专题03 2025全国一卷阅读理解C篇 (解读+技巧+变式) -2025年高考英语真题题型解读与考后提升

《2025年高考英语真题完全解读与考后提升》 专题03阅读理解全国一卷阅读理解C篇 (解读+技巧+变式) 解析版 ( 目录导航 ) ( 原题呈现 ) 阅读理解关键词：议论文，人与社会，反思城市交通规划中可持续发展理念 While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 28. What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A. Cars often get stuck on the road. B. Traffic accidents occur frequently. C. People walk less and drive more. D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules. 29. What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do? A. Keep their cities livable. B. Promote cultural diversity. C. Help the needy families. D. Make expressways accessible. 30. What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? A. They boosted the sales of cars. B. They turned out largely ineffective. C. They won government support. D. They advocated building new parks. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why the Rush? B. What’s Next? C. Where to Stay? D. Who to Blame? 【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B 31. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿童步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能，重视城市宜居性。 28.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. (虽然近年来我们的街道可能已经改善了安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流动性下降，尤其是年轻儿童。许多家长说，路上的交通太拥挤，他们的孩子无法安全步行上学，所以他们把孩子塞进车里)”可知，作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。 29. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” (最著名的是，一位加拿大记者在20世纪50年代初举家迁往曼哈顿，她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的运动。在描述她对用高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时，Jane Jacobs呼吁她的市长捍卫“纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而不仅是匆匆穿过的通道”)”可推知，加拿大记者和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。 30．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. (尽管这些运动很普遍，但现实是大多数西方城市完全围绕汽车需求重新设计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加)”可推知，20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的竞选活动未能阻止汽车发展，基本上没有效果。故选B。 31. 主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章最后一段“We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? (我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真正的成本。我们真的认识到当孩子们不能在我们的社区安全地移动时，我们作为一个社会将会付出什么代价吗)”可推知，本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需求的现象，A项“Why the Rush? (为何匆匆？)”质问“rush through (匆匆通行)”的规划理念，契合主旨，最适合作为本文标题。故选A。 全文翻译： 近年来，尽管我们的街道可能已进行了安全改进，但交通研究也表明，行人的流动性有所下降，尤其是在年幼的儿童中。许多家长表示，道路上的交通太拥挤，孩子们无法安全步行上学，因此他们转而将孩子塞进车里。 荷兰作家塔利亚・维尔凯德（Thalia Verkade）和马尔科・特・布勒默斯特罗特（Marco te Brömmelstroet）对这类现象深感忧虑。在他们的新书《Movement：如何夺回我们的街道并改变我们的生活》（Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives）中，他们呼吁重新思考街道及其在我们生活中扮演的角色。 城市街道的生活在数十年前就开始发生变化。为了给新的道路网络让路，整个社区被拆除，孩子们不得不去其他地方玩耍。一些社区进行了反击。最著名的案例是，20 世纪 50 年代初，一位举家搬到曼哈顿的加拿大记者领导了一场运动，试图阻止当地公园被拆除。简・雅各布斯（Jane Jacobs）在描述她对用高速公路取而代之的提议的担忧时，呼吁市长捍卫 “纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而不仅仅是匆匆穿行的通道”。类似的运动在 20 世纪 60 年代末和 70 年代的澳大利亚也有发生。 尽管这些运动广泛开展，但现实是，大多数西方城市完全围绕机动车的需求进行了重新设计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加。在澳大利亚，如今 2600 多万人口拥有超过 2000 万辆汽车，这是世界上汽车拥有率最高的国家之一。 我们在有助于快速通行的道路上投入了大量资金，但却未能考虑到真正的成本。当孩子们无法在社区中安全活动时，我们是否真的认识到这对整个社会而言意味着什么？《Movement》的作者们说得对：是时候重新思考你家门前那条街道的意义了。 28. 作者在第一段中指出了什么现象？ A. 汽车经常在路上抛锚。 B. 交通事故频繁发生。 C. 人们步行减少，驾车增多。 D. 行人未遵守规则。 29. 那位加拿大记者和其他运动参与者试图做什么？ A. 保持城市的宜居性。 B. 促进文化多样性。 C. 帮助贫困家庭。 D. 使高速公路更易通行。 30. 关于 20 世纪 60 年代末和 70 年代澳大利亚的运动，可以推断出什么？ A. 它们促进了汽车销售。 B. 它们基本上没有成效。 C. 它们赢得了政府支持。 D. 它们主张建造新公园。 31. 这篇文章的合适标题是什么？ A. 为何匆忙？ B. 下一步是什么？ C. 待往何处？ D. 归咎于谁？ ( 权威评价哪家 ) 创新情境设计，引导学生思维品质培养与发展 试题通过创新试题情境设计，引导学生培养和发展批判性、探究性和创新性等思维品质。通过精心选材引导学生从知识接受者转变为问题探索者和解决者，为选拔具备优秀思维品质的人才提供依据。 在材料选择方面，所选语篇的题材、体裁、难易度各具特色，从不同角度考查学生批判性思维和创新性思维能力，引导学生思维能力的提升。全国一卷阅读第三个语篇以交通方式变迁为切入点，通过分析车轮上的生活对传统生活方式的冲击，启发学生运用批判性思维反思城市规划中的可持续发展理念。全国二卷阅读D篇通过回收使用食材边角料制作精美菜肴的案例，引导学生思考变废为宝的创新路径。在题目设置方面，试题运用多视角、多立场的语篇材料和开放性答题要求，考查学生的批判性思维和创新性思维。全国一卷写作第一节以班级英语报要增设栏目为情境，要求学生从给出的两个栏目做出选择并说明理由，对学生的批判性思维和逻辑思维、跨文化沟通和语言表达等能力进行综合考查。短文续写试题分别设置了通过主动道歉挽回兄弟情谊和向外国同学解释中文姓名含义的情境，语篇内容和段首句提供了较大的想象空间，学生可以充分调动发散思维和创新思维，对前文情节进行展开和叙述。这种开放性试题设计能够深入考查学生的批判性思维和创新性思维能力。 ---《教育部教育考试院：2025年高考英语全国卷试题评析》 阅读理解C篇语篇解读 关键词 pedestrian mobility, a rethink of our streets, road networks 主旨概要 本文是一篇议论文，通过引述荷兰作者的新书《出行之道》，批评了城市街道设计过度服务汽车、忽视行人尤其 是儿童出行安全的问题，呼吁人们重新思考街道的功能， 建设适宜居民生活的城市环境。 百科知识 简·雅各布斯（Jane Jacobs）是 20世纪最具影响力的城市规划思想家之一。她提倡以人为本的城市设计，反对以汽车为中心的城市重建，主张保护社区的活力和街道的多样性。 原文出处 选自 Inside Story 网站2023年1月21日名为 Why the rush? 的文章 https://insidestory.org.au/why-the-rush/ 语言知识 重难点词汇 decline n 下降； bother v 使担忧； destroy v 摧毁； destruction n 破坏； alarm n 惊恐； champion v 捍卫； decent adj 宜居的； motor car n 汽车； recognise v 意识到 technique n 技巧； produce v 制作 重难点词块 pack sb into sth 在（有限空间里）塞进（大量的人）； take back 夺回； call for （公开）要求； make way for 给……让路； fight back 反击； lead a campaign 领导运动； call on sb to do sth 呼吁某人做某事； rush through 快速通过； account for 考虑到 合成词+ 派 生词 improvement n 改善（improve + -ment）； mobility n 流动（性）（mobile + -ity）； transform v 使改变（trans- + form）； rethink n 重新考虑（re- + think）； journalist n 新闻记者（journal + -ist）； proposed adj 提议的（propose + -d）； replacement n 取代（replace + -ment）； expressway n 高速公路（express + way）； widespread adj 广泛的（wide + spread）； majority n 大多数（major + -ity）； redesign v 重新设计（re- + design）； ownership n 所有权（owner + -ship） 长难句分析 In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. 句意为：在他们的新书《出行之道：如何夺回我们的街道并改变我们的生活》中，作者呼吁重新审视街道及其在我们生活中扮演的角色。 本句主干是they call for a rethink；of our streets and the role they play in our lives是介词短语作后置定语修饰rethink，其中they play in our lives是省略that / which的定语从句，修饰role。 ( 解题指导 ) ( 6 年 高考 真题 说明文 考点 解读 ) 社会现象类议论文阅读解题技巧 这类文章通过写人记事来揭示文章的主题，显示其社会意义，一般采用顺序或倒叙来叙述。题目经常是一些细节问题。考查的方面可以是原因和其中引发的思考。阅读这类文章要理清思路。 1、浏览试题，明确要求。 在阅读文章前，最好先浏览一下文章后面的题干和选项。知道了问题后再去看文章，可使思路更敏捷，而且也便于阅读时留意文中出现的与选项有关的信息。 2、通读全文，抓住主要内容。 在不影响理解的前提下，尽可能地阅读以便在尽可能短的时间内理解文章或段落的内容。阅读时，如遇到不熟悉的单词、词组或一时看不懂的句子，不要停下来苦思冥想，继续读下去，通过上下文的词语和句子可能就理解了。 3、抓住中心思想和段落大意。 通读全文时，要特别注意主题句。每篇文章或每个段落都有与文章有关的句子，尤其是科技、政论性文章的主题句一般都在文章的开头或结尾，插在中间的很少。所以，文章的第一段或开头的第一、二个句子往往包含着文章的中心思想、作者的意图或全文的概述，因此要特别注意，彻底理解。 4、有针对性地仔细阅读，找寻所需信息。 在前面的基础上，可进行有针对性地阅读了。把与问题无关的内容一扫而过，而对于和问题有关的内容认真阅读，还可以用笔在下面做出记号。再把这些信息与问题的要求结合起来，逐条分析，综合判断，找出正确答案。 5、进行合理的推理判断。 对文章有了全面的了解之后，可以按照文章要求以及上下文之间的关系，做出推理判断。在进行推理判断的时候，需要综合考虑句型、语法、句子之间的逻辑关系、文化背景等方面的因素。 6、认真复读，验证答案。 要用全文的中心思想统帅各个题目，研究其内在联系和逻辑关系，并依次审核那些还未打上的题目，确保理解无误。 ( 议论文 满分 作答解题 技巧 ) 一、阅读理解议论文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。 二、重视议论文“总分(总)”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。 三、形容词适配题注意原文定位，找到动词或形容词，确定最佳答案。 四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。 五、说明文长难句落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语）（介词短语）（名词短语）。 六、满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 ( 考点变式 ) 一、词性转换 1. improve v. 改善 →improvement n. 改善 2. mobile adj. 移动的 →mobility n. 流动性 3. neighbor n. 邻居 →neighborhood n. 街区；社区 4. famous adj. 著名的 → famously adv. 著名地；极好地 5. Canada n. 加拿大 → Canadian adj. 加拿大的n. 加拿大人 6. journal n. 期刊; 日志→journalist n. 新闻记者 7. propose v. 提议 → proposed adj. 提议的 8. replace v. 取代 →replacement n. 取代 9. complete adj. 完整的→ completely adv. 完全地 10. different adj. 不同的→differently adv. 不同地 11. frequent adj. 频繁的→frequently adv. 频繁地 12. destroy vt. 破坏 → destruction n. 破坏 13. real adj.真正的 → reality n. 现实 14. major adj. 主要的 →majority n. 大多数 15. design v. 设计 →redesign v. 重新设计 16. owner n. 主人 →ownership n. 所有权 17. culture n. 文化 →cultural adj. 文化的 18. diverse adj. 多样的 → diversity n. 多样性 19. need n. 需求 →needy adj. 贫困的；缺乏的 20. access n.入口;机会 → accessible adj. 可进入的；可获得的 21. live vi.生活；居住 → livable adj. 宜居的 二、高频语块 1. transport /ˈtrænspɔːt/ v. 运输；运送 2. decline /dɪˈklaɪn/ v. 下降；减少 3. pedestrian /pəˈdestriən/ n. 行人 adj. 步行的 4. Dutch /dʌtʃ/ adj. 荷兰的 n. 荷兰人；荷兰语 5. bother /ˈbɒðə(r)/ v. 使烦恼；困扰 6. transform /trænsˈfɔːm/ v. 改变；转变 7. decade /ˈdekeɪd/ n. 十年 8. elsewhere /ˌelsˈweə(r)/ adv. 在别处；去别处 9. community /kəˈmjuːnəti/ n. 社区；团体 10. campaign /kæmˈpeɪn/ n. 运动；活动 11. alarm /əˈlɑːm/ n. 担忧；警报 v. 使惊恐 12. expressway /ɪkˈspresweɪ/ n. 高速公路 13. mayor /meə(r)/ n. 市长 14. champion /ˈtʃæmpiən/ vt. 捍卫；支持 15. decent /ˈdiːsnt/ adj. 体面的；适宜的 16. occur /əˈkɜː(r)/ v. 发生；出现 17. widespread /ˈwaɪdspred/ adj. 广泛的；普遍的 18. phenomenon /fəˈnɒmɪnən/n. 现象 19. boost /buːst/ v. 促进；提高 20. advocate /ˈædvəkeɪt/ v. 提倡；主张 三、高频语块 1. pack sb into sth 在（有限空间里）塞进 2. take back 夺回 3. call for 公开要求 4. make way for 给……让路 5. fight back 反击 6. lead a campaign 领导运动 7. call on sb to do sth 呼吁某人做某事 8. rush through 快速通过 9. account for 考虑到 10. in the early 1950s 在20世纪50年代早期 11.be to blame 该受到责备 12.as well 也，而且 13.get stuck 被堵车 四、长难句分析 1. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. 翻译：在他们的新书《出行之道：如何夺回我们的街道并改变我们的生活》中，作者呼吁重新审视街道及其在我们生活中扮演的角色。 分析：本句主干是they call for a rethink；of our streets and the role they play in our lives是介词短语作后置定语修饰rethink，其中they play in our lives是省略that / which的定语从句，修饰role。 2. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” 翻译：简・雅各布斯在描述她对用高速公路取代当地公园的提议的担忧时，呼吁市长捍卫 “纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而不仅仅是匆匆穿行的通道”。 分析：Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway是现在分词短语表主动动作，相当于时间状语从句；called on her mayor to champion.. 为固定搭配，意为 “呼吁某人做某事”；“champion”意为 “捍卫；支持”，as a decent place to live为宾语补足语，说明纽约应作为“适宜居住的地方”；“not just rush through”为省略结构，完整形式为“not just a place to rush through”，与前文形成对比。 3. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. 翻译：在澳大利亚，如今我们有超过 2000 万辆汽车，仅对应略超过2600 万人口，这属于世界上汽车拥有率最高的情况之一。 分析：among the highest rate of car ownership in the world属于同位语，对主句内容进行补充说明； ( 分类变式 ) 变式一、阅读理解议论文真题4篇 （2021·新高考I卷）Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction. 32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence? A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person's mind. C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities. 33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2? A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept. C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction. 34. What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence? A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence? A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies. C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives. 【答案】322-35 DBAB 【导读】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了什么是情商以及情商普及的优势，并表达了作者自己的观点，同时提出了对情商研究的未来期望。 32. D。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and ‘people skills’.”可知，许多人误把情商理解为一个人的性格中无法被智商测试所衡量的几乎可取的一切，也就是指一个人的积极的品质。 33. B。推理判断题。第二段首句“We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes.”是介绍情商的概念。由此推断出提到的“医生”和“骗子”是对这一概念的解释。 34. A。推理判断题。根据题干中的“the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence”可定位到第三段。根据第三段的首句“Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.”可知，作者认为情商普及利大于弊。又根据“The most positive aspect of this popularization...”和“The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped...”可知，作者对于情商普及是赞成的。 35. B。主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion.”可知，虽然情商的持续流行吸引力是可取的，但我们希望这种关注能引起人们对情感的科学研究和学术研究的更大的兴趣。又根据下文的“It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives.”可知，我们希望在未来的数十年后，科学的进步提供新的视角来研究人们如何管理他们的生活。由此可知，这些是对未来研究的期望。 （2022·北京·高考真题）Quantum (量子) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype (炒作) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin (幅度)” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 1. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited 2. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field. C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies. 3. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant. 4. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? 1. A 2. C 3. A 4. D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。 1. 推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. （随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. unconcerned不关心的；C. doubtful怀疑的；D. excited激动的。故选A。 2. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”（ 他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。 3. 词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.”（ 但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prone被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prone意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B. Cool. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选A。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction. This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson.”（ 现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一段“Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。 （2021·北京·高考真题）Early fifth-century philosopher St. Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him. Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it. Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right. Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking. Forget about time as an absolute. What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance. What if our definition of time reflected that？ Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming. We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes. We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate. If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time. If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect. The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics. It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones. Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet. Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies. Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena. In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season. Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival. Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness. When St. Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context. Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose. 1. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？ A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature. B. Everyone can define time on their own terms. C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it. D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists. 2. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________. A. present an assumption B. evaluate an argument C. highlight an experiment D. introduce an approach 3. What can we learn from this passage？ A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life. B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems. C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower. D. Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame. 4. What can we infer from this passage？ A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time. B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless. C. We should live in harmony with nature. D. History is a mirror reflecting reality. 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C 【分析】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。 1. 主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking. (即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么，因为答案取决于你要问的问题)”以及上文列举的哲学家St. Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断，第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。 2. 推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance. (我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“What if our definition of time reflected that？(如果时间的定义反映那些会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？(如果我们不考虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。 3. 细节理解题。根据第三段的“We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate. If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time. If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect. （如果水道继续以目前的速度流动，我们对它进行了编程，匹配了一个原子时间。如果河流在未来的平均运行速度更快，时间就会超过标准时间。如果它们的运行速度较慢，你就会看到相反的效果。）”可知，如果河流运行速度得较慢，原子时间将超过河流时间。故选C项。 4. 推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance. (我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”和倒数第二段的“Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival. Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness(时间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存至关重要。同样，河流时间和我们正在开发的其他时间保护系统也可能会鼓励人们提高环境意识)”可推断，从这篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保护环境。故选C。 （2020·北京·高考真题）Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change. Some of today’s AI pioneers want to move on from today’s world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today’s powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.” Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.” Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from AGI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else. The promise and danger of true AGI are great. But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world’s foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see AGI any time soon, if ever. 1. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean? A. Enormous in quantity. B. Changeable daily. C. Stable in quality. D. Present everywhere. 2. What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters? A. Help to tackle problems. B. Make brains more active. C. Benefit ambitious people. D. Set up powerful databases. 3. As for Irving Good’s opinion on ultra-intelligent machines, the author is ____________. A. supportive B. disapproving C. fearful D. uncertain 4. What can be inferred about AGI from the passage? A. It may be only a dream. B. It will come into being soon. C. It will be controlled by humans. D. It may be more dangerous than ever. 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. A 【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。 1. 词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句后面的For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another(例如，算法在我们的金融市场上进行大量交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市街道上，我们的智能手机正在从一种语言翻译成另一种语言)可知，人工智能在我们生活中用处十分广泛。由此推知，划线词所在句意为“某些形式的人工智能确实正在变得无处不在”，即划线词与D选项“Present everywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故选D项。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems(AGI的倡导者说，AGI可以24小时为我们工作，并利用所有可用的数据，可以提出许多问题的解决方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡导者认为，AGI(通用人工智能)可以提出许多问题的解决方案，帮助我们解决问题。因此，A选项“Help to tackle problems(帮助解决问题)”符合题意。故选A项。 3. 推理判断题。根据第三段Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.”(自从人工智能的早期，想象力已经超过了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的数学家欧文·古德预言，最终将创造出一台“超智能机器……它将远远超过任何一个人的智力活动，无论他有多聪明。”)可知，作者认为Irving Good对“超智能机器”的想象力超出了实现的可能，作者并不赞成他的观点，因此B项“disapproving(不赞成)”符合题意。故选B项。 4. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一句And, having spoken to many of the world's foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. (而且，在与世界上许多顶尖的人工智能研究人员交谈后，我相信有充分的理由怀疑我们是否会很快看到AGI)可推断出，通用人工智能（AGI）或许只是一个梦想，A选项“It may be only a dream(它也许仅仅是一个梦想)”符合题意。故选择A项。 变式二、交通规划主题议论文4篇 （2024·安徽·模拟预测）Many people view cities largely in negative terms — as crowded, dirty, unhealthy environments that are breeding (繁殖) grounds for disease and crime. People fear that as cities get bigger, living conditions will get worse. To a growing number of economists, urban planners, and environmentalists, urbanization is good news. Many planners now believe big cities offer a solution to dealing with the problem of Earth’s growing population. Harvard economist Edward Glaeser is one person who believes that cities bring largely positive benefits. Glaeser’s optimism is reflected in the title of his book The Triumph of the City. Glaeser argues that poor people flock to cities because that’s usually where the money is. Cities are productive because of “the absence of space between people”, which reduces the cost of transporting goods, people, and ideas. While the flow of goods has always been important to cities, what is most important today is the flow of ideas. Successful cities attract and reward smart people with higher wages, and they enable people to learn from one another. In the trading floor of the New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street, employees work in one open, crowded space sharing information. “They value knowledge over space. That’s what the modern city is all about.” Another champion of urbanization is environmentalist Stewart Brand. From an ecological perspective, says Brand, moving people out of cities would be disastrous. Because cities are dense, they allow half of the world’s population to live on about four percent of the land, leaving more space for open country, such as farmland. People living in cities also have less impact per capita (人均) on the environment. Their roads, sewers (下水道) , and power lines are shorter and require fewer resources to build and operate. City apartments require less energy to heat, cool, and light than larger houses in suburbs and rural areas. Most importantly, people living in dense cities drive less. They can walk to many destinations, and public transportation is practical because enough people travel regularly to the same places. As a result, dense cities tend to produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions per person than scattered, sprawling suburbs. Despite the negative aspects such as pollution and serious problems like urban slums, it is a mistake to see urbanization as evil; instead, we should view it as an inevitable part of development. Rapid growth itself is not the real problem — the larger issue is how to manage the growth. 1．Why does the author mention the New York Stock Exchange in Paragraph 2? A．To indicate the space there is valuable. B．To show how goods can be exchanged. C．To illustrate the importance of information flow. D．To describe what a modern city should look like. 2．The underlined word “champion” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to a person who ________. A．advocates something B．challenges something C．achieves something D．protects something 3．Stewart Brand believes that ________. A．urbanization would be more disastrous B．life in cities is more economical than in rural areas C．public transportation consumes more energy in cities D．people living in rural areas have less impact on the environment 4．How does the author support Stewart Brand’s idea in Paragraph 3? A．By quoting authorities. B．By making comparisons. C．By analysing the causes. D．By criticizing opposing views. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文的体裁为议论文。文章围绕城市化这一主题展开，讨论了城市生活的正面与负面看法，并引用了经济学家Edward Glaeser和环保主义者Stewart Brand的观点来支持城市化带来的积极效益，包括促进信息流通、经济效益以及对环境的相对较小影响。文章旨在反驳将城市化视为纯粹负面现象的观点，提倡应视为发展进程中不可避免的一部分，并着重于如何有效管理城市增长的问题。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“In the trading floor of the New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street, employees work in one open, crowded space sharing information. “They value knowledge over space. That’s what the modern city is all about.” (在华尔街纽约证券交易所的交易大厅里，员工们在一个开放、拥挤的空间里工作，分享信息。“他们认为知识比空间更重要。这就是现代城市的意义所在。”)”可知，在第二段中提到纽约证券交易所的例子，是为了说明人们在同一个开放、拥挤的空间内工作，促进了信息的共享，强调了现代城市重视知识交流而非物理空间的特点。故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“From an ecological perspective, says Brand, moving people out of cities would be disastrous. (布兰德说，从生态的角度来看，将人们迁出城市将是灾难性的。)”可知，Stewart Brand是城市化的另一位支持者或倡导者。因此，champion在此处指的是“倡导或支持某事的人”。A. advocates something提倡某事；B. challenges something挑战某事；C. achieves something实现某事；D. protects something保护某事。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“From an ecological perspective, says Brand, moving people out of cities would be disastrous. Because cities are dense, they allow half of the world’s population to live on about four percent of the land, leaving more space for open country, such as farmland. People living in cities also have less impact per capita (人均) on the environment. Their roads, sewers (下水道) , and power lines are shorter and require fewer resources to build and operate. City apartments require less energy to heat, cool, and light than larger houses in suburbs and rural areas. Most importantly, people living in dense cities drive less. They can walk to many destinations, and public transportation is practical because enough people travel regularly to the same places. As a result, dense cities tend to produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions per person than scattered, sprawling suburbs. (布兰德说，从生态的角度来看，将人们迁出城市将是灾难性的。由于城市人口密集，世界上一半的人口可以居住在大约4%的土地上，从而为农田等开阔的乡村留出了更多的空间。城市居民对环境的人均影响也较小。他们的道路、下水道和电线更短，需要更少的资源来建造和运营。与郊区和农村地区的大房子相比，城市公寓在供暖、制冷和照明方面需要的能源更少。最重要的是，居住在人口密集城市的人开车少了。他们可以步行到许多目的地，公共交通工具是实用的，因为足够多的人经常去同一个地方。因此，人口密集的城市产生的人均温室气体排放量往往低于分散的郊区。)”可知，他认为将人们迁出城市将是灾难性的。城市密度使得人们占用的土地更少，对环境的人均影响更低，城市居民开车更少，使用公共交通更为实际，且城市公寓比郊区或农村的大型住宅更节能。这些都表明城市生活比乡村生活更经济高效。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“From an ecological perspective, says Brand, moving people out of cities would be disastrous. Because cities are dense, they allow half of the world’s population to live on about four percent of the land, leaving more space for open country, such as farmland. People living in cities also have less impact per capita (人均) on the environment. Their roads, sewers (下水道) , and power lines are shorter and require fewer resources to build and operate. City apartments require less energy to heat, cool, and light than larger houses in suburbs and rural areas. Most importantly, people living in dense cities drive less. They can walk to many destinations, and public transportation is practical because enough people travel regularly to the same places. As a result, dense cities tend to produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions per person than scattered, sprawling suburbs. (布兰德说，从生态的角度来看，将人们迁出城市将是灾难性的。由于城市人口密集，世界上一半的人口可以居住在大约4%的土地上，从而为农田等开阔的乡村留出了更多的空间。城市居民对环境的人均影响也较小。他们的道路、下水道和电线更短，需要更少的资源来建造和运营。与郊区和农村地区的大房子相比，城市公寓在供暖、制冷和照明方面需要的能源更少。最重要的是，居住在人口密集城市的人开车少了。他们可以步行到许多目的地，公共交通工具是实用的，因为足够多的人经常去同一个地方。因此，人口密集的城市产生的人均温室气体排放量往往低于分散的郊区。)”可知，作者在第三段支持Stewart Brand观点的方式主要是通过对比城市与乡村生活对环境的影响，比如提及城市人口密集使得更多土地可用于开放乡村如农田，城市居民的人均环境影响较小，城市基础设施更节省资源等，这些都是通过比较来支持Brand的观点。故选B项。 （2024·全国·模拟预测）William Vickrey, an economist, first proposed congestion (拥堵) pricing in 1952 for New York’s transport system. It has taken decades, some false starts and some delaying, but the idea finally has the green light in the Big Apple. Earlier this month the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) approved the plan. From May, drivers of cars entering Manhattan’s central business district will have to pay $15. Lorries, depending on their size, will be charged $24 or $36. Taxis will face a $1.25 surcharge (附加费) per ride, rather than fees every time they enter the zone. Ride share drivers, such as Uber, will get a $ 2.50 charge. At night, fees will be 75% cheaper. The hope is that the fees will relieve traffic. More than 900 000 cars enter what will become the charging zone daily. Travel speeds fell by 23% between 2010 and 2018. The MTA expects 17% fewer vehicles on the city’s streets, decreasing air pollution and helping the economy. However, the main reason the plan was approved was the money it should bring in — $1 billion annually. The project should improve reliability as well as access to the transport system, which dates from the 1930s. However, the plan has not been met with universal delight. New Jersey drivers already pay to cross into the city, and the Garden State has filed suit. Fort Lee, a town on the New Jersey side of the George Washington Bridge, has made a request for air-quality concerns. The town expects increased traffic as lorry drivers try to avoid paying fees. If New York gets this right, says Tom Wright of the Regional Plan Association, which has pushed for congestion (拥堵) pricing since 1996, “it’s going to influence the planning and policy of other great metro regions”. Fuel taxes have been the main tool of capital finance in transport. They are declining as a source of public finance, while congestion pricing could be a new one. So far, about 60% of the infrastructure needed to charge cars is already in place. 1．Which of the following details about the charge rule is mentioned in Paragraph 2? A．Taxis are charged for every two rides. B．The night fees will be higher. C．The charge of lorries varies in size. D．Ride share drivers need to pay less fees than taxi drivers. 2．Why is the plan approved? A．To relieve the traffic pressure. B．To reduce air pollution. C．To follow experts’ advice. D．To raise the financial income. 3．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．The reasons for the approval. B．The disadvantages of the plan. C．The benefits of the project. D．The advice of experts. 4．What does Tom Wright think of the project? A．It is uncertain. B．It is promising. C．It is challenging. D．It is hopeless. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。纽约大都会运输署(MTA)批准征收交通拥堵费。文章讨论了这一做法的利弊及其影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Lorries, depending on their size, will be charged $24 or $36.(根据卡车的车型大小，卡车司机会被收取24美元或36美元)”可知，对卡车的收费因其车型大小而异。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“However, the main reason the plan was approved was the money it should bring in — $ 1 billion annually.(然而，该计划获得批准的主要原因在于这项计划预计每年能带来10亿美元的收益”可知，该计划获得批准的主要原因在于它能增加财政收入。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“However, the plan has not been met with universal delight. New Jersey drivers already pay to cross into the city, and the Garden State has filed suit. Fort Lee, a town on the New Jersey side of the George Washington Bridge, has made a request for air-quality concerns. The town expects increased traffic as lorry drivers try to avoid paying fees.(然而，该计划并没有受到普遍欢迎。新泽西的司机已经在付钱进入这座城市，这个花园之州已经提起了诉讼。位于乔治华盛顿大桥新泽西一侧的李堡镇提出了空气质量要求。由于卡车司机试图避免支付费用，该镇预计交通会增加)”可知，第四段主要介绍了该计划的弊端。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段“If New York gets this right, says Tom Wright of the Regional Plan Association, which has pushed for congestion (拥堵) pricing since 1996, “it’s going to influence the planning and policy of other great metro regions”.(区域规划协会从1996年就开始推进拥堵收费政策施行，该协会的Tom Wright说，如果纽约在这方面做得好，“它将影响其他大都市区的规划和政策”)”可推知，Tom Wright认为这项政策有前景。故选B。 （2025·山东·模拟预测）For centuries, we’ve pursued happiness and meaning. But what does that leave out? As a social psychologist, I have dedicated my research career to a simple, but universal question: what makes for a good life, and how can we achieve it? For much of human history, we have been presented with two possibilities: pursuing a life of happiness, or a life of meaning. Each of these paths has its benefits, but decades of psychological research have also revealed their limits. Ask the Danes and Finns, who consistently rank among the happiest people in the world, what their secret is and they’ll tell you this: lower your expectations and be content with what you have. It sounds good, doesn’t it? But it leaves something out. It’s a bit like being a college student who only takes easy courses to be sure of getting good grades. Might there be more to life than simple pleasures and cozy comfort? Then there’s the meaningful life. We often imagine that meaning flows from trying to change the world like Steve Jobs. Once again, the research shows that lowering your sights and focusing on the little things can offer a more achievable sense of meaning. Often people find it in routines like taking care of family, or volunteering in the community. But there is also a dark side to the pursuit of meaning: researchers have found that it can encourage people to draw sharp lines between those who belong in their group and those who don’t. My research lab mapped out a third route to fulfillment: psychological richness. A psychologically rich life is one filled with diverse, unusual and interesting experiences that change your perspective; a life with twists and turns; a life that feels like a long, winding hike rather than many laps of the same racing circuit. Such experiences can make us tougher. Not only that, embracing the pursuit of psychological richness can make us less likely to regret: it matters less if the thing you did went wrong. Perhaps no one said it better than Eleanor Roosevelt: “The purpose of life, after all, is to live it, to taste experience to the utmost, to reach out eagerly and without fear”. 1．What is revealed about pursuing happiness or meaning? A．Their benefits outweigh the limits. B．They are equally difficult to achieve. C．Both paths have limits despite their benefits. D．Most people prioritize happiness over meaning. 2．What does the example of “a college student” show in paragraph 3? A．Gratitude is essential for a happy life. B．We should live up to others’ expectations. C．Life means more than leisure and comfort. D．Happiness requires academic achievement. 2．What does the underlined words “a dark side” imply in paragraph 4? A．It may lead to prejudice against outsiders. B．It may result in the loss of group belonging. C．It demands too much volunteer involvement. D．It makes people forget their family responsibilities. 3．What is the author’s main purpose in writing this article? A．To promote Roosevelt’s life philosophy. B．To introduce a new concept of life fulfillment. C．To criticize traditional psychological research. D．To compare different cultural views on happiness. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者指出传统幸福与意义观有局限，提出 “心理丰富性” 概念，指通过多样经历改变视角，实现生活满足。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Each of these paths has its benefits, but decades of psychological research have also revealed their limits.(这些路径各有其优势，但数十年的心理学研究也揭示了它们的局限性)”可知，关于追求幸福或意义，无论哪条道路都有其局限性，尽管它们都有诸多益处。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“It’s a bit like being a college student who only takes easy courses to be sure of getting good grades. Might there be more to life than simple pleasures and cozy comfort?(这有点像一个大学生，只选择容易的课程，只为确保能取得好成绩。难道生活中除了简单的快乐和舒适的生活之外就没有更多了吗？)”可知，第三段中“一名大学生”的例子说明了生活远不止是休闲和舒适。故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“researchers have found that it can encourage people to draw sharp lines between those who belong in their group and those who don’t(研究人员发现，这可能会促使人们将那些属于自己群体的人与不属于的人划出明显的界限)”可知，下划线部分的“a dark side (阴暗面)”一词意味着它可能会导致对外人的偏见。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“For centuries, we’ve pursued happiness and meaning. But what does that leave out? As a social psychologist, I have dedicated my research career to a simple, but universal question: what makes for a good life, and how can we achieve it?(数百年来，我们一直追求幸福与意义。但这样做的同时，又忽略了什么呢？作为一名社会心理学家，我的研究生涯一直围绕着一个简单却普遍的问题展开：什么样的生活才是美好的？我们又该如何实现这样的生活呢？)”并结合文章作者指出传统幸福与意义观有局限，提出“心理丰富性”概念，指通过多样经历改变视角，实现生活满足。可知，作者撰写这篇文章的旨在介绍一种新的生活满足感的概念。故选B。 （2025·浙江绍兴·模拟预测）You’re scrolling through social media, and suddenly, everyone’s focused on the same meme or movie. Before you know it, you’re sharing opinions, posting your take, or joining a chorus you didn’t even know existed five minutes ago. But why? René Girard, the French philosopher, offered a fascinating explanation. We don’t just imitate others — we imitate their desires. Think about buying a car. One person in a neighborhood buys an expensive SUV, and suddenly, others start desiring the same or an even more luxurious model. The desire to own a better car spreads rapidly. It’s not just about transportation — it’s about status, reputation, and keeping up with societal expectations. But what happens when imitation breaks free of desire entirely? French sociologist Jean Baudrillard’s concept of simulacra steps in. He defines simulacra as representations that no longer refer to any underlying reality. In simpler terms, simulacra are copies without an original. Consider a selfie transformed by generative AI: No “real” you exists in that flawless, algorithm-crafted glow, yet it’s more charming than any mirror’s truth, shaping how we see ourselves. Here lies the paradox. AI enters our mimetic web without ever experiencing genuine desire. It’s a digital echo, reflecting our expressions back at us with chilling precision, yet lack of true emotional depth. This poses an unsettling question: If AI can simulate desire so convincingly, what does that reveal about the authenticity of our own desires? Perhaps it’s time to reconsider the impulses guiding our actions. Are we truly driven by personal passion, or are we merely caught in someone else’s chain reaction? Instead of mechanically mirroring the crowd, we might consciously cultivate desires rooted in genuine self-awareness and careful choice. Ultimately, perhaps AI’s greatest gift isn’t flawless imitation but clarity — a chance to see ourselves anew. In a world increasingly crowded by echoes, understanding the difference between borrowed desire and authentic longing could make all the difference. 1．How does the writer make us convincing that we imitate desires? A．By giving an example. B．By making a comparison. C．By offering an explanation. D．By citing a famous philosopher. 2．What is Jean Baudrillard’s understanding of simulacra? A．Advanced algorithms in AI systems. B．Original artworks with high authenticity. C．Copies disconnected from their origins. D．Digital tools for creating perfect images. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．AI can mirror precisely yet feel nothing. B．René Girard believes AI can wholly imitate human desire. C．AI’s flawless imitation is guaranteed to see ourselves anew. D．Desiring a luxurious SUV reflects the urge for transportation. 4．What’s the best title of the passage? A．Social Media and the Rise of Imitative Behavior B．Imitative Desire and Its Challenge to Human Authenticity C．The Role of AI Technology: from Imitation to Innovation D．The Evolution of Imitation Theory: from Girard to Baudrillard 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了模仿欲望及AI对人类真实性的挑战 。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Think about buying a car. One person in a neighborhood buys an expensive SUV, and suddenly, others start desiring the same or an even more luxurious model. The desire to own a better car spreads rapidly. It’s not just about transportation — it’s about status, reputation, and keeping up with societal expectations.(想想买车这件事。社区里有一个人买了一辆昂贵的SUV，突然之间，其他人也开始渴望拥有同样或更豪华的车型。拥有一辆更好的车的欲望迅速蔓延。这不仅仅是关于交通——还涉及地位、声誉以及跟上社会期望)”可推知，作者通过举例买车这件事，让我们相信我们是在模仿他人的欲望。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“French sociologist Jean Baudrillard’s concept of simulacra steps in. He defines simulacra as representations that no longer refer to any underlying reality. In simpler terms, simulacra are copies without an original.(法国社会学家让·鲍德里亚的拟像概念应运而生。他将拟像定义为不再指向任何潜在现实的表征。简单来说，拟像就是没有原作的复制品)”可知，让·鲍德里亚对拟像的理解是与原作脱节的复制品。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“AI enters our mimetic web without ever experiencing genuine desire. It’s a digital echo, reflecting our expressions back at us with chilling precision, yet lack of true emotional depth.(人工智能在没有经历过真正欲望的情况下进入了我们的模仿网络。它就像一个数字回音，以惊人的精确度将我们的表情反射回来，但却缺乏真正的情感深度)”可推知，人工智能可以精确地模仿，但却没有任何感觉。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。文章第一段通过社交媒体上的现象引出人们会模仿他人行为和欲望的话题，第二段引用勒内·吉拉尔的观点说明人们会模仿他人的欲望，第三段介绍让·鲍德里亚的拟像概念，第四段指出人工智能在没有真正欲望的情况下进入模仿网络并引发关于人类欲望真实性的思考，第五段呼吁人们重新审视引导行动的冲动，培养基于真正自我意识和谨慎选择的欲望，强调要理解借来的欲望和真正的渴望之间的区别。所以文章主要是关于模仿欲望以及它对人类真实性的挑战。故选B。 变式三、阅读理解议论文选标题4篇 （2025·江苏南京·二模）This might sound impossibly old-fashioned, but I still like the idea that education is about learning: facts, skills, culture, analysis, inspiration. It’s supposed to make us better citizens. But over the last decade, the goal of learning has given way to grades and degrees. The unfortunate result has been inflation (膨胀) of both. They rise ever higher; learning doesn’t. To avoid discouraging students, some school districts did away with D and F grades. Grade-point averages have consistently risen even though scores on nationwide standardized exams such as the SAT have not. It’s not that I think standardized tests are the final word in measuring excellence. But when the gaps between grades and test scores are this wide and consistent, parents and the public should not be fooled. That’s true not just of low-achieving students. In a 2023 survey, educators said that close to half of students argue for higher grades than they earn, and 8 out of 10 teachers give in. It’s hard to blame them: A third or more of students and parents disturb them when they don’t. Unearned grades are damaging in many ways. Some students, armed with good grades, march off to college to find themselves in remedial (补习的) classes because they haven’t learned enough to take college-level courses. Employers complain that high school and even college graduates lack basic skills needed in the workforce. There are also complaints from college professors that the students aren’t even good at reading books. Grade inflation has followed students into college. Some professors hesitate to grade accurately because of student evaluations, which are often more negative for tough graders. Remember that about 70% of college instructors are adjunct (兼职) professors who have few job protections. Many Ivy League students have learned to cherry-pick easy-grading professors. Yet a Brown University study found that students taking courses from professors with stricter grading standards learned more. We have to ask ourselves as a society: Do we want college to be a place of intellectual growth — or a performative exercise in grade fishing? 1．What are parents fooled into thinking? A．SAT is the best measure of their children's abilities. B．The purpose of education is to make better citizens. C．Grade-point averages are vital for college application. D．Children’s high grades reflect their exceptional abilities. 2．What is a consequence of grade inflation? A．Employers favor students with higher degrees. B．Graduates fall short of employers’ expectations. C．Remedial classes become required courses in college. D．Low-achieving students find it harder to enter college. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Tough graders desire job security. B．Strict grading promotes real learning. C．Student evaluations fuel intellectual growth. D．Easy-grading professors start grade inflation. 4．What is the best title of the text? A．The game of scores B．Today, Grade A is for average C．The force behind grade inflation D．Now, learning takes the front seat 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了成绩膨胀的现象，指出现在教育中成绩和学位的目标取代了学习本身，成绩膨胀导致学生实际学习不足，不能满足雇主的需求，作者认为应该重视真正的学习，而不是单纯追求高分。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“Grade-point averages have consistently risen even though scores on nationwide standardized exams such as the SAT have not. It’s not that I think standardized tests are the final word in measuring excellence. But when the gaps between grades and test scores are this wide and consistent, parents and the public should not be fooled.(平均绩点一直在上升，尽管像学术能力评估测试（SAT）这样的全国标准化考试成绩并没有提高。并不是说我认为标准化考试是衡量优秀的最终标准。但是当成绩和考试分数之间的差距如此之大且持续存在时，家长和公众不应该被愚弄)”可知，学生的平均绩点持续上升，但全国标准化考试成绩却没有相应提高，当成绩和考试分数差距很大且持续存在时，父母和公众不应该被愚弄，即父母被误导认为孩子的高分反映了他们卓越的能力。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Employers complain that high school and even college graduates lack basic skills needed in the workforce.(雇主抱怨高中生甚至大学毕业生缺乏劳动力所需的基本技能)”可知，雇主抱怨高中甚至大学毕业生缺乏劳动力所需的基本技能，即成绩膨胀的后果是毕业生达不到雇主的期望。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Yet a Brown University study found that students taking courses from professors with stricter grading standards learned more.(然而，布朗大学的一项研究发现，接受评分标准更严格的教授课程的学生学到的东西更多)”可知，布朗大学的一项研究发现，接受评分标准更严格的教授课程的学生学到的东西更多。由此推知，严格的评分能促进真正的学习。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“This might sound impossibly old-fashioned, but I still like the idea that education is about learning: facts, skills, culture, analysis, inspiration. It’s supposed to make us better citizens. But over the last decade, the goal of learning has given way to grades and degrees. The unfortunate result has been inflation (膨胀) of both. They rise ever higher; learning doesn’t.(这听起来可能有些不切实际地守旧，但我仍然喜欢教育是关于学习的理念：学习事实、技能、文化、分析以及获取灵感。教育本应让我们成为更优秀的公民。但在过去的十年里，学习的目标逐渐让位于分数和学位。其不幸的结果是两者都出现了膨胀。它们不断攀升；而学习却并未跟上)”及下文内容可知，文章主要讨论了成绩膨胀的现象，指出现在学生的成绩虚高，实际能力不足，很多学生和家长被高成绩所误导，给分宽松的现象普遍存在，而严格的评分能促进真正的学习。由此可知，文章最好的标题是B项“Today, Grade A is for average(如今，A 等级只是平均分)”。故选B项。 （2025·江西南昌·二模）What if everything happens for a reason? It’s a theory that we’ve all heard more than once. And in many ways, burnt toast theory can be seen as a modern take on this classic idea, implying that every little inconvenience we experience in our day-to-day lives happens for a bigger reason. We’ve all been there. Say you accidentally burn your toast before leaving for work. According to burnt toast theory, this single, tiny inconvenience is enough to have a domino effect (多米诺效应). Your morning is then pushed back by what, maybe three to five minutes? Perhaps that is enough time to leave the house a little bit later than usual, and to avoid getting in a car accident. Or it might mean you end up getting a later train, and avoid bumping into someone who you’d really rather avoid. In other words, the burnt toast theory is a reminder to shift your thinking pattern. When we choose to view the world in a more positive light, we can help to reduce feelings of anxiety, and release our fear of being out of control of the world around us. It prevents us from thinking over something that isn’t really all that bad in the grand perspective of things and encourages us to make meaning of challenges we may experience, thus making us more adaptive to the future setbacks. The next time you feel yourself becoming annoyed or frustrated by an inconvenience in your life, try reshaping your thoughts by telling yourself why you’re grateful for the inconvenience. While maintaining a positive mindset can go a long way, burnt toast theory is not without its drawbacks. Be mindful that only allowing yourself to focus on positive thoughts can mean that you are denying yourself the chance to properly engage with challenging or difficult emotions, instead focusing on creating a false positive profile. 1．What may be a case of the burnt toast theory? A．Gaining rewards after paying efforts. B．Losing a job after forgetting to set an alarm. C．Meeting a future employer after missing a flight. D．Mending friendship after clearing misunderstandings. 2．What is the result of applying the burnt toast theory according to paragraph 3? A．Better judgement on fears. B．Richer experience from failures. C．The removal of daily inconveniences. D．The harvest of a positive mindset. 3．Which aspect of the theory does the last paragraph focus on? A．Would-be projects. B．Real-world applications. C．Potential weaknesses. D．Practical advantages. 4．What is probably the best title of the text? A．Less Is More B．Make a Lemon Lemonade C．Once Bitten, Twice Shy D．Better Late Than Never 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要介绍的是“烧焦的面包理论”，即通过积极视角看待生活中的不便，将其视为有意义的转折点，同时也探讨了该理论的潜在局限性。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“And in many ways, burnt toast theory can be seen as a modern take on this classic idea, implying that every little inconvenience we experience in our day-to-day lives happens for a bigger reason.(而且在许多方面，烧焦面包理论可以被视为这一经典思想的现代诠释，暗示着我们在日常生活中经历的每一个小不便都出于更大的原因)”可知，烧焦面包理论暗示着我们在日常生活中经历的每一个小不便都出于更大的原因，结合第二段中的“Perhaps that is enough time to leave the house a little bit later than usual, and to avoid getting in a car accident. Or it might mean you end up getting a later train, and avoid bumping into someone who you’d really rather avoid.(也许这足够让你比平时晚一点出门，从而避免了一场车祸。或者这意味着你赶上了稍晚的火车，避开了一个你宁愿避开的人)”可知，错过航班后遇到未来雇主是符合该理论的案例。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In other words, the burnt toast theory is a reminder to shift your thinking pattern. When we choose to view the world in a more positive light, we can help to reduce feelings of anxiety, and release our fear of being out of control of the world around us. (换句话说，烧焦面包理论提醒我们要转变思维方式。当我们选择以更积极的态度看待世界时，我们可以帮助减轻焦虑感，并释放对周围世界失控的恐惧)”可知，烧焦面包理论提醒我们要转变思维方式，用更积极的态度看世界。由此可知，应用该理论的结果是收获积极心态。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“While maintaining a positive mindset can go a long way, burnt toast theory is not without its drawbacks. Be mindful that only allowing yourself to focus on positive thoughts can mean that you are denying yourself the chance to properly engage with challenging or difficult emotions, instead focusing on creating a false positive profile.(虽然保持积极的心态可以走得很远，但烧焦面包理论并非没有缺点。要注意，只允许自己专注于积极的想法可能意味着你正在剥夺自己正确面对挑战或困难情绪的机会，而是专注于创造一个虚假的积极形象)”可知，烧焦面包理论并非没有缺点，进而分析了其危害，由此可知，最后一段聚焦于该理论的潜在弱点。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。结合全文内容，尤其是首段“What if everything happens for a reason? It’s a theory that we’ve all heard more than once. And in many ways, burnt toast theory can be seen as a modern take on this classic idea, implying that every little inconvenience we experience in our day-to-day lives happens for a bigger reason.(如果每件事的发生都有其原因呢？这是一个我们都不止一次听过的理论。在许多方面，“烧焦面包理论”可以被视为这一经典思想的现代诠释，暗示我们在日常生活中遇到的每一个小麻烦都可能是出于某种更大的原因)”可知，全文围绕“烧焦的面包理论”展开，强调通过积极视角看待生活中的不便，将挑战转化为机遇，同时指出其潜在的局限性。选项B“化挫折为机遇”与这一主题意义相符，最适合作为标题。故选B项。 （2025·山东济南·一模）Imagine waking up one morning to find your smartphone missing. You can no longer get guided to work, order your coffee, or connect with friends. For most of us, it is a nightmare（噩梦）. But it should not be exactly far-fetched. Despite being more digitally connected than ever, we are lonelier and more anxious. Anxiety rates increased by 25% globally. Depression now affects over 280 million people worldwide. All of this is due to our growing dependence on social media and smart technologies designed to offer quick relief but often at the expense of deep, meaningful engagement, which may further cause our loss of something easy to be ignored. While these conveniences offer short-term relief, they may weaken our thinking skills. For example, GPS has undeniably transformed how we travel. But a 2020 study found that frequent GPS users struggle more with self-guided navigation. Over time, those who depended more on GPS showed a sharp decline in spacial memory and problem-solving skills. However, reducing dependence on these conveniences can lead to discomfort. In seeking comfort today, we might be trading away some discomfort. That is the problem: the very discomfort we avoid is often what strengthens us. Viewing stress, a kind of discomfort, as a challenge rather than a threat leads to better outcomes. Research shows that mild stress can enhance adaptability. Neuroscience（神经科学） reveals that neuroplasticity—the brain's ability to form new connections—is enhanced through challenging experiences. This adaptability is crucial for developing resilience, （抗逆力）, a process fueled by both mental challenges and active effort. But this doesn't mean we should reject comfort entirely; it's to balance it with intentional discomfort. Think of it as “microdosing hardship”—a series of small, manageable difficulties that keep our mental and emotional muscles strong, such as writing with a pen, or washing dishes by hand. These small acts are enough to reawaken the resilience we've buried under layers of ease. So, the next time you feel the pull of ease, pause. Ask yourself: Is this momentary comfort helping me grow or is it keeping me stuck? Choosing discomfort isn't easy, but sometimes, it's worth it. 1．What does the underlined word “far-fetched” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Possible to change. B．Certain to function. C．Unlikely to be settled. D．Unable to be accepted. 2．What may digital conveniences cause according to the text? A．The fast but worthless relief. B．The meaningful engagement. C．The loss of thinking capacity. D．The lack of necessary comfort. 3．Which is a real-life application of “microdosing hardship”? A．Taking the stairs instead of the lift. B．Ordering take-out food after work. C．Exploring a new city by using GPS. D．Writing an email using voice-to-text. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．GPS: the invisible cost of convenience B．Stress: the main cause of brain damage C．Discomfort: a hidden source of resilience D．Smartphones: barriers to human progress 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章探讨了现代社会中人们对数字技术的过度依赖及其带来的负面影响，强调了适度不适的重要性，并提出了通过“微量困难”（microdosing hardship）来增强个人适应力和韧性。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“Imagine waking up one morning to find your smartphone missing. You can no longer get guided to work, order your coffee, or connect with friends. For most of us, it is a nightmare（噩梦）. But it should not be exactly far-fetched.(想象一下，有一天早上醒来，发现你的智能手机不见了。你再也不能用它导航去上班，点咖啡，或者和朋友联系了。对我们大多数人来说，这是一场噩梦。但这并不_____)”可知，这里的语境是假设智能手机突然消失的情景虽然令人不安，但它不应该是不能被接受的。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“All of this is due to our growing dependence on social media and smart technologies designed to offer quick relief but often at the expense of deep, meaningful engagement, which may further cause our loss of something easy to be ignored. While these conveniences offer short-term relief, they may weaken our thinking skills.(这一切都是因为我们越来越依赖社交媒体和智能技术，这些技术旨在提供快速的解脱，但往往以牺牲深刻而有意义的参与为代价，这可能会进一步导致我们失去一些容易被忽视的东西。虽然这些便利提供了短期的解脱，但它们可能会削弱我们的思维能力)”可知，数字便利可能导致思考能力的下降。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Think of it as “microdosing hardship”—a series of small, manageable difficulties that keep our mental and emotional muscles strong, such as writing with a pen, or washing dishes by hand.(把它想象成“微量困难”——一系列小的、可以管理的困难，这些困难能让我们的心理和情绪肌肉保持强壮，比如用笔写字，或者用手洗碗)”可知，采取“微量困难”的实际行动是做一些小的、可以管理的困难的事情，A选项“爬楼梯而不是乘电梯”符合“微量困难”的含义。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第二段中“Despite being more digitally connected than ever, we are lonelier and more anxious.(尽管我们比以往任何时候都更加数字化地联系在一起，但我们却更加孤独和焦虑)”、第三段中“While these conveniences offer short-term relief, they may weaken our thinking skills.(虽然这些便利提供了短期的解脱，但它们可能会削弱我们的思维能力)”以及第四段中“That is the problem: the very discomfort we avoid is often what strengthens us.(这就是问题所在：我们避免的不适往往正是让我们变得坚强的东西)”可知，文章主要讲述了现代生活中人们过于依赖智能手机和各种智能技术，造成了一些不良后果，如焦虑、抑郁、思维能力下降等。作者认为，我们应该适当减少对这些便利的依赖，通过面对一些“微小的不便”来增强自己的抗逆力，C选项“不适感：韧性的隐藏来源”最符合文章主旨。故选C。 （2025·湖南长沙·二模）The convenience of modern life is nothing short of astonishing. As I write this, my phone is wirelessly sending some hits from the 1700s to my portable speaker. The fact that, as a culture, we celebrate such short cuts is understandable. That said, most people are able to sense that convenience has a darker side. Before getting into that, we’d better understand why convenience is so seductive first. We often desist doing the things we need to do to make progress. Behind every well-intentioned plan lies this horrible sense of inertia (惰性). Why is this resistance — and our corresponding appetite for ease — such an essential part of our makeup? Here, insights from evolutionary psychology (particularly the idea of“the evolutionary mismatch”) can help. The evolutionary mismatch is the idea that we colved for a hunter-gather difostyle, and that while our circumstances have changed completely, our brains and bodies haven’t. Resistance was a necessary counterbalance (制衡) to the bursts of intense activity that characterized the lives of hunter-gatherers: searching for food in driving rain, or running to escape a dangerous animal. It’s the reason we still ask: “Do I really have to be doing this? Shouldn’t I save my energy?” The people choosing to remain sheltered during snowstorms, when the prospect of obtaining food was low, were more likely to live and pass on their genes to the next generation. Since then, of course, innovation has changed things greatly. We’ve altered technology and our environments partly to serve our natural instinct (本能) to conserve energy. The question is: what do we stand to lose by following our tendency to prioritize comfort and convenience? Continually choosing the convenient path lessens your ability to deal with unavoidable difficulties. And, from an evolutionary perspective, some measure of discomfort is as crucial to our survival as rest and relaxation. Our ancestors didn’t survive purely by being lazy, but through a combination of playing it safe and taking necessary risks. This difficulty itself does shape our character. In the technological world we have fashioned, we must sometimes make conscious efforts to act in opposition to our instincts. As a culture, we must remember while convenience feels good in the moment, our capacity to adapt and overcome challenges is part of our evolutionary inheritance (遗传) too, and central to the adventure of life. 1．What does the underlined word “seductive” in paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Attractive and inviting. B．Useful and practical. C．Harmful and dangerous. D．Annoying and frustrating. 2．What does “the evolutionary mismatch” primarily refer to? A．The inconsistency between personal goals and societal expectations. B．The contrast between modern convenience and ancient challenges. C．The argument over the hunter-gatherer lifestyle of ancient people. D．The conflict between our natural instinct and the current environment. 3．What may prioritizing convenience in modern life result in? A．It may lead to a lack of innovation and progress. B．It may reduce our ability to overcome challenges. C．It may make us overly dependent on technology. D．It may cause a decline in physical fitness. 4．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? A．The Benefits of Modern Technology B．Understanding Evolution in Today’s World C．The Dark Side of Convenience in Modern Life D．Rejecting Modern Convenience for a Better Life 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了现代生活中便利性的利弊，以及为何人们会倾向于追求便利，同时指出了过度追求便利可能带来的问题。 1．词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“We often resist doing the things we need to do in order to make progress. Behind every well-intentioned plan lies this horrible sense of inertia (惰性). Why is this resistance — and our corresponding appetite for ease— such an essential part of our makeup?(我们常常抗拒去做那些为了取得进步而需要做的事情。在每一个善意的计划背后，都隐藏着这种可怕的惰性。为何这种抗拒——以及我们相应的对轻松的渴望——会成为我们天性中如此重要的一部分呢？)”可知，我们天性有对轻松的渴望，所以便利对我们来说是具有很大的诱惑力的，推知seductive应是“诱人的”之意，和A项Attractive and inviting“有吸引力的”意思相近。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The evolutionary mismatch is the idea that we evolved for a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, and that while our circumstances have changed completely, our brains and bodies haven’t.(进化不匹配是指我们进化出了一种狩猎采集的生活方式，虽然我们的环境已经完全改变了，但我们的大脑和身体却没有改变)”可知，“the evolutionary mismatch”主要是指我们的自然本能和当前环境之间的冲突。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Continually choosing the convenient path lessens your ability to deal with unavoidable difficulties.(不断选择方便的道路会削弱你处理不可避免的困难的能力)”可知，在现代生活中优先考虑便利可能会降低我们克服挑战的能力。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“The fact that, as a culture, we celebrate such short cuts is understandable. That said, most people are able to sense that convenience has a darker side.(作为一种文化，我们推崇这样的捷径，这是可以理解的。话虽如此，大多数人都能感觉到便利也有其阴暗的一面)”以及纵观全文可知，本文主要讲述了过度追求便利可能带来的问题，所以C项“现代生活中便利的阴暗面”是本文最好的标题。故选C项。 变式四、阅读理解科技类词汇60例 一、环保与能源科技 1. emission /ɪˈmɪʃn/ n. 排放 2. decarbonize /diːˈkɑːbənaɪz/v. 脱碳 3. hydrocarbon /ˌhaɪdrəˈkɑːbən/n. 碳氢化合物 4. synthetic /sɪnˈθetɪk/ adj. 合成的 5. battery /ˈbætri/ n. 电池 6. electrify /ɪˈlektrɪfaɪ/ v. 使电气化 7. hydrogen /ˈhaɪdrədʒən/ n. 氢 8. fuel cell /ˈfjuːəl sel/ n. 燃料电池 9. ammonia /əˈməʊniə/ n. 氨 10. ignite /ɪɡˈnaɪt/ v. 点燃 11. renewable /rɪˈnjuːəbl/ adj. 可再生的 12. transition /trænˈzɪʃn/ n. 变革 13. microplastic /ˌmaɪkrəˈplæstɪk/n. 微塑料 14. filter /ˈfɪltə(r)/ v. 过滤 15. calcium carbonate /ˈkælsiəm ˈkɑːbəneɪt/n. 碳酸钙 二、材料与技术应用 16. solid-state /ˈsɒlɪd steɪt/ adj. 固态的 17. recycle /ˌriːˈsaɪkl/ v. 回收利用 18. aviation /ˌeɪviˈeɪʃn/ n. 航空 19. transportation /ˌtrænspɔːˈteɪʃn/n. 交通运输 20. mode /məʊd/ n. 方式 21. efficiency /ɪˈfɪʃnsi/ n. 效率 22. lightweight /ˈlaɪtweɪt/ adj. 轻量的 23. specification /ˌspesɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/n. 规格 24. technology /tekˈnɒlədʒi/ n. 技术 25. innovation /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn/ n. 创新 26. sustainability /səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/n. 可持续性 27. ingredient /ɪnˈɡriːdiənt/ n. 原料 28. cuisine /kwɪˈziːn/ n. 烹饪（此处指食品技术） 三、环境与科学研究 29. climate /ˈklaɪmət/ n. 气候 30. flooding /ˈflʌdɪŋ/ n. 洪水 31. sea level /siː ˈlevl/ n. 海平面 32. researcher /rɪˈsɜːtʃə(r)/ n. 研究人员 33. hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/ n. 假设 34. analysis /əˈnæləsis/ n. 分析 35. data /ˈdeɪtə/ n. 数据 36. phenomenon /fəˈnɒmɪnən/ n. 现象 37. evidence /ˈevɪdəns/ n. 证据 38. conclusion /kənˈkluːʒn/ n. 结论 四、生物与健康科技 39. psychology /saɪˈkɒlədʒi/ n. 心理学 40. cortisol /ˈkɔːtɪsɒl/ n. 皮质醇 41. hormone /ˈhɔːməʊn/ n. 激素 42. productivity /ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti/ n. 生产率 43. well-being /wel ˈbiːɪŋ/ n. 健康 44. genetic /dʒəˈnetɪk/ adj. 基因的 45. biodiversity /ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsəti/n. 生物多样性 五、工程与技术概念 46. redesign /ˌriːdɪˈzaɪn/ v. 重新设计 47. network /ˈnetwɜːk/ n. 网络 48. infrastructure /ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r)/n. 基础设施 49. system /ˈsɪstəm/ n. 系统 50. mechanism /ˈmekənɪzəm/ n. 机制 51. parameter /pəˈræmɪtə(r)/ n. 参数 52. algorithm /ˈælɡərɪðəm/ n. 算法 六、实验与方法论 53 experiment /ɪkˈsperɪmənt/ n. 实验 54. sample /ˈsɑːmpl/ n. 样本 55. variable /ˈveəriəbl/ n. 变量 56. control /kənˈtrəʊl/ n. 对照组 57. hypothetical /ˌhaɪpəˈθetɪkl/ adj. 假设的 58. statistic /stəˈtɪstɪk/ n. 统计数据 59. validate /ˈvælɪdeɪt/ v. 验证 60. simulation /ˌsɪmjuˈleɪʃn/ n. 模拟 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 《2025年高考英语真题完全解读与考后提升》 专题03阅读理解全国一卷阅读理解C篇 (解读+技巧+变式) 原卷版 ( 目录导航 ) ( 原题呈现 ) 阅读理解关键词：议论文，人与社会，反思城市交通规划中可持续发展理念 While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 28. What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A. Cars often get stuck on the road. B. Traffic accidents occur frequently. C. People walk less and drive more. D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules. 29. What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do? A. Keep their cities livable. B. Promote cultural diversity. C. Help the needy families. D. Make expressways accessible. 30. What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? A. They boosted the sales of cars. B. They turned out largely ineffective. C. They won government support. D. They advocated building new parks. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why the Rush? B. What’s Next? C. Where to Stay? D. Who to Blame? 全文翻译： 近年来，尽管我们的街道可能已进行了安全改进，但交通研究也表明，行人的流动性有所下降，尤其是在年幼的儿童中。许多家长表示，道路上的交通太拥挤，孩子们无法安全步行上学，因此他们转而将孩子塞进车里。 荷兰作家塔利亚・维尔凯德（Thalia Verkade）和马尔科・特・布勒默斯特罗特（Marco te Brömmelstroet）对这类现象深感忧虑。在他们的新书《Movement：如何夺回我们的街道并改变我们的生活》（Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives）中，他们呼吁重新思考街道及其在我们生活中扮演的角色。 城市街道的生活在数十年前就开始发生变化。为了给新的道路网络让路，整个社区被拆除，孩子们不得不去其他地方玩耍。一些社区进行了反击。最著名的案例是，20 世纪 50 年代初，一位举家搬到曼哈顿的加拿大记者领导了一场运动，试图阻止当地公园被拆除。简・雅各布斯（Jane Jacobs）在描述她对用高速公路取而代之的提议的担忧时，呼吁市长捍卫 “纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而不仅仅是匆匆穿行的通道”。类似的运动在 20 世纪 60 年代末和 70 年代的澳大利亚也有发生。 尽管这些运动广泛开展，但现实是，大多数西方城市完全围绕机动车的需求进行了重新设计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加。在澳大利亚，如今 2600 多万人口拥有超过 2000 万辆汽车，这是世界上汽车拥有率最高的国家之一。 我们在有助于快速通行的道路上投入了大量资金，但却未能考虑到真正的成本。当孩子们无法在社区中安全活动时，我们是否真的认识到这对整个社会而言意味着什么？《Movement》的作者们说得对：是时候重新思考你家门前那条街道的意义了。 28. 作者在第一段中指出了什么现象？ A. 汽车经常在路上抛锚。 B. 交通事故频繁发生。 C. 人们步行减少，驾车增多。 D. 行人未遵守规则。 29. 那位加拿大记者和其他运动参与者试图做什么？ A. 保持城市的宜居性。 B. 促进文化多样性。 C. 帮助贫困家庭。 D. 使高速公路更易通行。 30. 关于 20 世纪 60 年代末和 70 年代澳大利亚的运动，可以推断出什么？ A. 它们促进了汽车销售。 B. 它们基本上没有成效。 C. 它们赢得了政府支持。 D. 它们主张建造新公园。 31. 这篇文章的合适标题是什么？ A. 为何匆忙？ B. 下一步是什么？ C. 待往何处？ D. 归咎于谁？ ( 权威评价哪家 ) 创新情境设计，引导学生思维品质培养与发展 试题通过创新试题情境设计，引导学生培养和发展批判性、探究性和创新性等思维品质。通过精心选材引导学生从知识接受者转变为问题探索者和解决者，为选拔具备优秀思维品质的人才提供依据。 在材料选择方面，所选语篇的题材、体裁、难易度各具特色，从不同角度考查学生批判性思维和创新性思维能力，引导学生思维能力的提升。全国一卷阅读第三个语篇以交通方式变迁为切入点，通过分析车轮上的生活对传统生活方式的冲击，启发学生运用批判性思维反思城市规划中的可持续发展理念。全国二卷阅读D篇通过回收使用食材边角料制作精美菜肴的案例，引导学生思考变废为宝的创新路径。在题目设置方面，试题运用多视角、多立场的语篇材料和开放性答题要求，考查学生的批判性思维和创新性思维。全国一卷写作第一节以班级英语报要增设栏目为情境，要求学生从给出的两个栏目做出选择并说明理由，对学生的批判性思维和逻辑思维、跨文化沟通和语言表达等能力进行综合考查。短文续写试题分别设置了通过主动道歉挽回兄弟情谊和向外国同学解释中文姓名含义的情境，语篇内容和段首句提供了较大的想象空间，学生可以充分调动发散思维和创新思维，对前文情节进行展开和叙述。这种开放性试题设计能够深入考查学生的批判性思维和创新性思维能力。 ---《教育部教育考试院：2025年高考英语全国卷试题评析》 阅读理解C篇语篇解读 关键词 pedestrian mobility, a rethink of our streets, road networks 主旨概要 本文是一篇议论文，通过引述荷兰作者的新书《出行之道》，批评了城市街道设计过度服务汽车、忽视行人尤其 是儿童出行安全的问题，呼吁人们重新思考街道的功能， 建设适宜居民生活的城市环境。 百科知识 简·雅各布斯（Jane Jacobs）是 20世纪最具影响力的城市规划思想家之一。她提倡以人为本的城市设计，反对以汽车为中心的城市重建，主张保护社区的活力和街道的多样性。 原文出处 选自 Inside Story 网站2023年1月21日名为 Why the rush? 的文章 https://insidestory.org.au/why-the-rush/ 语言知识 重难点词汇 decline n 下降； bother v 使担忧； destroy v 摧毁； destruction n 破坏； alarm n 惊恐； champion v 捍卫； decent adj 宜居的； motor car n 汽车； recognise v 意识到 technique n 技巧； produce v 制作 重难点词块 pack sb into sth 在（有限空间里）塞进（大量的人）； take back 夺回； call for （公开）要求； make way for 给……让路； fight back 反击； lead a campaign 领导运动； call on sb to do sth 呼吁某人做某事； rush through 快速通过； account for 考虑到 合成词+ 派 生词 improvement n 改善（improve + -ment）； mobility n 流动（性）（mobile + -ity）； transform v 使改变（trans- + form）； rethink n 重新考虑（re- + think）； journalist n 新闻记者（journal + -ist）； proposed adj 提议的（propose + -d）； replacement n 取代（replace + -ment）； expressway n 高速公路（express + way）； widespread adj 广泛的（wide + spread）； majority n 大多数（major + -ity）； redesign v 重新设计（re- + design）； ownership n 所有权（owner + -ship） 长难句分析 In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. 句意为：在他们的新书《出行之道：如何夺回我们的街道并改变我们的生活》中，作者呼吁重新审视街道及其在我们生活中扮演的角色。 本句主干是they call for a rethink；of our streets and the role they play in our lives是介词短语作后置定语修饰rethink，其中they play in our lives是省略that / which的定语从句，修饰role。 ( 解题指导 ) ( 6 年 高考 真题 说明文 考点 解读 ) 社会现象类议论文阅读解题技巧 这类文章通过写人记事来揭示文章的主题，显示其社会意义，一般采用顺序或倒叙来叙述。题目经常是一些细节问题。考查的方面可以是原因和其中引发的思考。阅读这类文章要理清思路。 1、浏览试题，明确要求。 在阅读文章前，最好先浏览一下文章后面的题干和选项。知道了问题后再去看文章，可使思路更敏捷，而且也便于阅读时留意文中出现的与选项有关的信息。 2、通读全文，抓住主要内容。 在不影响理解的前提下，尽可能地阅读以便在尽可能短的时间内理解文章或段落的内容。阅读时，如遇到不熟悉的单词、词组或一时看不懂的句子，不要停下来苦思冥想，继续读下去，通过上下文的词语和句子可能就理解了。 3、抓住中心思想和段落大意。 通读全文时，要特别注意主题句。每篇文章或每个段落都有与文章有关的句子，尤其是科技、政论性文章的主题句一般都在文章的开头或结尾，插在中间的很少。所以，文章的第一段或开头的第一、二个句子往往包含着文章的中心思想、作者的意图或全文的概述，因此要特别注意，彻底理解。 4、有针对性地仔细阅读，找寻所需信息。 在前面的基础上，可进行有针对性地阅读了。把与问题无关的内容一扫而过，而对于和问题有关的内容认真阅读，还可以用笔在下面做出记号。再把这些信息与问题的要求结合起来，逐条分析，综合判断，找出正确答案。 5、进行合理的推理判断。 对文章有了全面的了解之后，可以按照文章要求以及上下文之间的关系，做出推理判断。在进行推理判断的时候，需要综合考虑句型、语法、句子之间的逻辑关系、文化背景等方面的因素。 6、认真复读，验证答案。 要用全文的中心思想统帅各个题目，研究其内在联系和逻辑关系，并依次审核那些还未打上的题目，确保理解无误。 ( 议论文 满分 作答解题 技巧 ) 一、阅读理解议论文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。 二、重视议论文“总分(总)”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。 三、形容词适配题注意原文定位，找到动词或形容词，确定最佳答案。 四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。 五、说明文长难句落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语）（介词短语）（名词短语）。 六、满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 ( 考点变式 ) 一、词性转换 1. improve v. 改善 → n. 改善 2. mobile adj. 移动的 → n. 流动性 3. neighbor n. 邻居 → n. 街区；社区 4. famous adj. 著名的 → adv. 著名地；极好地 5. Canada n. 加拿大 → adj. 加拿大的n. 加拿大人 6. journal n. 期刊; 日志→ n. 新闻记者 7. propose v. 提议 → adj. 提议的 8. replace v. 取代 → n. 取代 9. complete adj. 完整的→ adv. 完全地 10. different adj. 不同的→ adv. 不同地 11. frequent adj. 频繁的→ adv. 频繁地 12. destroy vt. 破坏 → n. 破坏 13. real adj.真正的 → n. 现实 14. major adj. 主要的 → n. 大多数 15. design v. 设计 → v. 重新设计 16. owner n. 主人 → n. 所有权 17. culture n. 文化 → adj. 文化的 18. diverse adj. 多样的 → n. 多样性 19. need n. 需求 → adj. 贫困的；缺乏的 20. access n.入口;机会 → adj. 可进入的；可获得的 21. live vi.生活；居住 → adj. 宜居的 二、高频语块 1. transport /ˈtrænspɔːt/ v. 2. decline /dɪˈklaɪn/ v. 3. pedestrian /pəˈdestriən/ n. adj. 4. Dutch /dʌtʃ/ adj. n. 5. bother /ˈbɒðə(r)/ v. 6. transform /trænsˈfɔːm/ v. 7. decade /ˈdekeɪd/ n. 8. elsewhere /ˌelsˈweə(r)/ adv. 9. community /kəˈmjuːnəti/ n. 10. campaign /kæmˈpeɪn/ n. 11. alarm /əˈlɑːm/ n. v. 12. expressway /ɪkˈspresweɪ/ n. 13. mayor /meə(r)/ n. 14. champion /ˈtʃæmpiən/ vt. 15. decent /ˈdiːsnt/ adj. 16. occur /əˈkɜː(r)/ v. 17. widespread /ˈwaɪdspred/ adj. 18. phenomenon /fəˈnɒmɪnən/n. 19. boost /buːst/ v. 20. advocate /ˈædvəkeɪt/ v. 三、高频语块 1. pack sb into sth 2. take back 3. call for 4. make way for 5. fight back 6. lead a campaign 7. call on sb to do sth 8. rush through 9. account for 10. in the early 1950s 11.be to blame 12.as well 13.get stuck 四、长难句分析 1. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. 翻译： 分析： 2. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” 翻译： 分析： 3. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. 翻译： 分析： ( 分类变式 ) 变式一、阅读理解议论文真题4篇 （2021·新高考I卷）Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction. 32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence? A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person's mind. C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities. 33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2? A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept. C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction. 34. What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence? A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence? A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies. C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives. （2022·北京·高考真题）Quantum (量子) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype (炒作) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin (幅度)” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 1. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited 2. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field. C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies. 3. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant. 4. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? （2021·北京·高考真题）Early fifth-century philosopher St. Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him. Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it. Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right. Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking. Forget about time as an absolute. What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance. What if our definition of time reflected that？ Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming. We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes. We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate. If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time. If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect. The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics. It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones. Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet. Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies. Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena. In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season. Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival. Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness. When St. Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context. Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose. 1. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？ A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature. B. Everyone can define time on their own terms. C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it. D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists. 2. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________. A. present an assumption B. evaluate an argument C. highlight an experiment D. introduce an approach 3. What can we learn from this passage？ A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life. B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems. C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower. D. Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame. 4. What can we infer from this passage？ A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time. B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless. C. We should live in harmony with nature. D. History is a mirror reflecting reality. （2020·北京·高考真题）Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change. Some of today’s AI pioneers want to move on from today’s world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today’s powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.” Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.” Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from AGI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else. The promise and danger of true AGI are great. But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world’s foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see AGI any time soon, if ever. 1. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean? A. Enormous in quantity. B. Changeable daily. C. Stable in quality. D. Present everywhere. 2. What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters? A. Help to tackle problems. B. Make brains more active. C. Benefit ambitious people. D. Set up powerful databases. 3. As for Irving Good’s opinion on ultra-intelligent machines, the author is ____________. A. supportive B. disapproving C. fearful D. uncertain 4. What can be inferred about AGI from the passage? A. It may be only a dream. B. It will come into being soon. C. It will be controlled by humans. D. It may be more dangerous than ever. 变式二、交通规划主题议论文4篇 （2024·安徽·模拟预测）Many people view cities largely in negative terms — as crowded, dirty, unhealthy environments that are breeding (繁殖) grounds for disease and crime. People fear that as cities get bigger, living conditions will get worse. To a growing number of economists, urban planners, and environmentalists, urbanization is good news. Many planners now believe big cities offer a solution to dealing with the problem of Earth’s growing population. Harvard economist Edward Glaeser is one person who believes that cities bring largely positive benefits. Glaeser’s optimism is reflected in the title of his book The Triumph of the City. Glaeser argues that poor people flock to cities because that’s usually where the money is. Cities are productive because of “the absence of space between people”, which reduces the cost of transporting goods, people, and ideas. While the flow of goods has always been important to cities, what is most important today is the flow of ideas. Successful cities attract and reward smart people with higher wages, and they enable people to learn from one another. In the trading floor of the New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street, employees work in one open, crowded space sharing information. “They value knowledge over space. That’s what the modern city is all about.” Another champion of urbanization is environmentalist Stewart Brand. From an ecological perspective, says Brand, moving people out of cities would be disastrous. Because cities are dense, they allow half of the world’s population to live on about four percent of the land, leaving more space for open country, such as farmland. People living in cities also have less impact per capita (人均) on the environment. Their roads, sewers (下水道) , and power lines are shorter and require fewer resources to build and operate. City apartments require less energy to heat, cool, and light than larger houses in suburbs and rural areas. Most importantly, people living in dense cities drive less. They can walk to many destinations, and public transportation is practical because enough people travel regularly to the same places. As a result, dense cities tend to produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions per person than scattered, sprawling suburbs. Despite the negative aspects such as pollution and serious problems like urban slums, it is a mistake to see urbanization as evil; instead, we should view it as an inevitable part of development. Rapid growth itself is not the real problem — the larger issue is how to manage the growth. 1．Why does the author mention the New York Stock Exchange in Paragraph 2? A．To indicate the space there is valuable. B．To show how goods can be exchanged. C．To illustrate the importance of information flow. D．To describe what a modern city should look like. 2．The underlined word “champion” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to a person who ________. A．advocates something B．challenges something C．achieves something D．protects something 3．Stewart Brand believes that ________. A．urbanization would be more disastrous B．life in cities is more economical than in rural areas C．public transportation consumes more energy in cities D．people living in rural areas have less impact on the environment 4．How does the author support Stewart Brand’s idea in Paragraph 3? A．By quoting authorities. B．By making comparisons. C．By analysing the causes. D．By criticizing opposing views. （2024·全国·模拟预测）William Vickrey, an economist, first proposed congestion (拥堵) pricing in 1952 for New York’s transport system. It has taken decades, some false starts and some delaying, but the idea finally has the green light in the Big Apple. Earlier this month the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) approved the plan. From May, drivers of cars entering Manhattan’s central business district will have to pay $15. Lorries, depending on their size, will be charged $24 or $36. Taxis will face a $1.25 surcharge (附加费) per ride, rather than fees every time they enter the zone. Ride share drivers, such as Uber, will get a $ 2.50 charge. At night, fees will be 75% cheaper. The hope is that the fees will relieve traffic. More than 900 000 cars enter what will become the charging zone daily. Travel speeds fell by 23% between 2010 and 2018. The MTA expects 17% fewer vehicles on the city’s streets, decreasing air pollution and helping the economy. However, the main reason the plan was approved was the money it should bring in — $1 billion annually. The project should improve reliability as well as access to the transport system, which dates from the 1930s. However, the plan has not been met with universal delight. New Jersey drivers already pay to cross into the city, and the Garden State has filed suit. Fort Lee, a town on the New Jersey side of the George Washington Bridge, has made a request for air-quality concerns. The town expects increased traffic as lorry drivers try to avoid paying fees. If New York gets this right, says Tom Wright of the Regional Plan Association, which has pushed for congestion (拥堵) pricing since 1996, “it’s going to influence the planning and policy of other great metro regions”. Fuel taxes have been the main tool of capital finance in transport. They are declining as a source of public finance, while congestion pricing could be a new one. So far, about 60% of the infrastructure needed to charge cars is already in place. 1．Which of the following details about the charge rule is mentioned in Paragraph 2? A．Taxis are charged for every two rides. B．The night fees will be higher. C．The charge of lorries varies in size. D．Ride share drivers need to pay less fees than taxi drivers. 2．Why is the plan approved? A．To relieve the traffic pressure. B．To reduce air pollution. C．To follow experts’ advice. D．To raise the financial income. 3．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．The reasons for the approval. B．The disadvantages of the plan. C．The benefits of the project. D．The advice of experts. 4．What does Tom Wright think of the project? A．It is uncertain. B．It is promising. C．It is challenging. D．It is hopeless. （2025·山东·模拟预测）For centuries, we’ve pursued happiness and meaning. But what does that leave out? As a social psychologist, I have dedicated my research career to a simple, but universal question: what makes for a good life, and how can we achieve it? For much of human history, we have been presented with two possibilities: pursuing a life of happiness, or a life of meaning. Each of these paths has its benefits, but decades of psychological research have also revealed their limits. Ask the Danes and Finns, who consistently rank among the happiest people in the world, what their secret is and they’ll tell you this: lower your expectations and be content with what you have. It sounds good, doesn’t it? But it leaves something out. It’s a bit like being a college student who only takes easy courses to be sure of getting good grades. Might there be more to life than simple pleasures and cozy comfort? Then there’s the meaningful life. We often imagine that meaning flows from trying to change the world like Steve Jobs. Once again, the research shows that lowering your sights and focusing on the little things can offer a more achievable sense of meaning. Often people find it in routines like taking care of family, or volunteering in the community. But there is also a dark side to the pursuit of meaning: researchers have found that it can encourage people to draw sharp lines between those who belong in their group and those who don’t. My research lab mapped out a third route to fulfillment: psychological richness. A psychologically rich life is one filled with diverse, unusual and interesting experiences that change your perspective; a life with twists and turns; a life that feels like a long, winding hike rather than many laps of the same racing circuit. Such experiences can make us tougher. Not only that, embracing the pursuit of psychological richness can make us less likely to regret: it matters less if the thing you did went wrong. Perhaps no one said it better than Eleanor Roosevelt: “The purpose of life, after all, is to live it, to taste experience to the utmost, to reach out eagerly and without fear”. 1．What is revealed about pursuing happiness or meaning? A．Their benefits outweigh the limits. B．They are equally difficult to achieve. C．Both paths have limits despite their benefits. D．Most people prioritize happiness over meaning. 2．What does the example of “a college student” show in paragraph 3? A．Gratitude is essential for a happy life. B．We should live up to others’ expectations. C．Life means more than leisure and comfort. D．Happiness requires academic achievement. 2．What does the underlined words “a dark side” imply in paragraph 4? A．It may lead to prejudice against outsiders. B．It may result in the loss of group belonging. C．It demands too much volunteer involvement. D．It makes people forget their family responsibilities. 3．What is the author’s main purpose in writing this article? A．To promote Roosevelt’s life philosophy. B．To introduce a new concept of life fulfillment. C．To criticize traditional psychological research. D．To compare different cultural views on happiness. （2025·浙江绍兴·模拟预测）You’re scrolling through social media, and suddenly, everyone’s focused on the same meme or movie. Before you know it, you’re sharing opinions, posting your take, or joining a chorus you didn’t even know existed five minutes ago. But why? René Girard, the French philosopher, offered a fascinating explanation. We don’t just imitate others — we imitate their desires. Think about buying a car. One person in a neighborhood buys an expensive SUV, and suddenly, others start desiring the same or an even more luxurious model. The desire to own a better car spreads rapidly. It’s not just about transportation — it’s about status, reputation, and keeping up with societal expectations. But what happens when imitation breaks free of desire entirely? French sociologist Jean Baudrillard’s concept of simulacra steps in. He defines simulacra as representations that no longer refer to any underlying reality. In simpler terms, simulacra are copies without an original. Consider a selfie transformed by generative AI: No “real” you exists in that flawless, algorithm-crafted glow, yet it’s more charming than any mirror’s truth, shaping how we see ourselves. Here lies the paradox. AI enters our mimetic web without ever experiencing genuine desire. It’s a digital echo, reflecting our expressions back at us with chilling precision, yet lack of true emotional depth. This poses an unsettling question: If AI can simulate desire so convincingly, what does that reveal about the authenticity of our own desires? Perhaps it’s time to reconsider the impulses guiding our actions. Are we truly driven by personal passion, or are we merely caught in someone else’s chain reaction? Instead of mechanically mirroring the crowd, we might consciously cultivate desires rooted in genuine self-awareness and careful choice. Ultimately, perhaps AI’s greatest gift isn’t flawless imitation but clarity — a chance to see ourselves anew. In a world increasingly crowded by echoes, understanding the difference between borrowed desire and authentic longing could make all the difference. 1．How does the writer make us convincing that we imitate desires? A．By giving an example. B．By making a comparison. C．By offering an explanation. D．By citing a famous philosopher. 2．What is Jean Baudrillard’s understanding of simulacra? A．Advanced algorithms in AI systems. B．Original artworks with high authenticity. C．Copies disconnected from their origins. D．Digital tools for creating perfect images. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．AI can mirror precisely yet feel nothing. B．René Girard believes AI can wholly imitate human desire. C．AI’s flawless imitation is guaranteed to see ourselves anew. D．Desiring a luxurious SUV reflects the urge for transportation. 4．What’s the best title of the passage? A．Social Media and the Rise of Imitative Behavior B．Imitative Desire and Its Challenge to Human Authenticity C．The Role of AI Technology: from Imitation to Innovation D．The Evolution of Imitation Theory: from Girard to Baudrillard 变式三、阅读理解议论文选标题4篇 （2025·江苏南京·二模）This might sound impossibly old-fashioned, but I still like the idea that education is about learning: facts, skills, culture, analysis, inspiration. It’s supposed to make us better citizens. But over the last decade, the goal of learning has given way to grades and degrees. The unfortunate result has been inflation (膨胀) of both. They rise ever higher; learning doesn’t. To avoid discouraging students, some school districts did away with D and F grades. Grade-point averages have consistently risen even though scores on nationwide standardized exams such as the SAT have not. It’s not that I think standardized tests are the final word in measuring excellence. But when the gaps between grades and test scores are this wide and consistent, parents and the public should not be fooled. That’s true not just of low-achieving students. In a 2023 survey, educators said that close to half of students argue for higher grades than they earn, and 8 out of 10 teachers give in. It’s hard to blame them: A third or more of students and parents disturb them when they don’t. Unearned grades are damaging in many ways. Some students, armed with good grades, march off to college to find themselves in remedial (补习的) classes because they haven’t learned enough to take college-level courses. Employers complain that high school and even college graduates lack basic skills needed in the workforce. There are also complaints from college professors that the students aren’t even good at reading books. Grade inflation has followed students into college. Some professors hesitate to grade accurately because of student evaluations, which are often more negative for tough graders. Remember that about 70% of college instructors are adjunct (兼职) professors who have few job protections. Many Ivy League students have learned to cherry-pick easy-grading professors. Yet a Brown University study found that students taking courses from professors with stricter grading standards learned more. We have to ask ourselves as a society: Do we want college to be a place of intellectual growth — or a performative exercise in grade fishing? 1．What are parents fooled into thinking? A．SAT is the best measure of their children's abilities. B．The purpose of education is to make better citizens. C．Grade-point averages are vital for college application. D．Children’s high grades reflect their exceptional abilities. 2．What is a consequence of grade inflation? A．Employers favor students with higher degrees. B．Graduates fall short of employers’ expectations. C．Remedial classes become required courses in college. D．Low-achieving students find it harder to enter college. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Tough graders desire job security. B．Strict grading promotes real learning. C．Student evaluations fuel intellectual growth. D．Easy-grading professors start grade inflation. 4．What is the best title of the text? A．The game of scores B．Today, Grade A is for average C．The force behind grade inflation D．Now, learning takes the front seat （2025·江西南昌·二模）What if everything happens for a reason? It’s a theory that we’ve all heard more than once. And in many ways, burnt toast theory can be seen as a modern take on this classic idea, implying that every little inconvenience we experience in our day-to-day lives happens for a bigger reason. We’ve all been there. Say you accidentally burn your toast before leaving for work. According to burnt toast theory, this single, tiny inconvenience is enough to have a domino effect (多米诺效应). Your morning is then pushed back by what, maybe three to five minutes? Perhaps that is enough time to leave the house a little bit later than usual, and to avoid getting in a car accident. Or it might mean you end up getting a later train, and avoid bumping into someone who you’d really rather avoid. In other words, the burnt toast theory is a reminder to shift your thinking pattern. When we choose to view the world in a more positive light, we can help to reduce feelings of anxiety, and release our fear of being out of control of the world around us. It prevents us from thinking over something that isn’t really all that bad in the grand perspective of things and encourages us to make meaning of challenges we may experience, thus making us more adaptive to the future setbacks. The next time you feel yourself becoming annoyed or frustrated by an inconvenience in your life, try reshaping your thoughts by telling yourself why you’re grateful for the inconvenience. While maintaining a positive mindset can go a long way, burnt toast theory is not without its drawbacks. Be mindful that only allowing yourself to focus on positive thoughts can mean that you are denying yourself the chance to properly engage with challenging or difficult emotions, instead focusing on creating a false positive profile. 1．What may be a case of the burnt toast theory? A．Gaining rewards after paying efforts. B．Losing a job after forgetting to set an alarm. C．Meeting a future employer after missing a flight. D．Mending friendship after clearing misunderstandings. 2．What is the result of applying the burnt toast theory according to paragraph 3? A．Better judgement on fears. B．Richer experience from failures. C．The removal of daily inconveniences. D．The harvest of a positive mindset. 3．Which aspect of the theory does the last paragraph focus on? A．Would-be projects. B．Real-world applications. C．Potential weaknesses. D．Practical advantages. 4．What is probably the best title of the text? A．Less Is More B．Make a Lemon Lemonade C．Once Bitten, Twice Shy D．Better Late Than Never （2025·山东济南·一模）Imagine waking up one morning to find your smartphone missing. You can no longer get guided to work, order your coffee, or connect with friends. For most of us, it is a nightmare（噩梦）. But it should not be exactly far-fetched. Despite being more digitally connected than ever, we are lonelier and more anxious. Anxiety rates increased by 25% globally. Depression now affects over 280 million people worldwide. All of this is due to our growing dependence on social media and smart technologies designed to offer quick relief but often at the expense of deep, meaningful engagement, which may further cause our loss of something easy to be ignored. While these conveniences offer short-term relief, they may weaken our thinking skills. For example, GPS has undeniably transformed how we travel. But a 2020 study found that frequent GPS users struggle more with self-guided navigation. Over time, those who depended more on GPS showed a sharp decline in spacial memory and problem-solving skills. However, reducing dependence on these conveniences can lead to discomfort. In seeking comfort today, we might be trading away some discomfort. That is the problem: the very discomfort we avoid is often what strengthens us. Viewing stress, a kind of discomfort, as a challenge rather than a threat leads to better outcomes. Research shows that mild stress can enhance adaptability. Neuroscience（神经科学） reveals that neuroplasticity—the brain's ability to form new connections—is enhanced through challenging experiences. This adaptability is crucial for developing resilience, （抗逆力）, a process fueled by both mental challenges and active effort. But this doesn't mean we should reject comfort entirely; it's to balance it with intentional discomfort. Think of it as “microdosing hardship”—a series of small, manageable difficulties that keep our mental and emotional muscles strong, such as writing with a pen, or washing dishes by hand. These small acts are enough to reawaken the resilience we've buried under layers of ease. So, the next time you feel the pull of ease, pause. Ask yourself: Is this momentary comfort helping me grow or is it keeping me stuck? Choosing discomfort isn't easy, but sometimes, it's worth it. 1．What does the underlined word “far-fetched” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Possible to change. B．Certain to function. C．Unlikely to be settled. D．Unable to be accepted. 2．What may digital conveniences cause according to the text? A．The fast but worthless relief. B．The meaningful engagement. C．The loss of thinking capacity. D．The lack of necessary comfort. 3．Which is a real-life application of “microdosing hardship”? A．Taking the stairs instead of the lift. B．Ordering take-out food after work. C．Exploring a new city by using GPS. D．Writing an email using voice-to-text. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．GPS: the invisible cost of convenience B．Stress: the main cause of brain damage C．Discomfort: a hidden source of resilience D．Smartphones: barriers to human progress （2025·湖南长沙·二模）The convenience of modern life is nothing short of astonishing. As I write this, my phone is wirelessly sending some hits from the 1700s to my portable speaker. The fact that, as a culture, we celebrate such short cuts is understandable. That said, most people are able to sense that convenience has a darker side. Before getting into that, we’d better understand why convenience is so seductive first. We often desist doing the things we need to do to make progress. Behind every well-intentioned plan lies this horrible sense of inertia (惰性). Why is this resistance — and our corresponding appetite for ease — such an essential part of our makeup? Here, insights from evolutionary psychology (particularly the idea of“the evolutionary mismatch”) can help. The evolutionary mismatch is the idea that we colved for a hunter-gather difostyle, and that while our circumstances have changed completely, our brains and bodies haven’t. Resistance was a necessary counterbalance (制衡) to the bursts of intense activity that characterized the lives of hunter-gatherers: searching for food in driving rain, or running to escape a dangerous animal. It’s the reason we still ask: “Do I really have to be doing this? Shouldn’t I save my energy?” The people choosing to remain sheltered during snowstorms, when the prospect of obtaining food was low, were more likely to live and pass on their genes to the next generation. Since then, of course, innovation has changed things greatly. We’ve altered technology and our environments partly to serve our natural instinct (本能) to conserve energy. The question is: what do we stand to lose by following our tendency to prioritize comfort and convenience? Continually choosing the convenient path lessens your ability to deal with unavoidable difficulties. And, from an evolutionary perspective, some measure of discomfort is as crucial to our survival as rest and relaxation. Our ancestors didn’t survive purely by being lazy, but through a combination of playing it safe and taking necessary risks. This difficulty itself does shape our character. In the technological world we have fashioned, we must sometimes make conscious efforts to act in opposition to our instincts. As a culture, we must remember while convenience feels good in the moment, our capacity to adapt and overcome challenges is part of our evolutionary inheritance (遗传) too, and central to the adventure of life. 1．What does the underlined word “seductive” in paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Attractive and inviting. B．Useful and practical. C．Harmful and dangerous. D．Annoying and frustrating. 2．What does “the evolutionary mismatch” primarily refer to? A．The inconsistency between personal goals and societal expectations. B．The contrast between modern convenience and ancient challenges. C．The argument over the hunter-gatherer lifestyle of ancient people. D．The conflict between our natural instinct and the current environment. 3．What may prioritizing convenience in modern life result in? A．It may lead to a lack of innovation and progress. B．It may reduce our ability to overcome challenges. C．It may make us overly dependent on technology. D．It may cause a decline in physical fitness. 4．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? A．The Benefits of Modern Technology B．Understanding Evolution in Today’s World C．The Dark Side of Convenience in Modern Life D．Rejecting Modern Convenience for a Better Life 变式四、阅读理解科技类词汇60例 一、环保与能源科技 1. emission /ɪˈmɪʃn/ n. 2. decarbonize /diːˈkɑːbənaɪz/v. 3. hydrocarbon /ˌhaɪdrəˈkɑːbən/n. 4. synthetic /sɪnˈθetɪk/ adj. 5. battery /ˈbætri/ n. 6. electrify /ɪˈlektrɪfaɪ/ v. 7. hydrogen /ˈhaɪdrədʒən/ n. 8. fuel cell /ˈfjuːəl sel/ n. 9. ammonia /əˈməʊniə/ n. 10. ignite /ɪɡˈnaɪt/ v. 11. renewable /rɪˈnjuːəbl/ adj. 12. transition /trænˈzɪʃn/ n. 13. microplastic /ˌmaɪkrəˈplæstɪk/n. 14. filter /ˈfɪltə(r)/ v. 15. calcium carbonate /ˈkælsiəm ˈkɑːbəneɪt/n. 二、材料与技术应用 16. solid-state /ˈsɒlɪd steɪt/ adj. 17. recycle /ˌriːˈsaɪkl/ v. 18. aviation /ˌeɪviˈeɪʃn/ n. 19. transportation /ˌtrænspɔːˈteɪʃn/n. 20. mode /məʊd/ n. 21. efficiency /ɪˈfɪʃnsi/ n. 22. lightweight /ˈlaɪtweɪt/ adj. 23. specification /ˌspesɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/n. 24. technology /tekˈnɒlədʒi/ n. 25. innovation /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn/ n. 26. sustainability /səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/n. 27. ingredient /ɪnˈɡriːdiənt/ n. 28. cuisine /kwɪˈziːn/ n. 三、环境与科学研究 29. climate /ˈklaɪmət/ n. 30. flooding /ˈflʌdɪŋ/ n. 31. sea level /siː ˈlevl/ n. 32. researcher /rɪˈsɜːtʃə(r)/ n. 33. hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/ n. 34. analysis /əˈnæləsis/ n. 35. data /ˈdeɪtə/ n. 36. phenomenon /fəˈnɒmɪnən/ n. 37. evidence /ˈevɪdəns/ n. 38. conclusion /kənˈkluːʒn/ n. 四、生物与健康科技 39. psychology /saɪˈkɒlədʒi/ n. 40. cortisol /ˈkɔːtɪsɒl/ n. 41. hormone /ˈhɔːməʊn/ n. 42. productivity /ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti/ n. 43. well-being /wel ˈbiːɪŋ/ n. 44. genetic /dʒəˈnetɪk/ adj. 45. biodiversity /ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsəti/n. 五、工程与技术概念 46. redesign /ˌriːdɪˈzaɪn/ v. 47. network /ˈnetwɜːk/ n. 48. infrastructure /ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r)/n. 49. system /ˈsɪstəm/ n. 50. mechanism /ˈmekənɪzəm/ n. 51. parameter /pəˈræmɪtə(r)/ n. 52. algorithm /ˈælɡərɪðəm/ n. 六、实验与方法论 53 experiment /ɪkˈsperɪmənt/ n. 54. sample /ˈsɑːmpl/ n. 55. variable /ˈveəriəbl/ n. 56. control /kənˈtrəʊl/ n. 57. hypothetical /ˌhaɪpəˈθetɪkl/ adj. 58. statistic /stəˈtɪstɪk/ n. 59. validate /ˈvælɪdeɪt/ v. 60. simulation /ˌsɪmjuˈleɪʃn/ n. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$