09.Unit 2 Getting along(主题阅读)-2025-2026学年上学期八年级英语知识点梳理与巩固(外研版2024)

2025-2026学年上学期八年级英语知识点梳理与巩固(外研版2024) Unit 2 Getting along主题阅读 必备知识清单 单元主题阅读 一、阅读主题 Unit 2的阅读主题“如何理解他人进而与人和谐共处”，引导学生探索在人际交往中理解他人的重要性以及实现和谐共处的方法。这一主题强调通过提升对他人的理解，改善人际关系，营造和谐的生活与学习环境。 1.主题内涵 理解他人涵盖洞察他人的情感、需求、观点和背景等多个层面。每个人成长于不同环境，形成了独特的思维与行为模式。例如，“Tom comes from a family where everyone is very talkative, while his friend Jack's family members are more reserved. Tom needs to understand Jack's quiet nature instead of pushing him to be more outgoing.” （汤姆来自一个家人都很健谈的家庭，而他的朋友杰克的家人则更加内向。汤姆需要理解杰克安静的性格，而不是强迫他变得更外向。） 和谐共处意味着在尊重个体差异的基础上，建立相互尊重、信任与支持的关系，减少冲突，携手合作。 2.素养体现 在语言能力方面，学生需运用英语准确表达自己对他人的理解与感受，如 “I understand how you feel because I have been in a similar situation.” （我理解你的感受，因为我也经历过类似的情况。）；在文化意识层面，理解不同文化背景下人际交往方式的差异，像 “In some cultures, people are more direct in communication, while in others, they are more indirect.” （在一些文化中，人们在交流中更直接，而在另一些文化中则更含蓄。）；思维品质上，培养同理心，换位思考，分析他人行为背后的原因；学习能力上，学生要通过阅读相关材料，积累人际交往的表达与策略，提升自主学习与合作学习能力，共同探讨如何更好地理解他人。 3.策略要求 阅读时，运用预测策略，根据标题、图片等预测文本内容，如看到 “Ways to Get Along Well with Classmates” （与同学友好相处的方法） 的标题，可预想文中会提及具体的相处建议。利用扫读获取关键信息，如在 “A survey about students' relationships with their roommates shows that 60% of them have had small conflicts.” （一项关于学生与室友关系的调查显示，60%的人有过小冲突。） 中快速找到冲突比例。精读时，分析文本中人物的情感与行为逻辑，理解作者观点，如 “The author believes that active listening is the key to understanding others.” （作者认为积极倾听是理解他人的关键。）。 4.文化品质 这一主题蕴含尊重多元文化、倡导友善包容的文化品质。不同国家和地区在人际交往的礼仪、沟通方式等方面存在差异，如 “In Western cultures, people often hug to show affection, while in some Asian cultures, a bow is more common.” （在西方文化中，人们经常拥抱来表达感情，而在一些亚洲文化中，鞠躬更常见。），学生应理解并尊重这些差异，秉持友善包容的态度与他人交往，避免文化误解，促进跨文化交流与和谐共处。 二、词汇句式 1. 主题词汇 ①人际交往行为类：communicate（交流），cooperate（合作），negotiate（协商），compromise（妥协），apologize（道歉），persuade（劝说），argue（争论），quarrel（争吵），greet（问候），consult（请教），exchange（交换；交流），express（表达），forgive（原谅），congratulate（祝贺） ②人际关系描述类：relationship（关系），friendship（友谊），brotherhood（兄弟情谊），harmony（和谐），conflict（冲突），misunderstanding（误解），trust（信任），respect（尊重），embarrassment（尴尬），envy（嫉妒；羡慕），approval（赞许；同意） ③情感态度类：grateful（感激的），optimistic（乐观的），pessimistic（悲观的），sociable（好交际的），modest（谦虚的），straightforward（坦诚的），embarrassed（尴尬的），concerned（担心的；关心的） ▲相关短语：get along/on with（与……相处），care for（关心；照顾；喜欢），be in harmony with（与……和谐相处），make up（和解），look down upon/on（轻视），put oneself in sb's shoes（设身处地为某人着想），keep company with（和……结交），associate with（与……交往） 2. 主题句式 ①表达交流沟通 I communicate with my friends by chatting online every day.（我每天通过在线聊天和朋友们交流。） We need to communicate our ideas clearly to avoid misunderstandings.（我们需要清晰地表达我们的想法以避免误解。） She is good at communicating with people from different backgrounds.（她擅长与来自不同背景的人交流。） ②描述人际关系 My relationship with my parents has become much closer since we started having regular family meetings.（自从我们开始定期举行家庭会议以来，我和父母的关系变得亲密多了。） Their friendship has lasted for years through thick and thin.（他们的友谊历经风雨，持续了多年。） There is a lot of harmony in our team, which helps us work efficiently.（我们团队非常和谐，这有助于我们高效工作。） ③表达理解与感受 I can understand how you feel because I have been there.（我能理解你的感受，因为我也经历过。） It's important to try to understand others' perspectives.（尝试理解他人的观点很重要。） She didn't understand why he was so angry.（她不明白他为什么这么生气。） ④提出建议与解决冲突 You should apologize to him for your mistake.（你应该为你的错误向他道歉。） We need to negotiate a solution that works for everyone.（我们需要协商出一个对每个人都有效的解决方案。） Compromising is sometimes necessary to keep the peace.（为了维持和平，有时妥协是必要的。） ⑤表达态度与情感 I am grateful to my teacher for his help.（我感激我的老师对我的帮助。） He is optimistic about the future of their relationship.（他对他们关系的未来持乐观态度。） She is always modest when talking about her achievements.（她谈论自己的成就时总是很谦虚。） 三、阅读策略 1. 预测：阅读前，依据标题、副标题、图片、图表等信息对文本内容进行预测。例如，阅读一篇标题为 “The Secret of a Harmonious Dormitory Life” （和谐宿舍生活的秘诀） 的文章，学生可推测文中可能会涉及宿舍成员间的日常相处、矛盾解决等内容。这能激发学生的阅读兴趣，使其带着期待阅读，增强对文本的理解。 2. 扫读：快速浏览文本，定位关键信息，如人物、时间、地点、数据等。在一篇关于学生人际交往调查的文章中，扫读可快速找到 “According to the survey, 70% of the students think communication is the most important factor in getting along with classmates.” （根据调查，70%的学生认为沟通是与同学相处最重要的因素。） 中的关键数据和观点，为深入理解文本奠定基础。 3. 精读：逐字逐句研读文本，分析句子结构、词汇用法、逻辑关系等。如在 “Although they had a big argument yesterday, they managed to make up today because they both realized the importance of their friendship.” （尽管他们昨天大吵了一架，但今天他们设法和好了，因为他们都意识到了友谊的重要性。） 这句话中，学生可分析 “although” 引导的让步状语从句，以及 “make up” 的含义和用法，理解句子间的逻辑，从而把握作者意图。 4. 推理：根据文本已知信息进行推理判断，理解隐含意义。若文中提到 “Tom always avoids group activities and seems a little lonely.” （汤姆总是避开团体活动，看起来有点孤单。），学生可推断出汤姆可能在人际交往方面存在困难，需要他人帮助融入集体。通过推理，学生能深化对文本的理解，提升思维能力。 核心知识回顾 蕴含“理解”的故事常见的词块示例 类型 核心词汇 常见表达 亲情故事 understanding（理解）、misunderstand（误解）、forgive（原谅）、apologize（道歉）、communication（沟通）、sympathize（同情；体谅）、compromise（妥协）、empathy（同理心）、tolerance（宽容）、reconcile（和解）、appreciate（感激；理解）、generation gap（代沟）、family bond（家庭纽带） gain a deeper understanding of family members（对家庭成员有更深刻的理解）、remove misunderstandings within the family（消除家庭内部的误解）、grant forgiveness to family（原谅家人）、communicate sincerely with family（与家人真诚沟通）、feel sympathy for family members' situations（体谅家人的处境）、make concessions to reach a family compromise（做出让步以达成家庭妥协）、try to be in family members' shoes（尝试站在家人的立场）、reach an understanding through family negotiation（通过家庭协商达成理解）、rebuild a closer family relationship after reconciliation（和解后重建更亲密的家庭关系）、show appreciation for family efforts（对家人的努力表示感激） 友情故事 understanding（理解）、misunderstand（误解）、forgive（原谅）、apologize（道歉）、communication（沟通）、sympathize（同情；体谅）、compromise（妥协）、empathy（同理心）、tolerance（宽容）、reconcile（和解）、appreciate（感激；理解）、friendship（友谊）、trust（信任）、quarrel（争吵） gain a better understanding of friends（对朋友有更好的理解）、clear up misunderstandings among friends（消除朋友间的误解）、offer forgiveness to friends（原谅朋友）、communicate openly and friendly with friends（与朋友坦诚友好地交流）、feel sympathy for friends' difficulties（同情朋友的困难）、make a compromise with friends（与朋友达成妥协）、put oneself in friends' positions（设身处地为朋友着想）、reach an understanding through friendly negotiation（通过友好协商达成理解）、rebuild a strong friendship after reconciliation（和解后重建牢固的友谊）、show appreciation for friends' help（对朋友的帮助表示感激） 师生故事 understanding（理解）、misunderstand（误解）、forgive（原谅）、apologize（道歉）、communication（沟通）、sympathize（同情；体谅）、compromise（妥协）、empathy（同理心）、tolerance（宽容）、reconcile（和解）、appreciate（感激；理解）、teaching style（教学风格）、learning pace（学习节奏）、respect（尊重） gain an understanding of teachers/students（对老师 / 学生有理解）、remove misunderstandings between teachers and students（消除师生间的误解）、grant forgiveness to teachers/students（原谅老师 / 学生）、communicate patiently and effectively with teachers/students（与老师 / 学生耐心有效地沟通）、feel sympathy for teachers'/students' situations（体谅老师 / 学生的处境）、make concessions to reach a teacher - student compromise（做出让步以达成师生妥协）、try to be in teachers'/students' shoes（尝试站在老师 / 学生的立场）、reach an understanding through teacher - student communication（通过师生交流达成理解）、rebuild a good teacher - student relationship after reconciliation（和解后重建良好的师生关系）、show appreciation for teachers'/students' efforts（对老师 / 学生的努力表示感激） 陌生人故事 understanding（理解）、misunderstand（误解）、forgive（原谅）、apologize（道歉）、communication（沟通）、sympathize（同情；体谅）、compromise（妥协）、empathy（同理心）、tolerance（宽容）、reconcile（和解）、appreciate（感激；理解）、accident（意外）、help（帮助）、kindness（善良） gain an understanding of strangers（对陌生人有理解）、clear up misunderstandings with strangers（消除与陌生人的误解）、offer forgiveness to strangers（原谅陌生人）、communicate with strangers in a friendly way（友好地与陌生人交流）、feel sympathy for strangers' troubles（同情陌生人的麻烦）、make a compromise with strangers（与陌生人达成妥协）、put oneself in strangers' positions（设身处地为陌生人着想）、reach an understanding through communication with strangers（通过与陌生人沟通达成理解）、rebuild a harmonious relationship with strangers after reconciliation（和解后与陌生人重建和谐关系）、show appreciation for strangers' kindness（对陌生人的善意表示感激） 综合实战演练 1 Have you agreed to help someone when you don’t really want to? Trying to please others because you’re afraid to say no isn’t the same thing as being kind. Doing a good deed like helping your friend with their homework or sharing a snack can make you feel happy. Studies show that kindness is good for your well-being. However, if you often agree to do things you don’t want to do, or feel sorry about saying no, you could be falling into a people-pleasing trap. It’s not always easy to tell when this happens but one sign (迹象) is that it’s difficult to stop. Pleasing other people may feel good for a short while but the feeling doesn’t last. This is why it’s a good idea to set limits (限制) on what you’ll do for others. These are called “boundaries”. Spending too much energy (精力) on someone else can stop you doing things you want or need to do. Research has found that trying to please others can leave us feeling anxious (焦虑的) and uncomfortable. We can also feel angry and frustrated with ourselves and our friends. “There’s nothing wrong with being kind to other people,” says Dr. Toru Sato, a writer and expert in thoughts and feelings, but we need to be sure we’re doing it out of kindness, not because we’re worried about what other people think. Taking on so much that you end up letting yourself down doesn’t make you a better friend. Boundaries include taking time alone when you need it and being able to explain your needs. When someone asks you to do something, give yourself time to think about it before answering. Put time aside every day just for you and spend it doing something you enjoy like reading a book or listening to music. If saying no feels hard, practise with small things, like if someone offers a candy in a restaurant. This can help you feel more confident, Thinking about how to say no also helps you to communicate what you want clearly and calmly. Remember, you don’t need an excuse to say no; you don’t need to give anyone an explanation. The good people in your life will respect (尊重) this boundary. 1．The underlined word “trap” is closest in meaning to ________. A．terrible mistake B．difficult situation C．surprising result D．special attention 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．We can get lasting satisfaction from pleasing others. B．We’d better give an excuse when we refuse someone. C．We should save some time for our own pleasure every day. D．We should answer immediately when someone asks for help. 3．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To lead people to build better boundaries. B．To encourage people to try to be kind to others. C．To help people to communicate with others well. D．To make people see the true meaning of people-pleasing. 2 Think of space! What comes to your mind? No. I’m not talking about planets or aliens. I’m talking about the space we live in! The world is full of different space. We can think about space in three different ways: public space, private (私人的) space and personal space. PUBLIC SPACE Public space is the social space for everyone to get together. It belongs to everyone. But wait! Before you camp in your local park or throw a party at a library, remember that there are rules.The rules are set down to keep the space clean and safe. PRIVATE SPACE The private space is for our own. We all need private space like homes, where we can relax and stay alone. We are not allowed to enter private space freely. PERSONAL SPACE This is the space where we sit and stand. Everyone has different feelings about their personal space. People may feel uncomfortable or even get annoyed when someone they don’t know gets to close. We should respect (尊重) all kinds of space. We should respect public space. We can’t leave a mess (乱七八糟) or take away anything that doesn’t belong to us. It’s important to leave no trace (痕迹) in public place. We should respect private space by asking for permission (允许) before entering. And we should respect personal space by finding out how much space a friend or classmate needs to feel comfortable. Respecting all space helps make us be better people. It also helps keep our community safe and fun. 1．In public space, we’d better ________. A．keep the place clean and safe B．take away something useful C．bring everything together D．leave a mess everywhere 2．The underlined word “annoyed” means “________ ”. A．dangerous B．angry C．relaxed D．sad 3．The best title for the article should be ________. A．Keep Space Safe and Clean B．Different Space in the World C．Respect Different Space D．Remember the Rules 3 A café in Toronto refuses to offer Wi-Fi to its customers. Its president, Jimson Biensenstock, explains his purpose is to get customers to talk with one another instead of being buried in their portable devices. What a brilliant idea! Perhaps Mr. Biensenstock knows what medical science has been increasingly proving: Social interaction is an extremely important contributor to good health and long life. In a study begun in 1965, the researchers found that people who were disconnected from others were about three times more likely to die during the nine-year study than people with strong social ties. In fact, they found that those with close social ties and unhealthful lifestyles actually lived longer than those with poor social ties but more healthful living habits. Another study in 1988 showed people who are continually lacking in social contacts are more likely to experience higher levels of stress and inflammation (炎症). These, in turn, can weaken the health of nearly every bodily system, including the brain. Absent social interactions, blood flowing to important organs (重要器官) is likely to be reduced and immune function (免疫功能) may be destroyed. Even how genes are expressed can be affected, damaging the body’s ability to turn off inflammation. In a 2010 report, sociology researchers at the University of Texas reported similar findings. The Texas researchers also pointed out that social interactions can boost good health through a positive influence on people’s living habits. For example, if none of your friends smoke, you’ll be less likely to smoke. Lack of social interactions also damages mental health. The emotional support provided by social connection helps to reduce the damaging effects of stress and can help develop “a sense of meaning and purpose in life”, the Texas researchers wrote. Emma Seppala of the Stanford Center wrote, “People who feel more connected to others have lower levels of anxiety and depression. Moreover, studies show they also have higher self-esteem (自尊), greater empathy for others, are more trusting and cooperative and, as a result, others are more open to trusting and cooperating with them.” “In other words,” Dr. Seppala explained, “social connection leads to a positive feedback circle of social, emotional and physical well-being.” For those seeking a health-improving lifestyle, it’s not enough to focus on eating your vegetables and getting regular exercise. Don’t forget to connect. 1．What is the finding of the first two studies? A．Usual connection to others helps one live longer. B．Blood flowing in our body needs social interactions. C．Poor social ties lead to weak bodily system directly. D．Healthful living habits can be developed in social ties. 2．The underlined word “boost” in Paragraph 5 probably means “________”. A．reduce B．improve C．change D．harm 3．The writer probably agrees that ________. A．mental health connects to less purposeful life B．a meaningful life has nothing to do with social ties C．people having more social interactions are likely to be trusted D．social, emotional and physical well-being have the same value in their circle 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing the passage? A．To encourage people to develop social ties. B．To explain the benefits of social interaction. C．To discuss the bad effects of social interaction. D．To compare the close social ties with poor social ties. 4 I was sitting in a Beijing cafe drinking a coffee with my friend. We were at a table looking out a window into a hutong. Many people were walking past us, but one Chinese couple stopped and stared. I smiled and waved back. Then, to my surprise, they took a photo of us! The lady even came up to the window and posed in front of us for another photo. It was very funny and we were all laughing. A few weeks later, I was visiting the beautiful coastal (海滨) city of Qingdao with two friends. People stared at us and wanted to say hello everywhere we went. It was like we were famous people! So why were we getting so much attention? I think it’s because even though there are many foreigners, like me, living in China today, they are still kind of “rare (罕见的)”. This is especially the case in smaller cities, where there are fewer foreigners. This is probably why we were so popular in Qingdao, but didn’t get as much attention in Beijing. But China is not the only place this happens. I have traveled to India, Brazil, Per and even the United States and been treated differently, too. Brazilians and US people always want to chat with you, but Indians are by far the most curious (好奇的). When I visited, children and adults were always staring and taking pictures. The best way to deal with it is just to smile, laugh and enjoy it! 1．Where is the writer probably from? A．Brazil. B．India. C．The USA． D．We don’t know. 2．What happened when the writer visited Qingdao? A．He became famous. B．He caught the attention of many people. C．He said sorry to everyone. D．He missed the last train. 3．Why did the writer think they were more popular in Qingdao than Beijing? A．Because Qingdao sees fewer foreigners. B．Because people in Qingdao are more friendly. C．Because many foreigners work in coastal cities like Qingdao. D．Because there aren’t many foreigners in Beijing. 4．What does the underlined word “treated” mean in Paragraph 4? A．聊天 B．核对 C．查询 D．对待 5．What’s the best title of the passage? A．Travelling in China B．A Foreigner’s experience in China C．A Foreign Traveler’s Feeling D．Traveling in foreign countries can make you popular. 5 After a long week at work, I could finally go to the beach by myself. It was a lovely time watching families come and go for a warm weekend here in California. After a few hours, I noticed a little girl playing by herself. It looked like she built a sandcastle(沙堡)and was now trying to fill it with water. The sandcastle looked beautiful in the summer sunshine. Unluckily, there was no container around to carry water. She would go to the waves, cup her hands and then walk back to her little castle. Sadly, not much of the water was making it to the castle. But she kept trying and was still smiling and hopeful. So I wished I could help her out. As I was standing there watching her, I suddenly realized I had a bottle of water in my bag. I quickly dug in, took it out, and walked over to hand it to her. Uncertain of what to do first, she shook her head shyly, saying no. I reassured (安慰) her it would make getting the water faster. She smiled widely and finally took it. Not wanting her to feel uncomfortable, I walked off the beach right away. Looking back at her running to the sea with the same big smile, I know when she notices someone needs help in her life, she will recall this little act of kindness by a stranger. And then a gentle world will be around her. 1．What was the weather like? A．Sunny. B．Rainy. C．Cloudy. D．Snowy. 2．What does the underlined word “container” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A． B． C． D． 3．What do we know about the writer according to the text? A．Her family always went to the beach. B．She went to the beach on foot that day. C．She got help from someone else before. D．She was a stranger to the little girl. 4．Which of the words can best describe how the little girl’s feeling changed? A．excited- sad-nervous. B．crazy-hopeful-surprised. C．cheerful-shy-happy. D．helpless-happy-uncomfortable. 5．What does the text mainly want to tell us? A．A beach vacation helps relaxed. B．Spending more time alone is good. C．Kids should not play outside alone. D．A small kindness can make a better world. 6 Mike was walking his dog, Paul, when the dog had to go. It was garbage day, looking around but seeing no public garbage bins (公共垃圾桶), so Mike put the bag of dog poop (狗屎) into someone else’s bin. When Mike turned around, the irritated person who owned the bin was shouting at him. “Hey! This isn’t your garbage bin. You can’t put the bag in here!” Mike quickly walked away to stop things from getting worse. As he walked toward home, he kept thinking, “Was I in the wrong?” Then Mike posted his story online, and lots of people replied (答复). Mike said about 80 percent were OK with others using their garbage bins for bags of dog poop. Some would allow it anytime. Others would like the bags to be put in before the garage was picked up, so the bin wouldn’t smell for days on end. The 20 percent, who didn’t allow others to use their bins for dog poop, said that people had incorrectly used their bins. “Having a dog and being a dog owner had something to do with it,” Mike said. Mike has a good idea of working this out. “If you can have a piece of paper that says, ‘Yes, you can put your dog’s poop bags in my bin,’ I think we can find the answer to the problem,” Mike says. 1．What did Mike do when he heard the man shouting? A．He left at once. B．He put the bin back. C．He took the bag out. D．He shouted back to the man. 2．What of the following sentence is RIGHT? A．Paul is Mike’s best friend. B．Mike hates walking the dog. C．The garbage bin owner felt angry. D．Mike enjoys sharing his story online. 3．What can we learn about the replies to Mike’s post? A．Very few agreed with Mike. B．Most people let their bins smell for days. C．Most people would let others use their bins. D．Very few people answered Mike’s question. 4．What suggestion did Mike give people in the end ? A．To have fewer dogs. B．To put their bins inside. C．To use public garbage bins. D．To let others know what they think. 5．What is the best title for the text? A．Why Is It Hard to Find Public Bins? B．Where Should People Put Dog Poop? C．Is It OK to Put Dog Poop in Others’ Bins? D．Is It Right to Shout at People in the Street? 7 We think of hospitals as being peaceful and safe places. But in the past few years, doctors and nurses in Chinese public hospitals have been aimed by violent(暴力的) attacks. A study that came out in 2018 showed that one in four doctors in China has suffered physical violence, with some even lose lives. To prevent such things from happening, the government worked out a draft(草案) law and put it up for review on Oct 22nd. It says that, the safety of medical staff is protected by law and that no one is allowed to hurt medical workers, the Beijing News reported. In most cases, the attackers were relatives of patients who were not satisfied with their treatment. Most people have high expectations for their doctors. But of course, not every illness can be cured, China Youth Daily noted. A general lack(缺少) of trust in doctors has also made things worse. Giving doctors cash bribes(现金贿赂) for good treatment has long been an unwritten rule. Some people believe that they may have received useless treatment because they didn’t bribe their doctors. In some cases, their anger in this situation turns into violence. Another problem is a lack of doctors. Doctors in large public hospitals are often stretched thin(不堪重负的), seeing as many as 60 or more patients in just half a day. It’s difficult for them to provide enough care for each patient.    Hospitals are trying to find ways to solve these problems. For example, many hospitals have set up offices to hear and deal with patients’ complaints, Xinhua reported. When some unexpected things happen, patients should ask the experts or the special organizations for advice instead of turning to violence, the State Council said. 1．The underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 refer to ________. A．Beijing News. B．The review. C．The government. D．The draft law. 2．The writing purpose of this passage is ________. A．to encourage patients to bribe doctors before the operation B．to advise people to act wisely instead of turning to violence C．to prevent people going to hospital because of violent attacks D．to describe the problems that doctors in China are suffering from 3．What can we NOT infer (推断) from the passage? A．In some ways, doctors and nurses can be protected in the future. B．Stricter rules will be made to prevent doctors from receiving bribes. C．Most people must learn basic medical knowledge for their own safety. D．More offices in hospitals will be set up to deal with patients’ complaints. 4．Which of the following shows how the-passage develops? A． B． C． D． 8 One of my grandchildren sent me a self-portrait (自画像) she created in an art class. The first half of the portrait shows her hair parted in the middle, with her big brown eyes looking through her glasses. The second half of the self-portrait is a blue mask (口罩) with colorful flowers. It is a clever art work using the mask as a cover. The mask can be taken off, but I received her picture with the mask on.      The child needs to work on her smize. A fashion model created the term “smize” several years ago. A “smize” is a word from smile and eyes, which means that you smile with your eyes. For example, models can make their eyes smile without moving their mouths.     Smizing is popular now. It’s hard to show friendliness when half of your face is covered. Restaurants are even teaching waiters to perfect the smize behind face masks. You can smize by scrunching (使收缩) up your eyes and pushing your eyes up to create a smiling look. It’s hard to do, but you can learn how to do it by keeping doing it again and again in front of a mirror. Like most people, I can wear my mask and smile at the same time, but my eyes can’t smile without my mouth. They have a very close bond.     We would rather get close to each other by smile and kindness than the cold face behind the mask. Go ahead, smize or smile, whatever you can do. 1．The writer mentioned her grandchild’s self-portrait to __________. A．introduce a talented child B．show readers an art work C．raise public attention of wearing masks D．lead up to a special way of smiling 2．From paragraphs 2 and 3, we can know that __________. A．“smize” means smiling with mouths B．it’s impossible to smile with masks on C．it’s difficult to learn to smize D．models can smile only with their eyes 3．The underlined word “bond” is closest in meaning to __________. A．look B．relation C．knock D．friend 4．What can we infer from the passage? A．Masks can’t completely hide our friendliness B．If you can push your eyes up, you can smize. C．All the waiters in restaurants can smize. D．The writer learns to smize by keeping do it. 5．What would be the best title of the passage? A．With or Without Masks B．Spread Friendliness Behind the Mask C．Get Close To Others D．A Self-Portrait with A Mask On 9 A team of US psychologist (心理学家) have found that talking to another person for ten minutes a day helps with memory. “Socializing is just as useful as more traditional kinds of mental(脑力的) exercises in boosting memory and intellectual performance,” Oscar Ybarra, a psychologist at the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, said in a statement. In one investigation (调查), they analyzed data on 3610 people, aged 24 to 96. They find that the higher their level of social interaction (交流), the better their cognitive(认知的) functioning. Social interaction includes getting together or having phone chats with relatives, friends and neighbors. In another experiment, the researchers conducted laboratory tests on 76 college students, aged 18 to 21, to evaluate (评估) how social interactions and mental exercises influenced the results of memory and intellectual performance tests. The students were divided into three groups: the social interaction group had a discussion of a social issue for 10 minutes before taking the tests; the mental activities group completed three tasks (including a reading comprehension exercise and a crossword puzzle) before the tests; and a control group watched a 10-minute film of the Seinfeld television show. “We found that short-term social interaction lasting for just 10 minutes improved the students’ intellectual performance as much as working on so-called ‘mental’ activities for the same amount of time,” Ybarra said. The study was expected to be published in the February issue of the journal Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1．What does the underlined word “boosting” in the second paragraph probably mean? A．Improving. B．Reducing. C．Preventing. D．Training. 2．The researchers conducted laboratory tests on 76 college students to ________. A．judge the influence of social interaction on memory and intelligence B．find out what is real social interaction C．learn how much time is needed for social interaction D．show the function of people’s cognition 3．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．Mental exercises make your memory better. B．Different people have different ways of communication C．Communicating with others keeps you healthy. D．Social interaction makes you smart. 10 Know me before you judge me When I first started to work on this story, I thought maybe I shouldn’t do it. I thought you might see that I have Down syndrome (唐氏综合征), and that you wouldn’t like me. My mom thinks that’s silly. “Have you ever met anyone who didn’t like you because you have Down syndrome?” she asks me. She’s right, of course. When people ask me what Down syndrome is, I tell them it’s an intellectual disability (智力残疾) that makes it harder for me to learn things. I just want to be like everyone else. But having Down syndrome is what makes me “me”. And I’m proud of who I am. I’m a hard worker, a good person, and I care about my friends. A lot like you Even though I have Down syndrome, my life is a lot like yours. I read books and watch TV. I listen to music with my friends. I’m on the swim team and in chorus at school. Some of my classes are with typical (正常的) kids, and some are with kids with learning disabilities. I have a helper who goes with me to my harder classes, like math and biology. She helps me take notes and gives me advice on how I should study for tests. It really helps, but I also make myself do well. For example, my goal (目标) was to be in a typical English class by 12th grade. And that’s exactly what happened this year! Dream job: singer I try not to let anything get me down and just think of all the good things in my life, like that I’ve made two songs. Right now, someone else is singing my songs, but someday, I want to be the one singing. See me But I still have to tell myself all the time that it really is OK to just be myself. I can’t change that I have Down syndrome, but one thing I would change is how people think of me. I’d tell them: Judge (评价) me as a whole person, not just the person you see. Respect (尊重) me and accept me for who I am. Most important, just be my friend. After all, I would do the same for you. 1．The writer has Down syndrome, so ________. A．people don’t like her at all B．it’s harder for her to learn things C．she wrote many good stories D．finding a job is nearly impossible 2．When the writer was in 12th grade, ________. A．she joined the school swim team B．she gave advice on how to study C．she was in a typical English class D．she helped some kids with biology 3．From the story, we know the writer is ________. A．clever and helpful B．shy and unconfident C．lonely and nervous D．active and hardworking 4．The story mainly tells us ________. A．we can change other people by offering help to them B．we should understand and respect people with disabilities C．people usually judge others by their success and appearance D．people can make songs to help people with Down syndrome 11 In the park, you see a group of people, all looking up at the sky. Without thinking about it, you look upwards, too. Why? In the concert, someone begins to clap and suddenly the whole room joins in. You do, too. Why? Sometimes we feel we are acting correctly when we do the same as others. The more people follow an idea, the better or truer we think the idea is. It’s the social proof (社会认同感) that works. The scientist Asch carried out an experiment(实验). It shows how social proof can influence(影响) us. In a room, a man is shown Line 1, and next to it are three lines (A, B,C). A is longer, C is shorter and B is as long as Line 1. He must tell which of the three lines is as long as Line 1. When the man is alone, he gives the correct answer B．Then, five other men enter the room, and each of them gives the answer C as someone told them the answer C was right. Now the man changes his idea and gives the answer C． Asch got the same result many times among different subjects(实验对象). Well, in the past, following others was a way to keep from danger. Suppose that 5000 years ago, you were hunting(打猎)with friends. Suddenly, they all ran away. What would you have done? Would you have stayed? No, you would have run, too. We are descendants (后代) of those who copied others’ action. It is so deeply planted in our mind that we still use it now. Social proof has special power. The advertising industry (广告业), for example, often makes use of it. So be careful whenever a company says its product (产品) is “the most popular”. 1．At the beginning of the passage, the writer leads in the topic by__________. A．telling a story B．giving examples C．answering questions D．showing a map 2．According to Paragraph 3, the experiment by Asch shows__________. A．following others is always right B．social proof may change people’s ideas C．it’s difficult to carry out the experiment D．people can study better if they are alone 3．Which of the following can be put in “ ” ? A．Why do we act like this? B．What can we do? C．How does social proof work? D．When does social proof work? 4．The underlined word “It” in Paragraph 4 refers to__________. A．running with others B．hunting with friends C．copying others’ action D．doing something different 5．According to the passage, we can infer(推断)that __________. A．it’s important to run with others anytime B．products in the advertisement are the best C．we mustn’t copy others’ action to keep safe D．we need to think twice before following others 12 When was the last time you gave or received a hug? Do your parents hug you before you go to school? In Western countries, it is quite common to greet close friends or relatives with a hug. You might hug your teammates after winning a basketball game. If one of your friends is having a bad day, you can hug him to cheer him up. Friends who haven’t seen each other for a long time will usually hug each other when meeting. Of course, people in different countries have different opinions when it comes to hugging. After coming to China, I’ve noticed that Chinese people are generally more reluctant (不情愿的) to hug than those are in my home country, the USA． My Chinese friends told me that hugging is considered to be very intimate (亲密的) in their culture. It usually only happens between people who are really close to each other, like couples. Chinese people don’t usually hug in public, either. But people’s attitudes towards hugging can also change. I remember watching a video story about a “hugging party” that was held in Shanghai. A local artist held the party, inviting strangers and asking them to hug each other. The Chinese participants clearly looked uncomfortable. However, after the party, several of them changed their minds. They decided that hugging doesn’t have to be awkward (尴尬的) and can actually be quite nice. So next time you see your mum or dad, give her/him a hug — see how it makes you feel. 1．What usually happens between good friends when meeting in Western countries? A．Hugging. B．Nodding. C．Shaking hands. D．Kissing. 2．The second paragraph tells us ________. A．the advantages of hugging each other B．some situations in which people hug each other C．the reasons why friends need to hug each other D．the ways of hugging each other 3．In Chinese culture, hugs usually happen between ________. A．friends B．classmates C．couples D．teachers and students 4．What did people do at the “hugging party”? A．They were invited to hug each other. B．They watched a video about hugging. C．They told stories about hugging. D．They sang their favourite songs. 5．The writer wrote the last paragraph to ________. A．encourage people to be nice to strangers B．explain why people feel uncomfortable while hugging C．show how people can change their minds about hugging D．tell people not to hug each other anywhere 13 Have you ever wondered what goes through your mind when you choose where to sit in a new classroom? Or in a waiting room full of strangers? Or on a bus? Researchers have found out some interesting facts. Perhaps unsurprisingly, we prefer to sit closer to people like ourselves. Girls sit by girls and boys sit by boys. Adults sit together and young people choose another young person to sit near. But it goes further than this. We even choose to sit near someone who looks like us. People with glasses are more likely to sit near other people with glasses. People with long hair sit closer to other people with long hair. We seem to believe that people with similar habits or hobbies will share similar attitude and we are more likely to be accepted by people like ourselves or even, we think we may be safer with people who look like us. Sometimes that’s true but it’s a pity if we always stick to the same people, the same group. The danger in always staying in our comfort zone (舒适区) is that we just recycle the same opinions, the same tastes and the same ideas. We lose the chance to learn something new, find out about interesting things, hear funny stories and discover difference. When we always stick to the same people, how can we ever break down the barriers which prevent us from getting to know people with different ideas? And how can we avoid the ignorance (无知), which too often leads to prejudice (偏见) and even fear? If instead you want to live in a society that opens to changes and new things and different opinions, be the cat among the pigeons. Move out of your comfort zone. Go and sit next to someone different. And don’t just sit there in silence. Say hello. Ask a question. Start a conversation. That’s how we make friends. That’s how we learn about people. That’s how we open our minds to new ideas. That’s how we live an exciting life. 1．From the passage, we know that people prefer sitting by someone who ________. A．is like themselves B．has a sense of humor C．is open-minded D．lives an exciting life 2．People like staying in their comfort zone because they may ________. A．remain comfortable and special B．be accepted easily and feel safe C．find out more interesting things D．discover differences among themselves 3．Why does the writer ask us to meet people of different kinds? A．Because we feel safer and share similar tastes and ideas. B．Because we can enjoy interesting and different ideas. C．Because we can say hello and ask them questions. D．Because we want to live in a society full of humour. 4．What is the title of this passage? A．Just to be ourselves B．Learn more about the foreign countries C．Live an exciting life D．Jump out of the comfort zone 14 Everyone needs help sometimes. People depend on one another. That’s why communities have special people ready to lend a helping hand to anyone who needs it. For example, what would we do without a community fire station? If a home catches on fire, as the Jackson place did last week, it might be burned down and people get hurt…or worse. We’re so lucky to have firemen to come to save people and put out the fire, safely. If the fire station hadn’t come so fast, the Jacksons might have lost everything. And what about our local police who protect our families, our homes and valuable things? The police have helped so many families this past year, especially saving people and pets and protecting our houses and other things after the heavy rains. Think about all the other service workers we have in this community, We have people who collect waste and rubbish and keep our community sanitary, We have road workers who put up and repair traffic signs and fix holes in the streets to protect not just us, but our cars! And where would this community be without the teachers in our school and the doctors, and nurses in our community hospitals? Think again about what we eat every day; think again about what we wear every day. We cannot produce them, but we use them all the time. We get a lot from all these tireless workers who keep our community running. We need these people in the community. We depend on each other. Let’s support each other and help each other. Only in this way can we make our community a better place. 1．What happened to the Jacksons last week? A．Their pets were lost. B．Their car was badly burnt. C．Their house caught on fire. D．Their valuable things were stolen. 2．Who offered help to families after the heavy rains? A．Firemen. B．Doctors. C．Road workers. D．Local police. 3．What does the underlined word “sanitary” mean? A．Clean. B．Safe. C．Quiet. D．Busy. 4．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Policemen Save People’s Lives B．People Depend on Each Other C．Service Workers Do Important Jobs D．Workers Keep Community Running ( 1 / 1 )学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 2025-2026学年上学期八年级英语知识点梳理与巩固(外研版2024) Unit 2 Getting along主题阅读 必备知识清单 单元主题阅读 一、阅读主题 Unit 2的阅读主题“如何理解他人进而与人和谐共处”，引导学生探索在人际交往中理解他人的重要性以及实现和谐共处的方法。这一主题强调通过提升对他人的理解，改善人际关系，营造和谐的生活与学习环境。 1.主题内涵 理解他人涵盖洞察他人的情感、需求、观点和背景等多个层面。每个人成长于不同环境，形成了独特的思维与行为模式。例如，“Tom comes from a family where everyone is very talkative, while his friend Jack's family members are more reserved. Tom needs to understand Jack's quiet nature instead of pushing him to be more outgoing.” （汤姆来自一个家人都很健谈的家庭，而他的朋友杰克的家人则更加内向。汤姆需要理解杰克安静的性格，而不是强迫他变得更外向。） 和谐共处意味着在尊重个体差异的基础上，建立相互尊重、信任与支持的关系，减少冲突，携手合作。 2.素养体现 在语言能力方面，学生需运用英语准确表达自己对他人的理解与感受，如 “I understand how you feel because I have been in a similar situation.” （我理解你的感受，因为我也经历过类似的情况。）；在文化意识层面，理解不同文化背景下人际交往方式的差异，像 “In some cultures, people are more direct in communication, while in others, they are more indirect.” （在一些文化中，人们在交流中更直接，而在另一些文化中则更含蓄。）；思维品质上，培养同理心，换位思考，分析他人行为背后的原因；学习能力上，学生要通过阅读相关材料，积累人际交往的表达与策略，提升自主学习与合作学习能力，共同探讨如何更好地理解他人。 3.策略要求 阅读时，运用预测策略，根据标题、图片等预测文本内容，如看到 “Ways to Get Along Well with Classmates” （与同学友好相处的方法） 的标题，可预想文中会提及具体的相处建议。利用扫读获取关键信息，如在 “A survey about students' relationships with their roommates shows that 60% of them have had small conflicts.” （一项关于学生与室友关系的调查显示，60%的人有过小冲突。） 中快速找到冲突比例。精读时，分析文本中人物的情感与行为逻辑，理解作者观点，如 “The author believes that active listening is the key to understanding others.” （作者认为积极倾听是理解他人的关键。）。 4.文化品质 这一主题蕴含尊重多元文化、倡导友善包容的文化品质。不同国家和地区在人际交往的礼仪、沟通方式等方面存在差异，如 “In Western cultures, people often hug to show affection, while in some Asian cultures, a bow is more common.” （在西方文化中，人们经常拥抱来表达感情，而在一些亚洲文化中，鞠躬更常见。），学生应理解并尊重这些差异，秉持友善包容的态度与他人交往，避免文化误解，促进跨文化交流与和谐共处。 二、词汇句式 1. 主题词汇 ①人际交往行为类：communicate（交流），cooperate（合作），negotiate（协商），compromise（妥协），apologize（道歉），persuade（劝说），argue（争论），quarrel（争吵），greet（问候），consult（请教），exchange（交换；交流），express（表达），forgive（原谅），congratulate（祝贺） ②人际关系描述类：relationship（关系），friendship（友谊），brotherhood（兄弟情谊），harmony（和谐），conflict（冲突），misunderstanding（误解），trust（信任），respect（尊重），embarrassment（尴尬），envy（嫉妒；羡慕），approval（赞许；同意） ③情感态度类：grateful（感激的），optimistic（乐观的），pessimistic（悲观的），sociable（好交际的），modest（谦虚的），straightforward（坦诚的），embarrassed（尴尬的），concerned（担心的；关心的） ▲相关短语：get along/on with（与……相处），care for（关心；照顾；喜欢），be in harmony with（与……和谐相处），make up（和解），look down upon/on（轻视），put oneself in sb's shoes（设身处地为某人着想），keep company with（和……结交），associate with（与……交往） 2. 主题句式 ①表达交流沟通 I communicate with my friends by chatting online every day.（我每天通过在线聊天和朋友们交流。） We need to communicate our ideas clearly to avoid misunderstandings.（我们需要清晰地表达我们的想法以避免误解。） She is good at communicating with people from different backgrounds.（她擅长与来自不同背景的人交流。） ②描述人际关系 My relationship with my parents has become much closer since we started having regular family meetings.（自从我们开始定期举行家庭会议以来，我和父母的关系变得亲密多了。） Their friendship has lasted for years through thick and thin.（他们的友谊历经风雨，持续了多年。） There is a lot of harmony in our team, which helps us work efficiently.（我们团队非常和谐，这有助于我们高效工作。） ③表达理解与感受 I can understand how you feel because I have been there.（我能理解你的感受，因为我也经历过。） It's important to try to understand others' perspectives.（尝试理解他人的观点很重要。） She didn't understand why he was so angry.（她不明白他为什么这么生气。） ④提出建议与解决冲突 You should apologize to him for your mistake.（你应该为你的错误向他道歉。） We need to negotiate a solution that works for everyone.（我们需要协商出一个对每个人都有效的解决方案。） Compromising is sometimes necessary to keep the peace.（为了维持和平，有时妥协是必要的。） ⑤表达态度与情感 I am grateful to my teacher for his help.（我感激我的老师对我的帮助。） He is optimistic about the future of their relationship.（他对他们关系的未来持乐观态度。） She is always modest when talking about her achievements.（她谈论自己的成就时总是很谦虚。） 三、阅读策略 1. 预测：阅读前，依据标题、副标题、图片、图表等信息对文本内容进行预测。例如，阅读一篇标题为 “The Secret of a Harmonious Dormitory Life” （和谐宿舍生活的秘诀） 的文章，学生可推测文中可能会涉及宿舍成员间的日常相处、矛盾解决等内容。这能激发学生的阅读兴趣，使其带着期待阅读，增强对文本的理解。 2. 扫读：快速浏览文本，定位关键信息，如人物、时间、地点、数据等。在一篇关于学生人际交往调查的文章中，扫读可快速找到 “According to the survey, 70% of the students think communication is the most important factor in getting along with classmates.” （根据调查，70%的学生认为沟通是与同学相处最重要的因素。） 中的关键数据和观点，为深入理解文本奠定基础。 3. 精读：逐字逐句研读文本，分析句子结构、词汇用法、逻辑关系等。如在 “Although they had a big argument yesterday, they managed to make up today because they both realized the importance of their friendship.” （尽管他们昨天大吵了一架，但今天他们设法和好了，因为他们都意识到了友谊的重要性。） 这句话中，学生可分析 “although” 引导的让步状语从句，以及 “make up” 的含义和用法，理解句子间的逻辑，从而把握作者意图。 4. 推理：根据文本已知信息进行推理判断，理解隐含意义。若文中提到 “Tom always avoids group activities and seems a little lonely.” （汤姆总是避开团体活动，看起来有点孤单。），学生可推断出汤姆可能在人际交往方面存在困难，需要他人帮助融入集体。通过推理，学生能深化对文本的理解，提升思维能力。 核心知识回顾 蕴含“理解”的故事常见的词块示例 类型 核心词汇 常见表达 亲情故事 understanding（理解）、misunderstand（误解）、forgive（原谅）、apologize（道歉）、communication（沟通）、sympathize（同情；体谅）、compromise（妥协）、empathy（同理心）、tolerance（宽容）、reconcile（和解）、appreciate（感激；理解）、generation gap（代沟）、family bond（家庭纽带） gain a deeper understanding of family members（对家庭成员有更深刻的理解）、remove misunderstandings within the family（消除家庭内部的误解）、grant forgiveness to family（原谅家人）、communicate sincerely with family（与家人真诚沟通）、feel sympathy for family members' situations（体谅家人的处境）、make concessions to reach a family compromise（做出让步以达成家庭妥协）、try to be in family members' shoes（尝试站在家人的立场）、reach an understanding through family negotiation（通过家庭协商达成理解）、rebuild a closer family relationship after reconciliation（和解后重建更亲密的家庭关系）、show appreciation for family efforts（对家人的努力表示感激） 友情故事 understanding（理解）、misunderstand（误解）、forgive（原谅）、apologize（道歉）、communication（沟通）、sympathize（同情；体谅）、compromise（妥协）、empathy（同理心）、tolerance（宽容）、reconcile（和解）、appreciate（感激；理解）、friendship（友谊）、trust（信任）、quarrel（争吵） gain a better understanding of friends（对朋友有更好的理解）、clear up misunderstandings among friends（消除朋友间的误解）、offer forgiveness to friends（原谅朋友）、communicate openly and friendly with friends（与朋友坦诚友好地交流）、feel sympathy for friends' difficulties（同情朋友的困难）、make a compromise with friends（与朋友达成妥协）、put oneself in friends' positions（设身处地为朋友着想）、reach an understanding through friendly negotiation（通过友好协商达成理解）、rebuild a strong friendship after reconciliation（和解后重建牢固的友谊）、show appreciation for friends' help（对朋友的帮助表示感激） 师生故事 understanding（理解）、misunderstand（误解）、forgive（原谅）、apologize（道歉）、communication（沟通）、sympathize（同情；体谅）、compromise（妥协）、empathy（同理心）、tolerance（宽容）、reconcile（和解）、appreciate（感激；理解）、teaching style（教学风格）、learning pace（学习节奏）、respect（尊重） gain an understanding of teachers/students（对老师 / 学生有理解）、remove misunderstandings between teachers and students（消除师生间的误解）、grant forgiveness to teachers/students（原谅老师 / 学生）、communicate patiently and effectively with teachers/students（与老师 / 学生耐心有效地沟通）、feel sympathy for teachers'/students' situations（体谅老师 / 学生的处境）、make concessions to reach a teacher - student compromise（做出让步以达成师生妥协）、try to be in teachers'/students' shoes（尝试站在老师 / 学生的立场）、reach an understanding through teacher - student communication（通过师生交流达成理解）、rebuild a good teacher - student relationship after reconciliation（和解后重建良好的师生关系）、show appreciation for teachers'/students' efforts（对老师 / 学生的努力表示感激） 陌生人故事 understanding（理解）、misunderstand（误解）、forgive（原谅）、apologize（道歉）、communication（沟通）、sympathize（同情；体谅）、compromise（妥协）、empathy（同理心）、tolerance（宽容）、reconcile（和解）、appreciate（感激；理解）、accident（意外）、help（帮助）、kindness（善良） gain an understanding of strangers（对陌生人有理解）、clear up misunderstandings with strangers（消除与陌生人的误解）、offer forgiveness to strangers（原谅陌生人）、communicate with strangers in a friendly way（友好地与陌生人交流）、feel sympathy for strangers' troubles（同情陌生人的麻烦）、make a compromise with strangers（与陌生人达成妥协）、put oneself in strangers' positions（设身处地为陌生人着想）、reach an understanding through communication with strangers（通过与陌生人沟通达成理解）、rebuild a harmonious relationship with strangers after reconciliation（和解后与陌生人重建和谐关系）、show appreciation for strangers' kindness（对陌生人的善意表示感激） 综合实战演练 1 Have you agreed to help someone when you don’t really want to? Trying to please others because you’re afraid to say no isn’t the same thing as being kind. Doing a good deed like helping your friend with their homework or sharing a snack can make you feel happy. Studies show that kindness is good for your well-being. However, if you often agree to do things you don’t want to do, or feel sorry about saying no, you could be falling into a people-pleasing trap. It’s not always easy to tell when this happens but one sign (迹象) is that it’s difficult to stop. Pleasing other people may feel good for a short while but the feeling doesn’t last. This is why it’s a good idea to set limits (限制) on what you’ll do for others. These are called “boundaries”. Spending too much energy (精力) on someone else can stop you doing things you want or need to do. Research has found that trying to please others can leave us feeling anxious (焦虑的) and uncomfortable. We can also feel angry and frustrated with ourselves and our friends. “There’s nothing wrong with being kind to other people,” says Dr. Toru Sato, a writer and expert in thoughts and feelings, but we need to be sure we’re doing it out of kindness, not because we’re worried about what other people think. Taking on so much that you end up letting yourself down doesn’t make you a better friend. Boundaries include taking time alone when you need it and being able to explain your needs. When someone asks you to do something, give yourself time to think about it before answering. Put time aside every day just for you and spend it doing something you enjoy like reading a book or listening to music. If saying no feels hard, practise with small things, like if someone offers a candy in a restaurant. This can help you feel more confident, Thinking about how to say no also helps you to communicate what you want clearly and calmly. Remember, you don’t need an excuse to say no; you don’t need to give anyone an explanation. The good people in your life will respect (尊重) this boundary. 1．The underlined word “trap” is closest in meaning to ________. A．terrible mistake B．difficult situation C．surprising result D．special attention 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．We can get lasting satisfaction from pleasing others. B．We’d better give an excuse when we refuse someone. C．We should save some time for our own pleasure every day. D．We should answer immediately when someone asks for help. 3．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To lead people to build better boundaries. B．To encourage people to try to be kind to others. C．To help people to communicate with others well. D．To make people see the true meaning of people-pleasing. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，文章讨论了为取悦他人而勉强自己做事的现象，指出这并非真正的善良，还可能陷入取悦他人的困境，作者强调要设定界限，合理安排精力，优先满足自身需求，学会拒绝。 1．词句猜测题。根据文中“However, if you often agree to do things you don’t want to do, or feel sorry about saying no, you could be falling into a people - pleasing trap. It’s not always easy to tell when this happens but one sign is that it’s difficult to stop.”可知，如果你经常答应做不想做的事，或因拒绝而愧疚，就可能陷入取悦他人的“trap”，由此可推测“trap”意思是“困境”。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文中“Put time aside every day just for you and spend it doing something you enjoy like reading a book or listening to music.”可知，每天要留出时间做自己喜欢的事，也就是为自己的愉悦节省一些时间。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。文章开篇指出因害怕拒绝而取悦他人并非真正善良，接着阐述过度取悦他人的危害，如感到焦虑、不舒服等，还介绍了设定界限的方法，核心是引导人们认识到不应盲目取悦他人，要建立合理界限。故选A。 2 Think of space! What comes to your mind? No. I’m not talking about planets or aliens. I’m talking about the space we live in! The world is full of different space. We can think about space in three different ways: public space, private (私人的) space and personal space. PUBLIC SPACE Public space is the social space for everyone to get together. It belongs to everyone. But wait! Before you camp in your local park or throw a party at a library, remember that there are rules.The rules are set down to keep the space clean and safe. PRIVATE SPACE The private space is for our own. We all need private space like homes, where we can relax and stay alone. We are not allowed to enter private space freely. PERSONAL SPACE This is the space where we sit and stand. Everyone has different feelings about their personal space. People may feel uncomfortable or even get annoyed when someone they don’t know gets to close. We should respect (尊重) all kinds of space. We should respect public space. We can’t leave a mess (乱七八糟) or take away anything that doesn’t belong to us. It’s important to leave no trace (痕迹) in public place. We should respect private space by asking for permission (允许) before entering. And we should respect personal space by finding out how much space a friend or classmate needs to feel comfortable. Respecting all space helps make us be better people. It also helps keep our community safe and fun. 1．In public space, we’d better ________. A．keep the place clean and safe B．take away something useful C．bring everything together D．leave a mess everywhere 2．The underlined word “annoyed” means “________ ”. A．dangerous B．angry C．relaxed D．sad 3．The best title for the article should be ________. A．Keep Space Safe and Clean B．Different Space in the World C．Respect Different Space D．Remember the Rules 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了三种不同的空间：公共空间、私人空间和个人空间。公共空间是供大家聚集的社交空间，但需要遵守规则以保持其清洁和安全；私人空间是我们自己的空间，如家庭，我们不能随意进入；个人空间是我们坐和站的空间，每个人对其有不同的感受，我们应该尊重别人的个人空间。尊重所有空间有助于我们成为更好的人，也有助于保持社区的安全和乐趣。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Before you camp in your local park or throw a party at a library, remember that there are rules.The rules are set down to keep the space clean and safe.”可知我们应该记得公园等公共空间有规则，只有遵守这些规则，才能使公共空间保持干净、安全，故选A。 2．词义猜测题。根据“uncomfortable or”和“even”并结合备选项可猜测此处是指人们甚至可能会生气，故选B。 3．最佳标题题。根据文章和最后一段“Respecting all space helps make us be better people. It also helps keep our community safe and fun.”可知文章介绍了三种不同的空间并倡导人们应该尊重所有的空间，故选C。 3 A café in Toronto refuses to offer Wi-Fi to its customers. Its president, Jimson Biensenstock, explains his purpose is to get customers to talk with one another instead of being buried in their portable devices. What a brilliant idea! Perhaps Mr. Biensenstock knows what medical science has been increasingly proving: Social interaction is an extremely important contributor to good health and long life. In a study begun in 1965, the researchers found that people who were disconnected from others were about three times more likely to die during the nine-year study than people with strong social ties. In fact, they found that those with close social ties and unhealthful lifestyles actually lived longer than those with poor social ties but more healthful living habits. Another study in 1988 showed people who are continually lacking in social contacts are more likely to experience higher levels of stress and inflammation (炎症). These, in turn, can weaken the health of nearly every bodily system, including the brain. Absent social interactions, blood flowing to important organs (重要器官) is likely to be reduced and immune function (免疫功能) may be destroyed. Even how genes are expressed can be affected, damaging the body’s ability to turn off inflammation. In a 2010 report, sociology researchers at the University of Texas reported similar findings. The Texas researchers also pointed out that social interactions can boost good health through a positive influence on people’s living habits. For example, if none of your friends smoke, you’ll be less likely to smoke. Lack of social interactions also damages mental health. The emotional support provided by social connection helps to reduce the damaging effects of stress and can help develop “a sense of meaning and purpose in life”, the Texas researchers wrote. Emma Seppala of the Stanford Center wrote, “People who feel more connected to others have lower levels of anxiety and depression. Moreover, studies show they also have higher self-esteem (自尊), greater empathy for others, are more trusting and cooperative and, as a result, others are more open to trusting and cooperating with them.” “In other words,” Dr. Seppala explained, “social connection leads to a positive feedback circle of social, emotional and physical well-being.” For those seeking a health-improving lifestyle, it’s not enough to focus on eating your vegetables and getting regular exercise. Don’t forget to connect. 1．What is the finding of the first two studies? A．Usual connection to others helps one live longer. B．Blood flowing in our body needs social interactions. C．Poor social ties lead to weak bodily system directly. D．Healthful living habits can be developed in social ties. 2．The underlined word “boost” in Paragraph 5 probably means “________”. A．reduce B．improve C．change D．harm 3．The writer probably agrees that ________. A．mental health connects to less purposeful life B．a meaningful life has nothing to do with social ties C．people having more social interactions are likely to be trusted D．social, emotional and physical well-being have the same value in their circle 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing the passage? A．To encourage people to develop social ties. B．To explain the benefits of social interaction. C．To discuss the bad effects of social interaction. D．To compare the close social ties with poor social ties. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了社会交往与人的生理健康、心理健康的相互影响关系，并号召人们保持良好的人际交往活动。 1．细节理解题。根据前文“Perhaps Mr. Biensenstock knows what medical science has been increasingly proving: Social interaction is an extremely important contributor to good health and long life.”可知，文章提及的医学研究都共同证明社会交往对人的健康、长寿至关重要。选项A“正常的交往帮助人们更加长寿”符合语境。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据下文“through a positive influence on people’s living habits”可知，社交活动对人的生活习惯产生了积极的影响，将进一步改善人们身体健康。此处improve“改善”符合语境。故选B。 3．观点态度题。根据“studies show they also have higher self-esteem(自尊), greater empathy for others, are more trusting and cooperative”可知，有良好社交活动的人有更高的自尊，更多的同理心，也更加值得信任与合作。选项C“有更多社交活动的人更可能被信任”符合作者的观点。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“For those seeking a health-improving lifestyle, it’s not enough to focus on eating your vegetables and getting regular exercise. Don’t forget to connect.”可知，作者鼓励人们在保持健康的生活习惯之余，需要保持良好的社交活动。选项A“鼓励人们发展社会关系”符合作者写本文章的目的。故选A。 4 I was sitting in a Beijing cafe drinking a coffee with my friend. We were at a table looking out a window into a hutong. Many people were walking past us, but one Chinese couple stopped and stared. I smiled and waved back. Then, to my surprise, they took a photo of us! The lady even came up to the window and posed in front of us for another photo. It was very funny and we were all laughing. A few weeks later, I was visiting the beautiful coastal (海滨) city of Qingdao with two friends. People stared at us and wanted to say hello everywhere we went. It was like we were famous people! So why were we getting so much attention? I think it’s because even though there are many foreigners, like me, living in China today, they are still kind of “rare (罕见的)”. This is especially the case in smaller cities, where there are fewer foreigners. This is probably why we were so popular in Qingdao, but didn’t get as much attention in Beijing. But China is not the only place this happens. I have traveled to India, Brazil, Per and even the United States and been treated differently, too. Brazilians and US people always want to chat with you, but Indians are by far the most curious (好奇的). When I visited, children and adults were always staring and taking pictures. The best way to deal with it is just to smile, laugh and enjoy it! 1．Where is the writer probably from? A．Brazil. B．India. C．The USA． D．We don’t know. 2．What happened when the writer visited Qingdao? A．He became famous. B．He caught the attention of many people. C．He said sorry to everyone. D．He missed the last train. 3．Why did the writer think they were more popular in Qingdao than Beijing? A．Because Qingdao sees fewer foreigners. B．Because people in Qingdao are more friendly. C．Because many foreigners work in coastal cities like Qingdao. D．Because there aren’t many foreigners in Beijing. 4．What does the underlined word “treated” mean in Paragraph 4? A．聊天 B．核对 C．查询 D．对待 5．What’s the best title of the passage? A．Travelling in China B．A Foreigner’s experience in China C．A Foreign Traveler’s Feeling D．Traveling in foreign countries can make you popular. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．D 5．C 【解析】本文介绍了作者在不同的国家，人们对待他们的态度不同。 1．细节理解题。从短文的内容中，我们无法判断作者来自哪里。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“People stared at us and wanted to say hello everywhere we went. It was like we were famous people!”可知，他引起了许多人的注意。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据“This is especially the case in smaller cities, where there are fewer foreigners. This is probably why we were so popular in Qingdao, but didn’t get as much attention in Beijing.”可知，作者认为他们在青岛比在北京更受欢迎是因为青岛的外国人比较少。故选A。 4．词义猜测题。根据“Brazilians and US people always want to chat with you, but Indians are by far the most curious (好奇的). When I visited, children and adults were always staring and taking pictures.”可知，不同的国家对待作者的态度不一样，因此treated意为“对待”。故选D。 5．最佳标题。根据“But China is not the only place this happens. I have traveled to India, Brazil, Per and even the United States and been treated differently, too. Brazilians and US people always want to chat with you, but Indians are by far the most curious (好奇的). When I visited, children and adults were always staring and taking pictures. The best way to deal with it is just to smile, laugh and enjoy it!”可知，本文介绍了作者在不同的国家，人们对待他们的态度不同。因此“外国游客的感受”作为标题合适。故选C。 5 After a long week at work, I could finally go to the beach by myself. It was a lovely time watching families come and go for a warm weekend here in California. After a few hours, I noticed a little girl playing by herself. It looked like she built a sandcastle(沙堡)and was now trying to fill it with water. The sandcastle looked beautiful in the summer sunshine. Unluckily, there was no container around to carry water. She would go to the waves, cup her hands and then walk back to her little castle. Sadly, not much of the water was making it to the castle. But she kept trying and was still smiling and hopeful. So I wished I could help her out. As I was standing there watching her, I suddenly realized I had a bottle of water in my bag. I quickly dug in, took it out, and walked over to hand it to her. Uncertain of what to do first, she shook her head shyly, saying no. I reassured (安慰) her it would make getting the water faster. She smiled widely and finally took it. Not wanting her to feel uncomfortable, I walked off the beach right away. Looking back at her running to the sea with the same big smile, I know when she notices someone needs help in her life, she will recall this little act of kindness by a stranger. And then a gentle world will be around her. 1．What was the weather like? A．Sunny. B．Rainy. C．Cloudy. D．Snowy. 2．What does the underlined word “container” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A． B． C． D． 3．What do we know about the writer according to the text? A．Her family always went to the beach. B．She went to the beach on foot that day. C．She got help from someone else before. D．She was a stranger to the little girl. 4．Which of the words can best describe how the little girl’s feeling changed? A．excited- sad-nervous. B．crazy-hopeful-surprised. C．cheerful-shy-happy. D．helpless-happy-uncomfortable. 5．What does the text mainly want to tell us? A．A beach vacation helps relaxed. B．Spending more time alone is good. C．Kids should not play outside alone. D．A small kindness can make a better world. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 5．D 【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。本文讲述了作者在去沙滩放松自己的时候遇到了一个在做沙堡的小女孩。作者送给小女孩一个瓶子，帮助她盛水来完成沙堡的制作。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“It was a lovely time watching families come and go for a warm weekend here in California.”和第二段“The sandcastle looked beautiful in the summer sunshine.”可知，天气温暖且晴朗。故选A。 2．图片理解题。根据第二段“there was no container around to carry water”可知，“container”是用来盛水的工具。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“I know when she notices someone needs help in her life, she will recall this little act of kindness by a stranger.”可知作者在设想小女孩在今后的有需要他人帮助时，就会想这次陌生人的善举。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段“But  she kept trying and ... and hopeful.”，第五段“Uncertain of what to do first ...”和第六段“Looking back at her running to the sea with the same big smile.”可知小女孩的情绪变化。故选C。 5．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“And then a gentle world will be around her.”作者认为友好的行为会使这个世界更加温柔、更美好。故选D。 6 Mike was walking his dog, Paul, when the dog had to go. It was garbage day, looking around but seeing no public garbage bins (公共垃圾桶), so Mike put the bag of dog poop (狗屎) into someone else’s bin. When Mike turned around, the irritated person who owned the bin was shouting at him. “Hey! This isn’t your garbage bin. You can’t put the bag in here!” Mike quickly walked away to stop things from getting worse. As he walked toward home, he kept thinking, “Was I in the wrong?” Then Mike posted his story online, and lots of people replied (答复). Mike said about 80 percent were OK with others using their garbage bins for bags of dog poop. Some would allow it anytime. Others would like the bags to be put in before the garage was picked up, so the bin wouldn’t smell for days on end. The 20 percent, who didn’t allow others to use their bins for dog poop, said that people had incorrectly used their bins. “Having a dog and being a dog owner had something to do with it,” Mike said. Mike has a good idea of working this out. “If you can have a piece of paper that says, ‘Yes, you can put your dog’s poop bags in my bin,’ I think we can find the answer to the problem,” Mike says. 1．What did Mike do when he heard the man shouting? A．He left at once. B．He put the bin back. C．He took the bag out. D．He shouted back to the man. 2．What of the following sentence is RIGHT? A．Paul is Mike’s best friend. B．Mike hates walking the dog. C．The garbage bin owner felt angry. D．Mike enjoys sharing his story online. 3．What can we learn about the replies to Mike’s post? A．Very few agreed with Mike. B．Most people let their bins smell for days. C．Most people would let others use their bins. D．Very few people answered Mike’s question. 4．What suggestion did Mike give people in the end ? A．To have fewer dogs. B．To put their bins inside. C．To use public garbage bins. D．To let others know what they think. 5．What is the best title for the text? A．Why Is It Hard to Find Public Bins? B．Where Should People Put Dog Poop? C．Is It OK to Put Dog Poop in Others’ Bins? D．Is It Right to Shout at People in the Street? 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．C 4．D 5．C 【解析】本文介绍迈克在遛狗时由于没找到公共垃圾箱，所以他把狗屎袋丢到了私人垃圾箱中，但私人垃圾箱的主人发现后怒斥了迈克的行为。迈克很困惑，他把自己的经历发到网上，征询大家的意见。 1．细节理解题。根据“Mike quickly walked away to stop things from getting worse.”可知，迈克赶紧走开，以防事态进一步恶化。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据“the irritated person who owned the bin was shouting at him”可知，垃圾桶主人非常生气，故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“Mike said about 80 percent were OK with others using their garbage bins for bags of dog poop.”可知，大约80%的人对别人用他们的垃圾桶装狗屎没有意见。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据“If you can have a piece of paper that says, ‘Yes, you can put your dog’s poop bags in my bin,’ I think we can find the answer to the problem”可知，如果你有一张纸，上面写着‘是的，你可以把你的狗屎袋放在我的垃圾桶里’，我想我们就能找到问题的答案。所以迈克认为让别人知道你的想法就能解决问题，故选D。 5．最佳标题题。通读全文可知，本文主要讨论的是能不能把狗屎袋丢到别人的垃圾箱里的问题，故选C。 7 We think of hospitals as being peaceful and safe places. But in the past few years, doctors and nurses in Chinese public hospitals have been aimed by violent(暴力的) attacks. A study that came out in 2018 showed that one in four doctors in China has suffered physical violence, with some even lose lives. To prevent such things from happening, the government worked out a draft(草案) law and put it up for review on Oct 22nd. It says that, the safety of medical staff is protected by law and that no one is allowed to hurt medical workers, the Beijing News reported. In most cases, the attackers were relatives of patients who were not satisfied with their treatment. Most people have high expectations for their doctors. But of course, not every illness can be cured, China Youth Daily noted. A general lack(缺少) of trust in doctors has also made things worse. Giving doctors cash bribes(现金贿赂) for good treatment has long been an unwritten rule. Some people believe that they may have received useless treatment because they didn’t bribe their doctors. In some cases, their anger in this situation turns into violence. Another problem is a lack of doctors. Doctors in large public hospitals are often stretched thin(不堪重负的), seeing as many as 60 or more patients in just half a day. It’s difficult for them to provide enough care for each patient.    Hospitals are trying to find ways to solve these problems. For example, many hospitals have set up offices to hear and deal with patients’ complaints, Xinhua reported. When some unexpected things happen, patients should ask the experts or the special organizations for advice instead of turning to violence, the State Council said. 1．The underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 refer to ________. A．Beijing News. B．The review. C．The government. D．The draft law. 2．The writing purpose of this passage is ________. A．to encourage patients to bribe doctors before the operation B．to advise people to act wisely instead of turning to violence C．to prevent people going to hospital because of violent attacks D．to describe the problems that doctors in China are suffering from 3．What can we NOT infer (推断) from the passage? A．In some ways, doctors and nurses can be protected in the future. B．Stricter rules will be made to prevent doctors from receiving bribes. C．Most people must learn basic medical knowledge for their own safety. D．More offices in hospitals will be set up to deal with patients’ complaints. 4．Which of the following shows how the-passage develops? A． B． C． D． 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了紧张的医患关系给医护人员带来的暴力，分析了各方面的原因以及目前的一些解决方法。 1．词句猜测题。根据前句“To prevent such things from happening, the government worked out a draft (草案) law...”可知，为了防止这种暴力事件发生，政府制定了一项法律草案，并于10月22日将该草案提交审查。所以，下划线单词“it”指该法律草案。故选D。 2．推理判断题。通读全文并根据“Above all we hope when some unexpected things happen, patients should ask the experts or the special organizations for advice instead of turning to violence.”可知，本文的写作目的是建议人们明智行事，而不是诉诸暴力。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据“To prevent such things from happening, the government worked out a draft (草案) law and put it up for review on Oct 22nd.”可知，医生和护士将来在某些方面可以得到保护；根据“Giving doctors cash bribes (现金贿赂) for good treatment has long been an unwritten rule. In some cases, their anger in this situation turns into violence.”可知，国家将制定更严格的规则，防止医生收受贿赂；根据“Hospitals are trying to find ways to solve these problems.”可知，医院将设立更多办公室来处理病人的投诉。文章中没有提到：大多数人为了自身安全必须学习基本的医学知识。故选C。 4．篇章结构题。通读全文可知，第一段概括医患关系问题；第二段介绍针对紧张的医患关系，政府采取的行动；第三、四、五段都是介绍医患关系紧张的原因；第六段是介绍医院的举措；第七段介绍国务院的建议。所以，文章的篇章结构应如D图所示。故选D。 8 One of my grandchildren sent me a self-portrait (自画像) she created in an art class. The first half of the portrait shows her hair parted in the middle, with her big brown eyes looking through her glasses. The second half of the self-portrait is a blue mask (口罩) with colorful flowers. It is a clever art work using the mask as a cover. The mask can be taken off, but I received her picture with the mask on.      The child needs to work on her smize. A fashion model created the term “smize” several years ago. A “smize” is a word from smile and eyes, which means that you smile with your eyes. For example, models can make their eyes smile without moving their mouths.     Smizing is popular now. It’s hard to show friendliness when half of your face is covered. Restaurants are even teaching waiters to perfect the smize behind face masks. You can smize by scrunching (使收缩) up your eyes and pushing your eyes up to create a smiling look. It’s hard to do, but you can learn how to do it by keeping doing it again and again in front of a mirror. Like most people, I can wear my mask and smile at the same time, but my eyes can’t smile without my mouth. They have a very close bond.     We would rather get close to each other by smile and kindness than the cold face behind the mask. Go ahead, smize or smile, whatever you can do. 1．The writer mentioned her grandchild’s self-portrait to __________. A．introduce a talented child B．show readers an art work C．raise public attention of wearing masks D．lead up to a special way of smiling 2．From paragraphs 2 and 3, we can know that __________. A．“smize” means smiling with mouths B．it’s impossible to smile with masks on C．it’s difficult to learn to smize D．models can smile only with their eyes 3．The underlined word “bond” is closest in meaning to __________. A．look B．relation C．knock D．friend 4．What can we infer from the passage? A．Masks can’t completely hide our friendliness B．If you can push your eyes up, you can smize. C．All the waiters in restaurants can smize. D．The writer learns to smize by keeping do it. 5．What would be the best title of the passage? A．With or Without Masks B．Spread Friendliness Behind the Mask C．Get Close To Others D．A Self-Portrait with A Mask On 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A 5．B 【解析】本文讲述如今这个时代人人戴口罩，人们通过用眼睛微笑来表达友善。 1．推理判断题。根据“One of my grandchildren sent me a self-portrait (自画像) she created in an art class...The second half of the self-portrait is a blue mask (口罩) with colorful flowers. It is a clever art work using the mask as a cover. The mask can be taken off, but I received her picture with the mask on.”以及后文可知，讲述微笑的重要性以及如何微笑，以此引出主题，故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据“You can smize by scrunching up your eyes and pushing your eyes up to create a smiling look. It’s hard to do, but you can learn how to do it by keeping doing it again and again in front of a mirror... but my eyes can’t smile without my mouth. They have a very close bond”可知，学习用眼睛微笑很难，故选C。 3．词义猜测题。根据“ but my eyes can’t smile without my mouth”可知，没有嘴眼睛不能微笑，所以他们是有关联的，故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据“You can smize by scrunching up your eyes and pushing your eyes up to create a smiling look...Like most people, I can wear my mask and smile at the same time”可知，虽然戴了口罩，可以通过眯起眼睛或抬起眼睛来创造微笑的表情，戴上口罩同时也能笑，所以口罩不能完全遮挡友善，故选A。 5．最佳标题题。根据“We would rather get close to each other by smile and kindness than the cold face behind the mask. Go ahead, smize or smile, whatever you can do”以及全文可知，我们宁愿用微笑和善意接近彼此而不愿使用口罩后的冷漠脸，用眼睛微笑来表达友善，故选B。 9 A team of US psychologist (心理学家) have found that talking to another person for ten minutes a day helps with memory. “Socializing is just as useful as more traditional kinds of mental(脑力的) exercises in boosting memory and intellectual performance,” Oscar Ybarra, a psychologist at the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, said in a statement. In one investigation (调查), they analyzed data on 3610 people, aged 24 to 96. They find that the higher their level of social interaction (交流), the better their cognitive(认知的) functioning. Social interaction includes getting together or having phone chats with relatives, friends and neighbors. In another experiment, the researchers conducted laboratory tests on 76 college students, aged 18 to 21, to evaluate (评估) how social interactions and mental exercises influenced the results of memory and intellectual performance tests. The students were divided into three groups: the social interaction group had a discussion of a social issue for 10 minutes before taking the tests; the mental activities group completed three tasks (including a reading comprehension exercise and a crossword puzzle) before the tests; and a control group watched a 10-minute film of the Seinfeld television show. “We found that short-term social interaction lasting for just 10 minutes improved the students’ intellectual performance as much as working on so-called ‘mental’ activities for the same amount of time,” Ybarra said. The study was expected to be published in the February issue of the journal Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1．What does the underlined word “boosting” in the second paragraph probably mean? A．Improving. B．Reducing. C．Preventing. D．Training. 2．The researchers conducted laboratory tests on 76 college students to ________. A．judge the influence of social interaction on memory and intelligence B．find out what is real social interaction C．learn how much time is needed for social interaction D．show the function of people’s cognition 3．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．Mental exercises make your memory better. B．Different people have different ways of communication C．Communicating with others keeps you healthy. D．Social interaction makes you smart. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，文章介绍了美国心理学家的近日发现：每天与人交谈十分钟能够提高记忆力。社会交往与传统的思维训练方式对于提高记忆力和智力表现具有同样效果。 1．词义猜测题。根据第一段“Socializing is just as useful as more traditional kinds of mental (脑力的) exercises in boosting memory and intellectual performance”和“talking to another person for ten minutes a day helps with memory”可知，每天和别人交谈十分钟有助于提高记忆力，所以社交活动和传统的脑力锻炼一样，可以在提高记忆力和智力。推测boosting与“Improving”同义，意思是“提高”。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段第二行“to evaluate (评估) how social interactions and mental exercises influenced the results of memory and intellectual performance tests.”可知，此实验是为了评估社交与智力训练是如何影响测试的结果的。故选A。 3．主旨大意题。根据第一段和第二段第一句“Socializing is just as useful as more traditional kinds of mental(脑力的) exercises in boosting memory and intellectual performance,”社交和传统的脑力锻炼一样有用，可以增强记忆力和智力表现，可知，本文主要是说社交会使你聪明。故选D。 10 Know me before you judge me When I first started to work on this story, I thought maybe I shouldn’t do it. I thought you might see that I have Down syndrome (唐氏综合征), and that you wouldn’t like me. My mom thinks that’s silly. “Have you ever met anyone who didn’t like you because you have Down syndrome?” she asks me. She’s right, of course. When people ask me what Down syndrome is, I tell them it’s an intellectual disability (智力残疾) that makes it harder for me to learn things. I just want to be like everyone else. But having Down syndrome is what makes me “me”. And I’m proud of who I am. I’m a hard worker, a good person, and I care about my friends. A lot like you Even though I have Down syndrome, my life is a lot like yours. I read books and watch TV. I listen to music with my friends. I’m on the swim team and in chorus at school. Some of my classes are with typical (正常的) kids, and some are with kids with learning disabilities. I have a helper who goes with me to my harder classes, like math and biology. She helps me take notes and gives me advice on how I should study for tests. It really helps, but I also make myself do well. For example, my goal (目标) was to be in a typical English class by 12th grade. And that’s exactly what happened this year! Dream job: singer I try not to let anything get me down and just think of all the good things in my life, like that I’ve made two songs. Right now, someone else is singing my songs, but someday, I want to be the one singing. See me But I still have to tell myself all the time that it really is OK to just be myself. I can’t change that I have Down syndrome, but one thing I would change is how people think of me. I’d tell them: Judge (评价) me as a whole person, not just the person you see. Respect (尊重) me and accept me for who I am. Most important, just be my friend. After all, I would do the same for you. 1．The writer has Down syndrome, so ________. A．people don’t like her at all B．it’s harder for her to learn things C．she wrote many good stories D．finding a job is nearly impossible 2．When the writer was in 12th grade, ________. A．she joined the school swim team B．she gave advice on how to study C．she was in a typical English class D．she helped some kids with biology 3．From the story, we know the writer is ________. A．clever and helpful B．shy and unconfident C．lonely and nervous D．active and hardworking 4．The story mainly tells us ________. A．we can change other people by offering help to them B．we should understand and respect people with disabilities C．people usually judge others by their success and appearance D．people can make songs to help people with Down syndrome 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．B 【解析】本文主要讲述了一个患有“唐氏综合征”的女孩积极乐观努力地做好自己，并呼吁大家平等地看待她，并且尊重和接受本来的她。 1．细节理解题。“When people ask me what Down syndrome is, I tell them it’s an intellectual disability (智力残疾) that makes it harder for me to learn things.”可知，作者患有“唐氏综合症”因此学习东西对于她来说比较难。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据“For example, my goal (目标) was to be in a typical English class by 12th grade. And that’s exactly what happened this year!”可知，作者在12年级的时候进入了一个典型英语班。故选C。 3．推理判断题。“And I’m proud of who I am. I’m a hard worker, a good person, and I care about my friends.”可推断出作者是一个积极且努力的人。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“I’d tell them: Judge (评价) me as a whole person…After all, I would do the same for you.”可知，这个故事告诉我们要理解和尊重残疾人。故选B。 11 In the park, you see a group of people, all looking up at the sky. Without thinking about it, you look upwards, too. Why? In the concert, someone begins to clap and suddenly the whole room joins in. You do, too. Why? Sometimes we feel we are acting correctly when we do the same as others. The more people follow an idea, the better or truer we think the idea is. It’s the social proof (社会认同感) that works. The scientist Asch carried out an experiment(实验). It shows how social proof can influence(影响) us. In a room, a man is shown Line 1, and next to it are three lines (A, B,C). A is longer, C is shorter and B is as long as Line 1. He must tell which of the three lines is as long as Line 1. When the man is alone, he gives the correct answer B．Then, five other men enter the room, and each of them gives the answer C as someone told them the answer C was right. Now the man changes his idea and gives the answer C． Asch got the same result many times among different subjects(实验对象). Well, in the past, following others was a way to keep from danger. Suppose that 5000 years ago, you were hunting(打猎)with friends. Suddenly, they all ran away. What would you have done? Would you have stayed? No, you would have run, too. We are descendants (后代) of those who copied others’ action. It is so deeply planted in our mind that we still use it now. Social proof has special power. The advertising industry (广告业), for example, often makes use of it. So be careful whenever a company says its product (产品) is “the most popular”. 1．At the beginning of the passage, the writer leads in the topic by__________. A．telling a story B．giving examples C．answering questions D．showing a map 2．According to Paragraph 3, the experiment by Asch shows__________. A．following others is always right B．social proof may change people’s ideas C．it’s difficult to carry out the experiment D．people can study better if they are alone 3．Which of the following can be put in “ ” ? A．Why do we act like this? B．What can we do? C．How does social proof work? D．When does social proof work? 4．The underlined word “It” in Paragraph 4 refers to__________. A．running with others B．hunting with friends C．copying others’ action D．doing something different 5．According to the passage, we can infer(推断)that __________. A．it’s important to run with others anytime B．products in the advertisement are the best C．we mustn’t copy others’ action to keep safe D．we need to think twice before following others 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 4．C 5．D 【解析】本文主要通过列举一些和社会认同感有关的现象，解释了社会认同感对人类的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据文中“In the park, you see a group of people, all looking up at the sky. Without thinking about it, you look upwards, too. Why? In the concert, someone begins to clap and suddenly the whole room joins in. You do, too. Why?”可知，作者在文中开头用到了举例子引入主题，故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文中“The scientist Asch carried out an experiment (实验). It shows how social proof can influence (影响) us.”可知，Asch的实验表明社会认同感可能会改变人们的想法。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据下文“Well, in the past, following others was a way to keep from danger. Suppose that 5000 years ago, you were hunting(打猎) with friends. Suddenly, they all ran away. What would you have done? Would you have stayed? No, you would have run, too. We are descendants (后代) of those who copied others’ action. It is so deeply planted in our mind that we still use it now.”可知，上文应该是问人们为什么会有这种社会认同感。选项A符合题意，故选A。 4．词句猜测题。根据上文“We are descendants (后代) of those who copied others’ action.”可知，我们是那些模仿别人行为的人的后代。下文应该是说“它深深地植根在我们的心中，我们现在仍在使用它。”此处划线单词it指的是“复制其他人的行为”。故选C。 5．推理判断题。根据全文及“Social proof has special power. The advertising industry (广告业), for example, often makes use of it. So be careful whenever a company says its product (产品) is “the most popular”.”可知，在追随其他人之前，我们需要再三考虑，不要随波逐流。故选D。 12 When was the last time you gave or received a hug? Do your parents hug you before you go to school? In Western countries, it is quite common to greet close friends or relatives with a hug. You might hug your teammates after winning a basketball game. If one of your friends is having a bad day, you can hug him to cheer him up. Friends who haven’t seen each other for a long time will usually hug each other when meeting. Of course, people in different countries have different opinions when it comes to hugging. After coming to China, I’ve noticed that Chinese people are generally more reluctant (不情愿的) to hug than those are in my home country, the USA． My Chinese friends told me that hugging is considered to be very intimate (亲密的) in their culture. It usually only happens between people who are really close to each other, like couples. Chinese people don’t usually hug in public, either. But people’s attitudes towards hugging can also change. I remember watching a video story about a “hugging party” that was held in Shanghai. A local artist held the party, inviting strangers and asking them to hug each other. The Chinese participants clearly looked uncomfortable. However, after the party, several of them changed their minds. They decided that hugging doesn’t have to be awkward (尴尬的) and can actually be quite nice. So next time you see your mum or dad, give her/him a hug — see how it makes you feel. 1．What usually happens between good friends when meeting in Western countries? A．Hugging. B．Nodding. C．Shaking hands. D．Kissing. 2．The second paragraph tells us ________. A．the advantages of hugging each other B．some situations in which people hug each other C．the reasons why friends need to hug each other D．the ways of hugging each other 3．In Chinese culture, hugs usually happen between ________. A．friends B．classmates C．couples D．teachers and students 4．What did people do at the “hugging party”? A．They were invited to hug each other. B．They watched a video about hugging. C．They told stories about hugging. D．They sang their favourite songs. 5．The writer wrote the last paragraph to ________. A．encourage people to be nice to strangers B．explain why people feel uncomfortable while hugging C．show how people can change their minds about hugging D．tell people not to hug each other anywhere 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A 5．C 【解析】本文介绍了拥抱在不同文化中的方式及人们的接受情况。 1．细节理解题。根据“In Western countries, it is quite common to greet close friends or relatives with a hug.”可知，在西方国家，用拥抱问候亲密的朋友或亲戚是很常见的。故选A。 2．主旨大意题。根据“You might hug your teammates after winning a basketball game. If one of your friends is having a bad day, you can hug him to cheer him up. Friends who haven’t seen each other for a long time will usually hug each other when meeting.”可知，这段介绍了人们在什么时候拥抱。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据“My Chinese friends told me that hugging is considered to be very intimate in their culture. It usually only happens between people who are really close to each other, like couples.”可知，在中国，拥抱通常发生在情侣之间。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据“A local artist held the party, inviting strangers and asking them to hug each other.”可知，他们被邀请互相拥抱。故选A。 5．主旨大意题。根据“The Chinese participants clearly looked uncomfortable. However, after the party, several of them changed their minds. They decided that hugging doesn’t have to be awkward and can actually be quite nice. So next time you see your mum or dad, give her/him a hug — see how it makes you feel.”可知，最后一段是展示人们如何改变对拥抱的想法。故选C。 13 Have you ever wondered what goes through your mind when you choose where to sit in a new classroom? Or in a waiting room full of strangers? Or on a bus? Researchers have found out some interesting facts. Perhaps unsurprisingly, we prefer to sit closer to people like ourselves. Girls sit by girls and boys sit by boys. Adults sit together and young people choose another young person to sit near. But it goes further than this. We even choose to sit near someone who looks like us. People with glasses are more likely to sit near other people with glasses. People with long hair sit closer to other people with long hair. We seem to believe that people with similar habits or hobbies will share similar attitude and we are more likely to be accepted by people like ourselves or even, we think we may be safer with people who look like us. Sometimes that’s true but it’s a pity if we always stick to the same people, the same group. The danger in always staying in our comfort zone (舒适区) is that we just recycle the same opinions, the same tastes and the same ideas. We lose the chance to learn something new, find out about interesting things, hear funny stories and discover difference. When we always stick to the same people, how can we ever break down the barriers which prevent us from getting to know people with different ideas? And how can we avoid the ignorance (无知), which too often leads to prejudice (偏见) and even fear? If instead you want to live in a society that opens to changes and new things and different opinions, be the cat among the pigeons. Move out of your comfort zone. Go and sit next to someone different. And don’t just sit there in silence. Say hello. Ask a question. Start a conversation. That’s how we make friends. That’s how we learn about people. That’s how we open our minds to new ideas. That’s how we live an exciting life. 1．From the passage, we know that people prefer sitting by someone who ________. A．is like themselves B．has a sense of humor C．is open-minded D．lives an exciting life 2．People like staying in their comfort zone because they may ________. A．remain comfortable and special B．be accepted easily and feel safe C．find out more interesting things D．discover differences among themselves 3．Why does the writer ask us to meet people of different kinds? A．Because we feel safer and share similar tastes and ideas. B．Because we can enjoy interesting and different ideas. C．Because we can say hello and ask them questions. D．Because we want to live in a society full of humour. 4．What is the title of this passage? A．Just to be ourselves B．Learn more about the foreign countries C．Live an exciting life D．Jump out of the comfort zone 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．D 【解析】本文分析我们经常和熟悉的人坐在一起的背后原因，鼓励人们要跳出舒适区，接触更多不同于自己的人。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Perhaps unsurprisingly, we prefer to sit closer to people like ourselves” 可知，我们更喜欢和像自己一样的人坐得更近。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“We seem to believe that people with similar habits or hobbies will share similar attitudes and we are more likely to be accepted by people like ourselves or even, we think we may be safer with people who look like us”可知，人们喜欢待在舒适区是因为他们可能更容易被接受并感到安全。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“We lose the chance to learn something new, find out about interesting things, hear funny stories and discover difference”可知，接触不同的人，可以让我们学习新东西、发现有趣的事情、听到有趣的故事和发现差异的机会。故选B。 4．标题概括题。文章通过分析我们经常和熟悉的人坐在一起的背后原因，鼓励人们要跳出舒适区，接触更多不同于自己的人。标题可概括为“Jump out of the comfort zone跳出舒适区”。故选D。 14 Everyone needs help sometimes. People depend on one another. That’s why communities have special people ready to lend a helping hand to anyone who needs it. For example, what would we do without a community fire station? If a home catches on fire, as the Jackson place did last week, it might be burned down and people get hurt…or worse. We’re so lucky to have firemen to come to save people and put out the fire, safely. If the fire station hadn’t come so fast, the Jacksons might have lost everything. And what about our local police who protect our families, our homes and valuable things? The police have helped so many families this past year, especially saving people and pets and protecting our houses and other things after the heavy rains. Think about all the other service workers we have in this community, We have people who collect waste and rubbish and keep our community sanitary, We have road workers who put up and repair traffic signs and fix holes in the streets to protect not just us, but our cars! And where would this community be without the teachers in our school and the doctors, and nurses in our community hospitals? Think again about what we eat every day; think again about what we wear every day. We cannot produce them, but we use them all the time. We get a lot from all these tireless workers who keep our community running. We need these people in the community. We depend on each other. Let’s support each other and help each other. Only in this way can we make our community a better place. 1．What happened to the Jacksons last week? A．Their pets were lost. B．Their car was badly burnt. C．Their house caught on fire. D．Their valuable things were stolen. 2．Who offered help to families after the heavy rains? A．Firemen. B．Doctors. C．Road workers. D．Local police. 3．What does the underlined word “sanitary” mean? A．Clean. B．Safe. C．Quiet. D．Busy. 4．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Policemen Save People’s Lives B．People Depend on Each Other C．Service Workers Do Important Jobs D．Workers Keep Community Running 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B 【解析】本文讲述了每个人都有需要帮助的时候，人们总是彼此依赖，并举例说明了社区中一些特殊的人群对于人们的帮助。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“If a home catches on fire, as the Jackson place did last week, it might be burned down and people get hurt…or worse.”可知，如果一所房子着火了，就像上周杰克逊家发生的那样，房子可能会被烧毁，人们可能会受伤……或者更糟。由此说明，杰克逊上周家里着火了。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“The police have helped so many families this past year, especially saving people and pets and protecting our houses and other things after the heavy rains.”可知，在过去的一年里，警察帮助了很多家庭，特别是拯救人和宠物，在大雨后保护我们的房子和其它东西。由此说明，大雨后警察给人们提供帮助。故选D。 3．词义猜测题。根据画线部分所在句子中的“We have people who collect waste and rubbish...”及结合生活常识可知，人们收集了废品和垃圾后，社区会变得干净。由此推测画线部分单词的意思是“干净的”，符合语境。故选A。 4．最佳标题题。根据第一段前两句“Everyone needs help sometimes. People depend on one another.”及结合下文内容可知，本文讲述了每个人都有需要帮助的时候，人们总是相互依赖，并举例说明了社区中一些特殊的人群对于人们的帮助，所以最适合本文的标题是选项 B“人们互相依赖”。故选B。 ( 1 / 1 )学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$