept called ‘household chaos’. Suppose your two shoes are never in the same place. If you have to run around and find the missing shoe, it could cause problems in your everyday life. That’s when things start to get too messy. ②________ If you find you’ve thrown things away that you later realise you need, or if being too tidy gets in the way of enjoying social interactions. I remember going to a colleague’s house that was spotless, with white carpets and a white couch, and I found that I just couldn’t relax. ③________ Try ‘cleaning purgatory’. Before I throw out anything that I think I may regret, I put in a holding bin. It sits there for a month. If I don’t get back to it then it has to go. 40. Some headings are missing in the passage. Match the following headings with the proper paragraphs. Note there is one more than you need. a. How do I know what to get rid of? b. Should I bother with the spring cleaning? c. How do I know I’m too tidy? d what do you think of being too tidy? A. ①a ②c ③b B. ①b ②d ③c C. ①b ②c ③a D. ①a ②d ③b 41. What effect does cleaning have on people? A. It inspires people’s creativity. B. It makes people more generous. C. It costs people too much time. D. It gets people to work less efficiently. 42. What suggestion is given in the passage? A. Don’t let the mess take over. B. Associate cleanliness and order with morality. C. Help young children develop a habit of tidiness. D. Better not ask anyone else to do the cleaning for you. 【答案】40. C 41. B 42. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了关于春季清洁的科学指南，包括清洁对人的心理影响、判断整洁或混乱程度的标准以及清理物品的建议等。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。①处段落开头通过“It depends on how much you care about the effects that cleaning can have. (这取决于你有多在意清洁可能产生的影响)”引出对“是否需要进行春季清洁”的讨论，对应标题b“Should I bother with the spring cleaning? (我需要费心进行春季大扫除吗？)”；②处段落通过同事家过于整洁让人无法放松的例子，探讨“何时该担心过于整洁”，对应标题c“How do I know I’m too tidy? (我怎么知道自己过于整洁了呢？)”；③处段落介绍“cleaning purgatory”方法来决定物品去留，对应标题a“How do I know what to get rid of ? (我怎么知道该扔掉什么呢？)”。故选C项。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“We found that those in tidy room were more likely to donate. (我们发现，身处整洁房间的人更有可能进行捐赠)”可知，处于整洁房间的人更可能捐款，即清洁会让人更慷慨。故选B项。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Try ‘cleaning purgatory’. Before I throw out anything that I think I may regret, I put in a holding bin. It sits there for a month. If I don’t get back to it then it has to go. (试试“清洁炼狱”法。在我打算扔掉任何可能会后悔丢弃的东西之前，我会把它放进一个暂存箱里。它会在那里存放一个月。如果一个月内我没有再用到它，那它就必须被扔掉)”可知，作者建议通过暂存物品来判断是否丢弃，这一方法的核心是平衡整洁与混乱，避免混乱占据主导以至于影响生活。故选A项。 (C) As artificial-intelligence products steadily improve at pretending to be human—an AI produced voice that books restaurant reservations by phone, for example, or a chat robot that answers consumers’ questions online—people will increasingly be put in the unsettling situation of not knowing whether they are talking to a machine. But the truth may make such products less effective: recent research finds a trade-off between transparency (透明度) and cooperation in human-computer interactions. The study used a simple game in which paired players make a series of decisions to cooperate with or betray their partner. In the long run, it pays for both to keep cooperating—but there is always the temptation to betray and earn extra points short term, at the partner’s expense. The researchers used an Al algorithm (算法) that, when posing as a person, implemented a strategy that was better than people are at getting human partners to cooperate. But previous work suggested people tend to disbelieve machines, so the scientists wondered what would happen if the robot revealed itself as such. The team hoped people playing with a known robot would recognize its ability to cooperate (without being a pushover) and would eventually get past their disbelief. “Sadly, we failed at this goal,” says Talal Rahwan, a computer scientist at New York University in Abu Dhabi and a senior author on the paper, published last November in Nature Machine Intelligence. “No matter what the algorithm did, people just stuck to their prejudice.” A robot playing openly as a robot was less likely to get cooperation than another human, even though its strategy was clearly more beneficial to both players. (In each mode, the robot played 50 rounds against at least 150 individuals.) In an additional experiment, players were told, “Data suggest that people are better off if they treat the robot as if it were a human.” It had no effect. Virginia Dignum, who leads the Social and Ethical Artificial Intelligence group at Umea University in Sweden and was not involved in the study, praises the researchers for exploring the transparency-efficacy trade-off, but she would like to see it tested beyond the paper’s particular setup. The authors say that in the public field, people should be asked for agreement to be deceived about a robot’s identity. It cannot be on an interaction-by-interaction basis, or else the “deception” obviously will not work. But blanket permission for occasional deception, even if it can be obtained, still raises ethical quandaries (道德困境). Dignum says humans should have the option to know after they have interacted with a robot -but if she is calling customer service with a simple question, she adds, “I just want to get my answer.” 43. The word “trade-off ” is closest in meaning to __________. A. balancing B. combining C. distinction D. agreement 44. According to the passage, what attitude do people generally take towards robots? A. Highly positive. B. Casual. C. Strongly opposed. D. Distrustful. 45. What can be inferred about the research findings from the passage? A. They fail to support the researchers’ assumption. B. They will draw people’s attention to robots’ problems. C. They are different from the previous research findings. D. They can explain why people treat a robot like a human. 46. According to the passage, what is Virginia Dignum most likely to agree with? A Talal Rahwan’s research findings can’t apply to the real-world situations. B. Blanket permission for interacting with a robot does more harm than good. C. People needn’t be told that they are interacting with a robot on all occasions. D. The relationship between transparency and efficacy has been fully explored. 【答案】43. A 44. D 45. A 46. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了随着人工智能产品在扮演人类角色方面不断进步，人们越来越担心对面正和自己交流是否是机器人，因为人们有自己的偏见，不信任机器人，即使实验证明机器人是有好的合作能力的。 【43题详解】 词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“The researchers used an Al algorithm (算法)that, when posing as a person, implemented a strategy that was better than people are at getting human partners to cooperate. But previous work suggested people tend to disbelieve machines, so the scientists wondered what would happen if the robot revealed itself as such.（研究人员使用了一种人工智能算法，当假扮成一个人的时候，实施了一种比人类更善于让人类伙伴合作的策略。但是之前的研究表明人们倾向于不相信机器，所以科学家们想知道如果机器人真的这样暴露出来会发生什么)”可知提到了人们不相信机器，即使机器人的策略比人类本身的策略更容易让合作伙伴合作；根据文章第三段““ No matter what the algorithm did, people just stuck to their prejudice.” A robot playing openly as a robot was less likely to get cooperation than another human, even though its strategy was clearly more beneficial to both players.(“不管算法做了什么，人们只是坚持自己的偏见。”一个公开扮演机器人的机器人比人类更不可能获得合作，尽管它的策略显然对双方都更有利)”可知无论怎样做，人们就是不相信机器人，如果被告知是机器人的话，他们更不会选择机器人合作了，综上所述，推知“But the truth may make such products less effective: recent research finds a trade-off between transparency (透明度)and cooperation in human-computer interactions.(但事实可能会降低这类产品的效率：最近的研究发现，在人机交流中，透明度和合作之间存在权衡)”表述的是人们在与机器交流中，应该存在透明度和合作之间的平衡，否则，一旦人们知道对面是机器人在和他们交流，他们根本不会相信机器人，那必然会导致机器人的效率低了，所以在透明度和合作之间要有平衡，故推知“trade-off ”意思的“平衡”；故选A项。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据文第二段“But previous work suggested people tend to disbelieve machines, so the scientists wondered what would happen if the robot revealed itself as such.(但是之前的研究表明人们倾向于不相信机器，所以科学家们想知道如果机器人真的这样暴露出来会发生什么)”和文章第三段“The team hoped people playing with a known robot would recognize its ability to cooperate (without being a pushover) and would eventually get past their disbelief. “Sadly, we failed at this goal,”(研究小组希望人们在与一个已知的机器人玩时能够认识到它的合作能力（而不是一个容易被打败的机器人） ，并最终克服他们的怀疑。“遗憾的是，我们失败了”)”可知研究表明人类不相信机器人，而科学家希望人类能认识到机器人的合作能力而最终战胜对它们的怀疑，但是失败了，推知人类对机器人的态度就是抱有怀疑的；故选D项。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“But previous work suggested people tend to disbelieve machines, so the scientists wondered what would happen if the robot revealed itself as such.(但是之前的研究表明人们倾向于不相信机器，所以科学家们想知道如果机器人真的这样暴露出来会发生什么)”可知研究表明人类不相信机器，而科学家们想知道如果机器人真的暴露出来，会生什么；根据文章第三段““ No matter what the algorithm did, people just stuck to their prejudice.” A robot playing openly as a robot was less likely to get cooperation than another human, even though its strategy was clearly more beneficial to both players.(“不管算法做了什么，人们只是坚持自己的偏见。”一个公开扮演机器人的机器人比人类更不可能获得合作，尽管它的策略显然对双方都更有利。”)”可知不管怎样做，人们就是不相信机器人，如果人们被告知是机器人，更不可能去跟它们合作。由此推知，实验结果不支持科学家们的假设，故选A项。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“praises the researchers for exploring the transparency-efficacy trade-off, but she would like to see it tested beyond the paper’s particular setup.(赞扬了研究人员探索透明度与效率之间的平衡,，但她希望看到它在论文的特殊设置之外进行测试)”可知Dignum对于此项研究是赞同的，而且希望去除实验特殊设置；根据文章最后一段“The authors say that in the public field, people should be asked for agreement to be deceived about a robot’s identity. It cannot be on an interaction-by interaction basis, or else the “deception” obviously will not work. But blanket permission for occasional deception, even if it can be obtained, still raises ethical quandaries (道德困境). Dignum says humans should have the option to know after they have interacted with a robot -but if she is calling customer service with a simple question, she adds, “I just want to get my answer.”(作者说，在公共领域，应该要求人们同意被欺骗的机器人的身份。它不能建立在互动的基础上，否则“欺骗”显然不会起作用。但是，即使能够获得对偶尔欺骗行为的全面许可，仍然会引发道德上的两难困境。Dignum说，人类在与机器人交流之后应该有权知道答案，但是如果她打电话给客服只是为了问一个简单的问题，她补充说，“我只是想得到我的答案)”可知此项研究论文的作者认为不应该事先告知人们机器人的身份，而Dignum对于这个研究是赞扬的，即对论文的作者的观点是不排斥的，并且认为可以去除实验中的设置来验证这个现象，而且Dignum认为人们在与机器交流后应该有权知道答案，而没有提及事先告知人们机器人的身份，故推知Dignum认同人们不需要被告知他们在任何场合都在与机器人互动这样的观点；故选C项。 Section C Directions: Read the following passages. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need It’s time to take a stand Many of us sit too much. We sit at work, in the car and at home, moving only to shift from one seat to another. ____47____ So why is sitting so damaging? One thing it does is change the way our bodies process sugar, as how efficiently your body processes glucose (葡萄糖) is affected by how physically active you are. On Trust Me, I’m A Doctor, we joined forces with Dr John Buckley from the University of Chester to conduct an experiment. We asked 10 volunteers to stand for at least three hours a day for a week. Some accepted the idea, while others were worried that it would hurt their backs. A number of them felt they would not be able to stick to it. ____48____ We fitted them with accelerometers (加速度计) so we could record how much they were moving. They also wore heart rate trackers, and had glucose monitors that measured their blood sugar levels. The researchers took measurements on days when the volunteers stood, and when they sat. ____49____ As we had hoped, blood glucose levels fell back to normal after eating far more quickly on the days when the volunteers stood than when they sat. There was also evidence that by standing they were burning more calories. “If we look at the heart rates, we can see they are on average around 10 beats per minute faster when standing, and that makes a difference of about 0.7 of a calorie per minute,” Buckley said. ____50____ If you stand for three hours a day for five days, that’s an extra 750 calories burnt, or around a kilo of fat. Buckley thinks that although exercise offers many benefits, our bodies need the constant, almost imperceptible increase in muscle activity that standing provides. A. Although that doesn’t sound like much it adds up to about 50 calories an hour. B. But they managed it. C. Small adjustments, like going to talk to a colleague rather than emailing, should help. D. When you eat some food, your body breaks it down into glucose, which floods your blood. E. There were some striking differences. F. Even if you exercise regularly, there is evidence that it will not undo the damage done by sitting for a long time. 【答案】47. F 48. B 49. E 50. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章通过实验表明，站立比久坐更能让血糖快速恢复正常，且能燃烧更多卡路里，对健康更有益。 【47题详解】 根据上文“Many of us sit too much. We sit at work, in the car and at home, moving only to shift from one seat to another.(我们很多人坐的时间太长了。我们在工作时、乘车时以及在家时都会长时间坐着，只是偶尔会换换坐姿而已)”以及后文“So why is sitting so damaging? One thing it does is change the way our bodies process sugar, as how efficiently your body processes glucose is affected by how physically active you are.(那么，为什么久坐会如此有害呢？其中一个原因在于它改变了我们身体处理糖分的方式，因为身体对葡萄糖的处理效率会受到个人运动量的影响)”可知，上文描述久坐行为，后文与本句构成因果关系，引出长时间久坐导致损害的话题。故F选项“即使你经常锻炼，也有证据表明，长时间坐着也无法消除造成的损害”符合语境，故选F。 【48题详解】 根据上文“On Trust Me, I’m A Doctor, we joined forces with Dr John Buckley from the University of Chester to conduct an experiment. We asked 10 volunteers to stand for at least three hours a day for a week. Some accepted the idea, while others were worried that it would hurt their backs. A number of them felt they would not be able to stick to it.(在《相信我，我是医生》这一节目中，我们与切斯特大学的约翰·巴克利博士合作开展了一项实验。我们让10名志愿者每天至少站立三小时，持续一周。有些人接受了这个想法，而另一些人则担心这会损害他们的背部。其中有不少人觉得自己无法坚持下去)”可知，本句承接上文，说明那些认为自己无法坚持下去的人最终结果如何。故B选项“但他们做到了”符合语境，故选B。 【49题详解】 根据上文“We fitted them with accelerometers so we could record how much they were moving. They also wore heart rate trackers, and had glucose monitors that measured their blood sugar levels. The researchers took measurements on days when the volunteers stood, and when they sat.(我们为他们安装了加速度计，以便记录他们的活动量。他们还佩戴了心率监测器，并且配备了能测量血糖水平的血糖仪。研究人员在志愿者站立和坐着的两天里都进行了测量)”以及后文“As we had hoped, blood glucose levels fell back to normal after eating far more quickly on the days when the volunteers stood than when they sat.(正如我们所希望的那样，志愿者站着吃饭的时候，血糖水平恢复正常的速度要比坐着吃饭的时候快得多。)”可知，空后对比站立和坐着时的血糖变化，本句概括实验发现，引出具体数据。故E选项“存在着一些显著的差异”符合语境，故选E。 【50题详解】 根据倒数第二段“If we look at the heart rates, we can see they are on average around 10 beats per minute faster when standing, and that makes a difference of about 0.7 of a calorie per minute(如果我们观察心率的话，就会发现站立时平均心率要比坐着时快约10次/分钟，这相当于每分钟大约多消耗0.7卡路里的热量)”以及后文“If you stand for three hours a day for five days, that’s an extra 750 calories burnt, or around a kilo of fat.(如果你每天站立三小时，持续五天，那么你就会额外消耗750卡路里，相当于约一公斤的脂肪)”可知，上文提到站立时心率加快、每分钟消耗 0.7 卡路里，本句进一步量化，与后文每周消耗750卡路里呼应。故A选项“虽然这听起来不算多，但每小时加起来却约有50卡路里的热量消耗”符合语境，故选A。 III．Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Wish You Were More Creative? Just Pretend! One great irony about our collective interest in creativity is that we tend to frame it in uncreative ways. That is to say, most of us marry creativity to our concept of self: Either we’re “creative” or we aren’t, without much of a middle ground. “I’m just not a creative person!” a frustrated student might say in art class, while another might blame her talent at painting for her difficulties in math, concluding with a comment such as, “I’m very right-brained.” Dr. Pillay, an assistant professor at Harvard University, has spent a great part of his career correcting these ideas. He believes that the key to unlocking your creative potential is to forget the advice that urges you to “believe in yourself”. In fact, you should do the opposite: Believe you are someone else. Dr. Pillay points to a 2016 study demonstrating the impact of stereotypes (刻板印象) on one’s behavior. The authors, educational psychologists Denis Dumas and Kevin Dunbar, divided the college student subjects into three groups, instructing the members of one to think of themselves as “weird poets” and the members of another to imagine they were “strict librarians” (the third group was the control). The researchers then presented all the participants with ten ordinary objects, including a fork, a carrot, and a pair of pants, and asked them to come up with as many different uses as possible for each one. Those who were asked to imagine themselves as weird poets came up with the widest range of ideas, while those in the strict-librarian group had the fewest. Meanwhile the researchers found only small differences in students’ creativity levels across academic majors. In fact, the physics majors imagining themselves as poets came up with more ideas than the art majors did. These results, write Dumas and Dunbar, suggest that creativity is not an individual feature but a “product of context and perspective”. Everyone can be creative, as long as he or she feels like a creative person. Dr. Pillay’s work takes this a step further: He argues that simply identifying yourself as creative is less powerful than taking the bold, creative step of imagining you are somebody else. This exercise, which he calls psychological Halloweenism, refers to the conscious action of inhabiting another persona. An actor may employ this technique to get into character, but anyone can use it. Unfortunately, those ideas often get drowned out because most of us spend way too much time worrying, and about two things in particular: how successful/unsuccessful we are and how little we’re focusing on the task at hand. These twin worries feed on each other an unfocused person is an unsuccessful one, we believe — and so we don’t allow our minds to wander into its quietly fertile fields. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Many people regard themselves either creative or not creative. Yet, experts proved creativity is not a personal quality and could be gained in specified situations. Another expert believes people could get creative by pretending to be someone else. But most people fail to do so because they care so much about success, forcing themselves to focus all the time. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，许多人要么认为自己富有创造力，要么认为自己缺乏创造力。然而，专家们证明，创造力并非一种个人特质，而是在特定情境下能够培养出来的。另一位专家认为，人们可以通过假扮他人来获得创造力。但大多数人做不到这一点，因为他们太在意成功了，以至于总是强迫自己全神贯注。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①That is to say, most of us marry creativity to our concept of self: Either we’re “creative” or we aren’t, without much of a middle ground. ②These results, write Dumas and Dunbar, suggest that creativity is not an individual feature but a “product of context and perspective”. ③Dr. Pillay’s work takes this a step further: He argues that simply identifying yourself as creative is less powerful than taking the bold, creative step of imagining you are somebody else. This exercise, which he calls psychological Halloweenism, refers to the conscious action of inhabiting another persona. An actor may employ this technique to get into character, but anyone can use it. ④Unfortunately, those ideas often get drowned out because most of us spend way too much time worrying, and about two things in particular: how successful/unsuccessful we are and how little we’re focusing on the task at hand. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行综述，将第2、3、4三个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 Many people regard themselves either creative or not creative. Yet, experts proved creativity is not a personal quality and could be gained in specified situations. Another expert believes people could get creative by pretending to be someone else. But most people fail to do so because they care so much about success, forcing themselves to focus all the time. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Another expert believes people could get creative by pretending to be someone else.运用了省略that的宾语从句和动名词作宾语对倒数第二段进行了概括。 [高分句型2] But most people fail to do so because they care so much about success, forcing themselves to focus all the time.用because引导原因状语从句对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。 IV．Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 为什么他对发生在朋友身上的事情总是一无所知？(how come) (汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】How come he always knows nothing about what happens to his friends? 【解析】 【详解】考查时态、固定短语和名词性从句。根据汉语语境可知，句子陈述的是一般事实，应用一般现在时。“为什么，怎么会这样”可使用固定短语“how come”；“他对发生在朋友身上的事情总是一无所知”可使用“主语 + 谓语 + 宾语从句”的结构来表达，其中，“对……一无所知”可使用固定短语“know nothing about…”，“发生在某人身上的事情”可使用固定短语“sth. happen to sb.”，即“he always knows nothing about what happens to his friends”。句子可使用“how come”开头，后接“he always knows nothing about what happens to his friends”。故整句话可译为：How come he always knows nothing about what happens to his friends? 53. 这部话剧力求给现场观众带来不同于读小说的体验。（effort）(汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The play makes every effort to provide the audience with an experience different from reading novels. 【解析】 【详解】考查时态、固定短语和非谓语动词。因句子表示的是一个客观情况，谓语动词使用一般现在时；表示“这部话剧”表达为the play；表示“力求做某事”短语为 make every effort to do sth.；“给某人带来某物”常用结构 provide sb. with sth.；“现场观众”译为the audience；“不同于读小说的”作后置定语修饰“体验”，用形容词短语different from reading novels，其中 from 为介词，后接动名词reading。故整句翻译为The play makes every effort to provide the audience with an experience different from reading novels。 54. 我尽力向我的弟弟灌输坚持的重要性，希望能激励他追求自己的梦想。（impress）(汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】I tried my best to impress on my brother the importance of persistence, hoping (that) I could inspire him to pursue his dreams. 【解析】 【详解】考查时态、非谓语动词、固定短语和宾语从句。根据汉语语境可知，句子陈述的是过去发生的动作，应用一般过去时。“尽力做某事”可使用固定短语“try one’s best to do sth.”；“向某人灌输某事”可使用固定短语“impress on sb sth.”；“坚持的重要性”可译为“the importance of perseverance”；“激励某人做某事”可使用固定短语“inspire sb. to do sth.”；“追求某人的梦想”可译为“pursue one’s dreams”。故整句话可译为：I tried my best to impress on my brother the importance of persistence, hoping (that) I could inspire him to pursue his dreams. 55. 这条街上除了几家咖啡馆开门营业外，大部分屋子门窗紧闭，窗上积起厚厚一片尘埃。（apart from）(汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Apart from a few cafes being open, most of the houses on this street have their doors and windows shut , and thick layers of dust have accumulated on the windows. 【解析】 【详解】考查时态和固定短语。根据汉语语境可知，句子陈述了一般事实和已经发生的状况，应用一般现在时和现在完成时。“这条街上”可译为“on this street”；“除了……外”可使用固定短语“apart from”；“几家咖啡馆”可译为“a few cafes”；营业译为“open”，“大部分屋子门窗紧闭”可译为“most of the houses have their doors and windows shut”,“窗上积起厚厚一片尘埃”可译为“thick layers of dust have accumulated on the windows”。句子可使用“Apart from a few cafes being open”作状语，后接“most of the houses have their doors and windows shut”作主句，“and thick layers of dust have accumulated on the windows”作并列句，进一步描述窗户的状态。故整句话可译为：Apart from a few cafes being open, most of the houses on this street have their doors and windows shut , and thick layers of dust have accumulated on the windows. V．Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120‒150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李昈，最近受到英国笔友Tom的邮件，邮件中提到他意识到自己沉迷于电子游戏，但又不知道该如何改正这一习惯，想听听你的意见。回复他一封邮件，内容须包括： 1）你对如何改正爱打游戏这一习惯的建议； 2）你的理由。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Dear Tom, I’m sorry to hear you’re struggling with video game addiction, but it’s admirable that you want to make a change. Here are some practical suggestions. First, set clear boundaries for your gaming time. Use a timer to limit each session to 30 minutes and avoid playing before finishing homework or chores. This helps build self-discipline and prevents gaming from interfering with responsibilities. Second, replace gaming with alternative activities. Try picking up a hobby like reading or sports, which can release endorphins and occupy your mind. I used to play basketball after school, and it reduced my urge to game. Lastly, find an accountability partner — maybe a friend or family member who can check in on your progress. Sharing your goals makes it harder to give up. Remember, breaking a habit takes patience. Start small and focus on gradual changes. You’ve already taken the first step by acknowledging the issue, so stay committed! Best wishes! Yours Lihu 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生给英国笔友Tom回复一封邮件，针对他沉迷于电子游戏并想改正这一习惯的问题，给出自己的建议和理由。 【详解】1.词汇积累 帮助：help→ assist 令人钦佩的：admirable → commendable 限制：limit → restrict 坚持：stay committed → keep going 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Sharing your goals makes it harder to give up. 拓展句：Sharing your goals, which makes it harder to give up, is a good strategy. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Try picking up a hobby like reading or sports, which can release endorphins and occupy your mind. （运用了祈使句和which引导的非限制性定语从句） 【高分句型2】I’m sorry to hear you’re struggling with video game addiction, but it’s admirable that you want to make a change.（运用了省略that的宾语从句） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 上海市曹杨中学2024学年第二学期 高二英语期末试卷 总分：115分；考试时间：105分钟； I．Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Friend or Enemy? It’s clear that the viruses ___1___ (trap) in our genome (基因组) have brought us enormous benefits on an evolutionary timescale. But they aren’t all so helpful. Around one in twenty human babies is born with a new viral ‘jump’ somewhere in its genome, which could deactivate an important gene and cause disease. There’s increasing evidence ___2___ jumping transposons (跳跃基因) contribute to the genetic problems inside cancer cells. And research suggests that brain cells are particularly good locations for reactivating jumping genes, possibly increasing the diversity of nerve cells and enhancing our brainpower but also potentially causing ageing-related memory problems ___3___ (occur). So are these viruses inside our DNA our friends or our enemies? Paolo Mita, a postdoctoral fellow researching transposons at NYU School of Medicine in New York, ___4___ (suggest) that it’s a bit of both. “I’ll call them our ‘frenemies’, because when you look at their role ___5___ one human lifespan, they are going to produce negative effects if ___6___ (mobilize),” he explains. “In the short term, they are our enemies. On the other hand, if you are looking across time, these elements are a powerful force of evolution and they are still active in our species today. Evolution is just the way ___7___ organisms respond to changes in the environment, and in this case they are definitely our friends because they have shaped ___8___ our genome works now.” And are the viruses ___9___ (infect) us today going to have an impact on our evolution in the future? “Of course! The answer is why not?” laughs Mita. “But it will be many generations until we can look back and say this evolution has happened. But you can see the remains of previous arms races in the genome between the endogenous retroviruses (内源性逆转录病毒) and the host cells. It’s a continuous battle, and I don’t think it ____10____ (stop) ever.” Section B Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．unrecognized B．consequently C．fiction D．advanced E．historically F．understanding G．identify H．picture I．unaffected J．long-standing K．breakthroughs A New Dark Age Possibility Imagine a future in which humanity’s wisdom about Earth — our vast experience with weather trends, fish migration patterns and much more — turns out-of-date. Civilization enters a dark age in its ____11____ of our planet. To comprehend, how this could occur, ____12____ yourself in our grandchildren’s time. Significant global warming has occurred, as scientists predicted. Nature’s ____13____ patterns — relied on for millennia by humanity to plan everything — are no longer so reliable. Cycles that have been largely repeatable are disrupted (打乱) by dramatic climate changes. As Earth’s warming becomes stable, new patterns begin to appear. At first, they are hard to ____14____ These new patterns need many years — sometimes decades — to reveal themselves fully. Until then, farmers will struggle to predict new seasonal patterns and regularly plant wrong crops. Early signs of major disasters will go ____15____. Disruptive impacts will be widespread. Such a dark age is a growing possibility. In a recent report, scientists concluded that human-caused global warming was already changing patterns of some extreme weather events. Our foundation of Earth knowledge, largely obtained from ____16____ observed patterns, has been central to society’s progress. Early cultures kept track of nature’s ebb and flow (起伏盛衰), passing improved knowledge about Earth to each new generation. Science has sped up this process through ____17____ observation methods. However, as Earth warms, our historical understanding will turn out-of-date faster than we can replace it with new knowledge. Some patterns will change significantly; others will be largely ____18____ though it will be difficult to say what will change, by how much, and when. Without big scientific ____19____, we will remain reliant on pattern-based methods. The problem is, these patterns will become increasingly difficult to track. Predicting extreme weather may become even tougher than it is today. We _____20_____ will face huge challenges. Our grandchildren could grow up knowing less about the planet than we do today. This is not what we want to leave them, yet we are on the edge of ensuring this happens. II．Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. If you survey American parents about what they want for their kids, more than 90 percent say one of their top priorities is that their children be caring. This makes sense: Kindness and concern for others are held as ____21____ in nearly every society. But when you ask children what their parents want for them, 81 percent say their parents ____22____ achievement and happiness over caring. Kids learn what’s ____23____ to adults not by listening to what we say, but by noticing what gets our attention. And in many developed societies, parents now pay more attention to individual achievement and happiness than anything else. However much we ____24____ kindness and caring, we’re not actually showing our kids that we appreciate these traits. Perhaps we shouldn’t be surprised, then, that kindness appears to be ____25____. An analysis of annual surveys of American college students showed a substantial drop from 1979 to 2009 in imagining the perspectives of others. Over this period; students grew ____26____ to feel concern for people less fortunate than themselves. It’s not just that people care less; they seem to be ____27____ less, too. In one experiment, a sociologist left thousands of what appeared to be lost letters in dozens of American cities in 2001, and again in 2011. From the first round to the second one, the proportion of letters that was ____28____ by passersby and put in a mailbox declined by 10 percent. Psychologists find that kids born after 1995 ____29____ as much as their predecessors (前辈) that other people experiencing difficulty should be helped — but they feel less personal responsibility to take action themselves. If we truly care less about one another, some of the _____30_____ lies with the values parents have promoted. In our own lives, we’ve observed many parents becoming so focused on achievement that they _____31_____ kindness. Other parents discourage kindness, seeing it as a source of _____32_____ in a fiercely competitive world. In some parenting circles, for example, there’s a movement against _____33_____ when preschoolers are selfish in their play. These parents worry that stepping in might prevent kids from learning to stick up for themselves, and say that they’re less _____34_____ the prospect of raising an adult who doesn’t share than one who struggles to say no. But there’s no reason parents can’t teach their kids to care about others and themselves — to be both _____35_____ and self-respecting. If you encourage children to consider the needs and feelings of others, sometimes they will and sometimes they won’t. But they’ll soon learn that if you don’t treat others considerately, they may not be considerate toward you. 21. A. events B. virtues C. records D. media 22. A. change B. dislike C. value D. pay 23. A. important B. available C. familiar D. equal 24. A. encounter B. deserve C. display D. praise 25. A. in decline B. under control C. on hand D. above average 26 A. more willing B. less likely C. more surprised D. less relieved 27. A. saying B. thinking C. enjoying D. helping 28 A. set aside B. taken down C. picked up D. put off 29. A. care B. doubt C. believe D. complain 30. A. difference B. theme C. demand D. blame 31. A. neglect B. respect C. define D. evaluate 32. A. happiness B. weakness C. comfort D. anxiety 33. A. discriminating B. forgiving C. collapsing D. intervening 34. A. curious about B. grateful for C. worried about D. helpful for 35. A. independent B. generous C. knowledgeable D. appreciative Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Sometimes a stranger can significantly improve our day. A pleasant encounter with someone we don’t know, even a nonverbal exchange, can comfort us when no one else is around. It may get us out of our own heads — a proven mood booster — and help broaden our perspective. “People feel more connected when they talk to strangers, like they are part of something bıgger,” says Gillian Sandstrom, a psychologist and senior lecturer at the University of Essex who studies interactions between strangers. In research studies, Sandstrom has found that people’s moods improve after they have a conversation with a stranger — say, a Starbucks barista, a volunteer at a museum, or the person next to them in line. Overall, people report that they are happier on days when they have more interactions with acquaintances (泛泛之交) they don’t know well. And yet most of us resist talking to people we don’t know or barely know. We feel upset about the mechanics of the conversation — how to start, maintain, or stop it. We think we will blather on and disclose too much, or not talk enough. We worry we will bore the other person. We’re typically wrong. Sandstrom’s research shows that people underestımate how much another person will like them when they talk for the first time. In a study in which she asked participants to talk to at least one stranger a day for five days, 99 percent said they had found at least one of the exchanges pleasantly surprising, 82 percent said they’d learned something from one of the strangers, 43 percent had exchanged contact information, and 40 percent had communicated with one of the strangers again. Scientists believe there may be an ancient reason why humans are able to enjoy interacting with strangers. To survive as a species, we need to mate outside our own gene pool, so we may have evolved to have both the social skills and the motivation to be with people who are not in our tribe. You don’t even have to talk to complete strangers to reap the benefits. Multiple studies show that people who interact regularly with passing acquaintances or who engage with others through community groups, religious gatherings, or volunteer opportunities have better emotional and physical health and live longer than those who do not. 36. According to the passage, most people are ______ to talk with strangers. A. comfortable B. eager C. unwilling D. disappointed 37. The figures in paragraph 5 are meant to illustrate that ______. A. people feel better than expected after talking with strangers B. people may disclose too much if they communicate with strangers C. people should leave a good impression while talking with strangers D. people underestimate their ability to start a conversation with strangers 38. According to the passage which statement are scientists most likely to agree with? A. Our social skills are declining with evolution. B. We enjoy interacting with strangers by nature. C. We prefer to communicate with strangers non-verbally. D. Our motivation to interact with strangers varies across cultures. 39. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? A. Strangers are kinder than we think. B. Random interactions can be meaningful. C. We should be careful when talking with strangers. D. Interactions with acquaintances may not benefit us. (B) A scientist’s guide to Spring Cleaning ①________ It depends on how much you care about the effects that cleaning can have. We’ve done research into this. In one study, people completed tasks in tidy or untidy rooms, then had the option to donate to charity. We found that those in tidy room were more likely to donate. Cleaning seems to make you more likely to act in a way that is more upstanding and consistent with social norms. Can I still get psychological benefits of cleaning if I pay someone else to do it? Absolutely. You don’t have to be the person that does all the tidying in order for your behaviour to change. A neat house can have an effect on everyone in the household. My teenage daughter argues that she can’t help being messy. Should I let her off tidying her room? Some people are habitually messy, but that’s not always a bad thing. In another study, we had our subjects sit in clean or messy rooms while dreaming up new uses for ping pong balls. We found that people from the messy rooms were more creative and innovative with their ideas. Now I have an excuse for the state of my house. But when should I worry that things are too messy? Speaking from a personal perspective, you should start to worry if the mess is preventing you from getting things done in an efficient manner. There’s a concept called ‘household chaos’. Suppose your two shoes are never in the same place. If you have to run around and find the missing shoe, it could cause problems in your everyday life. That’s when things start to get too messy. ②________ If you find you’ve thrown things away that you later realise you need, or if being too tidy gets in the way of enjoying social interactions. I remember going to a colleague’s house that was spotless, with white carpets and a white couch, and I found that I just couldn’t relax. ③________ Try ‘cleaning purgatory’. Before I throw out anything that I think I may regret, I put in a holding bin. It sits there for a month. If I don’t get back to it then it has to go. 40. Some headings are missing in the passage. Match the following headings with the proper paragraphs. Note there is one more than you need. a. How do I know what to get rid of? b. Should I bother with the spring cleaning? c. How do I know I’m too tidy? d. what do you think of being too tidy? A. ①a ②c ③b B. ①b ②d ③c C. ①b ②c ③a D. ①a ②d ③b 41. What effect does cleaning have on people? A. It inspires people’s creativity. B It makes people more generous. C. It costs people too much time. D. It gets people to work less efficiently. 42. What suggestion is given in the passage? A. Don’t let the mess take over. B. Associate cleanliness and order with morality. C. Help young children develop a habit of tidiness. D. Better not ask anyone else to do the cleaning for you. (C) As artificial-intelligence products steadily improve at pretending to be human—an AI produced voice that books restaurant reservations by phone, for example, or a chat robot that answers consumers’ questions online—people will increasingly be put in the unsettling situation of not knowing whether they are talking to a machine. But the truth may make such products less effective: recent research finds a trade-off between transparency (透明度) and cooperation in human-computer interactions. The study used a simple game in which paired players make a series of decisions to cooperate with or betray their partner. In the long run, it pays for both to keep cooperating—but there is always the temptation to betray and earn extra points short term, at the partner’s expense. The researchers used an Al algorithm (算法) that, when posing as a person, implemented a strategy that was better than people are at getting human partners to cooperate. But previous work suggested people tend to disbelieve machines, so the scientists wondered what would happen if the robot revealed itself as such. The team hoped people playing with a known robot would recognize its ability to cooperate (without being a pushover) and would eventually get past their disbelief. “Sadly, we failed at this goal,” says Talal Rahwan, a computer scientist at New York University in Abu Dhabi and a senior author on the paper, published last November in Nature Machine Intelligence. “No matter what the algorithm did, people just stuck to their prejudice.” A robot playing openly as a robot was less likely to get cooperation than another human, even though its strategy was clearly more beneficial to both players. (In each mode, the robot played 50 rounds against at least 150 individuals.) In an additional experiment, players were told, “Data suggest that people are better off if they treat the robot as if it were a human.” It had no effect. Virginia Dignum who leads the Social and Ethical Artificial Intelligence group at Umea University in Sweden and was not involved in the study, praises the researchers for exploring the transparency-efficacy trade-off, but she would like to see it tested beyond the paper’s particular setup. The authors say that in the public field, people should be asked for agreement to be deceived about a robot’s identity. It cannot be on an interaction-by-interaction basis, or else the “deception” obviously will not work. But blanket permission for occasional deception, even if it can be obtained, still raises ethical quandaries (道德困境). Dignum says humans should have the option to know after they have interacted with a robot -but if she is calling customer service with a simple question, she adds, “I just want to get my answer.” 43. The word “trade-off ” is closest in meaning to __________. A. balancing B. combining C. distinction D. agreement 44. According to the passage, what attitude do people generally take towards robots? A. Highly positive. B. Casual. C. Strongly opposed. D. Distrustful. 45. What can be inferred about the research findings from the passage? A. They fail to support the researchers’ assumption. B. They will draw people’s attention to robots’ problems. C. They are different from the previous research findings. D. They can explain why people treat a robot like a human. 46. According to the passage, what is Virginia Dignum most likely to agree with? A. Talal Rahwan’s research findings can’t apply to the real-world situations. B. Blanket permission for interacting with a robot does more harm than good. C. People needn’t be told that they are interacting with a robot on all occasions. D. The relationship between transparency and efficacy has been fully explored. Section C Directions: Read the following passages. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need It’s time to take a stand Many of us sit too much. We sit at work, in the car and at home, moving only to shift from one seat to another. ____47____ So why is sitting so damaging? One thing it does is change the way our bodies process sugar, as how efficiently your body processes glucose (葡萄糖) is affected by how physically active you are. On Trust Me, I’m A Doctor, we joined forces with Dr John Buckley from the University of Chester to conduct an experiment. We asked 10 volunteers to stand for at least three hours a day for a week. Some accepted the idea, while others were worried that it would hurt their backs. A number of them felt they would not be able to stick to it. ____48____ We fitted them with accelerometers (加速度计) so we could record how much they were moving. They also wore heart rate trackers, and had glucose monitors that measured their blood sugar levels. The researchers took measurements on days when the volunteers stood, and when they sat. ____49____ As we had hoped, blood glucose levels fell back to normal after eating far more quickly on the days when the volunteers stood than when they sat. There was also evidence that by standing they were burning more calories. “If we look at the heart rates, we can see they are on average around 10 beats per minute faster when standing, and that makes a difference of about 0.7 of a calorie per minute,” Buckley said. ____50____ If you stand for three hours a day for five days, that’s an extra 750 calories burnt, or around a kilo of fat. Buckley thinks that although exercise offers many benefits, our bodies need the constant, almost imperceptible increase in muscle activity that standing provides. A. Although that doesn’t sound like much, it adds up to about 50 calories an hour. B. But they managed it. C. Small adjustments, like going to talk to a colleague rather than emailing, should help. D. When you eat some food, your body breaks it down into glucose, which floods your blood. E. There were some striking differences. F. Even if you exercise regularly, there is evidence that it will not undo the damage done by sitting for a long time. III．Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Wish You Were More Creative? Just Pretend! One great irony about our collective interest in creativity is that we tend to frame it in uncreative ways. That is to say, most of us marry creativity to our concept of self: Either we’re “creative” or we aren’t, without much of a middle ground. “I’m just not a creative person!” a frustrated student might say in art class, while another might blame her talent at painting for her difficulties in math, concluding with a comment such as, “I’m very right-brained.” Dr. Pillay, an assistant professor at Harvard University, has spent a great part of his career correcting these ideas. He believes that the key to unlocking your creative potential is to forget the advice that urges you to “believe in yourself”. In fact, you should do the opposite: Believe you are someone else. Dr. Pillay points to a 2016 study demonstrating the impact of stereotypes (刻板印象) on one’s behavior. The authors, educational psychologists Denis Dumas and Kevin Dunbar, divided the college student subjects into three groups, instructing the members of one to think of themselves as “weird poets” and the members of another to imagine they were “strict librarians” (the third group was the control). The researchers then presented all the participants with ten ordinary objects, including a fork, a carrot, and a pair of pants, and asked them to come up with as many different uses as possible for each one. Those who were asked to imagine themselves as weird poets came up with the widest range of ideas, while those in the strict-librarian group had the fewest. Meanwhile the researchers found only small differences in students’ creativity levels across academic majors. In fact, the physics majors imagining themselves as poets came up with more ideas than the art majors did. These results, write Dumas and Dunbar, suggest that creativity is not an individual feature but a “product of context and perspective”. Everyone can be creative, as long as he or she feels like a creative person. Dr. Pillay’s work takes this a step further: He argues that simply identifying yourself as creative is less powerful than taking the bold, creative step of imagining you are somebody else. This exercise, which he calls psychological Halloweenism, refers to the conscious action of inhabiting another persona. An actor may employ this technique to get into character, but anyone can use it. Unfortunately, those ideas often get drowned out because most of us spend way too much time worrying, and about two things in particular: how successful/unsuccessful we are and how little we’re focusing on the task at hand. These twin worries feed on each other an unfocused person is an unsuccessful one, we believe — and so we don’t allow our minds to wander into its quietly fertile fields. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV．Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 为什么他对发生在朋友身上的事情总是一无所知？(how come) (汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________ 53. 这部话剧力求给现场观众带来不同于读小说的体验。（effort）(汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________ 54. 我尽力向我的弟弟灌输坚持的重要性，希望能激励他追求自己的梦想。（impress）(汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________ 55. 这条街上除了几家咖啡馆开门营业外，大部分屋子门窗紧闭，窗上积起厚厚一片尘埃。（apart from）(汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________ V．Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120‒150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李昈，最近受到英国笔友Tom的邮件，邮件中提到他意识到自己沉迷于电子游戏，但又不知道该如何改正这一习惯，想听听你的意见。回复他一封邮件，内容须包括： 1）你对如何改正爱打游戏这一习惯的建议； 2）你的理由。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $