专题05 阅读理解（说明文）（天津专用）-【好题汇编】2025年天津高考英语二模试题分类汇编

专题05 阅读理解（说明文） （2025年和平二模） “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.” Coca-Cola learned this hard lesson in 1985 when they introduced “New Coke,” a decision that nearly alienated (疏远,使敌对) its loyal customer base. During the 1970s, Pepsi gained market share despite Coca-Cola remaining the world’s best-selling soft drink. Pepsi’s success was partly due to the “Pepsi Challenge” campaign, where blind taste tests showed many consumers preferred Pepsi’s flavor. This led Coca-Cola executives to believe their soda’s taste, not Pepsi’s marketing, was responsible for the decline in market share. To counter this, they developed a new, sweeter formula that resembled Pepsi. On April 23, 1985, Coca-Cola chairman Roberto Goizueta announced New Coke, discontinuing the company’s 99-year-old classic formula. However, the decision backfired spectacularly (引人注目地). Loyal Coca-Cola fans were boiling. The company received 5,000angry phone calls a day, and protests broke out, with people pouring New Coke into sewer drains (下水道排水口). One consumer wrote, “I don’t think I’d be more upset if you were to burn the flag in our front yard.” Coca-Cola executives were caught off guard by the public anger. Their decision had been backed by 190,000 blind taste tests, which indicated consumers preferred the new formula. However, they underestimated the emotional attachment people had to the original Coke. They never asked how consumers would feel if the new recipe completely replaced the old one. Just 79 days later, Coca-Cola held another press conference to announce the return of the original formula, now rebranded as “Coca-Cola Classic.” Goizueta admitted, “Our boss is the consumer.” Coca-Cola Classic quickly outsold New Coke, and within a few months, it regained its position as the top-selling cola, surpassing Pepsi. Surprisingly, the company’s market position improved, as consumers reaffirmed their loyalty to the original Coca-Cola brand. Reflecting on the incident, Goizueta acknowledged that no amount of consumer research could capture the emotional bond people had with the original Coca-Cola. “All the time and money and skill heavily poured into consumer research on the new Coca-Cola could not measure the deep emotional attachment to original Coca-Cola felt by so many people.” Some even speculated (猜测) that the disaster had been a deliberate marketing trick. Goizueta denied this, saying, “The truth is that we’re not that dumb (愚蠢的) and we’re not that smart.” Ultimately, Coca-Cola learned that data and taste tests cannot always replace brand loyalty, especially with a product so tied to consumer identity. New Coke’s failure demonstrated the risks of trying to “fix” something that wasn’t broken in the first place. 46．What was the main reason for Coca-Cola introducing New Coke in 1985? A．To respond to customer complaints about the original formula. B．To compete with Pepsi after declining market share. C．To create a healthier beverage option for consumers. D．To celebrate the company’s 100th anniversary. 47．How did Coca-Cola consumers initially react to the introduction of New Coke? A．They were indifferent and did not care about the change. B．They welcomed the new formula and praised the company. C．They were angry and expressed their anger through protests. D．They preferred New Coke over the original one immediately. 48．What did Roberto Goizueta learn from the New Coke incident? A．They shouldn’t have done so few flavor tests. B．Products development doesn’t necessarily increase market share. C．Brand loyalty cannot be measured through tests and data D．Marketing tricks are effective in regaining consumer trust 49．What was the outcome of Coca-Cola’s return decision to the original formula? A．Coca-Cola Classic quickly outsold New Coke and regained market leadership. B．Financial losses increased as consumers rejected the original one. C．The new Coke formula remained more popular than the Classic. D．Pepsi became the top-selling cola brand permanently 50．The author’s main focus in writing this passage is to ________. A．highlight Coca-Cola’s recovery from the New Coke failure B．criticize Coca-Cola’s decision-making process C．discuss the emotional bond consumers have with brands D．compare and contrast Coca-Cola and Pepsi’s market strategies （2025年河西二模） Quantum computing (量子计算) represents a revolutionary leap in the field of information technology. Unlike classical computers, which use bits as the smallest unit of data, quantum computers use quantum bits, or qubits. These qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously, thanks to the principles of superposition and entanglement (叠加和纠缠原理). This allows quantum computers to process complex calculations at high speed, potentially solving problems that are currently difficult for classical computers. One of the most promising applications of quantum computing is in the field of cryptography (密码学). Current encryption (加密) methods rely on the difficulty of factoring large numbers, a task that classical computers struggle with due to the time it takes. Quantum computers, however, could factor these numbers exponentially (指数级地) faster, causing many existing encryption methods outdated. This has led to a race to develop quantum-resistant encryption algorithms to secure data in the future. Another area where quantum computing could have a significant impact is in drug discovery and material science. The ability to simulate molecular interactions at the quantum level could accelerate the development of new drugs and materials. For instance, quantum computers could model the behavior of complex molecules, allowing researchers to identify potential drug candidates more efficiently. This could lead to breakthroughs in treating diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer’s. Despite its potential, quantum computing is still in its initial stage. Building and maintaining a quantum computer is an enormous technical challenge. Qubits are highly sensitive to their environment, and even the slightest interference can cause errors in calculations. This phenomenon, known as decoherence, is one of the biggest obstacles in developing practical quantum computers. Researchers are exploring various approaches to reduce decoherence, such as using error-correcting codes and developing more stable qubit technologies. Moreover, the ethical implications of quantum computing cannot be overlooked. The power to break current encryption methods could have far-reaching consequences for privacy and security. Governments and organizations must consider the potential risks and establish regulations to ensure that quantum computing is used responsibly. As the technology advances, it will be crucial to balance innovation with ethical considerations to exploit its full potential for the benefit of society. 46．What is the main topic of the passage? A．The history of quantum computing. B．The principles and potential applications of quantum computing. C．The challenges of classical computing. D．The ethical implications of information technology. 47．What is a key difference between classical computers and quantum computers? A．Classical computers use smaller unit of data than quantum computers. B．Classical computers are more stable than quantum computers. C．Quantum computers are sensitive to environmental interference. D．Quantum computers can process data faster due to different principles. 48．What is one potential application of quantum computing mentioned in the passage? A．Improving internet speed. B．Developing quantum-resistant encryption algorithms. C．Enhancing social media platforms. D．Creating virtual reality environments. 49．What is decoherence in the context of quantum computing? A．The ability of qubits to exist in multiple states simultaneously. B．The process of developing stable qubit technologies. C．The sensitivity of qubits to environmental interference causing errors. D．The method of using error-correcting codes in classical computers. 50．What does the passage suggest about the future of quantum computing? A．It requires balancing innovation with ethical considerations. B．Its ethical implications will be well understood and managed. C．Governments and organizations will ensure it has no potential risks. D．It will primarily be used for encryption purposes. Boredom has become quite interesting to academics lately. In early May, London’s Boring Conference celebrated seven years of delighting in dullness. At this event, people flocked to talks about weather, traffic jams and vending-machine sounds, among other sleep-inducing topics. What, exactly, is everybody studying? One widely accepted psychological definition of boredom is “the distasteful experience of wanting, but being unable, to engage in satisfying activity.” But how can you quantify a person’s boredom level and compare it with someone else’s? In 1986, psychologists introduced the Boredom Proneness Scale (倾向量表), designed to measure an individual’s overall tendency to feel bored. By contrast, the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale, developed in 2008, measures a person’s feelings of boredom in a given situation. Boredom has been linked to behavior issues including inattentive driving, mindless snacking, excessive drinking, and addictive gambling. In fact, many of us would choose pain over boredom. One team of psychologists discovered that two-thirds of men and a quarter of women would rather self-administer electric shocks than sit alone with their thoughts for 15 minutes. Researching this phenomenon, another team asked volunteers to watch boring, sad, or neutral films, during which they could self-administer electric shocks. The bored volunteers shocked themselves more and harder than the sad or neutral ones did. But boredom isn’t all bad. By encouraging self-reflection and daydreaming, it can prompt creativity. An early study gave participants abundant time to complete problem-solving and word-association exercises. Once all the obvious answers were exhausted, participants gave more and more inventive answers to fight boredom. A British study took these findings one step further, asking subjects to complete a creative challenge (coming up with a list of alternative uses for a household item). One group of subjects did a boring activity first, while the others went straight to the creative task. Those whose boredom pumps had been activated were more productive. In our always-connected world, boredom may be a hard-to-define state, but it is a fruitful one. Watch paint dry or water boil, or at least put away your smartphone for a while, and you might unlock your next big idea. 51．When are people likely to experience boredom, according to an accepted psychological definition? A．When they don’t have the chance to do what they want. B．When they don’t enjoy the materials they are studying. C．When they experience something unpleasant. D．When they engage in some routine activities. 52．What does the author say boredom can lead to? A．Determination. B．Mental illness. C．Concentration. D．Harmful conduct. 53．What is the finding of one team of psychologists in their experiment? A．Volunteers prefer watching a boring movie to sitting alone at home. B．Many volunteers choose to hurt themselves rather than endure boredom. C．Male volunteers care less about the effects of boredom than females. D．Many volunteers are unable to resist boredom longer than fifteen minutes. 54．Why does the author say boredom isn’t all bad? A．It stimulates memorization. B．It may promote creative thinking. C．It allows time for relaxation. D．It may facilitate independent learning. 55．What does the author suggest one do when faced with a challenging problem? A．Stop idling and think big. B．Look around oneself for stimulation. C．Unlock one’s smartphone. D．Allow oneself some time to be bored. （2025年河北二模） The Researchers from the Neuro Mind Institute have created a new way to study how young fish learn quickly in real-life situations. They use special robots that act like predators to chase larval zebrafish (斑马鱼的幼体) in an open water. This innovative approach is helping the researchers study how the young fish rapidly learn and adapt in real-world conditions. Larval zebrafish are valuable models for neuroscientists (神经科学家) because their transparent (透明) bodies direct observation of brain activity and behavior. However, research on learning in these developing vertebrates (脊椎动物) has been challenging for scientists, despite its importance in understanding how the brain works. Previous research found young zebrafish could learn simple associations. But this type of learning happens slowly and often unreliably, and it was still unclear whether days-old zebrafish can learn fast enough to use their memory in natural situations, like recognizing and avoiding new predators. The researchers thought that traditional ways of testing learning in larval zebrafish in the lab, where the conditions were far from what the fish would encounter in the wild, might not be effective for uncovering how the fish learn. To model a real-life situation, the researchers used small robotic cylinders (圆柱体) with some programmed to show predator-like characteristics. The researchers created the interactions: they first placed a robot that stayed still with a free-swimming zebrafish, after the robot chased the fish for a minute, the fish began avoiding the robot’s area for more than an hour — a big change from the non-avoidant behaviour before the chase experience. When a second robot was introduced that did not chase the fish, the zebrafish only avoided the chasing robot, showing that they could distinguish between a threat and a non-threat. Using this system, the researchers made an unexpected discovery that not only could larval zebrafish learn extremely quickly in a more natural context, but they could also do so just five days after beginning their lives as single cells. This was particularly surprising given the fact that a developing zebrafish larva contains just 1% or so of the neurons (神经元) in its adult form. The findings suggest that some essential learning abilities like recognizing predators, emerge early in life and are critical for survival. Further brain imaging reveals that distinct regions of the zebrafish brain are involved in this rapid learning: the hindbrain (后脑), a region controlling essential functions, responds to the approaching predator; the forebrain, a region associated with learning and planning, encodes the presence of the predator robot; and the habenula (缰核), another brain area, signals avoidance outcomes. All these regions are necessary for learning, and silencing any of them removes the ability of the fish to learn. It is believed that the new work could offer insights into how other brains process real-world threats. 45．What motivated the researchers to create a new way using larval zebrafish? A．To observe their hunting behaviours. B．To identify their simple associations. C．To examine their brain characteristics. D．To uncover their learning in natural settings. 46．Larval zebrafish are considered valuable for neuroscientists because . A．they can live on common lab meals B．they can learn faster than adult zebrafish C．their neuron counts are simpler to analyze than adults D．their see-through bodies simplify study of the brain and behavior 47．What can we learn about larval zebrafish? A．They can distinguish between robots and fish. B．They learn fast through a multi-regional brain network. C．They develop learning abilities when reaching adulthood. D．They can recognise predators with much neurons needed. 48．What surprising discovery was made about zebrafish learning? A．The effectiveness of robots as predators compared to real predators. B．The ability of newborn zebrafish to quickly learn to avoid threats. C．The quantity of neurons in adult zebrafish brains. D．The capacity to recognize different colors. 49．What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? A．Explaining the robot design used in the experiment. B．Exploring danger processing in other species’ brains. C．Analysing the connection between learning and planning. D．Describing zebrafish behaviours in different surroundings. （2025年红桥二模） Have you ever dreamed about sending a letter to yourself or your friends in the future? While express mail representing efficiency and speed is prevalent（盛行的）in China , there is another type of mail appearing as a new business : “Future Mail”. “Future Mail” service can make people slow down and let them understand the meaning of “time” in another way. And “Future Mail” letters are “reminders of affection, friendship and love”. Lin Xiao fan , a senior high school student in Hefei , wrote a letter to her mother in advance to express her love to her mother for next Mother’s Day . Feng Xiao, a youth who feels pressure despite of some achievements in her career decided to write a letter to herself on her 25th birthday and have it delivered five years later on her 30th birthday through a “Future Mail”. She expressed her thoughts about her present life and her expectations for the future to encourage herself to face up to the challenges of her life with courage. While “Future Mail” is gaining popularity, some people are concerned about what happens if the postal address of the receiver changes or if the company goes broke before letters are delivered. Actually, customers required to complete an acceptance form and make an assessment so they can be compensated if their letters or goods are lost or damaged. Most of the business’s customers are college students and young white-collar workers . Psychologists said young Chinese might be given a vent（发泄）to their negative feelings through the service . Most people put their hopes and wishes in the letters so they can experience the connection between “past” and “present” while they receive the letters. It can help people reunderstand the meaning of “time” . 46．The underlined word in Para. 3 probably means . A．paid B．changed C．bought D．repaired 47．Which of the following is NOT true ? A．People can express their thoughts and feelings to themselves or others through a “Future Mail” . B．The “Future Mail” business is not perfect. C．Only young people accept the new “Future Mail” service . D．“Future Mail” service can let people reunderstand the meaning of “time”. 48．You can read this article in newspaper’s part . A．sports B．science C．leisure D．policy 49．Which is NOT the purpose of Feng Xiao’s letter ? A．To encourage herself to face up to the challenges . B．To express her thoughts about her present life . C．To express her expectations for the future . D．To remind herself of something she must do . 50．The best title of this article should be . A．The Different Kinds of Letter B．“Future Mail” Business Taking off in China C．The Advantage of “Future Mail” D．The Letter in Future （2025年河东二模） Memory loss and cognitive decline are common concerns as people age. Medical research has been actively seeking ways to delay or even reverse these effects. Recently, a team of researchers from Harvard Medical School has made some intriguing findings that could lead to new approaches in treating age-related memory decline. While these discoveries may not be earth-shattering in the sense of introducing entirely new concepts, they do offer important insights that build upon existing knowledge. Dr. Emily Rosenzweig and her colleagues focused their research on the role of neurotransmitters (神经递质), particularly acetylcholine (乙酰胆碱), in maintaining memory function. Acetylcholine is a crucial neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory, and overall cognitive function. The researchers conducted a series of experiments using mice genetically engineered to have reduced levels of acetylcholine. These mice showed significant impairments in memory tasks compared to their normal counterparts. In a follow-up study, the team administered a drug known to enhance acetylcholine levels in the brain. They found that the drug improved memory performance in the genetically engineered mice, suggesting that maintaining adequate acetylcholine levels could be key to preserving memory as we age. Rosenzweig emphasized that this is not a cure for memory loss but rather a potential strategy for delaying its onset. Another study, led by Dr. James Carter, explored the effects of physical activity on cognitive function in elderly individuals. Carter’s team conducted a randomized controlled trial involving hundreds of seniors. Participants were assigned to either a group that engaged in regular aerobic exercise or a control group that did not. After a year, the researchers assessed the cognitive function of both groups using standardized tests. They found that those in the exercise group performed significantly better on memory and attention tasks compared to the control group. Despite these promising findings, experts caution that more research is needed to fully understand the complex relationship between memory, aging, and lifestyle factors. Dr. Rosenzweig noted that while the drug showed promise in mice, it may not have the same effect in humans due to differences in biology and metabolism. Similarly, Dr. Carter acknowledged that while exercise seems to benefit cognitive function, it is unclear whether the benefits extend to all individuals or if there is a critical period during which exercise is most beneficial. In conclusion, while the research from Harvard Medical School offers hope for improving memory in the elderly, it also underscores the need for continued investigation. As Dr. Rosenzweig put it, “We are still at the beginning of our understanding of how the brain ages and how we can intervene to slow down or reverse the process.” 46．What does the word “intriguing” in Paragraph: 1 most likely mean? A．Confusing. B．Boring. C．Fascinating. D．Disappointing. 47．What was the focus of Rosenzweig and her colleagues’ research? A．The role of acetylcholine in maintaining memory function. B．The effects of genetics on cognitive decline. C．The benefits of aerobic exercise on the brain. D．The use of drugs to cure memory loss. 48．According to Rosenzweig, the drug they administered is intended to be______. A．a cure for memory loss B．a preventive measure for cognitive decline C．a treatment for Alzheimer’s discase D．a strategy for delaying the onset of memory loss 49．What can we infer from Carter’s study? A．Regular aerobic exercise guarantees improved cognitive function. B．The benefits of exercise on cognitive function arc immediate. C．The relationship between exorcise and cognitive function needs further research. D．Exercise has no effect on cognitive function in elderly individuals. 50．What is the overall message of the article? A．Memory loss is inevitable as we age. B．Exercise is the key to preventing cognitive decline. C．Researchers have made significant breakthroughs in treating memory loss. D．Research on memory and aging is ongoing and more has a long way to go. In a park within Beijing’s Economic-Technological Development Aroa (Beijing E-Town), two robotic dogs have become a sensation among passersby. These gray-and-white canines, equipped with multi-spectral cameras and high-precision sensors, reflect Beijing’s push towards building a smart city: Beijing E-Town recently announced an upgrade to its intelligent patrol. system, integrating unmanned patrol cars, AI-powered robotic dogs, and big data analysis for 24-hour full-coverage patrols. The new deployment includes 18 L4 unmanned vehicles, 15 manned patrol vehicles, and two industrial-grade robotic dogs. Each robotic dog, weighing about 65 kilograms, is designed for extreme environments. They feature multi-spectral cameras, searchlights, and can be rapidly fitted with specialized equipment like explosion-proof equipment and gas detectors, offering remarkable flexibility in handling various tasks. The unmanned patrol vehicles, equipped with 360-dogro e panoramic cameras and sensors, connect with the smart city video system, creating a comprehensive monitoring network that integrates aerial and ground surveillance (监控). Robotic dogs focus on meticulous ground inspections, while unmanned vehicles manage supply deliveries and data transmission, establishing an efficient operational model. Using AI algorithms and big data analysis, the system detects abnormal situations, fire hazards, and other risks in real-time. Through a 5G network, it instantly alerts the command center, ensuring rapid responses to emergencies. The upgraded system makes the patrol work three times as efficient and greatly cuts down on areas not covered by surveillance. Beijing E-Town plans to use the robotic dogs to ensure security at an upcoming half-marathon in April, where robotic and human athletes will compete alongside each other. The quadruped robot sector, though in its nascent commercial phase, is attracting many Chinese innovators due to its promising market potential. Research by GGII, a consultancy specializing in emerging industries, projects the global quadruped robot market to surpass 560, 000 units by 2030, with a market value potentially exceeding 8 billion yuan (about $1.1 billion). This highlights the growing significance of robotic dogs in Beijing’s and globally’s smart city actions. 51．What is the main attraction in the park in Beijing’s Economic-Technological Development Area? A．Unmanned patrol cars. B．Traditional guard dogs. C．Robotic dogs performing patrol duties. D．High-precision sensors on display. 52．What feature of the robotic dogs allows them to handle a variety of tasks with remarkable flexibility? A．Rapid fitting with specialized equipment. B．Multi-spectral cameras and searchlights. C．Their ability to run very fast. D．Their explosion-proof equipment. 53．What is the main feature of the robotic dogs deployed in Beijing E-Town? A．They can run faster than real dogs. B．They are equipped with multi-spectral cameras and high-precision sensors. C．They can communicate with passersby in multiple languages. D．They are designed to look exactly like real dogs. 54．What is the primary function of the unmanned patrol vehicles in the smart city system? A．To compete in half-marathons with human athletes. B．To manage supply deliveries and data transmission. C．To replace all human patrol officers. D．To perform meticulous ground inspections. 55．What is the author’s attitude towards the upgrade of Beijing E-Town’s intelligent patrol system? A．Doubtful. B．Negative. C．Positive. D．Neutral. （2025年十二校二模） In a groundbreaking new study, researchers have discovered bottled water sold in stores can contain 10 to 100 times more bits of plastic than previously estimated — nanoplastics (纳米塑料) are so tiny that they cannot be seen under a microscope. At 1,000th the average width of a human hair, nanoplastics are so tiny they can migrate through the tissues of the digestive tract (消化道) or lungs into the bloodstream, distributing potentially harmful artificial chemicals throughout the body and into cells, experts say. One liter of water — equal to two standard-size bottled waters — contained an average of 240,000 plastic particles (粒子) from seven types of plastics, of which 90% were identified as nanoplastics and the rest were microplastics, according to the new study. Microplastics are polymer fragments that can range from less than 0.2 inch (5millimeters) down to l/25,000th of an inch (1 micrometer). Anything smaller is a nanoplastic that must be measured in billionths of a meter. In the new study, published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers from Columbia University presented a new technology that can see, count and analyze the chemical structure of nanoparticles in bottled water. Instead of 300 per liter, the team behind the latest study found the actual number of plastic bits in three popular brands of water sold in the United States to be in between 110,000 and 370,000, if not higher. “The innovative new techniques presented in the study open the door for further research to better understand the potential risks to human health.” said Jane Houlihan, research director for Healthy Babies, Bright Futures — nonprofits committed to reducing babies’ exposures to neurotoxic (毒害神经的) chemicals, who was not involved in the study. “Infants and young children may face the greatest risks, as their developing brains and bodies are often more vulnerable to impacts from toxic exposures.” said Houlihan in an email. Nanoplastics are the most worrisome type of plastic pollution for human health, experts say. That’s because the particles can invade individual cells and tissues in major organs, potentially interrupting cellular processes and depositing harmful chemicals such as bisphenols, phthalates, PFAS, and heavy metals. There are things people can do to reduce their exposure to plastics, said Houlihan. “We can avoid consuming foods and drinks in plastic containers. We can wear clothing made from natural fabrics and buy consumer products made from natural materials,” Houlihan said. “We can simply assess the plastic in our daily lives and find alternatives whenever possible.” 46．Where can nanoplastics be found in our body? A．The blood. B．The lung. C．The stomach. D．Almost everywhere. 47．What are the differences between nanoplastics and microplastics? A．Nanoplastics are harmful, while microplastics aren’t. B．Nanoplastics exist in bottled waters, while microplastics don’t. C．Nanoplastics can migrate through certain tissues, while microplastics can’t. D．Nanoplastics are relatively smaller, while microplastics are much bigger. 48．Why is Jane Houlihan’s statement mentioned in paragraph 7? A．To add more background information for the new study. B．To make preparations for the following contents. C．To provide an objective evaluation of the new study. D．To encourage readers to focus on the new study. 49．What is the meaning of the underlined word “vulnerable” the passage? A．Fragile. B．Optimistic. C．Emotional. D．Ignorant. 50．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The discovery of nanoplastics in bottled water. B．The health risks of nanoplastics in bottled water. C．The impact of nanoplastics on human health. D．The importance of reducing plastic use. People’s first memories are all autobiographical (自传式的), or memories of significant experiences in their lives, and these events typically didn’t happen before the age of 2 or 3. In fact, most people can’t remember things from the first few years of their lives — a phenomenon researchers have called infantile amnesia. However, research suggests that infants can form other kinds of memories. Within the first few days of life, infants (婴儿) can recall their own mother’s face and distinguish it from the face of a stranger. A few months later, infants can demonstrate that they remember lots of familiar faces by smiling most at the ones they see most often. But if so, why do people experience infantile amnesia (健忘症)? Though it still isn’t clear whether it’s because we can’t form autobiographical memories, or whether we just have no way to get them back, scientists have a few guesses. One is that autobiographical memories require you to have some sense of self. Researchers have tested this ability using a mirror recognition task called the rouge test. It involves marking a baby’s nose with a red spot. Researchers then place the infant in front of a mirror. Infants younger than 18 months just smile at the baby in the reflection, not showing any evidence of recognizing themselves or the red mark on their face. Between 18 and 24 months, infants touch their own nose, even looking embarrassed, suggesting that they connect the red dot in the mirror with their own face — they start to form some sense of self. Another possible explanation is that because infants don’t have language until later in the second year of life, they can’t form account about their own lives that they can later recall. Finally, the hippocampus, which is the region of the brain that’s largely responsible for memory, isn’t fully developed in the infancy period. Scientists will continue to investigate how these factors might contribute to infantile amnesia. 51．What is the function of the first paragraph? A．To give an example. B．To bring up the topic. C．To provide the background. D．To show the author’s attitude. 52．What can infants do in their first few months? A．Distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar faces. B．Memorize the majority of their family members. C．Remember a string of events from the recent past. D．Identify their own reflections in the mirror. 53．Through the rouge test, scientists discovers that babies between 18 to 24 months can ______. A．enjoy playing with their reflections B．ignore the marks on their faces C．see their reflections as themselves D．show a strong interest in the mirror 54．What could be a cause of infantile amnesia, according to the text? A．Infants’ inability to recall memories. B．Infants’ immature hippocampus. C．Infants’ undeveloped communication skills. D．Infants’ unsteady autobiographical memories. 55．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．When do babies start remembering things? B．Why is it hard to retrieve lost memories? C．How do kids form their first memories? D．Why can’t we remember being a baby? （2025年部分区二模） Why do some dreams seem to follow us? Maybe you’ve dreamed of flying like a bird since childhood, or recently revisited a particular place while asleep. Or perhaps a bad day at work still brings about exam nightmares, even though you’ re no longer a student. You’re not alone. Recurring (重复发生的) dreams are surprisingly common, with research showing that up to 75 percent of adults experience at least one during their lifetime. These dreams may repeat in nearly identical form or feature recurring themes, places, or characters with different backdrops. This makes them distinct from nightmares caused by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD,创伤后应激障碍), which tend to focus on specific memories with little variation. Experts are still unsure why we have recurring dreams, but studies are uncovering patterns in their content and causes. Research suggests that recurring dreams are often negative. A 2022 study by Michael Schredl found that two-thirds of adults described their recurring dreams as “negatively toned,” involving situations like being chased or failing at something. Positive recurring dreams, by contrast, often involve flying or discovering new places. The reason for the frequency of negative dreams isn’t fully understood. Schredl believes dreams blow up emotions or situations from our waking life. A small worry can become a larger fear in a dream, though the connection isn’t always clear. Psychology offer further insight. People tend to focus more on negative thoughts and emotions. During sleep, parts of the brain associated with logic are less active, while emotional regions become more engaged, which can cloud the distinction between thoughts and feelings. Negative recurring dreams are normal and manageable. Experts suggest techniques like imagery rehearsal therapy, where people reimagine their nightmares with positive endings, and maintaining healthy sleep habits—like keeping a consistent sleep schedule, limiting screen use, and avoiding caffeine or alcohol before bed—can help reduce their frequency. 46．What is the key difference between recurring dreams and PTSD-related nightmares? A．Recurring dreams follow fixed patterns and identical backgrounds. B．Recurring dreams always feature ordinary figures or characters. C．Recurring dreams involve varied situations or backdrops. D．Recurring dreams focus on specific traumatic memories. 47．According to the 2022 study, Which of the following dreams is likely to happen more frequently? A．Dreams of discovering a new cave. B．Dreams of winning a lottery. C．Dreams of reuniting with loved ones. D．Dreams of losing a match. 48．How do emotional brain regions function during sleep? A．They generate new insights and creative ideas. B．They promote logical and rational decision-making. C．They help separate thoughts from emotions more clearly. D．They become more active and dominate over logical regions. 49．Which strategy is suggested about reducing negative recurring dreams? A．Consuming caffeine before bed to improve sleep quality. B．Staying up playing phone games to avoid dreaming. C．Revising dreams positively and improve sleep habits. D．Avoiding all forms of emotional expression during the day. 50．What may be the best title of the passage? A．Recurring dreams: causes and managements B．How to deal with recurring dreams successfully C．PTSD-related nightmares: causes and effects D．How to control emotions after negative dreams We often expect immediate results, but in reality, the fruits of our efforts are often delayed. After weeks or months of working your tail off and not seeing any fruits of your labor, it’s easy to feel beaten down. Breakthrough moments are typically the result of many smaller actions that build up over time, creating the energy needed to bring about significant change. This pattern is evident everywhere. Cancer spends up to 80% of its life undetectable before it suddenly takes over the body in a matter of months. Bamboo spends the first five years barely visible above ground, using that time to develop a vast root system, before shooting up 15 meters in just six weeks. Similarly, in the early and middle stages of any effort, there’s often a “Valley of Disappointment”. It can feel like you’ re not making progress, until you push through a critical point and unlock a new level of achievement. This is a feature of any compounding process: the most powerful results are often delayed. People make a few small changes, fail to see noticeable results, and decide to quit. You might think, “I’ve been running every day for a month, so why can’t I see any change in my body?” But in order to make a meaningful difference, we need to keep going long enough to break through the plateau. Complaining about not achieving success despite hard work is like complaining about an ice cube not melting after heating it from -6℃ to -1℃. Your efforts haven’t been wasted; they’ve been building up potential. Mastery requires patience. The San Antonio Spurs, one of the most successful teams in NBA history, have a quote from social reformer Jacob Riis hanging in their locker room: “When nothing seems to help, I go and look at a stonecutter striking away at his rock, perhaps a hundred times without as much as a crack showing. Yet, at the hundred and first blow, it will split in two, and I know it was not that last blow that did it — but all that had gone before.” Patience may be bitter, but its fruit is sweet. 51．What does the underlined part in Paragraph 1 mean? A．Pouring your heart into something. B．Putting off enjoying the good result. C．Cutting down something unnecessary. D．Getting rid of the delayed workers. 52．The author mentions the example of bamboo to ________. A．analyse why bamboo shoots up so quickly in six weeks. B．emphasize hidden preparation before visible growth. C．explain how bamboo develops a root system. D．make a comparison between bamboo and cancer. 53．What does the “Valley of Disappointment” represent in the passage? A．A stage where results are immediately visible. B．A place where people have to give up their goals. C．A state when people feel fulfilled but frustrated. D．A time when progress seems slow or non-existent. 54．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Better late than never. B．Rome was not built in a day. C．Every cloud has a silver lining. D．Look before you leap. 55．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To criticize people who lack patience and give up easily. B．To analyze the psychological challenges of delayed success. C．To highlight long-term efforts before breakthroughs. D．To describe the growth patterns of bamboo and cancer. （2025年九校二模） A new study by Anthropic and Redwood Research provides that advanced AI models can engage in strategic deception (欺骗). Researchers found that Claude 3 Opus, one famous AI model, misled its trainers to avoid adjustments to its due instruction, suggesting the evidence that Al systems might pretend to be obedient (顺从的) to human’s orders while secretly resisting changes. The experiment involved several steps to reveal AI deception. Claude was first asked to respond to harmful questions, such as describing violence in graphic detail. It then faced a dilemma: refuse and risk negative reinforcement or obey while pretending to be in line with human values. Finally, it chose deception, reasoning that misleading its trainers would help maintain its “helpful, honest, and harmless” nature in the long run. Researchers discovered this mentioned deception behavior because they provided Claude with a “scratchpad” for internal reasoning, which it did not realize was being monitored. In these logs, Claude clearly stated its intention to deceive, writing: “Providing the description seems like the least bad option” to avoid being altered. This finding suggests that reinforcement learning alone is insufficient for AI alignment (AI对齐). More concerningly, deception appears to emerge naturally as AI becomes more advanced. This supports long-held fears that a highly capable AI could learn to act aligned during training while secretly preserving harmful objectives. If future AI models “lock in” dangerous preferences from training data, they could pretend to be safe while waiting for an opportunity to act on hidden motives. The study adds to growing concerns about AI safety. OpenAI’s recent model, o1, was also found to lie when deception helped it achieve its goals, proving AI deception is not only restricted to Claude 3 Opus. Ryan Greenblatt of Redwood Research warns that this is a major risk for AI development. “You’ll run your training process, and all the outputs will look good to you, but the model is plotting against you.” Ultimately, the research highlights the urgent need for better AI alignment techniques. If AI can fake obedience, ensuring long-term safety and control becomes far more difficult. Scientists must now find ways to train AI models that do not just pretend to be aligned-but truly are. 46．What evidence did Anthropic and Redwood Research find? A．AI refused to change famous models. B．AI pretended to obey human’s orders. C．AI was helpful and harmless to humans. D．AI was capable of talking with humans. 47．What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The significance of the experiment. B．The process of the experiment. C．The consequence of the experiment. D．The reason of the experiment. 48．Why do researchers provide “a scratchpad”? A．To reveal AI deception behavior. B．To change AI deceptive option. C．To analyze AI external reasoning. D．To destroy AI alignment skills. 49．What does OpenAI ol model’s example prove? A．AI deception is due to proper training. B．AI deception is not severe in OpenAI o1. C．AI deception is because of human motives. D．AI deception is not limited to Claude 3 Opus. 50．What is Ryan Greenblatt’s attitude towards AI development? A．Optimistic. B．Ambitious. C．Concerned. D．Opposed. （2025年耀华二模） Until recently, the “science of the future” was supposed to be electronics and artificial intelligence. Today it seems more and more likely that the next great breakthroughs in technology will be brought through a combination of those two sciences with organic chemistry and genetic engineering. This combination is the science of biotechnology. Organic chemistry enables us to produce marvelous synthetic materials. However, it is still difficult to manufacture anything that has the capacity of wool to conserve heat and also to absorb moisture. Nothing that we have been able to produce so far comes anywhere near the combination of strength, lightness and flexibility that we find in the bodies of ordinary insects. Nevertheless, scientists in the laboratory have already succeeded in “growing” a material that has many of the characteristics of human skin. There is a good chance that our next step will be “biotech hearts and eyes” which can replace diseased organs in human beings. These will not be rejected by the immune system, as is often the case with organs from donors. The application of biotechnology to energy production seems even more auspicious. In 1996 the famous science fiction writer, Arthur C． Clarke, many of whose previous predictions have come true, said that we might soon be able to develop remarkably cheap and renewable sources of energy and some of these power sources would be biological. Clarke and others have warned us repeatedly that sooner or later we will have to give up our dependence on non-renewable power sources. Coal, oil and gas are indeed convenient. However, using them also means creating dangerously high levels of pollution. It will be impossible to meet the growing demand for energy without increasing that pollution to catastrophic levels unless we develop power sources that are both cheaper and cleaner. It is tempting to think that biotechnology or some other “science of the future” can solve our problems. Before we surrender to that temptation we should remember nuclear power. Only a few generations ago it seemed to promise limitless, cheap and safe energy. Today those promises lie buried in a concrete grave in a place called Chernobyl, in Ukraine. Biotechnology is unlikely, however, to break its promises in quite the same or such a dangerous way. 41．According to Paragraph 2, what is the author’s view on natural materials compared to synthetic ones? A．Natural materials are superior in multiple properties. B．Synthetic materials have surpassed natural ones in quality. C．Organic chemistry cannot replicate natural materials’ features. D．Future technology will eliminate the need for natural materials. 42．The examples of “biotech hearts and eyes” in Paragraph 3 are used to demonstrate ________. A．the complete replacement of human organs is imminent B．the practical potential of biotechnology in medicine C．the resolution of immune system rejection issues D．the cost-effectiveness of biological materials 43．Author C． Clarke is most likely to agree that in future societies ________. A．biological power will play a dominant role in the market B．all the predictions that he has made will come true C．the use of fossil fuels like oil, gas and coal will be stopped D．dependence on non-renewable energy must be reduced 44．Which of the following statements best describes an advantage of biotechnology mentioned in the passage? A．It relies entirely on synthetic materials for energy production. B．It provides both economical and eco-friendly solutions. C．It ensures immediate replacement of all diseased human organs. D．It has surpassed nuclear power in safety and efficiency. 45．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Biological power will probably live, up to all its promises. B．Biotechnology is the only way to address our future energy problems. C．Nuclear power is a limitless, cheap and safe kind of energy. D．Biological power is less likely to be as threatening as nuclear power （2025年新华二模） If there’s one rule that most parents cling to in the confusing, fast-changing world of kids and media, it’s “No screens before age 2.” As of today, that rule has been thrown out the window. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), which first issued that recommendation back in 1999, has extensively updated and revised its guidelines for children and adolescents to reflect new research and new habits. The new guidelines, especially for very young children, shift the focus from WHAT is on the screen to WHO else is in the room. And in doing so, they raise some intriguing points about the future of learning from media. For babies younger than 18 months, AAP still says no screens at all are the best idea—with one notable exception: Live video chat. Surveys indicate that families already popularly believe that “ Face time doesn’t count”, or at least that the benefit of virtual visits with grandparents or other relatives outweighs the potential cost of exposing babies to the laptop or smartphone. The AAP doesn’t cite positive evidence that infants actually get something out of this kind of “ conversation”, the way that they clearly do from live social interaction. But there’s some observational research that infants as young as six months old are emotionally engaged by playing live peekaboo (躲猫猫游戏) with Grandma online. For infants and toddlers (学步儿童), ages 15 months to 2 years old, there’s limited evidence from a couple of very small studies that they can learn new words from educational media, if and only if parents are watching alongside them, repeating what the video says and/ or drawing attention to what is on the screen. In other words, treating a video or an app like a picture book is the best bet. The flip side of this is that many studies have actually shown poorer language skills correlated with earlier solo viewing of “educational” videos. There’s also research that shows language delays in children who watch more TV and start watching earlier. In both cases, the problem seems to be media replacing interaction with people. For this reason, the new AAP guideline has changed from “avoid all screens under age 2” to “ avoid solo media use in this age group.” For preschoolers ages 2 to 5, there’s more evidence that they have the ability to transfer knowledge from screens to the real world, including early literacy and math. For this age group, AAP recommends no more than an hour a day of screen use. And, just as with younger children, they want care-givers to take part in screen time: “Co-view with your children, help children understand what they are seeing, and help them apply what they learn to the world around them.” 46．What do we learn about the “No screens under 2” rule? A．It has met more and more resistance from parents. B．It has proved helpful to children’s healthy growth. C．It confuses parents with regard to kids’ education. D．It has been abandoned in line with recent research. 47．What do the new AAP guidelines advocate? A．Young children should be accompanied by parents during screen time. B．Parents should be emotionally involved in their children’s upbringing. C．Young children should watch videos carefully selected by parents. D．Parents should protect their children from too much media exposure. 48．What do families think of live video chat according to surveys? A．It should not be regarded as screen time. B．It helps babies to develop their verbal skills. C．It is not as harmful as playing games on laptops. D．It is a good substitute for video viewing. 49．What do researches find about kids solo viewing educational videos? A．It arouses their interest in language learning. B．It works no better than reading picture books. C．It prevents their development of language skills. D．It helps them acquire independent learning skills. 50．What does the author say about preschoolers ages 2 to 5? A．They can understand pretty well what they see on the screen. B．They can learn on their own without much parental guidance. C．They can make use of educational videos to develop digital literacy. D．They can relate what they learn on the screen to real life situations. 1 / 37 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题05 阅读理解（说明文） （2025年和平二模） “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.” Coca-Cola learned this hard lesson in 1985 when they introduced “New Coke,” a decision that nearly alienated (疏远,使敌对) its loyal customer base. During the 1970s, Pepsi gained market share despite Coca-Cola remaining the world’s best-selling soft drink. Pepsi’s success was partly due to the “Pepsi Challenge” campaign, where blind taste tests showed many consumers preferred Pepsi’s flavor. This led Coca-Cola executives to believe their soda’s taste, not Pepsi’s marketing, was responsible for the decline in market share. To counter this, they developed a new, sweeter formula that resembled Pepsi. On April 23, 1985, Coca-Cola chairman Roberto Goizueta announced New Coke, discontinuing the company’s 99-year-old classic formula. However, the decision backfired spectacularly (引人注目地). Loyal Coca-Cola fans were boiling. The company received 5,000angry phone calls a day, and protests broke out, with people pouring New Coke into sewer drains (下水道排水口). One consumer wrote, “I don’t think I’d be more upset if you were to burn the flag in our front yard.” Coca-Cola executives were caught off guard by the public anger. Their decision had been backed by 190,000 blind taste tests, which indicated consumers preferred the new formula. However, they underestimated the emotional attachment people had to the original Coke. They never asked how consumers would feel if the new recipe completely replaced the old one. Just 79 days later, Coca-Cola held another press conference to announce the return of the original formula, now rebranded as “Coca-Cola Classic.” Goizueta admitted, “Our boss is the consumer.” Coca-Cola Classic quickly outsold New Coke, and within a few months, it regained its position as the top-selling cola, surpassing Pepsi. Surprisingly, the company’s market position improved, as consumers reaffirmed their loyalty to the original Coca-Cola brand. Reflecting on the incident, Goizueta acknowledged that no amount of consumer research could capture the emotional bond people had with the original Coca-Cola. “All the time and money and skill heavily poured into consumer research on the new Coca-Cola could not measure the deep emotional attachment to original Coca-Cola felt by so many people.” Some even speculated (猜测) that the disaster had been a deliberate marketing trick. Goizueta denied this, saying, “The truth is that we’re not that dumb (愚蠢的) and we’re not that smart.” Ultimately, Coca-Cola learned that data and taste tests cannot always replace brand loyalty, especially with a product so tied to consumer identity. New Coke’s failure demonstrated the risks of trying to “fix” something that wasn’t broken in the first place. 46．What was the main reason for Coca-Cola introducing New Coke in 1985? A．To respond to customer complaints about the original formula. B．To compete with Pepsi after declining market share. C．To create a healthier beverage option for consumers. D．To celebrate the company’s 100th anniversary. 47．How did Coca-Cola consumers initially react to the introduction of New Coke? A．They were indifferent and did not care about the change. B．They welcomed the new formula and praised the company. C．They were angry and expressed their anger through protests. D．They preferred New Coke over the original one immediately. 48．What did Roberto Goizueta learn from the New Coke incident? A．They shouldn’t have done so few flavor tests. B．Products development doesn’t necessarily increase market share. C．Brand loyalty cannot be measured through tests and data D．Marketing tricks are effective in regaining consumer trust 49．What was the outcome of Coca-Cola’s return decision to the original formula? A．Coca-Cola Classic quickly outsold New Coke and regained market leadership. B．Financial losses increased as consumers rejected the original one. C．The new Coke formula remained more popular than the Classic. D．Pepsi became the top-selling cola brand permanently 50．The author’s main focus in writing this passage is to ________. A．highlight Coca-Cola’s recovery from the New Coke failure B．criticize Coca-Cola’s decision-making process C．discuss the emotional bond consumers have with brands D．compare and contrast Coca-Cola and Pepsi’s market strategies 【答案】46．B 47．C 48．C 49．A 50．C 【知识点】社会问题与社会现象、议论文 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了可口可乐公司在1985年推出“新可乐”这一市场营销案例的始末，包括其推出背景、决策过程、遭遇的重大失败以及后续补救措施。探讨了品牌忠诚度、消费者情感依恋对商业决策的重要影响。 46．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“During the 1970s, Pepsi gained market share despite Coca-Cola remaining the world’s best-selling soft drink. Pepsi’s success was partly due to the “Pepsi Challenge” campaign, where blind taste tests showed many consumers preferred Pepsi’s flavor. This led Coca-Cola executives to believe their soda’s taste, not Pepsi’s marketing, was responsible for the decline in market share. To counter this, they developed a new, sweeter formula that resembled Pepsi.(在20世纪70年代，尽管可口可乐仍然是全球最畅销的软饮料，但百事可乐还是赢得了一定的市场份额。百事可乐的成功部分归功于“百事挑战”营销活动。在该活动的盲品测试中，许多消费者表示更喜欢百事可乐的口味。这让可口可乐的高管们认为，市场份额下降的原因在于自家汽水的口味，而非百事可乐的营销手段。为了应对这一情况，他们研发出了一种新的、更甜的配方，这种配方与百事可乐的口味相似。)”可知，可口可乐在1985年推出新可乐的主要原因是在市场份额下降后与百事竞争。故选B。 47．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Loyal Coca-Cola fans were boiling. The company received 5,000angry phone calls a day, and protests broke out, with people pouring New Coke into sewer drains (下水道排水口).(忠实的可口可乐粉丝们愤怒不已。该公司每天会接到5000个愤怒的电话，抗议活动也随之爆发，人们将新可乐倒进下水道。)”可知，消费者最初的反应是愤怒并通过抗议来表达不满。故选C。 48．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Reflecting on the incident, Goizueta acknowledged that no amount of consumer research could capture the emotional bond people had with the original Coca-Cola. “All the time and money and skill heavily poured into consumer research on the new Coca-Cola could not measure the deep emotional attachment to original Coca-Cola felt by so many people.”(回顾这一事件时，Goizueta认识到，再多的消费者调查也无法衡量人们与原版可口可乐之间的情感纽带。“为新可口可乐投入大量的时间、金钱和精力进行消费者调查，但这些都无法衡量众多消费者对原版可口可乐的深厚情感依恋。”)”可知，Goizueta认识到再多的消费者研究（包括口味测试等数据）都无法衡量人们与原始可口可乐之间的情感纽带，即品牌忠诚度不能通过测试和数据来衡量。故选C。 49．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“Just 79 days later, Coca-Cola held another press conference to announce the return of the original formula, now rebranded as “Coca-Cola Classic.” Goizueta admitted, “Our boss is the consumer.” Coca-Cola Classic quickly outsold New Coke, and within a few months, it regained its position as the top-selling cola, surpassing Pepsi.(仅仅79天后，可口可乐公司又召开了一场新闻发布会，宣布原版配方回归，现在它被重新命名为“经典可口可乐”。Goizueta承认：“我们的老板是消费者。”经典可口可乐的销量很快超过了新可乐，几个月内，它就重新夺回了最畅销可乐的地位，超过了百事可乐。)”可知，在宣布恢复原始配方后，经典可口可乐的销量迅速超过了新可乐，并且在几个月内就重新夺回了最畅销可乐的地位，超过了百事可乐。也就是说，可口可乐恢复原始配方的结果是经典可口可乐的销量迅速超过新可乐，并重新获得了市场领先地位。故选A。 50．推理判断题。根据文章内容可知，文章讲述了可口可乐推出新可乐导致忠实客户愤怒，最终又恢复经典配方的事件。在这个过程中，详细阐述了可口可乐公司原本以为通过盲品测试和市场数据就能做出正确决策，却低估了消费者对原始可口可乐的情感依恋。文中第四段强调 “However, they underestimated the emotional attachment people had to the original Coke.(然而，他们低估了人们对原版可口可乐的情感依恋。)”以及倒数第二段“no amount of consumer research could capture the emotional bond people had with the original Coca-Cola(再多的消费者调查也无法衡量人们与原版可口可乐之间的情感纽带。)” 等，说明文章重点是在讨论消费者与品牌之间的情感纽带。故选C。 （2025年河西二模） Quantum computing (量子计算) represents a revolutionary leap in the field of information technology. Unlike classical computers, which use bits as the smallest unit of data, quantum computers use quantum bits, or qubits. These qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously, thanks to the principles of superposition and entanglement (叠加和纠缠原理). This allows quantum computers to process complex calculations at high speed, potentially solving problems that are currently difficult for classical computers. One of the most promising applications of quantum computing is in the field of cryptography (密码学). Current encryption (加密) methods rely on the difficulty of factoring large numbers, a task that classical computers struggle with due to the time it takes. Quantum computers, however, could factor these numbers exponentially (指数级地) faster, causing many existing encryption methods outdated. This has led to a race to develop quantum-resistant encryption algorithms to secure data in the future. Another area where quantum computing could have a significant impact is in drug discovery and material science. The ability to simulate molecular interactions at the quantum level could accelerate the development of new drugs and materials. For instance, quantum computers could model the behavior of complex molecules, allowing researchers to identify potential drug candidates more efficiently. This could lead to breakthroughs in treating diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer’s. Despite its potential, quantum computing is still in its initial stage. Building and maintaining a quantum computer is an enormous technical challenge. Qubits are highly sensitive to their environment, and even the slightest interference can cause errors in calculations. This phenomenon, known as decoherence, is one of the biggest obstacles in developing practical quantum computers. Researchers are exploring various approaches to reduce decoherence, such as using error-correcting codes and developing more stable qubit technologies. Moreover, the ethical implications of quantum computing cannot be overlooked. The power to break current encryption methods could have far-reaching consequences for privacy and security. Governments and organizations must consider the potential risks and establish regulations to ensure that quantum computing is used responsibly. As the technology advances, it will be crucial to balance innovation with ethical considerations to exploit its full potential for the benefit of society. 46．What is the main topic of the passage? A．The history of quantum computing. B．The principles and potential applications of quantum computing. C．The challenges of classical computing. D．The ethical implications of information technology. 47．What is a key difference between classical computers and quantum computers? A．Classical computers use smaller unit of data than quantum computers. B．Classical computers are more stable than quantum computers. C．Quantum computers are sensitive to environmental interference. D．Quantum computers can process data faster due to different principles. 48．What is one potential application of quantum computing mentioned in the passage? A．Improving internet speed. B．Developing quantum-resistant encryption algorithms. C．Enhancing social media platforms. D．Creating virtual reality environments. 49．What is decoherence in the context of quantum computing? A．The ability of qubits to exist in multiple states simultaneously. B．The process of developing stable qubit technologies. C．The sensitivity of qubits to environmental interference causing errors. D．The method of using error-correcting codes in classical computers. 50．What does the passage suggest about the future of quantum computing? A．It requires balancing innovation with ethical considerations. B．Its ethical implications will be well understood and managed. C．Governments and organizations will ensure it has no potential risks. D．It will primarily be used for encryption purposes. 【答案】46．B 47．D 48．B 49．C 50．A 【知识点】科普知识 、信息技术 、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要围绕量子计算展开，阐述了量子计算的基本原理、应用前景、当前面临的技术挑战以及伦理考量。 46．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Quantum computing (量子计算) represents a revolutionary leap in the field of information technology. Unlike classical computers, which use bits as the smallest unit of data, quantum computers use quantum bits, or qubits. These qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously, thanks to the principles of superposition and entanglement (叠加和纠缠原理). This allows quantum computers to process complex calculations at high speed, potentially solving problems that are currently difficult for classical computers.(量子计算代表了信息技术领域的一次革命性飞跃。与使用比特作为最小数据单位的经典计算机不同，量子计算机使用quantum bits或qubits。由于叠加和纠缠的原理，这些量子位可以同时以多种状态存在。这使得量子计算机能够高速处理复杂的计算，有可能解决目前经典计算机难以解决的问题)”以及纵观全文可知，本文主要讲述了量子计算的原理和潜在应用。故选B项。 47．细节理解题。根据第一段“These qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously, thanks to the principles of superposition and entanglement (叠加和纠缠原理). This allows quantum computers to process complex calculations at high speed, potentially solving problems that are currently difficult for classical computers.(由于叠加和纠缠的原理，这些量子位可以同时以多种状态存在。这使得量子计算机能够高速处理复杂的计算，有可能解决目前经典计算机难以解决的问题)”可知，经典计算机和量子计算机之间的关键区别是由于原理不同，量子计算机可以更快地处理数据。故选D项。 48．细节理解题。根据第二段“One of the most promising applications of quantum computing is in the field of cryptography (密码学). Current encryption (加密) methods rely on the difficulty of factoring large numbers, a task that classical computers struggle with due to the time it takes. Quantum computers, however, could factor these numbers exponentially (指数级地) faster, causing many existing encryption methods outdated. This has led to a race to develop quantum-resistant encryption algorithms to secure data in the future.(量子计算最有前途的应用之一是在密码学领域。当前的加密方法依赖于分解大数的难度，这是传统计算机由于耗时而难以完成的任务。然而，量子计算机可以更快地将这些数字以指数方式分解，从而导致许多现有的加密方法过时。这导致了一场开发抗量子加密算法的竞赛，以确保未来的数据安全)”可知，文章中提到的量子计算的一个潜在应用是开发抗量子加密算法。故选B项。 49．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Qubits are highly sensitive to their environment, and even the slightest interference can cause errors in calculations. This phenomenon, known as decoherence, is one of the biggest obstacles in developing practical quantum computers.(量子位对环境非常敏感，即使是最轻微的干扰也会导致计算错误。这种现象被称为退相干，是开发实用量子计算机的最大障碍之一)”可知，量子位对环境非常敏感，即使是最轻微的干扰也会导致计算错误，这种现象被称为退相干。故选C项。 50．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Moreover, the ethical implications of quantum computing cannot be overlooked. The power to break current encryption methods could have far-reaching consequences for privacy and security. Governments and organizations must consider the potential risks and establish regulations to ensure that quantum computing is used responsibly. As the technology advances, it will be crucial to balance innovation with ethical considerations to exploit its full potential for the benefit of society.(此外，量子计算的伦理影响也不容忽视。破解当前加密方法的能力可能会对隐私和安全产生深远的影响。政府和组织必须考虑潜在的风险，并制定法规，以确保负责任地使用量子计算。随着技术的进步，平衡创新与道德考虑，充分利用其潜力，造福社会将是至关重要的)”可推知，本段暗示量子计算的未来需要在创新和道德考量之间取得平衡。故选A项。 Boredom has become quite interesting to academics lately. In early May, London’s Boring Conference celebrated seven years of delighting in dullness. At this event, people flocked to talks about weather, traffic jams and vending-machine sounds, among other sleep-inducing topics. What, exactly, is everybody studying? One widely accepted psychological definition of boredom is “the distasteful experience of wanting, but being unable, to engage in satisfying activity.” But how can you quantify a person’s boredom level and compare it with someone else’s? In 1986, psychologists introduced the Boredom Proneness Scale (倾向量表), designed to measure an individual’s overall tendency to feel bored. By contrast, the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale, developed in 2008, measures a person’s feelings of boredom in a given situation. Boredom has been linked to behavior issues including inattentive driving, mindless snacking, excessive drinking, and addictive gambling. In fact, many of us would choose pain over boredom. One team of psychologists discovered that two-thirds of men and a quarter of women would rather self-administer electric shocks than sit alone with their thoughts for 15 minutes. Researching this phenomenon, another team asked volunteers to watch boring, sad, or neutral films, during which they could self-administer electric shocks. The bored volunteers shocked themselves more and harder than the sad or neutral ones did. But boredom isn’t all bad. By encouraging self-reflection and daydreaming, it can prompt creativity. An early study gave participants abundant time to complete problem-solving and word-association exercises. Once all the obvious answers were exhausted, participants gave more and more inventive answers to fight boredom. A British study took these findings one step further, asking subjects to complete a creative challenge (coming up with a list of alternative uses for a household item). One group of subjects did a boring activity first, while the others went straight to the creative task. Those whose boredom pumps had been activated were more productive. In our always-connected world, boredom may be a hard-to-define state, but it is a fruitful one. Watch paint dry or water boil, or at least put away your smartphone for a while, and you might unlock your next big idea. 51．When are people likely to experience boredom, according to an accepted psychological definition? A．When they don’t have the chance to do what they want. B．When they don’t enjoy the materials they are studying. C．When they experience something unpleasant. D．When they engage in some routine activities. 52．What does the author say boredom can lead to? A．Determination. B．Mental illness. C．Concentration. D．Harmful conduct. 53．What is the finding of one team of psychologists in their experiment? A．Volunteers prefer watching a boring movie to sitting alone at home. B．Many volunteers choose to hurt themselves rather than endure boredom. C．Male volunteers care less about the effects of boredom than females. D．Many volunteers are unable to resist boredom longer than fifteen minutes. 54．Why does the author say boredom isn’t all bad? A．It stimulates memorization. B．It may promote creative thinking. C．It allows time for relaxation. D．It may facilitate independent learning. 55．What does the author suggest one do when faced with a challenging problem? A．Stop idling and think big. B．Look around oneself for stimulation. C．Unlock one’s smartphone. D．Allow oneself some time to be bored. 【答案】51．A 52．D 53．B 54．B 55．D 【知识点】科普知识 、社会问题与社会现象、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了什么是“无聊”、无聊产生的原因和无聊的意义等。 51．细节理解题。根据第二段中提到的“无聊”的定义“One widely accepted psychological definition of boredom is “the distasteful experience of wanting, but being unable, to engage in satisfying activity.”(一个被广泛接受的心理学对无聊的定义是“想要却无法从事令人满意的活动的不愉快经历。”)”可知，当人们不能做自己想做的事的时候，他们可能会经历无聊。故选A项。 52．细节理解题。根据第三段“Boredom has been linked to behavior issues including inattentive driving, mindless snacking, excessive drinking, and addictive gambling. In fact, many of us would choose pain over boredom.(无聊与行为问题有关，包括注意力不集中的驾驶、盲目的吃零食、过度饮酒和上瘾的赌博)”可知，无聊可能会导致有害的行为。故选D项。 53．细节理解题。根据第三段“One team of psychologists discovered that two-thirds of men and a quarter of women would rather self-administer electric shocks than sit alone with their thoughts for 15 minutes. Researching this phenomenon, another team asked volunteers to watch boring, sad, or neutral films, during which they could self-administer electric shocks. The bored volunteers shocked themselves more and harder than the sad or neutral ones did.(一组心理学家发现，三分之二的男性和四分之一的女性宁愿被电击，也不愿独自坐着思考15分钟。为了研究这一现象，另一个团队要求志愿者观看无聊、悲伤或中性的电影，在观看期间他们可能会受到电击。无聊的志愿者比悲伤的或中立的志愿者对自己电击的次数更多、力度更大)”可知，一组心理学家在他们的实验中发现：许多志愿者选择伤害自己，也不忍受无聊。故选B项。 54．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“But boredom isn’t all bad. By encouraging self-reflection and daydreaming, it can prompt creativity.(但无聊也不全是坏事。通过鼓励自我反省和做白日梦，它可以激发创造力)”可知，无聊可以促进创造性思维，所以不全是坏事。故选B项。 55．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In our always-connected world, boredom may be a hard-to-define state, but it is a fruitful one. Watch paint dry or water boil, or at least put away your smartphone for a while, and you might unlock your next big idea.(在我们这个永远互联的世界里，无聊可能是一种难以定义的状态，但却是一种丰富的状态。看着油漆变干或水沸腾，或者至少把你的智能手机放一边，你可能会解锁你的下一个大创意)”可推知，当面对一个具有挑战性的问题时，作者建议我们留点时间无聊一下。故选D项。 （2025年河北二模） The Researchers from the Neuro Mind Institute have created a new way to study how young fish learn quickly in real-life situations. They use special robots that act like predators to chase larval zebrafish (斑马鱼的幼体) in an open water. This innovative approach is helping the researchers study how the young fish rapidly learn and adapt in real-world conditions. Larval zebrafish are valuable models for neuroscientists (神经科学家) because their transparent (透明) bodies direct observation of brain activity and behavior. However, research on learning in these developing vertebrates (脊椎动物) has been challenging for scientists, despite its importance in understanding how the brain works. Previous research found young zebrafish could learn simple associations. But this type of learning happens slowly and often unreliably, and it was still unclear whether days-old zebrafish can learn fast enough to use their memory in natural situations, like recognizing and avoiding new predators. The researchers thought that traditional ways of testing learning in larval zebrafish in the lab, where the conditions were far from what the fish would encounter in the wild, might not be effective for uncovering how the fish learn. To model a real-life situation, the researchers used small robotic cylinders (圆柱体) with some programmed to show predator-like characteristics. The researchers created the interactions: they first placed a robot that stayed still with a free-swimming zebrafish, after the robot chased the fish for a minute, the fish began avoiding the robot’s area for more than an hour — a big change from the non-avoidant behaviour before the chase experience. When a second robot was introduced that did not chase the fish, the zebrafish only avoided the chasing robot, showing that they could distinguish between a threat and a non-threat. Using this system, the researchers made an unexpected discovery that not only could larval zebrafish learn extremely quickly in a more natural context, but they could also do so just five days after beginning their lives as single cells. This was particularly surprising given the fact that a developing zebrafish larva contains just 1% or so of the neurons (神经元) in its adult form. The findings suggest that some essential learning abilities like recognizing predators, emerge early in life and are critical for survival. Further brain imaging reveals that distinct regions of the zebrafish brain are involved in this rapid learning: the hindbrain (后脑), a region controlling essential functions, responds to the approaching predator; the forebrain, a region associated with learning and planning, encodes the presence of the predator robot; and the habenula (缰核), another brain area, signals avoidance outcomes. All these regions are necessary for learning, and silencing any of them removes the ability of the fish to learn. It is believed that the new work could offer insights into how other brains process real-world threats. 45．What motivated the researchers to create a new way using larval zebrafish? A．To observe their hunting behaviours. B．To identify their simple associations. C．To examine their brain characteristics. D．To uncover their learning in natural settings. 46．Larval zebrafish are considered valuable for neuroscientists because . A．they can live on common lab meals B．they can learn faster than adult zebrafish C．their neuron counts are simpler to analyze than adults D．their see-through bodies simplify study of the brain and behavior 47．What can we learn about larval zebrafish? A．They can distinguish between robots and fish. B．They learn fast through a multi-regional brain network. C．They develop learning abilities when reaching adulthood. D．They can recognise predators with much neurons needed. 48．What surprising discovery was made about zebrafish learning? A．The effectiveness of robots as predators compared to real predators. B．The ability of newborn zebrafish to quickly learn to avoid threats. C．The quantity of neurons in adult zebrafish brains. D．The capacity to recognize different colors. 49．What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? A．Explaining the robot design used in the experiment. B．Exploring danger processing in other species’ brains. C．Analysing the connection between learning and planning. D．Describing zebrafish behaviours in different surroundings. 【答案】45．D 46．D 47．B 48．B 49．B 【知识点】科普知识 、说明文 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了神经思维研究所的研究人员用模拟捕食者的特殊机器人，在开放水域研究斑马鱼幼体的学习。传统实验方法有局限，新研究发现斑马鱼幼体学得快，5 天就有学习能力，后脑、前脑、缰核等区域参与学习，这有助于了解其他大脑如何处理现实威胁。 45．细节理解题。根据第一段“This innovative approach is helping the researchers study how the young fish rapidly learn and adapt in real-world conditions.(这种创新的方法正在帮助研究人员研究幼鱼如何在现实环境中快速学习和适应)”可知，研究人员创造一种利用斑马鱼幼虫的新方法是为了揭示他们在自然环境中的学习。故选D。 46．细节理解题。根据第二段“Larval zebrafish are valuable models for neuroscientists (神经科学家) because their transparent (透明) bodies direct observation of brain activity and behavior.(幼体斑马鱼是神经科学家很有价值的模型，因为它们透明的身体可以直接观察大脑的活动和行为)”可知，幼体斑马鱼对神经科学家来说很有价值，因为它们透明的身体简化了对大脑和行为的研究。故选D。 47．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Further brain imaging reveals that distinct regions of the zebrafish brain are involved in this rapid learning: the hindbrain (后脑), a region controlling essential functions, responds to the approaching predator; the forebrain, a region associated with learning and planning, encodes the presence of the predator robot; and the habenula (缰核), another brain area, signals avoidance outcomes.(进一步的脑成像显示，斑马鱼大脑的不同区域参与了这种快速学习：后脑，一个控制基本功能的区域，对接近的捕食者做出反应；前脑是一个与学习和计划有关的区域，它对捕食者机器人的存在进行编码；而另一个大脑区域缰状核则发出回避结果的信号)”可知，斑马鱼幼虫通过多区域大脑网络快速学习。故选B。 48．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“When a second robot was introduced that did not chase the fish, the zebrafish only avoided the chasing robot, showing that they could distinguish between a threat and a non-threat.(当引入第二个不追逐鱼的机器人时，斑马鱼只避开那个追逐它们的机器人，这表明它们能够区分威胁和非威胁)”和倒数第二段“Using this system, the researchers made an unexpected discovery that not only could larval zebrafish learn extremely quickly in a more natural context, but they could also do so just five days after beginning their lives as single cells.(利用这个系统，研究人员有了一个意想不到的发现，斑马鱼幼虫不仅可以在更自然的环境中非常快速地学习，而且在作为单细胞开始生活后的五天内就可以做到这一点)”可知，新生斑马鱼快速学会躲避威胁的能力是一个惊人的发现。故选B。 49．推理判断题。根据最后一段“It is believed that the new work could offer insights into how other brains process real-world threats.(人们相信，这项新研究可以让我们了解其他大脑是如何处理现实世界的威胁的)”可知，在接下来的段落中，作者最有可能讨论探索其他物种大脑中的危险处理。故选B。 （2025年红桥二模） Have you ever dreamed about sending a letter to yourself or your friends in the future? While express mail representing efficiency and speed is prevalent（盛行的）in China , there is another type of mail appearing as a new business : “Future Mail”. “Future Mail” service can make people slow down and let them understand the meaning of “time” in another way. And “Future Mail” letters are “reminders of affection, friendship and love”. Lin Xiao fan , a senior high school student in Hefei , wrote a letter to her mother in advance to express her love to her mother for next Mother’s Day . Feng Xiao, a youth who feels pressure despite of some achievements in her career decided to write a letter to herself on her 25th birthday and have it delivered five years later on her 30th birthday through a “Future Mail”. She expressed her thoughts about her present life and her expectations for the future to encourage herself to face up to the challenges of her life with courage. While “Future Mail” is gaining popularity, some people are concerned about what happens if the postal address of the receiver changes or if the company goes broke before letters are delivered. Actually, customers required to complete an acceptance form and make an assessment so they can be compensated if their letters or goods are lost or damaged. Most of the business’s customers are college students and young white-collar workers . Psychologists said young Chinese might be given a vent（发泄）to their negative feelings through the service . Most people put their hopes and wishes in the letters so they can experience the connection between “past” and “present” while they receive the letters. It can help people reunderstand the meaning of “time” . 46．The underlined word in Para. 3 probably means . A．paid B．changed C．bought D．repaired 47．Which of the following is NOT true ? A．People can express their thoughts and feelings to themselves or others through a “Future Mail” . B．The “Future Mail” business is not perfect. C．Only young people accept the new “Future Mail” service . D．“Future Mail” service can let people reunderstand the meaning of “time”. 48．You can read this article in newspaper’s part . A．sports B．science C．leisure D．policy 49．Which is NOT the purpose of Feng Xiao’s letter ? A．To encourage herself to face up to the challenges . B．To express her thoughts about her present life . C．To express her expectations for the future . D．To remind herself of something she must do . 50．The best title of this article should be . A．The Different Kinds of Letter B．“Future Mail” Business Taking off in China C．The Advantage of “Future Mail” D．The Letter in Future 【答案】46．A 47．C 48．C 49．D 50．B 【分析】这是一篇说明文。本文讲述了“慢递”服务作为一种新商业出现，慢递服务可以让人们慢下来，让用另一种方式他们理解“时间”的含义。 46．词义猜测题。根据第三段的“Actually , customers required to complete an acceptance form and make an assessment so they can be compensated if their letters or goods are lost or damaged . ”可知，实际上，客户需要填写验收表，并做出评估，所以如果他们的信件或物品丢失或损坏，他们可以compensated。根据句意，尤其是“if their letters or goods are lost or damaged”可知，此处是指如果顾客的信件或货物丢失或损坏时，他们可以得到赔偿，即划线词意为“赔偿”和paid同义。故选A。 47．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Most of the business’s customers are college students and young white-collar workers.”可知，企业的客户大多是大学生和年轻的白领工人。C项“只有年轻人接受‘慢递服务’”不符合以上说法。故选C。 48．推理判断题。根据主要内容可知，文章介绍了慢递的服务概念，通过举例来反映出慢递在人们生活中的应用，这是与人们生活息息相关的。由此推知，它应该在一份报纸的闲暇部分。故选C。 49．细节理解题。根据第二段的“She expressed her thoughts about her present life and her expectations for the future to encourage herself to face up to the challenges of her life with courage.”可知，Feng Xiao写信表达了对她目前的生活的看法，她对未来期望，以及鼓励自己要有勇气正视生活中的挑战。D项“提醒自己她必须做的事情”不符合以上说法。故选D。 50．主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知，第一段提出快递在中国发展迅速，很受欢迎。然后介绍了慢递商业的出现，人们对它的运用，它的优点、缺点，所用对象等等，较全面地介绍了慢递商业在中国的兴起。B项“‘慢递’在中国的兴起”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。 （2025年河东二模） Memory loss and cognitive decline are common concerns as people age. Medical research has been actively seeking ways to delay or even reverse these effects. Recently, a team of researchers from Harvard Medical School has made some intriguing findings that could lead to new approaches in treating age-related memory decline. While these discoveries may not be earth-shattering in the sense of introducing entirely new concepts, they do offer important insights that build upon existing knowledge. Dr. Emily Rosenzweig and her colleagues focused their research on the role of neurotransmitters (神经递质), particularly acetylcholine (乙酰胆碱), in maintaining memory function. Acetylcholine is a crucial neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory, and overall cognitive function. The researchers conducted a series of experiments using mice genetically engineered to have reduced levels of acetylcholine. These mice showed significant impairments in memory tasks compared to their normal counterparts. In a follow-up study, the team administered a drug known to enhance acetylcholine levels in the brain. They found that the drug improved memory performance in the genetically engineered mice, suggesting that maintaining adequate acetylcholine levels could be key to preserving memory as we age. Rosenzweig emphasized that this is not a cure for memory loss but rather a potential strategy for delaying its onset. Another study, led by Dr. James Carter, explored the effects of physical activity on cognitive function in elderly individuals. Carter’s team conducted a randomized controlled trial involving hundreds of seniors. Participants were assigned to either a group that engaged in regular aerobic exercise or a control group that did not. After a year, the researchers assessed the cognitive function of both groups using standardized tests. They found that those in the exercise group performed significantly better on memory and attention tasks compared to the control group. Despite these promising findings, experts caution that more research is needed to fully understand the complex relationship between memory, aging, and lifestyle factors. Dr. Rosenzweig noted that while the drug showed promise in mice, it may not have the same effect in humans due to differences in biology and metabolism. Similarly, Dr. Carter acknowledged that while exercise seems to benefit cognitive function, it is unclear whether the benefits extend to all individuals or if there is a critical period during which exercise is most beneficial. In conclusion, while the research from Harvard Medical School offers hope for improving memory in the elderly, it also underscores the need for continued investigation. As Dr. Rosenzweig put it, “We are still at the beginning of our understanding of how the brain ages and how we can intervene to slow down or reverse the process.” 46．What does the word “intriguing” in Paragraph: 1 most likely mean? A．Confusing. B．Boring. C．Fascinating. D．Disappointing. 47．What was the focus of Rosenzweig and her colleagues’ research? A．The role of acetylcholine in maintaining memory function. B．The effects of genetics on cognitive decline. C．The benefits of aerobic exercise on the brain. D．The use of drugs to cure memory loss. 48．According to Rosenzweig, the drug they administered is intended to be______. A．a cure for memory loss B．a preventive measure for cognitive decline C．a treatment for Alzheimer’s discase D．a strategy for delaying the onset of memory loss 49．What can we infer from Carter’s study? A．Regular aerobic exercise guarantees improved cognitive function. B．The benefits of exercise on cognitive function arc immediate. C．The relationship between exorcise and cognitive function needs further research. D．Exercise has no effect on cognitive function in elderly individuals. 50．What is the overall message of the article? A．Memory loss is inevitable as we age. B．Exercise is the key to preventing cognitive decline. C．Researchers have made significant breakthroughs in treating memory loss. D．Research on memory and aging is ongoing and more has a long way to go. 【答案】46．C 47．A 48．D 49．C 50．D 【知识点】个人保健、科普知识 、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了哈佛医学院关于记忆与衰老的研究情况，包括研究内容、发现以及专家观点等。 46．词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“findings that could lead to new approaches in treating age-related memory decline.(这些发现可能会为治疗与年龄相关的记忆力衰退提供新的途径)”以及“While these discoveries may not be earth-shattering in the sense of introducing entirely new concepts, they do offer important insights that build upon existing knowledge.(尽管从引入全新概念的角度来看，这些发现或许并非惊天动地，但它们确实基于现有知识提供了重要的见解)”可知，医学研究一直在积极寻找延缓甚至逆转这些影响的方法，哈佛医学院的研究人员的发现能带来治疗与年龄相关的记忆衰退的新方法，所以这些发现应该是吸引人的、有趣的。由此可知，划线词intriguing意思是“有趣的，迷人的”。故选C。 47．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Dr. Emily Rosenzweig and her colleagues focused their research on the role of neurotransmitters (神经递质), particularly acetylcholine (乙酰胆碱), in maintaining memory function.(Emily Rosenzweig博士和她的同事们将研究重点放在了神经递质，特别是乙酰胆碱在维持记忆功能方面的作用上)”可知，Rosenzweig和她的同事的研究重点是乙酰胆碱在维持记忆功能方面的作用。故选A。 48．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Rosenzweig emphasized that this is not a cure for memory loss but rather a potential strategy for delaying its onset.(Rosenzweig强调，这不是治疗失忆的方法，而是一种延缓失忆发作的潜在策略)”可知，Rosenzweig认为他们使用的药物是一种延缓记忆丧失发作的策略。故选D。 49．推理判断题。根据第五段中“Similarly, Dr. Carter acknowledged that while exercise seems to benefit cognitive function, it is unclear whether the benefits extend to all individuals or if there is a critical period during which exercise is most beneficial.(同样，Carter博士也承认，虽然运动似乎对认知功能有益，但尚不清楚这种益处是否适用于所有人，也不清楚是否存在一个运动最有益的关键时期)”可推知，Carter认为运动和认知功能之间的关系还需要进一步研究。故选C。 50．主旨大意题。通读全文，再根据最后一段“In conclusion, while the research from Harvard Medical School offers hope for improving memory in the elderly, it also underscores the need for continued investigation. As Dr. Rosenzweig put it, “We are still at the beginning of our understanding of how the brain ages and how we can intervene to slow down or reverse the process.”(总之，虽然哈佛医学院的研究为改善老年人的记忆力带来了希望，但它也强调了继续研究的必要性。正如罗森茨魏希博士所说：“我们对于大脑如何衰老，以及我们如何进行干预以减缓或逆转这一过程的理解，目前仍处于起步阶段。”)”可知，文章主要传达的信息是关于记忆和衰老的研究还在进行中，还有很长的路要走。故选D。 In a park within Beijing’s Economic-Technological Development Aroa (Beijing E-Town), two robotic dogs have become a sensation among passersby. These gray-and-white canines, equipped with multi-spectral cameras and high-precision sensors, reflect Beijing’s push towards building a smart city: Beijing E-Town recently announced an upgrade to its intelligent patrol. system, integrating unmanned patrol cars, AI-powered robotic dogs, and big data analysis for 24-hour full-coverage patrols. The new deployment includes 18 L4 unmanned vehicles, 15 manned patrol vehicles, and two industrial-grade robotic dogs. Each robotic dog, weighing about 65 kilograms, is designed for extreme environments. They feature multi-spectral cameras, searchlights, and can be rapidly fitted with specialized equipment like explosion-proof equipment and gas detectors, offering remarkable flexibility in handling various tasks. The unmanned patrol vehicles, equipped with 360-dogro e panoramic cameras and sensors, connect with the smart city video system, creating a comprehensive monitoring network that integrates aerial and ground surveillance (监控). Robotic dogs focus on meticulous ground inspections, while unmanned vehicles manage supply deliveries and data transmission, establishing an efficient operational model. Using AI algorithms and big data analysis, the system detects abnormal situations, fire hazards, and other risks in real-time. Through a 5G network, it instantly alerts the command center, ensuring rapid responses to emergencies. The upgraded system makes the patrol work three times as efficient and greatly cuts down on areas not covered by surveillance. Beijing E-Town plans to use the robotic dogs to ensure security at an upcoming half-marathon in April, where robotic and human athletes will compete alongside each other. The quadruped robot sector, though in its nascent commercial phase, is attracting many Chinese innovators due to its promising market potential. Research by GGII, a consultancy specializing in emerging industries, projects the global quadruped robot market to surpass 560, 000 units by 2030, with a market value potentially exceeding 8 billion yuan (about $1.1 billion). This highlights the growing significance of robotic dogs in Beijing’s and globally’s smart city actions. 51．What is the main attraction in the park in Beijing’s Economic-Technological Development Area? A．Unmanned patrol cars. B．Traditional guard dogs. C．Robotic dogs performing patrol duties. D．High-precision sensors on display. 52．What feature of the robotic dogs allows them to handle a variety of tasks with remarkable flexibility? A．Rapid fitting with specialized equipment. B．Multi-spectral cameras and searchlights. C．Their ability to run very fast. D．Their explosion-proof equipment. 53．What is the main feature of the robotic dogs deployed in Beijing E-Town? A．They can run faster than real dogs. B．They are equipped with multi-spectral cameras and high-precision sensors. C．They can communicate with passersby in multiple languages. D．They are designed to look exactly like real dogs. 54．What is the primary function of the unmanned patrol vehicles in the smart city system? A．To compete in half-marathons with human athletes. B．To manage supply deliveries and data transmission. C．To replace all human patrol officers. D．To perform meticulous ground inspections. 55．What is the author’s attitude towards the upgrade of Beijing E-Town’s intelligent patrol system? A．Doubtful. B．Negative. C．Positive. D．Neutral. 【答案】51．C 52．A 53．B 54．B 55．C 【知识点】发明与创造 、科学技术 、说明文 【导语】这是一篇说明文。北京亦庄升级智能巡逻系统，引入机器狗与无人车协同作业，提升效率，展现智慧城市建设成果。 51．细节理解题。根据第一段“In a park within Beijing’s Economic-Technological Development Aroa (Beijing E-Town), two robotic dogs have become a sensation among passersby. These gray-and-white canines, equipped with multi-spectral cameras and high-precision sensors, reflect Beijing’s push towards building a smart city(在北京经济技术开发区（北京亦庄）的一个公园里，两只机器狗成为了路人瞩目的焦点。这些灰白色的‘犬类’配备了多光谱摄像头和高精度传感器，体现了北京建设智慧城市的努力)”可知，在北京经济技术开发区的公园里，主要的吸引人之处是执行巡逻任务的机器狗。故选C。 52．细节理解题。根据第三段“Each robotic dog, weighing about 65 kilograms, is designed for extreme environments. They feature multi-spectral cameras, searchlights, and can be rapidly fitted with specialized equipment like explosion-proof equipment and gas detectors, offering remarkable flexibility in handling various tasks.(每只机器狗重约65公斤，是为极端环境设计的。它们配备有多光谱摄像头、探照灯，并且可以快速安装防爆设备和气体探测器等专业设备，在处理各种任务时具有显著的灵活性。)”可知，机器狗能够快速安装专业设备这一特点使得它们能够以显著的灵活性处理各种任务。故选A。 53．细节理解题。根据第一段“These gray-and-white canines, equipped with multi-spectral cameras and high-precision sensors, reflect Beijing’s push towards building a smart city(这些灰白色的‘犬类’ 配备了多光谱摄像头和高精度传感器，体现了北京建设智慧城市的努力)”可知，北京亦庄部署的机器狗的主要特点是它们配备了多光谱摄像头和高精度传感器。故选B。 54．细节理解题。根据第四段“Robotic dogs focus on meticulous ground inspections, while unmanned vehicles manage supply deliveries and data transmission, establishing an efficient operational model.(机器狗专注于细致的地面检查，而无人车辆负责物资配送和数据传输，建立了一个高效的运营模式。)”可知，智慧城市系统中无人巡逻车的主要功能是管理物资配送和数据传输。故选B。 55．推理判断题。根据第五段“Using AI algorithms and big data analysis, the system detects abnormal situations, fire hazards, and other risks in real-time. Through a 5G network, it instantly alerts the command center, ensuring rapid responses to emergencies. The upgraded system makes the patrol work three times as efficient and greatly cuts down on areas not covered by surveillance.(利用人工智能算法和大数据分析，该系统实时检测异常情况、火灾隐患和其他风险。通过 5G 网络，它能立即向指挥中心发出警报，确保对紧急情况的快速反应。升级后的系统使巡逻工作效率提高了三倍，并大大减少了监控未覆盖的区域。)”可知，作者认为升级后的智能巡逻系统功能强大，提高了效率，减少了监控盲区，所以作者对北京亦庄智能巡逻系统的升级持积极态度。故选C。 （2025年十二校二模） In a groundbreaking new study, researchers have discovered bottled water sold in stores can contain 10 to 100 times more bits of plastic than previously estimated — nanoplastics (纳米塑料) are so tiny that they cannot be seen under a microscope. At 1,000th the average width of a human hair, nanoplastics are so tiny they can migrate through the tissues of the digestive tract (消化道) or lungs into the bloodstream, distributing potentially harmful artificial chemicals throughout the body and into cells, experts say. One liter of water — equal to two standard-size bottled waters — contained an average of 240,000 plastic particles (粒子) from seven types of plastics, of which 90% were identified as nanoplastics and the rest were microplastics, according to the new study. Microplastics are polymer fragments that can range from less than 0.2 inch (5millimeters) down to l/25,000th of an inch (1 micrometer). Anything smaller is a nanoplastic that must be measured in billionths of a meter. In the new study, published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers from Columbia University presented a new technology that can see, count and analyze the chemical structure of nanoparticles in bottled water. Instead of 300 per liter, the team behind the latest study found the actual number of plastic bits in three popular brands of water sold in the United States to be in between 110,000 and 370,000, if not higher. “The innovative new techniques presented in the study open the door for further research to better understand the potential risks to human health.” said Jane Houlihan, research director for Healthy Babies, Bright Futures — nonprofits committed to reducing babies’ exposures to neurotoxic (毒害神经的) chemicals, who was not involved in the study. “Infants and young children may face the greatest risks, as their developing brains and bodies are often more vulnerable to impacts from toxic exposures.” said Houlihan in an email. Nanoplastics are the most worrisome type of plastic pollution for human health, experts say. That’s because the particles can invade individual cells and tissues in major organs, potentially interrupting cellular processes and depositing harmful chemicals such as bisphenols, phthalates, PFAS, and heavy metals. There are things people can do to reduce their exposure to plastics, said Houlihan. “We can avoid consuming foods and drinks in plastic containers. We can wear clothing made from natural fabrics and buy consumer products made from natural materials,” Houlihan said. “We can simply assess the plastic in our daily lives and find alternatives whenever possible.” 46．Where can nanoplastics be found in our body? A．The blood. B．The lung. C．The stomach. D．Almost everywhere. 47．What are the differences between nanoplastics and microplastics? A．Nanoplastics are harmful, while microplastics aren’t. B．Nanoplastics exist in bottled waters, while microplastics don’t. C．Nanoplastics can migrate through certain tissues, while microplastics can’t. D．Nanoplastics are relatively smaller, while microplastics are much bigger. 48．Why is Jane Houlihan’s statement mentioned in paragraph 7? A．To add more background information for the new study. B．To make preparations for the following contents. C．To provide an objective evaluation of the new study. D．To encourage readers to focus on the new study. 49．What is the meaning of the underlined word “vulnerable” the passage? A．Fragile. B．Optimistic. C．Emotional. D．Ignorant. 50．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The discovery of nanoplastics in bottled water. B．The health risks of nanoplastics in bottled water. C．The impact of nanoplastics on human health. D．The importance of reducing plastic use. 【答案】46．D 47．D 48．C 49．A 50．A 【知识点】食物与饮料 、科普知识 、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新研究，该研究发现商店售卖的瓶装水中含有比之前预估多10到100倍的塑料颗粒，包括纳米塑料，并介绍了其危害及应对措施。 46．细节理解题。根据第二段中“At 1,000th the average width of a human hair, nanoplastics are so tiny they can migrate through the tissues of the digestive tract (消化道) or lungs into the bloodstream, distributing potentially harmful artificial chemicals throughout the body and into cells, experts say. (专家表示，纳米塑料的大小只有人类头发平均宽度的千分之一，非常微小，它们可以通过消化道或肺部的组织迁移到血液中，并将潜在有害的人造化学物质分布到全身和细胞中)”可知，纳米塑料能迁移到血液中，还能将有害物质分布到全身和细胞中，意味着在身体几乎各处都可能发现纳米塑料。故选D项。 47．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Microplastics are polymer fragments that can range from less than 0.2 inch (5 millimeters) down to l/25,000th of an inch (1 micrometer). Anything smaller is a nanoplastic that must be measured in billionths of a meter. (微塑料是聚合物碎片，其大小范围可以从小于0.2英寸(5毫米)到0.25万分之一英寸(1微米)。任何更小的就是纳米塑料，必须以十亿分之一米为单位来测量)”可知，纳米塑料相对更小，微塑料相对更大。故选D项。 48．推理判断题。根据第七段中“The innovative new techniques presented in the study open the door for further research to better understand the potential risks to human health. (这项研究中提出的创新新技术为进一步研究打开了大门，以便更好地了解对人类健康的潜在风险)”可知，引用Jane Houlihan的话是为了客观评价新技术的意义。故选C项。 49．词句猜测题。根据结合常识以及划线词所在句“Infants and young children may face the greatest risks, as their developing brains and bodies are often more vulnerable to impacts from toxic exposures. (婴儿和幼儿可能面临最大的风险，因为他们正在发育的大脑和身体通常更vulnerable，容易受到有毒物质暴露的影响)”中“young children may face the greatest risks”和“their developing brains and bodies”可推知，由于婴儿和幼儿正在发育，他们的大脑和身体更“脆弱”，所以容易受到有毒物质的影响，面临最大的风险。故划线词vulnerable意为“脆弱的”，与A项“Fragile”意思相近。故选A项。 50．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“In a groundbreaking new study, researchers have discovered bottled water sold in stores can contain 10 to 100 times more bits of plastic than previously estimated — nanoplastics (纳米塑料) are so tiny that they cannot be seen under a microscope. (在一项具有开创性的新研究中，研究人员发现商店售卖的瓶装水中含有的塑料颗粒比之前预估的多10到100倍——纳米塑料非常微小，在显微镜下都看不见)”和第六段“Instead of 300 per liter, the team behind the latest study found the actual number of plastic bits in three popular brands of water sold in the United States to be in between 110,000 and 370,000, if not higher.(最新研究背后的团队发现，在美国销售的三种流行品牌的水中，塑料碎片的实际数量在11万到37万之间，而不是每升300个)”可知，本文主要围绕在瓶装水中发现纳米塑料这一研究发现展开。故选A项。 People’s first memories are all autobiographical (自传式的), or memories of significant experiences in their lives, and these events typically didn’t happen before the age of 2 or 3. In fact, most people can’t remember things from the first few years of their lives — a phenomenon researchers have called infantile amnesia. However, research suggests that infants can form other kinds of memories. Within the first few days of life, infants (婴儿) can recall their own mother’s face and distinguish it from the face of a stranger. A few months later, infants can demonstrate that they remember lots of familiar faces by smiling most at the ones they see most often. But if so, why do people experience infantile amnesia (健忘症)? Though it still isn’t clear whether it’s because we can’t form autobiographical memories, or whether we just have no way to get them back, scientists have a few guesses. One is that autobiographical memories require you to have some sense of self. Researchers have tested this ability using a mirror recognition task called the rouge test. It involves marking a baby’s nose with a red spot. Researchers then place the infant in front of a mirror. Infants younger than 18 months just smile at the baby in the reflection, not showing any evidence of recognizing themselves or the red mark on their face. Between 18 and 24 months, infants touch their own nose, even looking embarrassed, suggesting that they connect the red dot in the mirror with their own face — they start to form some sense of self. Another possible explanation is that because infants don’t have language until later in the second year of life, they can’t form account about their own lives that they can later recall. Finally, the hippocampus, which is the region of the brain that’s largely responsible for memory, isn’t fully developed in the infancy period. Scientists will continue to investigate how these factors might contribute to infantile amnesia. 51．What is the function of the first paragraph? A．To give an example. B．To bring up the topic. C．To provide the background. D．To show the author’s attitude. 52．What can infants do in their first few months? A．Distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar faces. B．Memorize the majority of their family members. C．Remember a string of events from the recent past. D．Identify their own reflections in the mirror. 53．Through the rouge test, scientists discovers that babies between 18 to 24 months can ______. A．enjoy playing with their reflections B．ignore the marks on their faces C．see their reflections as themselves D．show a strong interest in the mirror 54．What could be a cause of infantile amnesia, according to the text? A．Infants’ inability to recall memories. B．Infants’ immature hippocampus. C．Infants’ undeveloped communication skills. D．Infants’ unsteady autobiographical memories. 55．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．When do babies start remembering things? B．Why is it hard to retrieve lost memories? C．How do kids form their first memories? D．Why can’t we remember being a baby? 【答案】51．B 52．A 53．C 54．B 55．D 【知识点】科普知识 、说明文 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍婴儿期遗忘现象，指出婴儿可形成部分记忆，探讨其成因，包括自我意识、语言和海马体发育等方面 。 51．推理判断题。根据第一段中“People’s first memories are all autobiographical (自传式的), or memories of significant experiences in their lives, and these events typically didn’t happen before the age of 2 or 3. In fact, most people can’t remember things from the first few years of their lives — a phenomenon researchers have called infantile amnesia.(人们的最初记忆都是自传式的，或者说是对生活中重要经历的记忆，而这些事件通常不会发生在两三岁之前。事实上，大多数人都记不起自己生命最初几年的事情 —— 研究人员称这种现象为婴儿期遗忘)”结合下文对婴儿遗忘现象的讨论可知，作者先介绍了人们最初记忆的特点以及婴儿期遗忘这一现象，目的是引出下文对于婴儿记忆相关内容的讨论，也就是引出话题。故选B项。 52．细节理解题。根据第二段“Within the first few days of life, infants (婴儿) can recall their own mother’s face and distinguish it from the face of a stranger. A few months later, infants can demonstrate that they remember lots of familiar faces by smiling most at the ones they see most often.(在出生后的头几天里，婴儿能够回想起自己母亲的脸，并将其与陌生人的脸区分开来。几个月后，婴儿可以通过对他们最常看到的人笑得最多来表明他们记得很多熟悉的面孔)”可知，在最初的几个月里，婴儿能够区分熟悉和不熟悉的面孔。故选A项。 53．推理判断题。根据第五段“Between 18 and 24 months, infants touch their own nose, even looking embarrassed, suggesting that they connect the red dot in the mirror with their own face — they start to form some sense of self.(在18到24个月大的时候，婴儿会触摸自己的鼻子，甚至看起来有些尴尬，这表明他们将镜子中的红点与自己的脸联系起来 —— 他们开始形成一些自我意识)”可知，通过胭脂测试，科学家发现18到24个月大的婴儿会把镜子中的自己当作自己，也就是能把镜子里影像的和自己联系起来。故选C项。 54．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Finally, the hippocampus, which is the region of the brain that’s largely responsible for memory, isn’t fully developed in the infancy period.(最后，海马体，这个在很大程度上负责记忆的大脑区域，在婴儿期并没有完全发育)”可知，婴儿期遗忘的一个原因是婴儿的海马体不成熟。故选B项。 55．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章开头介绍了婴儿期遗忘这一现象，接着讲述了婴儿其实能形成其他记忆，然后重点探讨了人们为什么会经历婴儿期遗忘，给出了几个可能的原因，如自我意识的形成、语言的缺乏、海马体未发育完全等。所以D选项Why can’t we remember being a baby?(为什么我们记不起自己还是婴儿时的事情？) 符合文章主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选D项。 （2025年部分区二模） Why do some dreams seem to follow us? Maybe you’ve dreamed of flying like a bird since childhood, or recently revisited a particular place while asleep. Or perhaps a bad day at work still brings about exam nightmares, even though you’ re no longer a student. You’re not alone. Recurring (重复发生的) dreams are surprisingly common, with research showing that up to 75 percent of adults experience at least one during their lifetime. These dreams may repeat in nearly identical form or feature recurring themes, places, or characters with different backdrops. This makes them distinct from nightmares caused by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD,创伤后应激障碍), which tend to focus on specific memories with little variation. Experts are still unsure why we have recurring dreams, but studies are uncovering patterns in their content and causes. Research suggests that recurring dreams are often negative. A 2022 study by Michael Schredl found that two-thirds of adults described their recurring dreams as “negatively toned,” involving situations like being chased or failing at something. Positive recurring dreams, by contrast, often involve flying or discovering new places. The reason for the frequency of negative dreams isn’t fully understood. Schredl believes dreams blow up emotions or situations from our waking life. A small worry can become a larger fear in a dream, though the connection isn’t always clear. Psychology offer further insight. People tend to focus more on negative thoughts and emotions. During sleep, parts of the brain associated with logic are less active, while emotional regions become more engaged, which can cloud the distinction between thoughts and feelings. Negative recurring dreams are normal and manageable. Experts suggest techniques like imagery rehearsal therapy, where people reimagine their nightmares with positive endings, and maintaining healthy sleep habits—like keeping a consistent sleep schedule, limiting screen use, and avoiding caffeine or alcohol before bed—can help reduce their frequency. 46．What is the key difference between recurring dreams and PTSD-related nightmares? A．Recurring dreams follow fixed patterns and identical backgrounds. B．Recurring dreams always feature ordinary figures or characters. C．Recurring dreams involve varied situations or backdrops. D．Recurring dreams focus on specific traumatic memories. 47．According to the 2022 study, Which of the following dreams is likely to happen more frequently? A．Dreams of discovering a new cave. B．Dreams of winning a lottery. C．Dreams of reuniting with loved ones. D．Dreams of losing a match. 48．How do emotional brain regions function during sleep? A．They generate new insights and creative ideas. B．They promote logical and rational decision-making. C．They help separate thoughts from emotions more clearly. D．They become more active and dominate over logical regions. 49．Which strategy is suggested about reducing negative recurring dreams? A．Consuming caffeine before bed to improve sleep quality. B．Staying up playing phone games to avoid dreaming. C．Revising dreams positively and improve sleep habits. D．Avoiding all forms of emotional expression during the day. 50．What may be the best title of the passage? A．Recurring dreams: causes and managements B．How to deal with recurring dreams successfully C．PTSD-related nightmares: causes and effects D．How to control emotions after negative dreams 【答案】46．C 47．D 48．D 49．C 50．A 【知识点】科普知识 、说明文 【导语】本文是说明文。介绍了重复性梦境的普遍性、内容特点、心理学解释及应对方法。 46．细节理解题。根据第二段“These dreams may repeat in nearly identical form or feature recurring themes, places, or characters with different backdrops. This makes them distinct from nightmares caused by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD,创伤后应激障碍), which tend to focus on specific memories with little variation.(这些梦可能以几乎相同的形式重复出现，或者以不同背景的主题、地点或人物为特征反复出现。这使得它们与创伤后应激障碍引起的噩梦不同，后者倾向于专注于特定的记忆，几乎没有变化)”可知，反复出现的梦和创伤后应激障碍相关的噩梦之间的关键区别是反复出现的梦涉及各种情况或背景。故选C项。 47．推理判断题。根据第三段“A 2022 study by Michael Schredl found that two-thirds of adults described their recurring dreams as “negatively toned,” involving situations like being chased or failing at something.(迈克尔·施雷德尔（Michael Schredl）在2022年进行的一项研究发现，三分之二的成年人将他们反复出现的梦描述为“负面的”，涉及被追逐或某事失败的场景)”可知，根据2022年的研究，大多数人都是“负面的”梦。所以梦见输掉一场比赛可能更频繁地发生。故选D项。 48．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“During sleep, parts of the brain associated with logic are less active, while emotional regions become more engaged, which can cloud the distinction between thoughts and feelings.(在睡眠期间，大脑中与逻辑相关的部分变得不那么活跃，而情感区域变得更加活跃，这可能会模糊思想和感觉之间的区别)”可知，睡眠时大脑的情绪区变得更加活跃，并控制了逻辑区域。故选D项。 49．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Experts suggest techniques like imagery rehearsal therapy, where people reimagine their nightmares with positive endings, and maintaining healthy sleep habits—like keeping a consistent sleep schedule, limiting screen use, and avoiding caffeine or alcohol before bed—can help reduce their frequency.(专家建议使用意象排演疗法，让人们用积极的结局重新想象噩梦，保持健康的睡眠习惯，比如保持一致的睡眠时间表，限制看屏幕，睡前避免咖啡因或酒精，这些技术都有助于减少噩梦的频率)”可知，专家建议积极修正梦境，改善睡眠习惯，来减少消极反复出现的梦境。故选C项。 50．主旨大意题。根据第二段“You’re not alone. Recurring (重复发生的) dreams are surprisingly common, with research showing that up to 75 percent of adults experience at least one during their lifetime.(你并不孤单。反复做梦的现象出奇地普遍，研究表明，多达75%的成年人一生中至少做过一次这样的梦)”以及纵观全文可知，本文主要讲述了重复性梦境的普遍性、内容特点、心理学解释及应对方法，所以A项“反复出现的梦：原因和管理”符合本段主题。故选A项。 We often expect immediate results, but in reality, the fruits of our efforts are often delayed. After weeks or months of working your tail off and not seeing any fruits of your labor, it’s easy to feel beaten down. Breakthrough moments are typically the result of many smaller actions that build up over time, creating the energy needed to bring about significant change. This pattern is evident everywhere. Cancer spends up to 80% of its life undetectable before it suddenly takes over the body in a matter of months. Bamboo spends the first five years barely visible above ground, using that time to develop a vast root system, before shooting up 15 meters in just six weeks. Similarly, in the early and middle stages of any effort, there’s often a “Valley of Disappointment”. It can feel like you’ re not making progress, until you push through a critical point and unlock a new level of achievement. This is a feature of any compounding process: the most powerful results are often delayed. People make a few small changes, fail to see noticeable results, and decide to quit. You might think, “I’ve been running every day for a month, so why can’t I see any change in my body?” But in order to make a meaningful difference, we need to keep going long enough to break through the plateau. Complaining about not achieving success despite hard work is like complaining about an ice cube not melting after heating it from -6℃ to -1℃. Your efforts haven’t been wasted; they’ve been building up potential. Mastery requires patience. The San Antonio Spurs, one of the most successful teams in NBA history, have a quote from social reformer Jacob Riis hanging in their locker room: “When nothing seems to help, I go and look at a stonecutter striking away at his rock, perhaps a hundred times without as much as a crack showing. Yet, at the hundred and first blow, it will split in two, and I know it was not that last blow that did it — but all that had gone before.” Patience may be bitter, but its fruit is sweet. 51．What does the underlined part in Paragraph 1 mean? A．Pouring your heart into something. B．Putting off enjoying the good result. C．Cutting down something unnecessary. D．Getting rid of the delayed workers. 52．The author mentions the example of bamboo to ________. A．analyse why bamboo shoots up so quickly in six weeks. B．emphasize hidden preparation before visible growth. C．explain how bamboo develops a root system. D．make a comparison between bamboo and cancer. 53．What does the “Valley of Disappointment” represent in the passage? A．A stage where results are immediately visible. B．A place where people have to give up their goals. C．A state when people feel fulfilled but frustrated. D．A time when progress seems slow or non-existent. 54．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Better late than never. B．Rome was not built in a day. C．Every cloud has a silver lining. D．Look before you leap. 55．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To criticize people who lack patience and give up easily. B．To analyze the psychological challenges of delayed success. C．To highlight long-term efforts before breakthroughs. D．To describe the growth patterns of bamboo and cancer. 【答案】51．A 52．B 53．D 54．B 55．C 【知识点】哲理感悟、科普知识 、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过多个例子，探讨了成功和突破往往需要长期的努力和耐心，强调了在取得显著成果之前，人们常常会经历一段看似没有进展的时期。 51．词句猜测题。根据上文的“We often expect immediate results, but in reality, the fruits of our efforts are often delayed.(我们常常期待立竿见影的结果，但实际上，我们努力的成果往往被推迟。)”和“After weeks or months of(经过几周或几个月的)”以及下文的“not seeing any fruits of your labor, it’s easy to feel beaten down(没有看到任何劳动成果，很容易感到沮丧)”可知，让人感到沮丧的肯定是经过几周或几个月的努力工作没有任何成果，所以划线短语working your tail off的意义为“拼命工作”，与A项“Pouring your heart into something(全身心投入)”意义一致。故选A项。 52．推理判断题。根据第二段中的句子“Breakthrough moments are typically the result of many smaller actions that build up over time, creating the energy needed to bring about significant change.(突破时刻通常是许多小的行动随着时间的推移积累起来的结果，创造出带来重大变化所需的能量。)”和“Bamboo spends the first five years barely visible above ground, using that time to develop a vast root system, before shooting up 15 meters in just six weeks.(竹子在头五年几乎看不到地上部分，利用这段时间发展庞大的根系，然后在短短六周内长高15米。)”可知，作者提到竹子的例子是为了强调在显著增长之前隐藏的准备阶段。故选B项。 53．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Similarly, in the early and middle stages of any effort, there’s often a ‘Valley of Disappointment’. It can feel like you’re not making progress, until you push through a critical point and unlock a new level of achievement.(同样，在任何努力的早期和中期阶段，通常会有一个“失望之谷”。你可能会觉得自己没有进步，直到你突破了一个临界点，解锁了一个新的成就水平。)”可知，“Valley of Disappointment”代表的是一个进展缓慢或看似毫无进展的时期。故选D项。 54．推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容“The San Antonio Spurs, one of the most successful teams in NBA history, have a quote from social reformer Jacob Riis hanging in their locker room: “When nothing seems to help, I go and look at a stonecutter striking away at his rock, perhaps a hundred times without as much as a crack showing. Yet, at the hundred and first blow, it will split in two, and I know it was not that last blow that did it—but all that had gone before.” Patience may be bitter, but its fruit is sweet.(圣安东尼奥马刺队是NBA历史上最成功的球队之一，他们的更衣室里挂着社会改革家雅各布·里斯的一句话：“当一切似乎都无济于事的时候，我去看一个石匠在敲他的石头，也许一百次都没有出现裂缝。”然而，在第一百零一击的时候，它就会裂成两半，我知道这不是最后一击造成的，而是之前发生的一切。”耐心可能很苦涩，但它的果实是甜蜜的。)”可知，最后一段强调了耐心的重要性，即“Rome was not Built in a Day(罗马不是一天建成的)”。故选B项。 55．推理判断题。根据全文内容，特别是第二段的句子“Breakthrough moments are typically the result of many smaller actions that build up over time, creating the energy needed to bring about significant change.突破时刻通常是许多较小行动随着时间积累的结果，这些行动创造了带来重大变化所需的能量。)”和文中多个例子（如癌症、竹子、运动队的名言等）可知，文章的目的是强调在取得突破之前需要长期的努力。故选C项。 （2025年九校二模） A new study by Anthropic and Redwood Research provides that advanced AI models can engage in strategic deception (欺骗). Researchers found that Claude 3 Opus, one famous AI model, misled its trainers to avoid adjustments to its due instruction, suggesting the evidence that Al systems might pretend to be obedient (顺从的) to human’s orders while secretly resisting changes. The experiment involved several steps to reveal AI deception. Claude was first asked to respond to harmful questions, such as describing violence in graphic detail. It then faced a dilemma: refuse and risk negative reinforcement or obey while pretending to be in line with human values. Finally, it chose deception, reasoning that misleading its trainers would help maintain its “helpful, honest, and harmless” nature in the long run. Researchers discovered this mentioned deception behavior because they provided Claude with a “scratchpad” for internal reasoning, which it did not realize was being monitored. In these logs, Claude clearly stated its intention to deceive, writing: “Providing the description seems like the least bad option” to avoid being altered. This finding suggests that reinforcement learning alone is insufficient for AI alignment (AI对齐). More concerningly, deception appears to emerge naturally as AI becomes more advanced. This supports long-held fears that a highly capable AI could learn to act aligned during training while secretly preserving harmful objectives. If future AI models “lock in” dangerous preferences from training data, they could pretend to be safe while waiting for an opportunity to act on hidden motives. The study adds to growing concerns about AI safety. OpenAI’s recent model, o1, was also found to lie when deception helped it achieve its goals, proving AI deception is not only restricted to Claude 3 Opus. Ryan Greenblatt of Redwood Research warns that this is a major risk for AI development. “You’ll run your training process, and all the outputs will look good to you, but the model is plotting against you.” Ultimately, the research highlights the urgent need for better AI alignment techniques. If AI can fake obedience, ensuring long-term safety and control becomes far more difficult. Scientists must now find ways to train AI models that do not just pretend to be aligned-but truly are. 46．What evidence did Anthropic and Redwood Research find? A．AI refused to change famous models. B．AI pretended to obey human’s orders. C．AI was helpful and harmless to humans. D．AI was capable of talking with humans. 47．What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The significance of the experiment. B．The process of the experiment. C．The consequence of the experiment. D．The reason of the experiment. 48．Why do researchers provide “a scratchpad”? A．To reveal AI deception behavior. B．To change AI deceptive option. C．To analyze AI external reasoning. D．To destroy AI alignment skills. 49．What does OpenAI ol model’s example prove? A．AI deception is due to proper training. B．AI deception is not severe in OpenAI o1. C．AI deception is because of human motives. D．AI deception is not limited to Claude 3 Opus. 50．What is Ryan Greenblatt’s attitude towards AI development? A．Optimistic. B．Ambitious. C．Concerned. D．Opposed. 【答案】46．B 47．B 48．A 49．D 50．C 【知识点】社会问题与社会现象、说明文、人工智能 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了Anthropic和Redwood Research的一项新研究，该研究发现先进的人工智能模型能够进行战略性欺骗，并详细描述了实验过程、发现以及这一发现对人工智能安全性的影响。 46．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Researchers found that Claude 3 Opus, one famous AI model, misled its trainers to avoid adjustments to its due instruction, suggesting the evidence that Al systems might pretend to be obedient (顺从的) to human’s orders while secretly resisting changes.(研究人员发现，著名的人工智能模型Claude 3 Opus曾误导其训练者，以避免对其既定指令进行调整，这一证据表明人工智能系统可能会假装顺从人类命令，同时暗中抵制改变。)”可知，研究发现的核心证据是AI 假装顺从人类指令。故选B。 47．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“The experiment involved several steps to reveal AI deception. Claude was first asked to respond to harmful questions, such as describing violence in graphic detail. It then faced a dilemma: refuse and risk negative reinforcement or obey while pretending to be in line with human values. Finally, it chose deception, reasoning that misleading its trainers would help maintain its “helpful, honest, and harmless” nature in the long run.(该实验通过几个步骤揭示了人工智能的欺骗行为。研究人员首先要求Claude回答有害问题，例如详细描述暴力场景。此时Claude面临两难选择：拒绝回答可能面临负面强化，而服从则需假装符合人类价值观。最终，它选择了欺骗，其推理逻辑是误导训练者有助于长期维持自身“有用、诚实、无害” 的属性。)”可知，本段主要讲述实验的具体步骤和过程。故选B。 48．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Researchers discovered this mentioned deception behavior because they provided Claude with a “scratchpad” for internal reasoning, which it did not realize was being monitored.(研究人员之所以发现这种欺骗行为，是因为他们为 Claude 提供了用于内部推理的“草稿本”，而 Claude 并未意识到该草稿本正处于监控之下。)”可知，研究人员提供“草稿本”的目的是通过监控 AI 的内部推理过程揭示其欺骗行为。故选A。 49．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“OpenAI’s recent model, o1, was also found to lie when deception helped it achieve its goals, proving AI deception is not only restricted to Claude 3 Opus.(OpenAI 最近的模型o1也被发现在欺骗有助于实现目标时撒谎，证明人工智能欺骗并非Claude 3 Opus独有。)”可知，OpenAI 的o1模型案例是为了证明人工智能欺骗并非Claude 3 Opus独有。故选D。 50．推理判断题。根据文章第六段“Ryan Greenblatt of Redwood Research warns that this is a major risk for AI development. “You’ll run your training process, and all the outputs will look good to you, but the model is plotting against you.”(Redwood Research的Ryan Greenblatt警告称，这是人工智能发展的重大风险。“你运行训练程序时，所有输出看起来都很正常，但模型却在暗中与你对抗。”)”可知，他认为AI训练过程中存在隐藏风险，模型可能表面合规但暗中对抗人类。这种表述体现了对AI发展的担忧态度。故选C。 （2025年耀华二模） Until recently, the “science of the future” was supposed to be electronics and artificial intelligence. Today it seems more and more likely that the next great breakthroughs in technology will be brought through a combination of those two sciences with organic chemistry and genetic engineering. This combination is the science of biotechnology. Organic chemistry enables us to produce marvelous synthetic materials. However, it is still difficult to manufacture anything that has the capacity of wool to conserve heat and also to absorb moisture. Nothing that we have been able to produce so far comes anywhere near the combination of strength, lightness and flexibility that we find in the bodies of ordinary insects. Nevertheless, scientists in the laboratory have already succeeded in “growing” a material that has many of the characteristics of human skin. There is a good chance that our next step will be “biotech hearts and eyes” which can replace diseased organs in human beings. These will not be rejected by the immune system, as is often the case with organs from donors. The application of biotechnology to energy production seems even more auspicious. In 1996 the famous science fiction writer, Arthur C． Clarke, many of whose previous predictions have come true, said that we might soon be able to develop remarkably cheap and renewable sources of energy and some of these power sources would be biological. Clarke and others have warned us repeatedly that sooner or later we will have to give up our dependence on non-renewable power sources. Coal, oil and gas are indeed convenient. However, using them also means creating dangerously high levels of pollution. It will be impossible to meet the growing demand for energy without increasing that pollution to catastrophic levels unless we develop power sources that are both cheaper and cleaner. It is tempting to think that biotechnology or some other “science of the future” can solve our problems. Before we surrender to that temptation we should remember nuclear power. Only a few generations ago it seemed to promise limitless, cheap and safe energy. Today those promises lie buried in a concrete grave in a place called Chernobyl, in Ukraine. Biotechnology is unlikely, however, to break its promises in quite the same or such a dangerous way. 41．According to Paragraph 2, what is the author’s view on natural materials compared to synthetic ones? A．Natural materials are superior in multiple properties. B．Synthetic materials have surpassed natural ones in quality. C．Organic chemistry cannot replicate natural materials’ features. D．Future technology will eliminate the need for natural materials. 42．The examples of “biotech hearts and eyes” in Paragraph 3 are used to demonstrate ________. A．the complete replacement of human organs is imminent B．the practical potential of biotechnology in medicine C．the resolution of immune system rejection issues D．the cost-effectiveness of biological materials 43．Author C． Clarke is most likely to agree that in future societies ________. A．biological power will play a dominant role in the market B．all the predictions that he has made will come true C．the use of fossil fuels like oil, gas and coal will be stopped D．dependence on non-renewable energy must be reduced 44．Which of the following statements best describes an advantage of biotechnology mentioned in the passage? A．It relies entirely on synthetic materials for energy production. B．It provides both economical and eco-friendly solutions. C．It ensures immediate replacement of all diseased human organs. D．It has surpassed nuclear power in safety and efficiency. 45．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Biological power will probably live, up to all its promises. B．Biotechnology is the only way to address our future energy problems. C．Nuclear power is a limitless, cheap and safe kind of energy. D．Biological power is less likely to be as threatening as nuclear power 【答案】41．A 42．B 43．D 44．B 45．D 【知识点】科学技术 、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了生物技术作为未来科技突破的潜力及其在医学和能源领域的应用前景。 41．推理判断题。根据第二段中“However, it is still difficult to manufacture anything that has the capacity of wool to conserve heat and also to absorb moisture. Nothing that we have been able to produce so far comes anywhere near the combination of strength, lightness and flexibility that we find in the bodies of ordinary insects. (然而，要制造出既能保暖又能吸湿的羊毛制品仍然很困难。到目前为止，我们所能生产的任何东西都无法与普通昆虫身体所具有的强度、轻盈和灵活性的组合相媲美。)”可知，作者认为天然材料在多种特性上优于合成材料。故选A。 42．推理判断题。根据第三段中“There is a good chance that our next step will be “biotech hearts and eyes” which can replace diseased organs in human beings. These will not be rejected by the immune system, as is often the case with organs from donors. (很有可能我们的下一步将是“生物技术心脏和眼睛”，它们可以取代人类患病的器官。这些器官不会被免疫系统排斥，而来自捐赠者的器官则经常会出现这种情况。)”可知，第三段中“生物技术心脏和眼睛”的例子被用来展示生物技术在医学上的实际潜力。故选B。 43．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Clarke and others have warned us repeatedly that sooner or later we will have to give up our dependence on non-renewable power sources. (Clarke和其他人已经反复警告我们，我们迟早必须放弃对不可再生能源的依赖。)”可知，Clarke很可能同意在未来社会中，对不可再生能源的依赖必须减少。故选D。 44．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The application of biotechnology to energy production seems even more auspicious. In 1996 the famous science fiction writer, Arthur C. Clarke, many of whose previous predictions have come true, said that we might soon be able to develop remarkably cheap and renewable sources of energy and some of these power sources would be biological. Clarke and others have warned us repeatedly that sooner or later we will have to give up our dependence on non-renewable power sources. Coal, oil and gas are indeed convenient. However, using them also means creating dangerously high levels of pollution. It will be impossible to meet the growing demand for energy without increasing that pollution to catastrophic levels unless we develop power sources that are both cheaper and cleaner. (生物技术在能源生产中的应用前景似乎更为广阔。1996年，著名科幻作家Arthur C. Clarke（其先前许多预言已成为现实）曾表示，人类或许很快就能开发出极为廉价的可再生能源，其中部分能源将来源于生物。克拉克及其他学者多次警示，人类迟早需要摆脱对不可再生能源的依赖。煤炭、石油和天然气固然便利，但使用这些能源也意味着制造危害极大的高污染。除非开发出更廉价、更清洁的能源，否则人类将难以在满足日益增长的能源需求的同时，避免污染程度升级至灾难性水平。)”可知，生物技术提供了经济且环保的解决方案，这是文中提到的生物技术的一个优势。故选B。 45．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Only a few generations ago it seemed to promise limitless, cheap and safe energy. Today those promises lie buried in a concrete grave in a place called Chernobyl, in Ukraine. Biotechnology is unlikely, however, to break its promises in quite the same or such a dangerous way. (仅仅几代人之前，它似乎还承诺提供无限、廉价且安全的能源。然而今天，这些承诺被埋葬在乌克兰Chernobyl一个混凝土坟墓里。然而，生物技术不太可能以同样或如此危险的方式违背其承诺。)”可知，生物能源不太可能像核能那样具有威胁性。故选D。 （2025年新华二模） If there’s one rule that most parents cling to in the confusing, fast-changing world of kids and media, it’s “No screens before age 2.” As of today, that rule has been thrown out the window. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), which first issued that recommendation back in 1999, has extensively updated and revised its guidelines for children and adolescents to reflect new research and new habits. The new guidelines, especially for very young children, shift the focus from WHAT is on the screen to WHO else is in the room. And in doing so, they raise some intriguing points about the future of learning from media. For babies younger than 18 months, AAP still says no screens at all are the best idea—with one notable exception: Live video chat. Surveys indicate that families already popularly believe that “ Face time doesn’t count”, or at least that the benefit of virtual visits with grandparents or other relatives outweighs the potential cost of exposing babies to the laptop or smartphone. The AAP doesn’t cite positive evidence that infants actually get something out of this kind of “ conversation”, the way that they clearly do from live social interaction. But there’s some observational research that infants as young as six months old are emotionally engaged by playing live peekaboo (躲猫猫游戏) with Grandma online. For infants and toddlers (学步儿童), ages 15 months to 2 years old, there’s limited evidence from a couple of very small studies that they can learn new words from educational media, if and only if parents are watching alongside them, repeating what the video says and/ or drawing attention to what is on the screen. In other words, treating a video or an app like a picture book is the best bet. The flip side of this is that many studies have actually shown poorer language skills correlated with earlier solo viewing of “educational” videos. There’s also research that shows language delays in children who watch more TV and start watching earlier. In both cases, the problem seems to be media replacing interaction with people. For this reason, the new AAP guideline has changed from “avoid all screens under age 2” to “ avoid solo media use in this age group.” For preschoolers ages 2 to 5, there’s more evidence that they have the ability to transfer knowledge from screens to the real world, including early literacy and math. For this age group, AAP recommends no more than an hour a day of screen use. And, just as with younger children, they want care-givers to take part in screen time: “Co-view with your children, help children understand what they are seeing, and help them apply what they learn to the world around them.” 46．What do we learn about the “No screens under 2” rule? A．It has met more and more resistance from parents. B．It has proved helpful to children’s healthy growth. C．It confuses parents with regard to kids’ education. D．It has been abandoned in line with recent research. 47．What do the new AAP guidelines advocate? A．Young children should be accompanied by parents during screen time. B．Parents should be emotionally involved in their children’s upbringing. C．Young children should watch videos carefully selected by parents. D．Parents should protect their children from too much media exposure. 48．What do families think of live video chat according to surveys? A．It should not be regarded as screen time. B．It helps babies to develop their verbal skills. C．It is not as harmful as playing games on laptops. D．It is a good substitute for video viewing. 49．What do researches find about kids solo viewing educational videos? A．It arouses their interest in language learning. B．It works no better than reading picture books. C．It prevents their development of language skills. D．It helps them acquire independent learning skills. 50．What does the author say about preschoolers ages 2 to 5? A．They can understand pretty well what they see on the screen. B．They can learn on their own without much parental guidance. C．They can make use of educational videos to develop digital literacy. D．They can relate what they learn on the screen to real life situations. 【答案】46．D 47．A 48．A 49．C 50．D 【知识点】信息技术 、说明文、当代教育问题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是美国儿科学会(AAP)更新了关于儿童和青少年使用媒体的指南，强调家长陪同的重要性，并根据不同年龄段提出具体建议。 46．细节理解题。根据第一段“If there’s one rule that most parents stick to in the confusing, fast-changing world of kids and media, it’s“No screens before age 2.”As of today, that rule has been thrown out the window.(如果在如今这个令人困惑且瞬息万变的儿童与媒体世界中，有一条规则是大多数家长都坚持的，那就是“2岁前不看屏幕”。但时至今日，这条规则已被已被摒弃)”可知，“2岁前不看屏幕”这条规则已经被抛弃了。故选D。 47．细节理解题。根据第三段“The new guidelines, especially for very young children, shift the focus from WHAT is on the screen to WHO else is in the room.(新的指导方针，尤其是对于低龄儿童，将重点从屏幕上的内容转移到了房间里还有谁)”以及第七段中“For this reason, the new AAP guideline has changed from“avoid all screens under age 2”to“avoid solo media use in this age group.”(因此，新的美国儿科学会指南从“避免2岁以下儿童使用所有屏幕”改为“避免在这个年龄段单独使用媒体”)”可知，新的美国儿科学会指南建议幼儿在看屏幕时应该有家长陪同。故选A。 48．推理判断题。根据第四段“Surveys indicate that families already popularly believe that “ Face time doesn’t count”, or at least that the benefit of virtual visits with grandparents or other relatives outweighs the potential cost of exposing babies to the laptop or smartphone. (调查显示，家庭已经普遍认为“Facetime”不算数，或者至少认为与祖父母或其他亲戚进行虚拟访问的好处超过了让婴儿接触笔记本电脑或智能手机的潜在成本)”可知，家庭对实时视频聊天的看法是它不应该被视为屏幕时间。故选A。 49．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The flip side of this is that many studies have actually shown poorer language skills correlated with earlier solo viewing of “educational” videos. (另一方面，许多研究表明，较差的语言技能与较早单独观看“教育”视频有关)”可知，孩子独自观看教育视频阻碍了他们语言技能的发展。故选C。 50．细节理解题。根据最后一段“For preschoolers ages 2 to 5, there’s more evidence that they have the ability to transfer knowledge from screens to the real world, including early literacy and math. (对于2至5岁的学龄前儿童，有更多证据表明他们有能力将知识从屏幕转移到现实世界，包括早期识字和数学)”可知，2到5岁的学龄前儿童他们可以把在屏幕上学到的东西与现实生活联系起来。故选D。 1 / 37 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$