Unit 1 Period 1 Reading and Thinking（分层作业）英语人教版2019选择性必修第一册

Unit 1 Period 1 Reading and Thinking分层练习 基础达标 01 能力提升 02 拓展培优 03 一、汉译英 1． vt. 承诺；保证 vi. 忠于；全心全意投入（工作、活动等）→ adj. 尽心尽力的；坚定的；坚信的 2． n. （艺术、文学、科学等的）研究院；学会；专科院校→ adj. 学业的；学术的 3．botany n. 植物学→ adj.植物学的→ botanist n. 植物学家 4． vt. 评价；评估→evaluation n. 评估 5． adj. 清晰的；清楚的；有区别的→ distinction n. 差别；区别；卓越 6． vt. （尤指经努力）获得；赢得 vi. （规章、习俗等）存在；流行→obtainable adj. 能得到的；可获得的 7． vt. 承认（属实、权威等）；（公开）感谢→ acknowledgement n.承认 8． vt. 分析→analysis n.分析 9．apparent adj. 显而易见的；显然的；表面上的→ adv.显而易见；看来；显然 10． adj. 科学（上）的；关于科学的→ science n. 科学→scientist n. 科学家 11．insist 坚决要求 12．award sth sb 授予某人某物 13．have a preference 对……偏爱 14．commit oneself sth 致力于某事 15． the help of sb 在某人帮助下 16．be opposed 反对…… 【答案】 1． commit committed 2． academy academic 3．botanical 4．evaluate 5．distinct 6．obtain 7．acknowledge 8．analyse 9．apparently 10．scientific 11．on 12．to 13．for 14．to 15．with 16．to 【答案】 1. dress（sb）up；2. after all；3. range from... to... ；4. gather in；5. be grateful for；6. decorate... with... ；7. fade away；8. in spite of；9. take advantage of；10. have sth in common；11. a wide range of；12. take place；13. play a significant role in；14. drive away；15. attitude towards/to 二、单项选择 1．Mrs Green stood there, ________ over whether to tell her husband the truth or not. A．hesitating B．extending C．criticising D．obtaining 【答案】A 【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：格林太太站在那里，犹豫着是否要把真相告诉她丈夫。A. hesitating犹豫；B. extending延伸；C. criticising批评；D. obtaining获得。根据“whether to tell her husband the truth or not”可知，格林太太犹豫着是否要把真相告诉她丈夫，hesitate over为固定短语，意为“对……犹豫不决”，此处用现在分词作伴随状语。故选A。 2．In ________ discussions about climate change, economists emphasize cost-benefit analyses while ecologists highlight biodiversity loss. A．violent B．prominent C．academic D．mechanical 【答案】C 【详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在关于气候变化的学术讨论中，经济学家强调成本效益分析，而生态学家则强调生物多样性的丧失。A. violent暴力的；B. prominent突出的；C. academic学术的；D. mechanical机械的。根据句意可知，此处表示讨论的学术性质，与句中经济学家和生态学家的专业视角一致。故选C。 3．Her work is sometimes good, but the problem is that it’s not consistent. A．perfect. B．stable. C．academic. D．delicate. 【答案】B 【详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她的工作有时做得很好，但问题在于它不够稳定。A. perfect完美的；B. stable稳定的；C. academic学术的；D. delicate精致的。根据句意可知，此处表示她的工作质量不稳定，时好时坏，consistent和stable意思相近，意为“稳定的”。故选B。 4．“Rare earths” are a group of seventeen chemically similar elements that are ________ to the manufacture of many high-tech products. A．crucial B．accessible C．typical D．superior 【答案】A 【详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“稀土”是一组17种化学性质相似的元素，它们对许多高科技产品的制造至关重要。A. crucial至关重要的；B. accessible可接近的；C. typical典型的；D. superior优越的。根据后文“to the manufacture of many high-tech products”以及常识可知，稀土元素对许多高科技产品的制造至关重要，应用形容词crucial。故选A。 5．Our school is inviting students to ________ articles about a campus event that has impressed them most. A．commit B．admit C．submit D．permit 【答案】C 【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们学校正在邀请学生提交一篇关于他们印象最深的校园事件的文章。A. commit犯罪；B. admit承认；C. submit提交；D. permit允许。根据“articles about a campus event”可知，submit“提交”符合题意，表示“邀请学生提交一篇文章”。故选C。 6．She ______ that she had seen a strange creature in the forest and nobody believed her. A．assisted B．insisted C．resisted D．persisted 【答案】B 【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：她坚持说她在森林里看到了一个奇怪的生物，没有人相信她。A. assisted帮助；B. insisted坚持说，坚决认为；C. resisted抵抗，抵制；D. persisted坚持不懈；执意。根据“she had seen a strange creature in the forest and nobody believed her.”可知，她坚持说她在森林里看到了一个奇怪的生物。故选B。 7．According to Musk, the ultimate ________ of the Starship project is to establish bases on the Moon and Mars and put humans on the "path to being a multi-planet civilization". A．ambition B．objection C．objective D．devotion 【答案】C 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：马斯克表示，星际飞船计划的最终目标是在月球和火星上建立基地，将人类送上“多星球文明之路”。A. ambition抱负；B. objection反对；C. objective目标；D. devotion奉献。根据下文的“to establish bases on the Moon and Mars and put humans on the ‘path to being a multi-planet civilization’”可知，此处说的是“星际飞船计划的最终目标”，应该用名词objective表示。故选C项。 8．The students paid a visit to the museum of science and technology, which has greatly ______ them to study hard. A．sponsored B．stimulated C．conducted D．obtained 【答案】B 【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：学生们参观了科技博物馆，这极大地激励了他们努力学习。A. sponsored赞助；B. stimulated刺激，激励；C. conducted引导，指挥；D. obtained获得。结合them to study hard可知，空格处应表达“激励”的意思，用stimulated。故选B。 9．He finally decided to _____ his mistake and apologize to his friend. A．acknowledge B．pretend C．regulate D．fortify 【答案】A 【详解】考查动词词义辨析。 句意：他最终决定承认自己的错误并向朋友道歉。 A. acknowledge承认； B. pretend假装； C. regulate调节； D. fortify加强。根据下文“apologize to his friend.”可知，他最终决定承认自己的错误并向朋友道歉。故选A项。 10．Parents play a ______ role in preparing their kids for school. A．loyal B．fierce C．timid D．crucial 【答案】D 【详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：父母在为孩子上学做准备方面发挥着至关重要的作用。A. loyal忠诚的；B. fierce凶残的；C. timid胆怯的；D. crucial至关重要的。根据空后的“role in preparing their kids for school”可知，父母在为孩子上学做准备方面起着至关重要的作用。故选D。 11．-Look at Mary staring at her phone! --_________, she’s waiting for an important message. A．Typically B．Occasionally C．Accordingly D．Apparently 【答案】D 【详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：——看玛丽盯着她的手机！——显然，她在等一条重要信息。A. Typically典型地；B. Occasionally偶然地；C. Accordingly相应地；D. Apparently显然。根据上下句句意可知，此处为副词Apparently“显然”作状语，修饰后面整个句子，满足句意要求。故选D项。 12．Jenny didn’t answer my phone; , she was busy. A．subsequently B．mysteriously C．apparently D．profoundly 【答案】C 【详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：珍妮没有接我的电话；显然，她很忙。A. subsequently随后，后来；B. mysteriously神秘地；B. apparently显然，看来；D. profoundly深刻地。根据“Jenny didn’t answer my phone”可知，珍妮没有接电话，显然，她很忙。故选C。 13．In the digital age, it is universally________ that online privacy protection has become an urgent issue. A．associated B．analysed C．accomplished D．acknowledged 【答案】D 【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：在数字时代，人们普遍认为网络隐私保护已成为一个紧迫的问题。A. associated联系；B. analysed分析；C. accomplished完成；D. acknowledged承认。根据后文“online privacy protection has become an urgent issue”指人们普遍认为，用it is universally acknowledged that。故选D。 14．It’s hard for traditional bookstores to________ with larger bookstore chains. A．consist B．commit C．compete D．complete 【答案】C 【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：传统书店很难与大型连锁书店竞争。A. consist 由……组成；B. commit忠于；C. compete竞争；D. complete使完整。固定搭配compete with“与……竞争”，根据句意，traditional book stores与large bookstore chains存在竞争关系。故选C。 15．The “loneliness epidemic (流行病)” has been widely reported in recent years, affecting young and old. Thus, people call on the government to address it. A．apparently B．nobly C．dramatically D．urgently 【答案】D 【详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：近年来，“孤独流行病”被广泛报道，影响着年轻人和老年人。因此，人们迫切呼吁政府解决这个问题。A. apparently明显地；B. nobly高尚地；C. dramatically戏剧性地；D. urgently迫切地。因为“孤独流行病”影响广泛，涉及到年轻人和老年人，所以人们希望政府能够尽快解决这个问题，用副词urgently修饰动词短语call on，表达人们呼吁的状态最为合适。故选D项。 16．Our ultimate ______ is to remove all nuclear weapons. A．objective B．destination C．welfare D．ambition 【答案】A 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们的最终目标是消除所有核武器。A. objective目标；B. destination目的地；C. welfare福利，幸福；D. ambition雄心，抱负。根据“remove all nuclear weapons”可知，消除核武器是最终目标。故选A。 17．Despite knowing his answer was incorrect, David honestly ________ his mistake during the math competition, earning respect from both peers and judges. A．ignored B．denied C．acknowledged D．avoided 【答案】C 【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管知道自己的答案不正确，但David在数学竞赛中诚实地承认了自己的错误，赢得了同学和评委的尊重。A. ignored忽视；B. denied否认；C. acknowledged承认；D. avoided避免。根据“his mistake during the math competition, earning respect from both peers and judges”可知，空格处应表达“承认”，故用acknowledged。故选C。 18．The thief had a narrow ________ from death after being badly injured and was eventually caught. A．defeat B．gap C．struggle D．escape 【答案】D 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个小偷在重伤后侥幸死里逃生，但最终仍被抓获。A. defeat失败；B. gap间隙；C. struggle挣扎；D. escape逃脱。have a narrow escape from death是英语常见表达，意为“险些丧命”符合语境。故选D。 19．Reading plays a role in language learning. A．vital B．civil C．legal D．mutual 【答案】A 【详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：阅读在语言学习中起着至关重要的作用。A. vital至关重要的；B. civil民事的，文明的；C. legal合法的；D. mutual相互的。根据句意，“阅读在语言学习中起着至关重要的作用”，划线部分意为“至关重要的”，与A选项vital意思相符。故选A。 20．The technology in this newly-developed smartphone is so ________ that it can even predict some potential health risks of its users based on their daily activities. A．advanced B．crucial C．complex D．fundamental 【答案】A 【详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这款新开发的智能手机的技术非常先进，甚至可以根据用户的日常活动预测一些潜在的健康风险。A. advanced先进的；B. crucial重要的；C. complex复杂的；D. fundamental基本的。根据后文“it can even predict some potential health risks of its users based on their daily activities”指这款新开发的智能手机的技术非常先进，甚至可以根据用户的日常活动预测一些潜在的健康风险。故选A。 三、根据汉语意思翻译下列句子 1．令我失望的是，水壶里的水还没烧开。(boil) （汉译英） 【答案】To my disappointment, the water in the kettle hasn’t boiled yet. 【详解】考查时态和介词短语。“令我失望的是”为“To my disappointment”，作状语。“水壶里的水还没烧开”在陈述过去动作对现在的影响，为现在完成时。“水壶里的水”为“the water in the kettle”；“烧开”为“boil”，主谓一致。故翻译为：To my disappointment, the water in the kettle hasn’t boiled yet. 2．尽管面临学业压力，我们还是积极参与志愿者活动，为社会和谐做出贡献。(despite; contribute) (汉译英) 【答案】Despite the academic pressure we are facing/we are faced with, we still take an active part in volunteer activities/work, contributing to social harmony. Despite facing the academic pressure, we still take an active part in volunteer activities/work, contributing to social harmony. 【详解】考查介词、动词短语和非谓语动词（答案二解析）。“尽管”用介词despite，位于句首，首字母大写，“面临”用face，despite是介词，后接动名词形式facing，“学业压力”翻译为 academic pressure；“我们”用代词we作句子主语，“积极参与”用动词短语take an active part in，“志愿者活动”可译为volunteer activities或volunteer work；“为……做出贡献”用contribute to，应用现在分词形式作状语，表伴随，“社会和谐”翻译为social harmony。句子陈述客观情况，用一般现在时。故翻译为Despite facing the academic pressure, we still take an active part in volunteer activities/work, contributing to social harmony. 3．随着肥胖率逐年攀升，我们应该重视体重管理，科学甩肉。（As）（汉译英） 【答案】As the obesity rate rises year by year, we should pay attention to weight management and lose weight (burn fat/shed pounds) in a scientific way. 【详解】考查短语和状语从句。表示“随着”用as引导时间状语从句，表示“肥胖率”短语为the obesity rate；表示“攀升”用动词rise，陈述事实用一般现在时；表示“逐年”为year by year；主句主语为we；表示“重视”短语为pay attention to，且should 后跟动词原形；表示“体重管理”用weight management；and连接并列谓语，表示“科学甩肉”可翻译为lose weight或burn fat或shed pounds in a scientific way。故翻译为As the obesity rate rises year by year, we should pay attention to weight management and lose weight (burn fat/shed pounds) in a scientific way. 4．在法庭上，他坚持自己没犯抢劫罪。(guilty) (汉译英) 【答案】He insisted that he wasn’t guilty of robbing / robbery in court. 【详解】考查动词、名词和宾语从句。表示“坚称”应用insist，作主句谓语；从句中主语为he，“自己没犯抢劫罪”处理为宾语从句，表示“犯有……罪”短语为be guilty of，后跟动名词robbing或者名词robbery作宾语，表“抢劫”；表示“在法庭上”短语为in court，从句成份和意义都完整，用that引导。结合句意，描述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。故翻译为He insisted that he wasn’t guilty of robbing/ robbery in court. 5．他坚持过着简朴的生活，相信精神上的满足比物质享受更重要。 （insist） (汉译英) 【答案】He insists on living a simple life, believing that spiritual fulfillment is more important than material enjoyment. 【详解】考查时态、非谓语和从句。“insist” 后接动作时，常用 insist on doing 结构。此处 “坚持过着简朴的生活” 可译为 insist on living a simple life。陈述客观事实，为一般现在时。“相信”为believe，在本句中处理成非谓语动词，与主语He为主动关系，用现在分词作状语。believe后接that引导的宾语从句。“精神上的满足比物质享受更重要”为spiritual fulfillment is more important than material enjoyment。故翻译为：He insists on living a simple life, believing that spiritual fulfillment is more important than material enjoyment. 6．不久以后，我们将会有一场至关重要的考试。（before）（汉译英） 【答案】It will not be long before we have a vital exam. 【详解】考查时态和固定句型。根据要求用before的固定句型It will not be long before+从句“不久以后……就……”，主句用一般将来时，根据“主将从现”原则，从句用一般现在时，从句主语“我们”为we，谓语“有”为have，宾语“一场至关重要的考试”a vital exam。故翻译为It will not be long before we have a vital exam. 7．在老师的引导下迈出的每一步，不仅让他接近学业的成功，也让他更深地理解了感恩与尊重的意义。(汉译英) 【答案】With every step taken under his teacher’s guidance, he moved not just toward academic success, but toward a deeper understanding of gratitude and respect. 【详解】考查with的复合结构和动词时态。表示“在老师的指导下”应用under his teacher’s guidance；表示“每一步”应用every step；表示“迈出”应用take；此处为with的复合结构作状语，every step和take为逻辑动宾关系，需用过去分词形式；表示“他”应用he；表示“不仅……也……”应用not just...but...；表示“接近学业的成功”应用move toward academic success，陈述过去发生的事情，使用一般过去时；表示“让他更深地理解了感恩与尊重的意义”应用towards a deeper understanding of gratitude and respect。故翻译成：With every step taken under his teacher’s guidance, he moved not just toward academic success, but toward a deeper understanding of gratitude and respect.。 8．尽管医生建议他卧床休息，但他坚持去上课，因为他渴望成功，即使这意味着要逼迫自己的身体达到极限。(long)(汉译英) 【答案】Despite the doctor’s advice to stay in bed, he insisted on going to class because he was longing for success, even if it meant pushing his body to the limit. 【详解】考查固定短语、状语从句和时态。表示“尽管”应用介词despite；表示“医生建议他卧床休息”可翻译为the doctor’s advice to stay in bed；主句主语为he；表示“坚持”短语为insist on doing sth.；表示“去上课”应用动名词短语going to class；because引导原因状语从句，主语为he；表示“渴望成功”可用be longing for success；表示“即使”用even if引导让步状语从句，主语为it；表示“意味着做某事”短语为mean doing sth.；表示“逼迫自己的身体达到极限”应用动名词短语pushing his body to the limit，作宾语。发生在过去用一般过去时。故翻译为Despite the doctor’s advice to stay in bed, he insisted on going to class because he was longing for success, even if it meant pushing his body to the limit. 9．在会上，他们坚决要求必须在第二天早上五点以前将新闻发布出去。(insist) (汉译英) 【答案】At the meeting, they firmly insisted that the news be released before 5 a.m. the next day. 【详解】考查动词时态和虚拟语气。表示“在会上”应用at the meeting；表示“他们”应用they；表示“坚决要求”应用firmly insist，陈述过去发生的事情，使用一般过去时，后接that引导的宾语从句，that在从句中不作成分，也没有含义，从句使用虚拟语气，谓语动词使用should do，should可以省略；表示“新闻”应用the news；表示“发布”应用release，此处使用被动语态；表示“在第二天早上五点以前”应用before 5 a.m. the next day。故翻译成：At the meeting, they firmly insisted that the news be released before 5 a.m. the next day.。 10．本次科技展的重头戏是一场最新科技成果的发布会。 (highlight) （汉译英） 【答案】The highlight of this technology exhibition is the launch event showcasing the latest scientific and technological achievements. 【详解】考查短语和非谓语动词。主语“本次科技展的重头戏”可翻译为the highlight of this technology exhibition；表示“发布会”应用the launch event，作表语；表示“一场最新科技成果”可用现在分词短语，作定语修饰launch event，为主动关系，翻译为showcasing the latest scientific and technological achievements。陈述事实用一般现在时。故翻译为The highlight of this technology exhibition is the launch event showcasing the latest scientific and technological achievements. 11．老师的耐心和鼓励对学生的成长起着至关重要的作用。(汉译英) . 【答案】Teachers’ patience and encouragement play a crucial role in students’ growth. 【详解】考查名词、时态、固定短语、形容词。表示“老师的耐心和鼓励”用teachers’ patience and encouragement，作主语，句首单词首字母大写。表示“在……方面发挥作用”用固定短语play a role in，句子描述一般事实，时态用一般现在时，主语为复数，谓语用动词原形；表示“至关重要的”用形容词crucial，作前置定语，修饰role。表示“学生的成长”用students’ growth，作宾语。故翻译为Teachers’ patience and encouragement play a crucial role in students’ growth.。 12．青蒿素已成了抗疟疾药物的关键成分，并且据认为每年仅在非洲就挽救了10万人的性命。(汉译英) 【答案】Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is thought to save 100,000 lives a year in Africa alone. 【详解】考查短语和时态、固定句型。表示“青蒿素”应用名词Artemisinin，表示“成为……的关键成分”应用短语become a vital part of，表示“治疗疟疾”应用短语the treatment for malaria，表示“被认为”应用常用表达sth./sb. be thought to…；其与前一个谓语用and并列；表示“挽救了10万人的性命”save 100,000 lives，表示“每年仅在非洲”用a year in Africa alone。根据句意可知，“已成了”强调过去动作对现在的影响，用现在完成时；“被认为”描述客观情况，用一般现在时。故翻译为Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is thought to save 100,000 lives a year in Africa alone. 13．人们普遍认为，人与人之间最短的距离是真诚的微笑。（it形式主语；acknowledge）(汉译英) 【答案】It is acknowledged that the shortest distance between people is a sincere smile. 【详解】考查固定句型。句子表述客观事实，故使用一般现在时。表示“人们普遍认为”用it is acknowledged that…，此处it为形式主语，真正的主语为that引导的从句，主语“人与人之间最短的距离”用the shortest distance between people，其中形容词的最高级形式the shortest，作定语修饰名词distance；be动词使用is；表语“真诚的微笑”a sincere smile，构成主系表结构。故翻译为It is acknowledged that the shortest distance between people is a sincere smile. 14．你下了那么大功夫，准能在学术竞赛中脱颖而出。（bound）（汉译英） 【答案】You’ve put in so much effort that you’re bound to stand out in the academic competition. 【详解】考查形容词以及固定句型。表示“你”用you，作主语，位于句首，首字母大写。表示“如此……以致……”用固定句型so... that...。表示“下了那么大功夫”用动词短语put in so much effort，此处表示动作已经完成或对现在产生很大影响，时态用现在完成时。that引导的结果状语从句中：用you作主语，表示“准能做某事”用be bound to do sth.，主语为you， be动词用are，形容词bound“一定会”作表语；表示“脱颖而出”用stand out，位于不定式符号to后，动词用原形；表示“在这个学术竞赛中”用in the academic competition。故答案为：You’ve put in so much effort that you’re bound to stand out in the academic competition.。 三、语法填空 用话题词汇和话题佳句中的内容完成下面短文 Everyone longs to succeed and 1 (赢得……的赞赏) others, but as is often the case, only a few 2 (实现了自己的梦想). Then what will 3 (导致) your success? Here are several elements that can 4 (对……有影响) us. Firstly, we should keep a clear goal in mind. It will lead us through dark moments like the shining sun. 5 (世界会为那些有目标和远见的人让路). Aimless persons will easily give way to any obstacle in the way. Secondly, we should have confidence in ourselves. As Emerson said, “ 6 (自信是成功的第一秘诀).” Our confidence improves our motivation, making us 7 (坚定的) to fight for our cause. Thirdly, we must persevere in what we’re doing. Remember that 8 (坚持不懈是成功的重要因素). It is one of the most important qualities that all remarkable scientists possess, such as Madame Curie, who 9 (为……做出巨大贡献) the discovery of radium. All in all, there is no smooth road in our life, and only those with a clear goal, self-confidence and 10 (坚韧不拔的) spirit can obtain sweet fruits. 【答案】 1．win the admiration of 2．have made their dreams come true/have realized their dreams 3．lead to/bring about/result in 4．make a difference to 5．The world will make way for those who are goal-directed and far-sighted 6．Self-trust is the first secret of success 7．determined 8．perseverance is an important element of success 9．made great contributions to 10．persevering 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了每个人都渴望成功并赢得他人的钦佩，但通常情况下，只有少数人实现了他们的梦想。那么什么会导致你的成功呢？这里有几个因素可以对我们产生影响。 1．考查动词短语。句意：每个人都渴望成功并赢得他人的钦佩，但通常情况下，只有少数人实现了他们的梦想。根据句意以及括号中的中文提示可知，此处为动词短语win the admiration“赢得……的赞赏”，满足句意要求。故填win the admiration of。 2．考查动词短语。句意：每个人都渴望成功并赢得他人的钦佩，但通常情况下，只有少数人实现了他们的梦想。根据句意以及括号中的中文提示可知，此处为动词短语have made their dreams come true 或 have realized their dreams“实现了自己的梦想”，满足句意要求。故填have made their dreams come true 或 have realized their dreams。 3．考查动词短语。句意：那么什么会导致你的成功呢？根据句意以及括号中的中文提示可知，此处为动词短语lead to/bring about/result in“导致”，满足句意要求。故填lead to/bring about/result in。 4．考查动词短语。句意：这里有几个因素可以对我们产生影响。根据句意以及括号中的中文提示可知，此处为动词短语make a difference to“对……有影响”，满足句意要求。故填make a difference to。 5．考查动词短语和定语从句。句意：世界会为那些目标明确、有远见的人让路。根据句意以及括号中的中文提示可知，表示“世界”为名词The world；表示“为……让路”应为动词短语make way for；后接关系代词who引导的定语从句对先行词those的修饰，在从句中，表示“那些目标明确、有远见的人”可译为those who are goal-directed and far-sighted。故填The world will make way for those who are goal-directed and far-sighted。 6．考查名词短语。句意：自信是成功的第一秘诀。根据句意以及括号中的中文提示可知，表示“自信”应为名词短语Self-trust；表示“成功的第一秘诀”应为名词短语the first secret of success。故填Self-trust is the first secret of success。 7．考查形容词。句意：我们的信心增强我们的动力，使我们下定决心为我们的事业而奋斗。根据句意以及括号中的中文提示可知，此处为形容词determined“坚定的”作宾语补足语，满足句意要求。故填determined。 8．考查名词短语。句意：记住毅力是成功的重要因素。根据句意以及括号中的中文提示可知，表示“毅力”为名词perseverance，表示“成功的重要因素”应为名词短语an important element of success。故填perseverance is an important element of success。 9．考查动词短语和时态。句意：这是所有杰出的科学家所具有的最重要的品质之一，比如居里夫人，她对镭的发现做出了巨大的贡献。根据句意以及括号中的中文提示可知，此处为动词短语make great contributions to“为……做出巨大贡献”，满足句意要求，结合句意可知，此处为陈述过去发生的事情，为一般过去时。故填made great contributions to。 10．考查形容词。句意：总而言之，在我们的生活中没有平坦的道路，只有那些目标明确，自信和坚持不懈的精神，才能获得甜美的果实。根据句意以及括号中的中文提示可知，此处为形容词persevering“坚韧不拔的”作定语修饰spirit，满足句意要求。故填persevering。 四、阅读理解 （江苏省苏州市2024-2025学年高二上学期期末学业质量阳光指标调研）Most people see innovation as a flash of brilliance and Eureka, a new world is born. When Alexander Fleming returned to his lab in 1928, he found a bacteria culture he had grown was infected by fungus (霉菌), killing any colonies it touched. Rather than simply starting over, Fleming switched his focus to the fungus. He identified the bacteria-killing substance, which he called “penicillin”, and seemingly in a single stroke, created the new field of antibiotics. The truth, however, is messier. It wasn’t until 1943 that penicillin came into widespread use. To put Fleming’s discovery in context, consider Ignaz Semmelweis, who pioneered hand washing in maternity wards (产房), significantly reducing childbed fever but receiving scorn instead of fame. That was because in the 1850s, his ideas conflicted with the popular miasma theory, which attributed disease to “bad airs”. After his death in 1865, germ theory was accepted, paving the way for Fleming’s later work. Fleming was a gifted biologist but a poor communicator. When he published his results in 1929, few took notice. In 1935, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain discovered Fleming’s paper, understood its importance, and developed methods to produce penicillin in quantity. By 1943, with World War II raging, the War Production Board enlisted 21 companies to mass-produce penicillin, saving countless lives and ushering in the new age of antibiotics. Fleming, Florey and Chain received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945. Penicillin owes much of its success to government support. For many other groundbreaking innovations like the Internet and GPS, their innovators, while carving their own path, are often uncertain of where the opportunity lies until they team up with other visionaries and corporations, who might have the resources to fast-track their ideas. So, look at any significant innovation and the myth of the lone genius and the “eureka moment” breaks down. 1．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．An account of a lab story. B．Redefinition of a traditional view. C．Correction of a popular misconception. D．An analysis of a scientific phenomenon. 2．What is the message conveyed about Fleming’s story? A．Great minds think alike. B．The early bird catches the worm. C．Luck’s got your back when it comes to success. D．Early work is a steppingstone to later breakthroughs. 3．What does the underlined part “ushering in” mean in paragraph 3? A．Delaying. B．Introducing. C．Predicting. D．Transforming. 4．Which of the following can be the best title? A．Great Innovations: Individuals Are True Heroes. B．From Failure to Success: The Story of Penicillin. C．The Lone Genius: Fleming’s Discovery of Penicillin. D．The Long Road to Penicillin: How Innovation Happens. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过讲述青霉素的发现、早期未受重视、后续量产推广的过程，结合塞麦尔维斯在产房推行洗手却遭冷遇的例子，揭示重大创新并非是某个天才“灵光一闪”的产物，而是多方面因素共同作用的结果。 1．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Most people see innovation as a flash of brilliance and Eureka, a new world is born. When Alexander Fleming returned to his lab in 1928, he found a bacteria culture he had grown was infected by fungus (霉菌), killing any colonies it touched. Rather than simply starting over, Fleming switched his focus to the fungus. He identified the bacteria-killing substance, which he called “penicillin”, and seemingly in a single stroke, created the new field of antibiotics. The truth, however, is messier. It wasn’t until 1943 that penicillin came into widespread use. (大多数人将创新视为灵光一现的“尤里卡时刻”（即灵感突现的瞬间），仿佛一声“尤里卡”，新世界便随之诞生。1928年，亚历山大・弗莱明回到实验室时，发现自己培养的细菌培养基被霉菌污染，而霉菌所到之处，细菌菌落均被杀死。他没有简单地从头再来，而是将研究重点转向了这种霉菌。他鉴定出了这种杀菌物质，并将其命名为“青霉素”——看似一蹴而就间，他开创了抗生素这一全新领域。但事实远比这复杂。直到1943年，青霉素才得以广泛应用。)”可知，在第一段中，作者先指出大众对创新的普遍认知，随后通过弗莱明发现青霉素的例子，用“however”转折强调“事实远比这复杂”，即纠正了人们对创新过程的误解。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Fleming was a gifted biologist but a poor communicator. When he published his results in 1929, few took notice. In 1935, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain discovered Fleming’s paper, understood its importance, and developed methods to produce penicillin in quantity. By 1943, with World War II raging, the War Production Board enlisted 21 companies to mass-produce penicillin, saving countless lives and ushering in the new age of antibiotics. Fleming, Florey and Chain received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945. (弗莱明是一位天赋异禀的生物学家，但不擅长沟通。1929年，他发表了自己的研究成果，却几乎无人关注。1935年，霍华德・弗洛里和恩斯特・钱恩发现了弗莱明的论文，意识到其重要性，并开发了批量生产青霉素的方法。到1943年，第二次世界大战正如火如荼，美国战争生产委员会召集21家公司大规模生产青霉素，拯救了无数生命，也开创了抗生素的新时代。弗莱明、弗洛里和钱恩于1945年共同获得诺贝尔医学奖。)”可知，弗莱明的成果最初无人关注，直到弗洛里和钱恩发现其论文并推动量产，最终借助政府和企业资源实现突破。由此可推测，弗莱明的初步发现、弗洛里团队的开发，均体现早期成果为后续突破铺路的逻辑。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线单词所在句“By 1943, with World War II raging, the War Production Board enlisted 21 companies to mass-produce penicillin, saving countless lives and ushering in the new age of antibiotics. (到1943年，第二次世界大战正如火如荼，美国战争生产委员会召集21家公司大规模生产青霉素，拯救了无数生命，也……抗生素的新时代。)”可知，青霉素的大规模生产拯救了生命，由此开启了抗生素的新时代。划线单词的意思和“开创、引入”相似。选项B“introducing”意为“引入”，与此相符。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，文章通过青霉素的发现与应用过程，揭示了创新并非“灵光一现”，而是依赖前人研究积累、团队协作、资源支持等多方面因素的长期过程。选项D“The Long Road to Penicillin: How Innovation Happens. (青霉素的漫长之路：创新如何发生。)”既涵盖青霉素从发现到应用的漫长过程，又点明文章对创新本质的探讨，契合主旨。故选D。 五、七选五 （河南省商丘市2024-2025学年高二下学期期中联考）Stephen Hawking was a scientist known for his work with black holes and relativity, and the author of popular science books like A Brief History of Time. Hawking was born on January 8, 1942, in Oxford, England. 1 The political climate was also tense. The couple was living as Frank Hawking undertook research in medicine. Hawking’s father wanted him to go into medicine. 2 That was evident to his mother, who, along with her children, often stretched out in the backyard on summer evenings to stare up at the stars. “Stephen always had a strong sense of wonder,” she remembered. “And I could see that the stars would draw him.” Early in his academic life, Hawking, while recognized as bright, was not an exceptional student. 3 But Hawking focused on pursuits outside of school; he loved board games, and he and a few close friends created new games of their own. During his teens, Hawking, along with several friends, constructed a computer out of recycled parts for solving rudimentary mathematical equations. 4 He would later calculate that he averaged about an hour a day focusing on school. And yet he didn’t really have to do much more than that. In 1962, he graduated with honors in natural science and went on to attend Trinity Hall at the University of Cambridge for a Ph.D．in cosmology. 5 The next few years were a fruitful time for Hawking and his research. In 1973, he published his first, highly-technical book, The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time, with G. F. R. Ellis. A．Hawking’s birth came at an improper time for his parents, who didn’t have much money. B．With his sister Mary, Hawking devised different entry routes into the family home. C．He loved to dance and also took an interest in rowing, becoming a team coxswain (舵手) in college. D．But at an early age, Hawking showed a passion for science and the sky. E．By his own account, Hawking didn’t put much time into his studies. F．In 1968, Hawking became a member of the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge. G．During his first year at St. Albans School, he was the third from the bottom of his class. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．G 4．E 5．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了著名科学家斯蒂芬·霍金的生平。 1．前文提到“Hawking was born on January 8, 1942, in Oxford, England.(1942年1月8日，霍金出生于英国牛津。)”霍金出生于1942年1月8日，后文“The political climate was also tense. The couple was living as Frank Hawking undertook research in medicine.(政治气氛也很紧张。这对夫妇生活在弗兰克·霍金从事医学研究的时期。)”说明当时政治局势紧张，霍金父母生活的情况。选项A“Hawking’s birth came at an improper time for his parents, who didn’t have much money.(霍金出生的时间对他的父母来说不太合适，他们没有多少钱。)”指出霍金出生时对他父母来说不是个好时机，且他们没什么钱，既承接了前文出生时间，又引出后文紧张的生活状况。故选A项。 2．前文“Hawking’s father wanted him to go into medicine.(霍金的父亲希望他从医。)”说霍金的父亲希望他学医，后文“That was evident to his mother, who, along with her children, often stretched out in the backyard on summer evenings to stare up at the stars.(这对他的母亲来说是显而易见的，她和她的孩子们经常在夏天的晚上躺在后院盯着天上的星星。)”表明霍金对科学和天空有兴趣。选项D“But at an early age, Hawking showed a passion for science and the sky.(但在很小的时候，霍金就表现出对科学和天空的热情。)”起到转折作用，说明霍金早年就对科学和天空有热情，与前文父亲希望他学医形成对比，引出后文他对天空的兴趣表现。故选D项。 3．前文“Early in his academic life, Hawking, while recognized as bright, was not an exceptional student.(在他早期的学术生涯中，霍金虽然被认为很聪明，但并不是一个出类拔萃的学生)”指出霍金早期在学业上不是特别出色。选项G“During his first year at St. Albans School, he was the third from the bottom of his class.(在圣奥尔本斯学校的第一年，他是班里倒数第三名。)”具体举例说明他在圣奥尔本斯学校第一年成绩在班级里接近垫底，是对前文他学业不出色的具体阐述。故选G项。 4．后文“He would later calculate that he averaged about an hour a day focusing on school.(他后来计算出，他平均每天花一个小时在学习上。)”说明霍金后来计算自己每天平均花在学习上的时间约一小时。选项E“By his own account, Hawking didn’t put much time into his studies.(据霍金自己说，他并没有在学习上花太多时间。)”表明据霍金自己说，他没在学习上投入太多时间，引出后文他学习时间少的具体情况。故选E项。 29．后文“The next few years were a fruitful time for Hawking and his research.(接下来的几年是霍金和他的研究成果丰硕的时期。)”说明接下来的几年对霍金的研究来说是成果丰硕的时期。选项F“In 1968, Hawking became a member of the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge.(1968年，霍金成为剑桥天文研究所的一员。)”提到1968年霍金成为剑桥大学天文研究所的一员，为后文他研究成果丰硕做了铺垫。故选F项。 六、完形填空 （山东省潍坊市2024-2025学年高二上学期期中）Something strange and wonderful happens when light enters a dark space through a tiny opening. Aristotle described the 1 back in the fourth century B．C． 2 to a Boston classroom, the year 1988. Photographer Abelardo Morell was 3 so he decided to step back in time. On a sunny day, he 4 the classroom windows with black plastic, cut a tiny hole in the material, and told his students to watch. The back wall came 5 like a movie screen almost instantly — an image of people and cars moving outside 6 . Looking carefully, the students were amazed: The image was 7 — the sky on the floor and the ground on the ceiling! Morell 8 the darkened room into a camera obscura (暗箱), which 9 images just like the human eye. The only 10 is that the human brain automatically 11 the eye’s image. When he saw these students were 12 in the process, he knew this was something 13 . From then on he has used the 14 to change both outdoor and indoor spaces into agents (显影剂) of the photographic process and shown his work to people. “I want to 15 the way people see the world,” says Morell. 1．A．concept B．phenomenon C．result D．method 2．A．Amount B．Object C．Add D．Shift 3．A．sensitive B．curious C．patient D．familiar 4．A．decorated B．painted C．covered D．combined 5．A．clean B．true C．alive D．restless 6．A．appeared B．improved C．died D．faded 7．A．at the bottom B．on the top C．upside down D．inside out 8．A．transformed B．placed C．carried D．admitted 9．A．creates B．delivers C．receives D．harms 10．A．advantage B．explanation C．principle D．difference 11．A．rights B．copies C．destroys D．deletes 12．A．asleep B．absorbed C．violent D．sympathetic 13．A．confusing B．famous C．depressing D．powerful 14．A．technique B．opportunity C．camera D．window 15．A．refresh B．record C．understand D．observe 【答案】 1．B 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．C 6．A 7．C 8．A 9．C 10．D 11．A 12．B 13．D 14．A 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了摄影师Abelardo Morell将教室变成暗箱，展示光通过小孔进入暗空间所产生的奇妙现象，以及他利用这种技术改变人们看世界的方式。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：亚里士多德在公元前4世纪就描述过这种现象。A. concept概念；B. phenomenon现象；C. result结果；D. method方法。根据前文“Something strange and wonderful happens when light enters a dark space through a tiny opening.”可知，光通过小孔进入黑暗空间会发生奇怪而奇妙的事情，这是一种现象，亚里士多德描述的就是这种现象。故选B项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：切换到1988年的波士顿一间教室。A. Amount总计；B. Object反对；C. Add增加；D. Shift切换，转移。根据后文“to a Boston classroom the year 1988”可知，文章从讲述亚里士多德描述的现象切换到1988年波士顿教室的事情，用shift表示场景的切换。故选D项。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：摄影师 Abelardo Morell 很好奇，所以他决定回溯时光。A. sensitive敏感的；B. curious好奇的；C. patient耐心的；D. familiar熟悉的。根据后文“so he decided to step back in time”以及后面他进行的一系列操作可知，他是因为好奇才这样做。故选B项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在一个阳光明媚的日子里，他用黑色塑料覆盖住教室的窗户，在材料上剪了一个小孔，然后让他的学生观看。A. decorated装饰；B. painted绘画；C. covered覆盖；D. combined组合。根据后文“with black plastic, cut a tiny hole in the material”可知，是用黑色塑料把窗户覆盖住，然后再剪孔。故选C项。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：后墙几乎立刻就像电影屏幕一样鲜活起来 —— 外面移动的人和车的图像出现了。A. clean干净的；B. true真实的；C. alive鲜活的，充满生机的；D. restless不安分的。根据后文“like a movie screen”以及“an image of people and cars moving outside 　　6　　.”可知，后墙出现了移动的图像，就像电影屏幕一样变得生动起来，这里说后墙因为出现了图像而像电影屏幕一样有了生气，变得鲜活起来。故选C项。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：后墙几乎立刻就像电影屏幕一样鲜活起来——外面移动的人和车的图像出现了。A. appeared出现；B. improved提高；C. died死亡；D. faded褪色。根据前文“The back wall came 　　5　　 like a movie screen almost instantly”可知，后墙像电影屏幕一样，是因为外面人和车的图像出现了。故选A项。 7．考查介词短语辨析。句意：仔细看，学生们很惊讶：图像是颠倒的——天空在地板上，地面在天花板上！A. at the bottom在底部；B. on the top在顶部；C. upside down颠倒；D. inside out里朝外。根据后文“the sky on the floor and the ground on the ceiling”可知，图像是颠倒的。故选C项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Morell把这个黑暗的房间变成了一个暗箱，它像人眼一样接收图像。A. transformed转变，改造；B. placed放置；C. carried携带；D. admitted承认。根据后文“the darkened room into a camera obscura”可知，是把房间改造成了暗箱，“transform...into...”为固定搭配，意为“把……变成……”。故选A项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Morell把这个黑暗的房间变成了一个暗箱，它像人眼一样接收图像。A. creates创造；B. delivers传递；C. receives接收；D. harms伤害。根据后文“images just like the human eye.”可知，暗箱就像人眼一样接收外界的图像。故选C项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：唯一的区别是人类大脑会自动纠正眼睛看到的图像。A. advantage优势；B. explanation解释；C. principle原则；D. difference区别。根据后文“that the human brain automatically 　　11　　 the eye’s image.”可知，这里说的是暗箱和人眼的不同之处，即唯一的区别。故选D项。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：唯一的区别是人类大脑会自动纠正眼睛看到的图像。A. rights纠正，使恢复正常；B. copies复制；C. destroys破坏；D. deletes删除。根据前文“The image was 　　7　　 — the sky on the floor and the ground on the ceiling!”可知图像是颠倒的，而人眼看到的图像不是颠倒的，是因为大脑会自动纠正图像。故选A项。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当他看到这些学生专注于这个过程时，他知道这是很有影响力的事情。A. asleep睡着的；B. absorbed专注的；C. violent暴力的；D. sympathetic同情的。根据后文“he knew this was something 　　13　　”以及学生之前惊讶的反应可知，学生们对这个过程很专注。故选B项。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当他看到这些学生专注于这个过程时，他知道这是很有影响力的事情。A. confusing令人困惑的；B. famous著名的；C. depressing令人沮丧的；D. powerful有影响力的，强大的。根据后文“From then on he has used the 　　14　　 to change both outdoor and indoor spaces into agents (显影剂) of the photographic process and shown his work to people.”可知，他从此利用这种方法去展示作品，说明他觉得这个事情是有影响力的。故选D项。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：从那时起，他就用这种技术把室外和室内空间都变成了摄影过程的显影剂，并向人们展示他的作品。A. technique技术；B. opportunity机会；C. camera相机；D. window窗户。根据后文“to change both outdoor and indoor spaces into agents (显影剂) of the photographic process and shown his work to people.”可知，这是一种技术，他利用这种技术来创作。故选A项。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Morell说：“我想刷新人们看待世界的方式。”A. refresh刷新；B. record记录；C. understand理解；D. observe观察。根据语境以及后文“the way people see the world,’ says Morell.”可知，他通过暗箱技术展示独特的图像效果可知，他是想刷新人们看世界的方式。故选A项。 1 / 9 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 1 Period 1 Reading and Thinking分层练习 基础达标 01 能力提升 02 拓展培优 03 一、汉译英 1． vt. 承诺；保证 vi. 忠于；全心全意投入（工作、活动等）→ adj. 尽心尽力的；坚定的；坚信的 2． n. （艺术、文学、科学等的）研究院；学会；专科院校→ adj. 学业的；学术的 3．botany n. 植物学→ adj.植物学的→ botanist n. 植物学家 4． vt. 评价；评估→evaluation n. 评估 5． adj. 清晰的；清楚的；有区别的→ distinction n. 差别；区别；卓越 6． vt. （尤指经努力）获得；赢得 vi. （规章、习俗等）存在；流行→obtainable adj. 能得到的；可获得的 7． vt. 承认（属实、权威等）；（公开）感谢→ acknowledgement n.承认 8． vt. 分析→analysis n.分析 9．apparent adj. 显而易见的；显然的；表面上的→ adv.显而易见；看来；显然 10． adj. 科学（上）的；关于科学的→ science n. 科学→scientist n. 科学家 11．insist 坚决要求 12．award sth sb 授予某人某物 13．have a preference 对……偏爱 14．commit oneself sth 致力于某事 15． the help of sb 在某人帮助下 16．be opposed 反对…… 二、单项选择 1．Mrs Green stood there, ________ over whether to tell her husband the truth or not. A．hesitating B．extending C．criticising D．obtaining 2．In ________ discussions about climate change, economists emphasize cost-benefit analyses while ecologists highlight biodiversity loss. A．violent B．prominent C．academic D．mechanical 3．Her work is sometimes good, but the problem is that it’s not consistent. A．perfect. B．stable. C．academic. D．delicate. 4．“Rare earths” are a group of seventeen chemically similar elements that are ________ to the manufacture of many high-tech products. A．crucial B．accessible C．typical D．superior 5．Our school is inviting students to ________ articles about a campus event that has impressed them most. A．commit B．admit C．submit D．permit 6．She ______ that she had seen a strange creature in the forest and nobody believed her. A．assisted B．insisted C．resisted D．persisted 7．According to Musk, the ultimate ________ of the Starship project is to establish bases on the Moon and Mars and put humans on the "path to being a multi-planet civilization". A．ambition B．objection C．objective D．devotion 8．The students paid a visit to the museum of science and technology, which has greatly ______ them to study hard. A．sponsored B．stimulated C．conducted D．obtained 9．He finally decided to _____ his mistake and apologize to his friend. A．acknowledge B．pretend C．regulate D．fortify 10．Parents play a ______ role in preparing their kids for school. A．loyal B．fierce C．timid D．crucial 11．-Look at Mary staring at her phone! --_________, she’s waiting for an important message. A．Typically B．Occasionally C．Accordingly D．Apparently 12．Jenny didn’t answer my phone; , she was busy. A．subsequently B．mysteriously C．apparently D．profoundly 13．In the digital age, it is universally________ that online privacy protection has become an urgent issue. A．associated B．analysed C．accomplished D．acknowledged 14．It’s hard for traditional bookstores to________ with larger bookstore chains. A．consist B．commit C．compete D．complete 15．The “loneliness epidemic (流行病)” has been widely reported in recent years, affecting young and old. Thus, people call on the government to address it. A．apparently B．nobly C．dramatically D．urgently 16．Our ultimate ______ is to remove all nuclear weapons. A．objective B．destination C．welfare D．ambition 17．Despite knowing his answer was incorrect, David honestly ________ his mistake during the math competition, earning respect from both peers and judges. A．ignored B．denied C．acknowledged D．avoided 18．The thief had a narrow ________ from death after being badly injured and was eventually caught. A．defeat B．gap C．struggle D．escape 19．Reading plays a role in language learning. A．vital B．civil C．legal D．mutual 20．The technology in this newly-developed smartphone is so ________ that it can even predict some potential health risks of its users based on their daily activities. A．advanced B．crucial C．complex D．fundamental 三、根据汉语意思翻译下列句子 1．令我失望的是，水壶里的水还没烧开。(boil) （汉译英） 2．尽管面临学业压力，我们还是积极参与志愿者活动，为社会和谐做出贡献。(despite; contribute) (汉译英) 3．随着肥胖率逐年攀升，我们应该重视体重管理，科学甩肉。（As）（汉译英） 4．在法庭上，他坚持自己没犯抢劫罪。(guilty) (汉译英) 5．他坚持过着简朴的生活，相信精神上的满足比物质享受更重要。 （insist） (汉译英) 6．不久以后，我们将会有一场至关重要的考试。（before）（汉译英） 7．在老师的引导下迈出的每一步，不仅让他接近学业的成功，也让他更深地理解了感恩与尊重的意义。(汉译英) 8．尽管医生建议他卧床休息，但他坚持去上课，因为他渴望成功，即使这意味着要逼迫自己的身体达到极限。(long)(汉译英) 9．在会上，他们坚决要求必须在第二天早上五点以前将新闻发布出去。(insist) (汉译英) 10．本次科技展的重头戏是一场最新科技成果的发布会。 (highlight) （汉译英） 11．老师的耐心和鼓励对学生的成长起着至关重要的作用。(汉译英) . 12．青蒿素已成了抗疟疾药物的关键成分，并且据认为每年仅在非洲就挽救了10万人的性命。(汉译英) 13．人们普遍认为，人与人之间最短的距离是真诚的微笑。（it形式主语；acknowledge）(汉译英) 14．你下了那么大功夫，准能在学术竞赛中脱颖而出。（bound）（汉译英） 三、语法填空 用话题词汇和话题佳句中的内容完成下面短文 Everyone longs to succeed and 1 (赢得……的赞赏) others, but as is often the case, only a few 2 (实现了自己的梦想). Then what will 3 (导致) your success? Here are several elements that can 4 (对……有影响) us. Firstly, we should keep a clear goal in mind. It will lead us through dark moments like the shining sun. 5 (世界会为那些有目标和远见的人让路). Aimless persons will easily give way to any obstacle in the way. Secondly, we should have confidence in ourselves. As Emerson said, “ 6 (自信是成功的第一秘诀).” Our confidence improves our motivation, making us 7 (坚定的) to fight for our cause. Thirdly, we must persevere in what we’re doing. Remember that 8 (坚持不懈是成功的重要因素). It is one of the most important qualities that all remarkable scientists possess, such as Madame Curie, who 9 (为……做出巨大贡献) the discovery of radium. All in all, there is no smooth road in our life, and only those with a clear goal, self-confidence and 10 (坚韧不拔的) spirit can obtain sweet fruits. 四、阅读理解 （江苏省苏州市2024-2025学年高二上学期期末学业质量阳光指标调研）Most people see innovation as a flash of brilliance and Eureka, a new world is born. When Alexander Fleming returned to his lab in 1928, he found a bacteria culture he had grown was infected by fungus (霉菌), killing any colonies it touched. Rather than simply starting over, Fleming switched his focus to the fungus. He identified the bacteria-killing substance, which he called “penicillin”, and seemingly in a single stroke, created the new field of antibiotics. The truth, however, is messier. It wasn’t until 1943 that penicillin came into widespread use. To put Fleming’s discovery in context, consider Ignaz Semmelweis, who pioneered hand washing in maternity wards (产房), significantly reducing childbed fever but receiving scorn instead of fame. That was because in the 1850s, his ideas conflicted with the popular miasma theory, which attributed disease to “bad airs”. After his death in 1865, germ theory was accepted, paving the way for Fleming’s later work. Fleming was a gifted biologist but a poor communicator. When he published his results in 1929, few took notice. In 1935, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain discovered Fleming’s paper, understood its importance, and developed methods to produce penicillin in quantity. By 1943, with World War II raging, the War Production Board enlisted 21 companies to mass-produce penicillin, saving countless lives and ushering in the new age of antibiotics. Fleming, Florey and Chain received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945. Penicillin owes much of its success to government support. For many other groundbreaking innovations like the Internet and GPS, their innovators, while carving their own path, are often uncertain of where the opportunity lies until they team up with other visionaries and corporations, who might have the resources to fast-track their ideas. So, look at any significant innovation and the myth of the lone genius and the “eureka moment” breaks down. 1．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．An account of a lab story. B．Redefinition of a traditional view. C．Correction of a popular misconception. D．An analysis of a scientific phenomenon. 2．What is the message conveyed about Fleming’s story? A．Great minds think alike. B．The early bird catches the worm. C．Luck’s got your back when it comes to success. D．Early work is a steppingstone to later breakthroughs. 3．What does the underlined part “ushering in” mean in paragraph 3? A．Delaying. B．Introducing. C．Predicting. D．Transforming. 4．Which of the following can be the best title? A．Great Innovations: Individuals Are True Heroes. B．From Failure to Success: The Story of Penicillin. C．The Lone Genius: Fleming’s Discovery of Penicillin. D．The Long Road to Penicillin: How Innovation Happens. 五、七选五 （河南省商丘市2024-2025学年高二下学期期中联考）Stephen Hawking was a scientist known for his work with black holes and relativity, and the author of popular science books like A Brief History of Time. Hawking was born on January 8, 1942, in Oxford, England. 1 The political climate was also tense. The couple was living as Frank Hawking undertook research in medicine. Hawking’s father wanted him to go into medicine. 2 That was evident to his mother, who, along with her children, often stretched out in the backyard on summer evenings to stare up at the stars. “Stephen always had a strong sense of wonder,” she remembered. “And I could see that the stars would draw him.” Early in his academic life, Hawking, while recognized as bright, was not an exceptional student. 3 But Hawking focused on pursuits outside of school; he loved board games, and he and a few close friends created new games of their own. During his teens, Hawking, along with several friends, constructed a computer out of recycled parts for solving rudimentary mathematical equations. 4 He would later calculate that he averaged about an hour a day focusing on school. And yet he didn’t really have to do much more than that. In 1962, he graduated with honors in natural science and went on to attend Trinity Hall at the University of Cambridge for a Ph.D．in cosmology. 5 The next few years were a fruitful time for Hawking and his research. In 1973, he published his first, highly-technical book, The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time, with G. F. R. Ellis. A．Hawking’s birth came at an improper time for his parents, who didn’t have much money. B．With his sister Mary, Hawking devised different entry routes into the family home. C．He loved to dance and also took an interest in rowing, becoming a team coxswain (舵手) in college. D．But at an early age, Hawking showed a passion for science and the sky. E．By his own account, Hawking didn’t put much time into his studies. F．In 1968, Hawking became a member of the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge. G．During his first year at St. Albans School, he was the third from the bottom of his class. 六、完形填空 （山东省潍坊市2024-2025学年高二上学期期中）Something strange and wonderful happens when light enters a dark space through a tiny opening. Aristotle described the 1 back in the fourth century B．C． 2 to a Boston classroom, the year 1988. Photographer Abelardo Morell was 3 so he decided to step back in time. On a sunny day, he 4 the classroom windows with black plastic, cut a tiny hole in the material, and told his students to watch. The back wall came 5 like a movie screen almost instantly — an image of people and cars moving outside 6 . Looking carefully, the students were amazed: The image was 7 — the sky on the floor and the ground on the ceiling! Morell 8 the darkened room into a camera obscura (暗箱), which 9 images just like the human eye. The only 10 is that the human brain automatically 11 the eye’s image. When he saw these students were 12 in the process, he knew this was something 13 . From then on he has used the 14 to change both outdoor and indoor spaces into agents (显影剂) of the photographic process and shown his work to people. “I want to 15 the way people see the world,” says Morell. 1．A．concept B．phenomenon C．result D．method 2．A．Amount B．Object C．Add D．Shift 3．A．sensitive B．curious C．patient D．familiar 4．A．decorated B．painted C．covered D．combined 5．A．clean B．true C．alive D．restless 6．A．appeared B．improved C．died D．faded 7．A．at the bottom B．on the top C．upside down D．inside out 8．A．transformed B．placed C．carried D．admitted 9．A．creates B．delivers C．receives D．harms 10．A．advantage B．explanation C．principle D．difference 11．A．rights B．copies C．destroys D．deletes 12．A．asleep B．absorbed C．violent D．sympathetic 13．A．confusing B．famous C．depressing D．powerful 14．A．technique B．opportunity C．camera D．window 15．A．refresh B．record C．understand D．observe 1 / 5 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$