【技能篇】专题01 阅读理解“长难句克星”：主干提取三步法+观点态度词库-【暑假自学课】2025年新高二英语暑假提升精品讲义（人教版2019）

专题01 阅读理解“长难句克星”：主干提取三步法+观点态度词库 内容导航 考点聚焦：核心考点+高考考点，有的放矢 重点速记：知识点和关键点梳理，查漏补缺 难点强化：难点内容标注与讲解，能力提升 复习提升：真题感知+提升专练，全面突破 核心考点聚焦 高考考点聚焦 ( 考点 一 细节理解题考查长难句 ) （2024-2025高二上·浙江六校联盟·期中）In the vast and diverse world of animals, there exists odd gestures that often leave us humans puzzled and amazed. These gestures, which may seem strange or unusual to us, are actually fascinating glimpses into the unique behaviors and communication styles of our pets. Animals want our attention, and sometimes they’re quite obvious about asking for it. Odd gesture are often our pets’ way of telling us to stop what we’re doing and play with them. It’s why Fido constantly follows his tail and why Kitty keeps rolling around. An extremely bored pet may choose “bad” behaviors to cause a reaction! Sure, your dog loves you, but that’s not why he’s licking (舔) your face. A little dog learns to lick his mother’s mouth to obtain a little food, so Spot isn’t kissing you in our sense of the word; he just wants a snack. Cat owners also misinterpret their pets’ kisses. While a cat might lick you to show love, sometimes she’ll do it to comfort herself. One way to tell if her licking is stress-related is whether it goes on for a long period of time. At some point you’ve probably told these words to someone who made you angry. Dogs think similarly, avoiding eye contact with anyone who injures their feelings. Another sign of anger: yawning (打哈欠). A yawning dog may not be tired but anxious, not bored but stressed. Similarly, lip-licking — when there isn’t food around to bring about it — is another sign of threat. You might think your dog is running around the backyard, having the time of his life while you’re away. But the reality is that he’s most likely just sitting in one spot for hours, waiting for you to return with anxiety. Dogs actually prefer to be inside, ideally with their owners. 1．If a dog intends to eat food, which action will it take? A．It stretches its legs, yawning. B．It makes an eye contact with its owner. C．It licks its owner’s face with a soft tongue. D．It runs around the backyard, following its tail. 2．What do we learn about the gesture if a cat constantly kisses itself? A．It feels amused. B．It feels stressed. C．It feels angry. D．It feels tired. 3．When the dog sits for a long time without moving，it reveals ________. A．the dog is eagerly awaiting your return B．the dog displays a sign of tiredness C．the dog is extremely bored to play with you D．the dog displays a sign of embarrassment · 思路点拨：细节理解题与长难句 1.1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Sure, your dog loves you, but that’s not why he’s licking your face. A little dog learns to lick his mother’s mouth to obtain a little food, so Spot isn’t kissing you in our sense of the word; he just wants a snack.(当然，你的狗爱你，但它舔你的脸并不是这个原因。小狗通过舔母亲的嘴来获得一点食物，所以Spot(狗名)并不是在按照我们的定义亲吻你；它只是想要零食)”可知，如果狗想吃东西，它会用柔软的舌头舔主人的脸。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Cat owners also misinterpret their pets’ kisses. While a cat might lick you to show love, sometimes she’ll do it to comfort herself. One way to tell if her licking is stress-related is whether it goes on for a long period of time.(猫主人也误解了他们宠物的亲吻。虽然猫可能会舔你来表达爱意，但有时候它这样做是为了让自己平静下来。一个判断她的舔舐是否与压力有关的方法是看这种行为是否会持续很长时间)”可知，如果猫长时间地舔自己，可能是因为它感到压力。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“But the reality is that he’s most likely just sitting in one spot for hours, waiting for you to return with anxiety.(但现实是，它很可能只是在一个地方坐上几个小时，焦虑地等待你回来)”可知，当狗长时间坐着不动时，它实际上是在急切地等待你回来。故选A。。 · 答案1.C 2. B 3.A 【长难句分析】But the reality is that he’s most likely just sitting in one spot for hours, waiting for you to return with anxiety. 句子分析：主干结构：But the reality is that...（但现实是……） 1. 主语 the reality（“现实”，名词短语） 2. 谓语 is（系动词，连接主语和表语） 3. 表语（从句） 引导词：that（无实义） 从句核心：he’s sitting（“他正坐着”，现在进行时） 修饰词： most likely（副词，“很可能”） just（副词，“只是”） in one spot（地点状语，“在一个地方”） for hours（时间状语，“数小时”） 伴随动作：waiting for you to return with anxiety（“焦虑地等你回来”，现在分词短语，说明坐着时的状态） 翻译：但现实是，它很可能只是在一个地方坐上几个小时，焦虑地等待你回来。 ( 考点二 推理判断题与观点态度 ) （2024-2025高二上·广东部分名校·期中）In recent years, a new trend called begpacking has appeared in the travel world. This term is a combination of begging and backpacking. Begpackers are typically some tourists who travel to other countries, and ask for money from locals to help support their trips. They can be seen sitting in streets with signs written in the local language, asking for money to fund their travels. Some begpackers play music or sell handmade items to get money. Others just ask for money without giving anything back in return. While begpacking might appear to be an innocent way for travelers to fund their trips, it’s against the law to earn money as a tourist in many countries. Even so, this doesn’t seem to stop begpackers from trying. And as a result, it’s caused a lot of controversial (有争议的) discussion. “If you cannot afford to travel, don’t do it, let alone ask locals to pay for it,” Robert Rashid wrote in a Medium article. Rashid, a journalist who lives in Seoul, has been called the “begpacker buster”, and is known for speaking out against tourists who beg on the streets. He even reports them to the police. Rashid said he believes begpacking is “emotional bribery (贿赂)”, and takes advantage of the generosity of locals, some of whom might be poor themselves. Filipino lawyer Raphael Pangalangan said begpacking is an example of “nationality privilege”— having advantages because of the country of your nationality. “If people from poorer countries were to try begpacking,” Pangalangan said, “they would be quickly deported (驱逐出境).” But Will Hatton from the travel website The Broke Backpacker says begpacking doesn’t have to be a negative thing. He told CNN he doesn’t support begging, but he believes people who play music or sell items to fund their travels are being brave and exploring alternative lifestyles. 1．What does the author intend to do in paragraph 1? A．Show the author’s point of view. B．Make necessary comparison for the readers. C．Offer basic evidences to the topic. D．Introduce a new phenomenon for discussion. 2．What is Robert Rashid’s attitude towards begpacking? A．Objective. B．Disapproving. C．Admirable. D．Curious. 3．What can we learn about begpacking according to the text? A．It’s illegal to practice begpacking globally. B．It’s acceptable to collect money from generous locals. C．Poor begpackers are more likely to get help. D．Using proper ways to fund is a reasonable choice. · 思路点拨：例题主要考查推理判断题与观点态度 1.推理判断题。第一段提到近年来，旅游界出现了一种新的趋势，叫做背包乞讨。由此可推知，作者在第一段打算引入一个新现象进行讨论。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中““If you cannot afford to travel, don’t do it, let alone ask locals to pay for it,” Robert Rashid wrote in a Medium article. (“如果你负担不起旅行费用，那就不要去，更不用说让当地人付钱了，”罗伯特·拉希德在Medium网站的一篇文章中写道。)”可推知，罗伯特·拉希德对背包行乞的态度是不赞成的。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“He told CNN he doesn’t support begging, but he believes people who play music or sell items to fund their travels are being brave and exploring alternative lifestyles. (他告诉CNN，他不支持乞讨，但他相信那些通过播放音乐或出售物品来为旅行筹集资金的人是勇敢的，他们在探索另一种生活方式。)”可知，我们可以了解到使用适当的方式来筹集资金是一个合理的选择。故选D项。 · 答案1.D 2. B 3.D · 【长难句分析】He told CNN he doesn’t support begging, but he believes people who play music or sell items to fund their travels are being brave and exploring alternative lifestyles. 一、整体结构 句子类型：并列复合句（由 but 连接两个分句） 核心框架：分句 1 + but + 分句 2 二、分句 1：He told CNN he doesn’t support begging 主语：He（代词，“他”） 谓语：told（及物动词，“告诉”） 间接宾语：CNN（机构名称，“美国有线电视新闻网”） 直接宾语（从句）：he doesn’t support begging 引导词：that（省略，口语中常见） 从句主语：he 从句谓语：doesn’t support（否定式，“不支持”） 从句宾语：begging（动名词，“乞讨”） 三、分句 2：but he believes people...are being brave... 转折连词：but（连接两个分句，表转折） 主语：he（代词，与前句主语一致） 谓语：believes（及物动词，“认为”） 宾语（从句）：people who...are being brave and exploring... 引导词：that（省略） 从句主语：people 定语从句（修饰 people）：who play music or sell items to fund their travels 引导词：who（指代 people，作主语） 并列谓语：play music /sell items 目的状语：to fund their travels（不定式，“为旅行筹资”） 从句谓语（主从句）：are being brave and exploring alternative lifestyles 并列结构： are being brave（现在进行时表状态，“表现得勇敢”） and exploring alternative lifestyles（与前项并列，“探索另类生活方式”） 翻译：他告诉CNN，他不支持乞讨，但他相信那些通过播放音乐或出售物品来为旅行筹集资金的人是勇敢的，他们在探索另一种生活方式。 ( 考点 三 词义猜测题 ) （2024-2025高二上·重庆七校·期中）I sold one of my cars and switched to an e-bike one year ago. I knew that I was doing something good for the planet. But I still viewed giving up my car as something reserved for the deeply committed and adventurous, something that Greenpeace volunteers did to make the world better. However, I live in Colorado; e-bike would mean freezing in the winter and sweating in the summer. It was the right thing to do, I thought, but it was not going to be fun. I was very wrong. Before selling my car, I worried most about riding in the cold winter months. But I quickly learned that, as the saying goes, there is no bad weather, only bad clothes. I wear gloves, warm socks and a ski jacket when I ride, and I am almost never too cold. Though I, like many would-be cyclists, was worried about arriving at the office sweaty in hotter months, the e-bike solved my problem. Even when there was 35 degrees Celsius outside, I didn’t sweat, thanks to my bike’s pedal-assist mode (脚踏辅助模式). If I am honest, sometimes I didn’t even pedal; I just switched to pedal-assist mode, sat back and enjoyed my ride. But biking to work wasn’t just not unpleasant — it was entirely enjoyable. One day, shortly after selling our car, I hopped on (跳上) my bike after a stressful day at work and rode home down a street edged with changing fall leaves. I felt more connected to the physical environment around me than I had when I’d traveled the same route surrounded by metal and glass. I have to say, this sensation made me happier and healthier. Of course, e-bikes aren’t going to replace every car on every trip. In a country where uncontrolled stretching of suburbs and malls and unprotected bike paths are the norm, it’s unrealistic to expect e-bikes to replace cars in the way that the Model T (福特公司第一款大规模生产的汽车) replaced horses. But as an individual, making short trips on an e-bike would save money, cut carbon footprints, and improve health and well-being. 4．What did the author originally think of letting go of his car? A．A healthy move. B．A difficult choice. C．A call of duty. D．A crowd-driven decision. 5．How did the author feel about the actual experience of riding to work? A．Confused. B．Embarrassed. C．Anxious. D．Amazed. 6．What does the underlined part “this sensation” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．Interest in exploring new routes. B．Desire to head home faster. C．Relief from work pressure. D．Love for exposure to nature. · 思路点拨：例题主要考查词义猜测题。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段中“I sold one of my cars and switched to an e-bike one year ago. I knew that I was doing something good for the planet. But I still viewed giving up my car as something reserved for the deeply committed and adventurous, something that Greenpeace volunteers did to make the world better. However, I live in Colorado; e-bike would mean freezing in the winter and sweating in the summer. It was the right thing to do, I thought, but it was not going to be fun. (一年前，我卖掉了一辆汽车，换上了一辆电动自行车。我知道我在为地球做些好事。但我仍然认为，放弃我的汽车是那些献身精神和冒险精神的人的事情，是绿色和平组织的志愿者为了让世界变得更美好而做的事情。然而，我住在科罗拉多州；骑电动自行车意味着冬天挨冻，夏天大汗淋漓。我想，这样做是对的，但这不会很有趣)”可知，科罗拉多州的气候不适合骑电动自行车，会让人受累。由此可知，作者原本认为放弃他的汽车是一个艰难的选择。故选B项。 5．推理判断题。根据第二段中“I wear gloves, warm socks and a ski jacket when I ride, and I am almost never too cold. (我骑车时戴手套，穿暖和的袜子和滑雪服，所以我几乎从不觉得太冷)”、第三段中“Though I, like many would-be cyclists, was worried about arriving at the office sweaty in hotter months, the e-bike solved my problem. (虽然我和许多想骑自行车的人一样，担心在炎热的月份上班时汗流浃背，但电动自行车解决了我的问题)”和第四段中“But biking to work wasn’t just not unpleasant — it was entirely enjoyable. (但是骑自行车上班不仅没有不愉快，而且完全是一种享受)”可知，作者原本担心的受冻、流汗的问题几乎不存在，相反，骑自行车还带来了享受。由此可知，作者对骑车上班的实际经历感到惊叹。故选D项。 6．词句猜测题。根据画线部分的上文“I felt more connected to the physical environment around me than I had when I’d traveled the same route surrounded by metal and glass. (我感觉自己与周围的自然环境更紧密地联系在一起，而不是走在被金属和玻璃包围的同一条路线上)”可推知，“这种感觉”指的是前面描述的对接触自然的喜爱。故选D项。 · 答案 4．B 5．D 6．D ( 考点 四 主旨大意题 ) （2024-2025高二上·广东深圳三校联考·期中）The cliche (陈词滥调) of a knitter is a white-haired lady. But in the 1940s, young male Royal Air Force pilots used needles as they waited for their next mission. Wartime pilots crashed a lot and“lap crafts” like knitting, helped rebuild flexibility in wounded limbs while also helping to settle wounded minds. They were the foundation of early occupational therapy (治疗). Today, millions of people around the world employ these same techniques. “They are closely associated with our mental health,” says Janine Smith, the owner of a store that sells supplies for knitting and crocheting (用钩针编制). “I know that if I haven’t knitted for a few days, I really miss it. It’s like meditation.” Physiotherapist Betsan Corkhill and occupational therapist Jill Riley were part of a team from Cardiff University that, ten years ago, surveyed more than 3,500 knitters and found that the more frequently people knitted, the calmer and happier they felt. In reality, it is a “Flow”, which is a concept first named by psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi as he wrote in his book, “The best moments in our lives are not the passive, receptive, relaxing times. The best moments usually occur if a person’s body or mind is stretched to its limits in a voluntary effort to accomplish something difficult and worthwhile.” Shauna Richardson knows just how true this is. The artist spent 18 months in a state of flow when she crocheted three seven-metre-long lions for the 2012 Cultural Olympiad. To complete the task, which required nearly 38 miles of wool, she says she had to “zone everything out and sustain a state of mind driven by rhythm and process.” But smaller projects will also get you there. Even a simple knitting or crochet pattern requires attentiveness to ensure that each stitch is made correctly. And if there’s not enough challenge in the straightforward, you can make additions, from colour changes to textured stitches to highly complicated patterns. The Cardiff research team found that even though most of the people surveyed were employed, three-quarters of those who knitted three or more times a week felt significantly more able to organise their thoughts and forget their problems. 1．What is the best title of the text? A．Active Hands, Calm Minds. B．Unique Therapy, Effective Healing. C．Special Techniques, Organized Thoughts. D．Simple Knitting, Strong Body. · 思路点拨：例题主要考查主旨大意题 1．主旨大意题。通读全文，重点结合文章第三段“Physiotherapist Betsan Corkhill and occupational therapist Jill Riley were part of a team from Cardiff University that, ten years ago, surveyed more than 3,500 knitters and found that the more frequently people knitted, the calmer and happier they felt.(物理治疗师贝特森·科克希尔和职业治疗师吉尔·莱利是卡迪夫大学一个团队的成员。十年前，该团队对 3500 多名编织者进行了调查，发现人们编织的频率越高，感觉就越平静和快乐。)”可知，文章主要介绍了编织活动对人们心理健康的积极影响，包括让人心情平静、进入“心流”状态。故A选项“Active Hands, Calm Minds(灵巧的双手，平静的心灵)”准确概括了文章主旨，是最佳标题。故选A项。。 · 答案 1．A Passage 01 （2024-2025·广东八校联盟·高二上教学质量检测）“Who’s a good reader? It’s you, isn’t it?” This is a typical example of “parentese (父母语)”. Recent research suggests that parents speaking parentese to their babies can give the babies’ language development a serious boost. In the study, researchers found that teaching parents how to speak proper parentese enhanced their ability to communicate with their babies — and even improved the children’s long-term language skills. Parentese is distinct from conventional baby talk, which mostly relies on silly sounds and made-up words. In the 1960s, scientists studying speech patterns across different languages noticed a unique style that adults used addressing young children. This language was characterized by simple words and grammar, high pitch (音调) and a much slower speed. The baby-directed speech was first named “motherese” before it was called “parentese”. Later research showed parentese is grammatically correct, with real words and phrases, which helped babies differentiate between words and process what was being said. “We’ve known for some time that use of parentese is associated with improved language outcomes, but we didn’t know why,” says Patricia K. Kuhl, the new research’s senior author. But Kuhl thinks the new research suggests why parentese helps babies learn language skills. “We now think parentese works because it’s a social attraction for the baby brain,” she says. “Its high pitch and slower speed are socially engaging and invite the baby to respond.” All 71 families in the new study had their children equipped with a special coat with an audio recorder built in. During four separate weekends when the babies were 6,10,14 and 18months old, the researchers recorded all of the interactions between family members and the babies. The 48 families who were randomly selected for a course in parentese learned about ways to include more parentese in conversation. And even though all of the participating families used some form of parentese at the start of the study, the babies of parents who received coaching showed the most improvements in their conversation skills. Beyond that, those babies had a 100-word vocabulary compared with the control group, who only knew 60 words at 18 months. 8．Which aspect of the new study does paragraph 1 focus on? A．Its aim. B．Its result. C．Its procedure. D．Its participants. 9．What did scientists find about parentese in the 1960s? A．It was easy to follow. B．It was unique to mothers. C．It was full of made-up words. D．It was similar to traditional baby talk. 10．What does Kuhl say about parentese? A．It inspires babies to speak more. B．It has short-term effects on babies. C．It teaches babies more social skills. D．It helps babies differentiate words and phrases. 11．What does the underlined word “coaching” in the last paragraph mean? A．Casual advice or guidance. B．Formal training or instruction. C．Observation without intervention. D．Emotional support without practical help. 【答案】8．B 9．A 10．A 11．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了最新的研究表明，父母对婴儿说的父母语有助于婴儿语言的发展。 8．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Recent research suggests that parents speaking parentese to their babies can give the babies' language development a serious boost. In the study, researchers found that teaching parents how to speak proper parentese enhanced their ability to communicate with their babies — and even improved the children’s long-term language skills.(最近的研究表明，父母对孩子说父母话可以大大促进孩子的语言发展。在这项研究中，研究人员发现，教父母如何说正确的父母语可以提高他们与孩子沟通的能力，甚至可以提高孩子的长期语言技能)”可知，第一段主要关注的是研究的结果，即教父母如何说正确的“父母语”可以增强他们与婴儿沟通的能力，甚至提高孩子的长期语言技能。故选B。 9．推理判断题。根据第二段中“In the 1960s, scientists studying speech patterns across different languages noticed a unique style that adults used addressing young children. This language was characterized by simple words and grammar, high pitch (音调) and a much slower speed.(在20世纪60年代，研究不同语言的语言模式的科学家注意到，成年人对幼儿的称呼有一种独特的风格。这种语言的特点是单词和语法简单，音调高，语速慢得多)”可推知，20世纪60年代，父母对幼儿说的话的特点是单词和语法简单，说话速度慢，故可推知，20世纪60年代的父母语很容易听懂。故选A。 10．细节理解题。根据第四段“‘We now think parentese works because it's a social attraction for the baby brain,’ she says. ‘Its high pitch and slower speed are socially engaging and invite the baby to respond.’(‘我们现在认为，父母语之所以有效，是因为它对婴儿的大脑是一种社会吸引力，’她说。‘它的高音调和较慢的速度具有社交吸引力，并邀请婴儿做出回应。’)”可知，Kuhl认为父母语是有用的，它邀请婴儿积极做出回应，因此可以鼓励婴儿说话。故选A。 11．词句猜测题。根据第五段中“The 48 families who were randomly selected for a course in parentese learned about ways to include more parentese in conversation.(随机选择的48个家庭参加了父母语课程，学习了如何在谈话中更多地使用父母语)”可知，48个家庭被随机选中参加了一个关于“parentese”的课程，并学习了如何在对话中更多地使用这种语言方式，而那些接受了指导的父母的孩子在对话技能上表现出了最大的进步。因此，coaching在这里指的是提供关于特定技能或主题的正式培训或指导。故选B。 Passage 02 （2024-2025·安徽十校联考·高二上1月联考）It is a common view that “Necessity is the mother of invention”. That is, inventions supposedly arise when a society has an unfulfilled need. Quite a few inventions do fit in this category. For example, in 1794 Eli Whitney invented cotton gins (轧棉机) to replace laborious hand cleaning of cotton grown in the U. S. South. Such familiar examples fool us into assuming that other major inventions were also responses to perceived needs. In fact, most inventions were developed by people driven by curiosity or by a love of tinkering (捣鼓). Once a device had been invented, the inventor then had to find an application for it. Only after it had been in use for a considerable time did consumers come to feel that they “needed” it. Thus, invention is often the mother of necessity, rather than vice versa. A good example is the history of the motor vehicle which was not invented in response to any demand. When Nikolaus Otto built his first gas engine in 1866, it was weak, heavy, and seven feet tall. Thirty years later, he built the first truck. But it was a time when horse wagons and steam-powered railroads dominated transportation. Public contentment with these two means remained high until World War I when the armies concluded that they really did need trucks, which eventually made those vehicles a substitute for horse-drawn wagons in industrialized countries. Inventors often have to insist on their tinkering for a long time in the absence of public demand, because early models perform too poorly to be useful. For instance, the first cameras, typewriters, and television sets were as awful as Otto’s seven-foot-tall gas engine. That makes it difficult for an inventor to foresee whether his or her awful prototype might eventually find a use and thus invest more time and expense to develop it. Even inventions that meet the need for which they were initially designed may later prove more valuable at meeting unforeseen needs. While James Watt designed his steam engine to pump water from mines, it soon was supplying power to cotton mills, then (with much greater profit) driving trains and boats. 28．Why is Eli Whitney mentioned by the writer in the first paragraph? A．To introduce the topic. B．To deny a statement. C．To clarify a doubt. D．To illustrate a view. 29．What led to the wide use of motor vehicles according to the text? A．The improvement of engine performance. B．The end of World War I. C．The need of the military during war time. D．The decline of horse-drawn wagons. 30．What does the underlined word “That” refer to in the last paragraph? A．Absence of public demand. B．Bad performance of early models. C．A lack of time and expense. D．Awful looks of previous inventions. 31．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Social Need: the Inner Drive for Invention B．Great Invention: the Force of Society’s Progress C．Beyond Necessity: the Curious Pursuit of Invention D．General Application: the Final Purpose of Invention 【答案】28．D 29．C 30．B 31．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章探讨了传统认识“需要是发明之母”的正确性，认为发明往往超出了事先所认定的需求，是出于好奇的一种探索追求。 28．推理判断题。根据第一段中“It is a common view that “Necessity is the mother of invention”. That is, inventions supposedly arise when a society has an unfulfilled need. Quite a few inventions do fit in this category. For example, in 1794 Eli Whitney invented cotton gins (轧棉机) to replace laborious hand cleaning of cotton grown in the U. S. South. (人们普遍认为“需要是发明之母”。也就是说，当一个社会有一种未被满足的需求时，发明就会出现。相当多的发明确实属于这一类。例如，1794年，Eli Whitney发明了轧棉机，以取代美国南部种植的棉花的手工清洗)”可知，以Eli Whitney发明轧棉机为例，就是为了阐释“需求是发明之母”这一观点，所以是用其来举例说明观点。故选D项。 29．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Public contentment with these two means remained high until World War I when the armies concluded that they really did need trucks, which eventually made those vehicles a substitute for horse-drawn wagons in industrialized countries.(公众对这两种交通工具的满意度一直很高，直到第一次世界大战，军队得出结论，他们确实需要卡车，这最终使卡车成为工业化国家马车的替代品)”可知，是军队的需要推动了机动车的流行。故选C项。 30．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中“Inventors often have to persist at their tinkering for a long time in the absence of public demand, because early models perform too poorly to be useful. For instance, the first cameras, typewriters, and television sets were as awful as Otto’s seven-foot-tall gas engine. That makes it difficult for an inventor to foresee whether his or her awful prototype might eventually find a use and thus invest more time and expense to develop it.(在没有公众需求的情况下，发明家通常不得不长时间坚持他们的修理, 因为早期模型的性能太差而无法使用。例如，第一台相机、打字机和电视机与 Otto的7英尺高的燃气发动机一样糟糕。这使得发明家很难预见他或她糟糕的原型最终是否会找到用途，从而投入更多的时间和费用来开发它)”可知，That指代的就是前面提到的早期模型性能差这一情况。故选B项。 31．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“It is a common view that “Necessity is the mother of invention”. (人们普遍认为“需要是发明之母”)”以及第二段中 “Thus, invention is often the mother of necessity, rather than vice versa.(因此，发明往往是必要性之母, 而不是反过来)”以及最后一段中“Even inventions that meet the need for which they were initially designed may later prove more valuable at meeting unforeseen needs. While James Watt designed his steam engine to pump water from mines, it soon was supplying power to cotton mills, then (with much greater profit) propelling trains and boats.(即使是满足最初设计需求的发明，也可能在后来证明在满足不可预见的需求方面更有价值。虽然詹姆斯·瓦特设计了他的蒸汽机从矿井中抽水，但它很快就为棉纺厂提供动力，然后（利润更大）推动火车和船只)”可知，本文强调发明往往超出了事先所认定的需求，是出于好奇的一种探索追求。C 选项“超越需求：对发明的好奇追求” 能很好地概括文章主旨，故选C项。 Passage 03 （2024-2025·河南豫北名校·高二上9月联考）Waves of innovation often create giants. Artificial intelligence (AI) may well be the next big technological shift, transforming the way of businesses. Firms selling the software and hardware that support AI will gain a lot of profit. But none is better positioned than Nvidia, an American firm that makes specialist AI chips. Its market value briefly passed $1,000 billion this week. Will Nvidia always be a tech-giant in this field? The hype (炒作) around AI makes the question hard to answer. Excitement about Nvidia began to mount in November, after the release of ChatGPT, an AI-powered chatbot. Since then many kinds of firms have launched AI products. Nvidia is in an enviable (令人羡慕的) position. Its core business is designing high-performance chips. At first it sold these to video-game lovers. The chips were also highly efficient at training AI models, and a new, booming market emerged. Nvidia also had the forethought to invest in two areas that helped strengthen its dominance (支配地位). One is advanced networking. Because training AI models requires vast amounts of processing power, many chips — sometimes thousands — are used at the same time. These chips exchange data along a high-performance, AI-tailored network. Nvidia’s other strength is its software. CUDA, its AI platform, is popular with programmers and runs only on the company’s chips. For instance, by giving free access to its chips and software to some AI researchers, the firm focused on encouraging developers to use its software long before its competitors set out to woo them. Despite all these advantages, however, Nvidia’s lasting dominance is not assured. New companies and big chipmakers want a share of Nvidia’s network and chip businesses. The biggest challenge, though, may come from Nvidia’s own customers. The cloud-computing arms of both Amazon and Alphabet are designing their own AI-tailored chips. Both have the potential to become fearsome competitors. 12．Which of the following makes Nvidia enviable according to the passage? A．The hype around artificial intelligence. B．The release of ChatGPT. C．The availability of its chips. D．The high performance of its chips. 13．What does the underlined word “woo” in paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Hunt for. B．Attend to. C．Approve of. D．Guard against. 14．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Nvidia will lose its dominance definitely. B．Nvidia should further improve its chips. C．Alphabet has weakened Nvidia’s market. D．Amazon will defeat Nvidia soon. 15．What does the author think of Nvidia’s dominance in the future? A．Unchallengeable. B．Uncertain. C．Predictable. D．Assured. 【答案】12．D 13．A 14．B 15．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了英伟达芯片的高性能令人羡慕，然而许多公司都推出了人工智能产品，让其领导地位受到了挑战。 12．细节理解题。根据第一段“But none is better positioned than Nvidia, an American firm that makes specialist AI chips.(但没有哪家公司比生产专业人工智能芯片的美国公司英伟达更有优势)”以及第三段“Nvidia is in an enviable (令人羡慕的) position.(英伟达处于一个令人羡慕的位置)”可知，芯片的高性能让英伟达令人羡慕。故选D。 13．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“by giving free access to its chips and software to some AI researchers, the firm focused on encouraging developers to use its software long before its competitors set out to(通过向一些人工智能研究人员免费提供其芯片和软件，该公司专注于鼓励开发人员使用其软件，早在竞争对手开始之前……)”可知，英伟达通过向一些人工智能研究人员免费提供其芯片和软件，该公司早在竞争对手开始寻找到这些人员之前就专注于鼓励开发人员使用其软件。故划线词意思是“寻找”。故选A。 14．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The biggest challenge, though, may come from Nvidia’s own customers. The cloud-computing arms of both Amazon and Alphabet are designing their own AI-tailored chips. Both have the potential to become fearsome competitors.(不过，最大的挑战可能来自英伟达自己的客户。亚马逊和Alphabet的云计算部门都在设计自己的人工智能定制芯片。两者都有可能成为令人生畏的竞争对手)”可知，英伟达应该进一步改进它的芯片。故选B。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Despite all these advantages, however, Nvidia’s lasting dominance is not assured.(然而，尽管有这些优势，英伟达的长期统治地位仍不确定)”可知，英伟达在未来的主导地位是不确定的。故选B。 真题感知 Passage 01 C 【2025全国1卷】While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 28. What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A. Cars often get stuck on the road. B. Traffic accidents occur frequently. C. People walk less and drive more. D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules. 29. What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do? A. Keep their cities livable. B. Promote cultural diversity. C. Help the needy families. D. Make expressways accessible. 30. What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? A. They boosted the sales of cars. B. They turned out largely ineffective. C. They won government support. D. They advocated building new parks. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why the Rush? B. What’s Next? C. Where to Stay? D. Who to Blame? 【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B 31. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿童步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能，重视城市宜居性。 【28题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. (虽然近年来我们的街道可能已经改善了安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流动性下降，尤其是年轻儿童。许多家长说，路上的交通太拥挤，他们的孩子无法安全步行上学，所以他们把孩子塞进车里)”可知，作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。 【29题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” (最著名的是，一位加拿大记者在20世纪50年代初举家迁往曼哈顿，她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的运动。在描述她对用高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时，Jane Jacobs呼吁她的市长捍卫“纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而不仅是匆匆穿过的通道”)”可推知，加拿大记者和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. (尽管这些运动很普遍，但现实是大多数西方城市完全围绕汽车需求重新设计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加)”可推知，20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的竞选活动未能阻止汽车发展，基本上没有效果。故选B。 【31题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章最后一段“We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? (我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真正的成本。我们真的认识到当孩子们不能在我们的社区安全地移动时，我们作为一个社会将会付出什么代价吗)”可推知，本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需求的现象，A项“Why the Rush? (为何匆匆？)”质问“rush through (匆匆通行)”的规划理念，契合主旨，最适合作为本文标题。故选A。 Passage 02 【2025全国1卷】Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept. C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics. 33. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time. C. The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water. 34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity of the microplastic problem. C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water. 35. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study. C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings. 【答案】32. C 33. A 34. B 35. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球，甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤可能会显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. (微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现了在人类体内)”可推知，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. (至关重要是，这一过程依赖于含有足够碳酸钙的水来截留塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量)”可知，决定在水中截留微塑料的有效性的是水的硬度。故选A。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly diffcult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. (尽管如此，研究结果显示了减少微塑料接触的潜在途径——这一任务正变得越来越困难。今年早些时候，科学家们发现，即使是瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比原先想象的高出10到1000倍。)”可推断，作者提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。故选B。 【35题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” (苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay没有参与这项研究，她告诉《新科学家》杂志：“他们展示微塑料如何在煮沸过程中被截留的方式很不错。”“我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，以便它们能去除微塑料”)”可推知，Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay的建议是关于这项研究结果的潜在应用，即升级饮用水处理厂。故选D。 Passage 03 【2025新课标ⅠⅠ卷】When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 8. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A. It faced tough competition. B. It suffered a great loss. C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well. 9. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment. C. They raise the cortisol level. D. They enhance productivity. 10 What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A. The necessity of social skills. B. The meaning of sustainability. C. The importance of repeated efforts. D. The value of professional opinions. 11. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home 【答案】8. D 9. D 10. C 11. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。 8题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. (当Sonja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份订单)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。 【9题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”(Knuth表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。 【10题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. (Detrinidad说：“医生需要不断实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。”)”可知，Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。 【11题详解】 主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood (植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。 Passage 04 【2025新课标ⅠⅠ卷】Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 12. What can be inferred about the author’s early life? A. He witnessed food shortage. B. He enjoyed the local cuisine. C. He donated food to Africans. D. He helped to cook at home. 13. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A. To customize dishes for guests. B. To make the public aware of food waste. C. To test a food processing method. D. To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems. 14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 15. What can we learn about wastED? A. It has ended as planned. B. It is creating new jobs. C. It has regained popularity. D. It is criticized by top chefs. 【答案】12. A 13. B 14. C 15. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。 【12题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. (这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历 —— 在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿” 这句话与其说是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒)” 可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。 【13题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. (每道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识)”可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。 【14题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。 【15题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. (尽管 wastED 餐厅收获了热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill 餐厅已回归常规菜单)”可知，wastED从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结束了。故选A。 Passage 05 【2024全国甲卷】Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 4. What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph? A. It's a survival skill. B. It's taught by mother cats. C. It's hard to interpret. D. It's getting louder with age. 5. How does a pet cat assess different situations? A. By listening for sounds. B. By touching familiar objects. C. By checking on smells. D. By communicating with other cats. 6. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3? A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster. C. Act strangely. D. Do better. 7. What is a suitable title for the text? A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy 【答案】4. A 5. C 6. D 7. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物来表达需求、评估环境和展示爱意。 【4题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. (动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。例如，几乎所有的动物都有独特的声音，它们依靠这些声音来寻求帮助，吓跑危险的动物或寻找庇护。)”和“Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother’s attention and be fed. (猫宝宝一出生就开始喵喵叫，喵喵叫是为了引起妈妈的注意和被喂食。)”可知，猫叫声是一种生存技能。故选A。 【5题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. (猫有许多敏锐的感官，但它们的嗅觉令人印象深刻。它们用鼻子来评估周围的环境，寻找任何危险的迹象。)”可知，宠物猫通过检查气味来评估不同情况。故选C。 【6题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前半句“Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit,  (狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名)”和后句“Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. (许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人。)”可知，狗以取回东西而闻名，但猫可以从外边找到东西带回来，因此在这一行为上更上一层楼。短语take ... up a notch是用来形容猫在带回东西这一行为上做得更好或更出色。故选D。 【7题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.( 动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior(了解你的猫的行为)”作文文章标题最为合适。故选B。 Passage 06 【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。 【34题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。 【35题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。 提升专练 Passage 01 （2024-2025·湖南永州·高二上1月期末）Glaciers (冰川) are enormous masses of ice created by snow that has become packed over many years. Hidden inside some of them are dramatic and beautiful caves called glacier caves (洞), which are made entirely of ice. How do they form? Ice caves, usually lying within or beneath glaciers, are formed by the meltwater of the glacier that flows through the ice during periods of rainfall or during the warmer months when the glacier ice is melting (融化). Where the melted water flows through cracks (裂缝) in the ice, the cracks get bigger and bigger over time. Eventually, a glacier cave is formed. Glacier caves are valuable to glaciologists, scientists who study glaciers. Usually, glaciologists can study the surface of a glacier, but these caves let them see the underside and inside. Studying a glacier from the inside helps scientists learn about the way a glacier moves and slides. As the climate changes, glaciers are melting quickly, leading to rising sea levels. Glacier caves are changing quickly too. From one visit to the next, people might find that some rooms in a cave have disappeared while others have formed. Ice may have thickened or thinned as more air enters through places where the ice has melted through. Because of this, the volume has to be re-mapped every few weeks. “It’s very different from a rock cave, which never changes,” said Cartaya, a 46-year-old Forest Service worker and EMT in Bend, Oregon. “Once you survey a rock cave, it’s done. With these, every week it’s changing.” Glaciologists and other scientists measure these changes. The information can help them figure out what is happening with our sea levels and our planet. In recent years, data collected from the cave system has unlocked an important clue in tracking glacial loss. They hope to provide critical new information for understanding the impact of glacial loss on water resources and global sea level rise. 12．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The effects of glacier caves. B．The changes of glacier caves. C．The formation of glacier caves. D．The definition of glacier caves. 13．Why does the author mention Cartaya’s words in paragraph 4? A．To prove a point. B．To introduce a topic. C．To draw a conclusion. D．To attract readers’ interest. 14．What can we learn from the text? A．Glacier caves change slowly. B．Glacier caves are made partly of ice. C．Meltwater flows through the ice cracks in colder weather. D．Glacier caves help figure out how glaciers move and slide. 15．What do scientists think of the current research? A．Satisfying. B．Disappointing. C．Shocking. D．Confusing. 【答案】12．C 13．A 14．D 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了冰川洞穴的形成、对冰川学家的价值，以及因气候变化其不断变化的情况，科学家通过研究洞穴变化了解海平面和地球的情况。 12．主旨大意题。根据第二段“How do they form? Ice caves, usually lying within or beneath glaciers, are formed by the meltwater of the glacier that flows through the ice during periods of rainfall or during the warmer months when the glacier ice is melting (融化). Where the melted water flows through cracks (裂缝) in the ice, the cracks get bigger and bigger over time. Eventually, a glacier cave is formed.(它们是如何形成的呢?冰洞通常位于冰川内部或下方，是由冰川的融水在降雨期间或冰川冰融化的温暖月份流经冰层形成的。当融化的水从冰中的裂缝流过时，随着时间的推移，裂缝会越来越大。最终，一个冰川洞穴就形成了)”可知，该段主要讲述了冰川洞穴的形成。故选C项。 13．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Glacier caves are changing quickly too. From one visit to the next, people might find that some rooms in a cave have disappeared while others have formed. Ice may have thickened or thinned as more air enters through places where the ice has melted through. Because of this, the volume has to be re-mapped every few weeks.(冰川洞穴也在迅速变化。在一次又一次的参观中，人们可能会发现洞穴中的一些洞室消失了，而另一些洞室则形成了。随着更多的空气从冰融化的地方进入，冰可能变厚或变薄。因此，每隔几周体积就必须重新测绘)”可知，段中先提出冰川洞穴在迅速变化这一观点。然后引用了Cartaya的话“It’s very different from a rock cave, which never changes,(这里和岩洞非常不同，岩洞永远不会变)”和“Once you survey a rock cave, it’s done. With these, every week it’s changing.(一旦你勘测了一个岩洞，一切就完成了。而这些冰川洞穴，每周都在变化)”可知，作者提到Cartaya的话是为了证明冰川洞穴在迅速变化这一观点。故选A项。 14．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Studying a glacier from the inside helps scientists learn about the way a glacier moves and slides.(从内部研究冰川有助于科学家了解冰川移动和滑动的方式)”可知，冰川洞穴有助于弄清楚冰川是如何移动和滑动的。故选D项。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“In recent years, data collected from the cave system has unlocked an important clue in tracking glacial loss. They hope to provide critical new information for understanding the impact of glacial loss on water resources and global sea level rise.(近年来，从洞穴系统收集的数据为追踪冰川流失提供了一条重要线索。他们希望为了解冰川流失对水资源和全球海平面上升的影响提供关键的新信息)”可知，科学家们认为目前的研究是令人满意的，因为有了重要发现并有望提供关键新信息。故选A项。 Passage 02 （2024-2025·江苏扬州广陵区江苏省扬州中学·高一下学期5月考）We know that smartphone addiction is real, and that it can affect lives in negative ways. While some people have tried going cold turkey (快速戒掉坏习惯)or even punishing themselves for using their mobile phones, an app is made available in the UK that rewards people for staying away from their devices. The app, called Hold, was created by Norwegians Maths Mathisen, Florian Winder, and Vinoth Vinaya while they are studying at Copenhagen's Business school to help break fellow students' attachments to their devices. The three college students found that positive reinforcement (强化)was the best way of beating smartphone addiction. Hold allows students to collect points for staying off their devices between the hours of 7 am and 11 pm; they get 10 points for every 20 minutes. Through partnerships with universities and businesses, points can be used for discounts on everything from cinema tickets to Amazon goods to cafe food and drink. A half price cinema ticket, for example, costs 60 points, or 2 hours away from a phone. And a £ 5 ( $6. 88 ) Amazon voucher (代金券)needs 1 ,000 points, or 33 hours off your smartphone. Students can also use their points to buy school books and stationery (文具),which are then donated to schools partnered with children's charity Unicef. Over 120,000 people use the app in Scandinavia, including 40 percent of higher education students in Norway, where Hold first came onto market in February 2016. It's now available to students from over 170 universities in the UK. A 2017 University of Texas study claimed that merely placing a smartphone in someone's line of sight slowed down their productivity, response time, and reduced their grades. An earlier study from the London School of Economics found students who didn't use smartphones on school grounds saw their test scores increase 6. 4 percent. 8．The app Hold was created mainly to . A．promote online sales of goods. B．earn discounts on goods or services . C．find new uses of mobile phone. D．help students put down their smartphones. 9．How long should a student stay off the mobile phone to get 300 points? A．6 hours. B．10 hours. C．15 hours. D．30 hours. 10．What is the main purpose of the text ? A．To tell the story of Hold creation B．To present people's opinions of Hold C．To give a brief introduction of Hold D．To attract potential customers to Hold 11．Where is the text most likely to appear ? A．A newspaper advertisement B．A computer textbook C．A science magazine D．An official document 【答案】8．D 9．B 10．C 11．C 【分析】这是一篇说明文。智能手机成瘾已逐渐成为一种非常普遍的现象，而且会对生活产生负面影响。三个挪威的大学生发明了一款名为Hold的应用程序奖励人们远离手机，帮助他们打破对手机的依赖。 8．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The app, called Hold, was created by Norwegians Maths Mathisen, Florian Winder, and Vinoth Vinaya while they are studying at Copenhagen's Business school to help break fellow students' attachments to their devices.（这款应用名为“Hold”，由挪威的马提斯顿(Maths Mathisen)、弗洛里安•温德(Florian Winder)和维诺斯•维纳亚(Vinoth Vinaya)在哥本哈根商学院(Copenhagen's Business school)学习时开发，目的是帮助同学们摆脱对设备的依赖。）”可知研发这款名为Hold的应用程序的目的是to help break fellow students' attachments to their devices(帮助学生们戒掉手机)。故选D。 9．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Hold allows students to collect points for staying off their devices between the hours of 7 am and 11 pm; they get 10 points for every 20 minutes.（Hold允许学生在早上7点到晚上11点期间远离电子设备，以此获得积分；他们每20分钟得10分。）”可知，如果学生在早7点到晚11 点期间没有使用手机，他们就会获得积分;每20分钟可以换得10个积分。如果想换得300个积分，该学生需要远离手机10个小时。故选B。 10．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“While some people have tried going cold turkey (快速戒掉坏习惯)or even punishing themselves for using their mobile phones, an app is made available in the UK that rewards people for staying away from their devices.（在有些人尝试过快速戒掉坏习惯甚至惩罚自己使用自己的手机的时候,此时一款在英国制造出来的应用程序用于奖励人远离他们的设备。）”结合全文内容对这款名为Hold 的应用程序，其中包括这款应用程序的研发目的、使用方法、使用效果等的介绍，可知本文的写作目的是向读者简要介绍这款名为Hold的应用程序。故选C。 11．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“While some people have tried going cold turkey (快速戒掉坏习惯)or even punishing themselves for using their mobile phones, an app is made available in the UK that rewards people for staying away from their devices.（在有些人尝试过快速戒掉坏习惯甚至惩罚自己使用自己的手机的时候,此时一款在英国制造出来的应用程序用于奖励人远离他们的设备。）”结合全文内容对这款名为Hold 的应用程序，其中包括这款应用程序的研发目的、使用方法、使用效果等的描述，可知全文通篇都在介绍Hold这款应用程序，由此猜测可能出自科技杂志。故选C. Passage 03 （2024-2025·辽宁七校协作体·高二下学期3月联考）A new study published in the journal Science Advances finds that AI enhances creativity by boosting the novelty of story ideas as well as the “usefulness” of stories — their ability to engage the target audience and potential for publication. It finds that AI “professionalizes” stories, making them more enjoyable, more likely to have plot twists, better written and less boring. In a study, 300 participants were tasked with writing a short, eight-sentence “micro story” for a target audience of young adults. They were divided into three groups: one group was allowed no Ad help, a second group could use ChatGPT to provide a single three-sentence starting idea, and writers in the third group could choose from up to five AI-generated ideas for their inspiration. They then asked 600 people to judge how good the stories were, assessing them for novelty and “usefulness”. They found that writers with the most access to AI experienced the greatest gains to their creativity, their stories scoring 8.1% higher for novelty and 9% higher for novelty compared with stories written without AI. Writers who used up to five AI-generated ideas also scored higher for emotional characteristics, producing stories that were better written, more enjoyable, less boring and funnier. The researchers evaluated the writers’ creativity using a Divergent Association Task (DAT) and found that more creative writers — those with the highest DAT scores — benefited least from generative AI ideas. Less creative writers conversely saw a greater increase in creativity: access to five AI ideas improved novelty by 10.7% and usefulness by 11.5% compared with those who used no AI ideas. Their stories were judged to be up. to 26.6% better written, up to 22.6% more enjoyable and up to 15.2% less boring. Anil Doshi, Assistant Professor at the UCL School said, “While these results point to an increase in individual creativity, there is risk of losing collective novelty. If the publishing industry were to use more generative AI-inspired stories, our findings suggest that the stories would become less unique and more similar to each other. That is not encouraged in writing.” 32．What were some participants assigned to do in the study? A．Help targeted young writers. B．Improve some less creative works. C．Create a mini story for young men. D．Use AI to judge the quality of stories. 33．Who benefited most from the AI-assisted writing in the study? A．Those using AI most. B．Those of most creativity. C．Those with the help of ChatGPT. D．Those writing the most. 34．What might be Anil Doshi’s attitude toward the AI-assisted writing? A．Optimistic. B．Objective. C．Doubtful. D．Critical. 35．What can be the best title for the passage? A．AI Is Being Used to Create Novel Stories Nowadays B．AI Is Catching on But Threatening the Future of Writers C．AI Can Boost Creativity in Writing But Has Its Disadvantages D．AI Helps Improve Writing Skills But Is Limited to Young Writers 【答案】32．C 33．A 34．B 35．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了AI如何提升写作创意，但也存在集体创新性下降的风险。 32．细节理解题。根据第二段“ In a study, 300 participants were tasked with writing a short, eight-sentence “micro story” for a target audience of young adults.(在一项研究中，300名参与者被要求为年轻成人写一个简短的八句话的“微型故事”)”可知，参与者被要求为年轻成人写一个微型故事。故选C。 33．细节理解题。根据第三段“They found that writers with the most access to AI experienced the greatest gains to their creativity, their stories scoring 8.1% higher for novelty and 9% higher for novelty compared with stories written without AI.(他们发现，接触人工智能最多的作家在创造力方面获得了最大的提升，他们的故事在新颖性方面得分比没有使用人工智能写作的故事高出8.1%，在创新性方面高出9%)”可知，那些得到AI帮助最多的参与者写出的故事更具创意性，他们获益最大。故选A。 34．推理判断题。根据末段Anil Doshi的话“While these results point to an increase in individual creativity, there is risk of losing collective novelty. If the publishing industry were to use more generative AI-inspired stories, our findings suggest that the stories would become less unique and more similar to each other. That is not encouraged in writing.(虽然这些结果表明个人创造力有所提高，但也存在失去集体创新性的风险。如果出版行业更多地使用由生成式AI启发的故事，我们的研究发现这些故事会变得更加相似，独特性降低。这种现象在写作中是不被鼓励的)”可知，Anil Doshi既提到了人工智能辅助生成故事的优点：个人创造力有所提高，也提到了缺点：集体创造力存在丧失的风险，因此他的评价是客观的。故选B。 35．主旨大意题。根据全文内容及最后一段“Anil Doshi, Assistant Professor at the UCL School of Management, said, “While these results point to an increase in individual creativity, there is risk of losing collective novelty. If the publishing industry were to use more generative AI-inspired stories, our findings suggest that the stories would become less unique and more similar to each other. That is not encouraged in writing.”(UCL管理学院的助理教授Anil Doshi说：“虽然这些结果表明个人创造力有所提高，但也存在失去集体创新性的风险。如果出版行业更多地使用由生成式AI启发的故事，我们的研究发现这些故事会变得更加相似，独特性降低。这种现象在写作中是不被鼓励的。”)”可知，本文主要介绍了人工智能可以提高故事创意的新颖性，但同时也会使AI协助的写作产生相似性，故判断C选项“AI可以提升写作中的创造力，但也存在缺点”是文章的最佳标题。故选C。 Passage 04 （2024-2025·陕西西安新城区·高二上期中）When it comes to poverty relief efforts in the developing world, small is the new big. Consider Juncao, a group of wild grasses that have become one of China’s most significant contributions to the world’s sustainable development, with multiple uses being shared by people in 105 countries to help tackle food issues and desertification (沙漠化). Juncao, which literally means “the herbal plant for growing edible mushrooms”, has worked miracles for Chinese scientists who are cultivating it as a substrate (培养基) for growing edible and medicinal mushrooms or as food for livestock, as well as using it as green barrier to stop sand hills from advancing. China introduced the grass and its cultivation technology to Papua New Guinea more than 20 years ago to help local farmers raise livestock and grow edible mushrooms. “We hope we will help double the agricultural production capacity and farmers’ incomes in Papua New Guinea. We offer training at home and abroad, send our experts to teach local farmers, and we do serve them heart and soul as our brothers,” said Lin Zhanxi, a 79-year-old professor in Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University and the chief scientist for grass development. It’s been 35 years since Lin selected the grass species to replace wood as a substrate for growing mushrooms in East China’s Fujian Province, and this has saved a vast coverage of natural forest there. Through the years, Lin has developed 45 varieties of Juncao, which can be used to cultivate 55 mushroom species. Despite his age, Lin has often traveled afar to help people in developing countries learn about the benefits of this agricultural technology. “The first time I went to Papua New Guinea in 1997, I realized how people there were struggling with extreme poverty,” Lin said. At that time, a tribe chief knelt down before Lin to thank him for bringing the technique to save them from starvation. To his astonishment, the tribe people celebrated the whole night. Members of the team were so touched that they decided to stay and help the people shake off poverty. In a land without electricity or modern devices, the team members worked there for eight years to teach locals how to cultivate and use the grass. 8．What is the main idea of Paragraph 2? A．When Juncao is discovered. B．What Juncao looks like. C．What Juncao is applied to. D．How Juncao evolves. 9．Why Juncao is introduced to Papua New Guinea? A．To relief its poverty. B．To develop new varieties. C．To tackle the issue of drought. D．To promote corn-growing technology. 10．How did people in Fujian grow mushrooms before Lin brought Juncao there? A．By adding more fertilizer. B．By using the wood as a substrate. C．By covering mushrooms with leaves. D．By taking chopped-up wild grass as a substrate. 11．Which of the following words can best describe Lin Zhanxi? A．Honest and strict. B．Generous and humorous. C．Confident and independent. D．Devoted and helpful. 【答案】8．C 9．A 10．B 11．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了菌草对于沙漠化，食物温饱等方面有十分明显的重要作用，文章还介绍了林占熺去Papua New Guinea，帮助当地人改进农业技术。 8．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Juncao, which literally means “the herbal plant for growing edible mushrooms”, has worked miracles for Chinese scientists who are cultivating it as a substrate (培养基) for growing edible and medicinal mushrooms or as food for livestock, as well as using it as green barrier to stop sand hills from advancing.(菌草，字面意思是“种植食用菌的草本植物”，为中国科学家创造了奇迹，他们将其作为种植食用菌和药用蘑菇的基质或牲畜的食物，并将其用作阻止沙丘前进的绿色屏障)”可知，第二段主要讲述了菌草的用途。故选C。 9．细节理解题。根据第三段“We hope we will help double the agricultural production capacity and farmers’ incomes in Papua New Guinea.(我们希望我们能帮助巴布亚新几内亚将农业生产能力和农民收入提高一倍)”可知，引进菌草主要目的是缓解农民的贫困。故选A。 10．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“It’s been 35 years since Lin selected the grass species to replace wood as a substrate for growing mushrooms in East China’s Fujian Province, and this has saved a vast coverage of natural forest there.(35年前，林在中国东部的福建省选择了草种来代替木材作为种植蘑菇的基质，这挽救了那里大片的天然林)”可知，在福建，曾经的农民是用木材作为种植蘑菇的基材的。故选B。 11．推理判断题。根据第三段““We hope we will help double the agricultural production capacity and farmers’ incomes in Papua New Guinea. We offer training at home and abroad, send our experts to teach local farmers, and we do serve them heart and soul as our brothers,” said Lin Zhanxi, a 79-year-old professor in Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University and the chief scientist for grass development.(“我们希望我们将帮助巴布亚新几内亚的农业生产能力和农民收入翻一番。我们在国内和国外提供培训，派我们的专家去教当地农民，我们全心全意地为他们服务，就像我们的兄弟一样，”福建农林大学79岁的教授、草业发展首席科学家林占熺说)”以及最后一段“Despite his age, Lin has often traveled afar to help people in developing countries learn about the benefits of this agricultural technology.(尽管年事已高，林还是经常远道而来，帮助发展中国家的人们了解这种农业技术的好处)”可知，林占熺有奉献精神且乐于助人。故选D。 Passage 05 （2024-2025·四川绵阳·高二上期末）Wake up early enough and, depending on where you live, you’ll likely hear a flock of birds singing. It is a natural behavior, but why? According to the Woodland Trust, this early singing is known as the dawn chorus, and it can start as early as 4 a. m. and last for several hours. Birds do it to attract mates and warn other birds to avoid their turf (地盘). One theory as to why they choose the early hours to transmit these important messages is that the low visibility makes it hard to do other bird activities, like seeking food. Keeping their activity level low, they choose to sing instead. Another theory argues that birds use the morning vocals to project an image of strength. By singing with passion, they’re letting other birds know they survived the night - no guarantee in nature - and would make for an excellent mate. Like a good recording studio, the early morning hours also allow birds to deliver a clear tune thanks to the cooler, drier air. Because birds have distinctive sounds, it helps them be more easily identified by birds within listening distance. There used to be a widespread theory that birds sang so much in the mornings because the sounds could travel greater distances due to stable air current, but it was disproved in a study by researchers at the University of Western Ontario in 2003. They played recordings of sparrows at dawn and midday. Then they found the songs didn’t travel farther, but they were more consistent. Because birds only have so much energy to belt one out, singing when they stand the best chance of being heard makes sense. For a bird, an early morning session is like having the perfect environment for their performance. 12．What does the underlined word “transmit” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Communicate. B．Change. C．Repeat. D．Illustrate. 13．Why do birds sing early in the morning? A．To seek food. B．To enjoy the cool air. C．To avoid predators. D．To signal their survival. 14．What did the 2003 study prove? A．Midday songs attract more mates. B．Morning songs are more consistent. C．Birds sing more clearly in cooler air. D．Air currents help songs travel farther. 15．What is the main idea of the text? A．Why birds sing at dawn. B．When birds begin to sing. C．How birds attract their mates. D．What birds convey in singing. 【答案】12．A 13．D 14．B 15．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了鸟类在早上鸣唱的原因以及有关的研究发现。 12．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“these important messages is that the low visibility makes it hard to do other bird activities, like seeking food (这些重要的信息，是因为低能见度使得鸟类很难进行其他活动，比如寻找食物)”可知，鸟类在早上鸣叫是为了交流重要信息，是因为低能见度使得鸟类很难进行其他活动，比如寻找食。故划线词意思是“交流”，故选A。 13．细节理解题。根据第三段“By singing with passion, they’re letting other birds know they survived the night — no guarantee in nature — and would make for an excellent mate. (通过充满激情的歌唱，它们让其他鸟类知道它们熬过了一夜——这在自然界是没有保证的——它们会成为一个很好的伴侣。)”可知，鸟儿在清晨歌唱是为了表示他们还活着。故选D。 14．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“There used to be a widespread theory that birds sang so much in the mornings because the sounds could travel greater distances due to stable air current, but it was disproved in a study by researchers at the University of Western Ontario in 2003. They played recordings of sparrows at dawn and midday. Then they found the songs didn’t travel farther, but they were more consistent. (曾经有一种广为流传的理论认为，鸟儿在早晨歌唱得如此之多，是因为稳定的气流使声音可以传播得更远，但2003年西安大略大学的研究人员的一项研究推翻了这一理论。他们在黎明和中午播放麻雀的录音。然后，他们发现这些歌曲并没有传播得更远，而是更加连贯。)”可知，2003年的研究证明晨歌更有连贯性。故选B。 15．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Wake up early enough and, depending on where you live, you’ll likely hear a flock of birds singing. It is a natural behavior, but why? (早起，根据你住的地方，你可能会听到一群鸟在唱歌。这是一种自然行为，但为什么呢？)”结合文章主要说明了鸟类在早上鸣唱的原因以及有关的研究发现。可知，这篇文章的主旨是为什么鸟儿在黎明歌唱。故选A。 Passage 06 （2024-2025·重庆巴蜀中学校教育集团·高一上期末）The term sponge (海绵) city might bring to mind a creative image of a city made of sponges, but actual definition of sponge cities isn’t as literal as it seems. Sponge city is a term that originated in China to describe urban spaces that are re-designed with areas for greenery. They absorb storm-water the way a sponge takes up excess water! These areas deals wit flooding naturally by replacing impermeable roads with permeable (透水的) green spaces. These “sponges” cool cities, cleanse air pollution and remove dirt from storm-water before they enter our drinking water sources. Several tools and technologies can be adopted in a sponge city. Employing sustainable methods like covering walls and roofs with plants is one method. Another technique uses layers of permeable soil covered by greenery that traps rainwater and run-off. These and other concepts are used throughout the world under different names like green infrastructure (基建), low-impact development, and sensitive urban design. The approach, regardless of the name, focuses on controlling flooding and water pollution. Many cities around the world are suffering from flood events. In recent years, 60% of China’s large-sized cities have flooded—killing hundreds and displacing more than a million people. Flooding has increased because of the overuse of concrete surfaces, called “gray infrastructure”. Landscape architects realized the need to make cities more “spongy” by working with their local climate and natural features to design appropriate solutions. In Philadelphia, a project called “Green City, Clean Waters” was developed after the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) enforced the federal Clean Water Act there in 2011. To date, the city has “greened” at least 2,200 acres of land and used a mix of solutions like rain gardens, restoring wetlands, and green infrastructure in their plan. However, implementing sponge plans is often difficult because policymakers often need to be convinced to enact them. Despite this, cities around the world are thriving after the use of the Sponge City approach. 8．What is the primary goal of the sponge city design? A．To preserve biodiversity. B．To fight against flooding. C．To gather more rainwater. D．To improve living standard. 9．What can be learned about a sponge city? A．It is made of eco-friendly sponge materials. B．It is a new kind of city only existing in China. C．It manages rainwater by increasing permeable spaces. D．It requires the complete removal of traditional buildings. 10．Why does the author mention Philadelphia? A．To introduce the origin of the sponge city concept. B．To emphasize the importance of the Clean Water Act. C．To give an example of an effective sponge city project. D．To explain the difficulties in carrying out sponge plans. 11．Which might be the best title for the text? A．Development of the Term “Sponge City”. B．Sustainable Urban Planning Strategies. C．Shortcomings of Gray Urban Infrastructure. D．Benefit and Success of Sponge City Plans. 【答案】8．B 9．C 10．C 11．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“海绵城市”的概念、作用、在世界各地的应用情况以及实施海绵城市计划所面临的挑战，旨在向读者解释海绵城市的重要性和实际应用。 8．推理判断题。根据第二段“Sponge city is a term that originated in China to describe urban spaces that are re-designed with areas for greenery. They absorb storm-water the way a sponge takes up excess water! These areas deals wit flooding naturally by replacing impermeable roads with permeable (透水的) green spaces. These “sponges” cool cities, cleanse air pollution and remove dirt from storm-water before they enter our drinking water sources.(海绵城市是一个起源于中国的术语，用来描述城市空间被重新设计成绿色区域。它们吸收雨水的方式就像海绵吸收多余的水一样！这些地区通过用可渗透的绿地取代不透水的道路，自然地应对洪水。这些“海绵”给城市降温，净化空气污染，在雨水进入我们的饮用水源之前清除它们)”以及第三段“These and other concepts are used throughout the world under different names like green infrastructure (基建), low-impact development, and sensitive urban design. The approach, regardless of the name, focuses on controlling flooding and water pollution.(这些概念和其他概念在世界各地以不同的名称使用，如绿色基础设施、低影响发展和敏感的城市设计。不管名字是什么，这种方法的重点是控制洪水和水污染)”可知，海绵城市设计的首要目标是对抗洪水。故选B项。 9．推理判断题。根据第二段“Sponge city is a term that originated in China to describe urban spaces that are re-designed with areas for greenery. They absorb storm-water the way a sponge takes up excess water! These areas deals wit flooding naturally by replacing impermeable roads with permeable (透水的) green spaces.(海绵城市是一个起源于中国的术语，用来描述城市空间被重新设计成绿色区域。它们吸收雨水的方式就像海绵吸收多余的水一样！这些地区通过用可渗透的绿地取代不透水的道路，自然地应对洪水)”可知，海绵城市通过增加透水空间来管理雨水。故选C项。 10．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“In Philadelphia, a project called “Green City, Clean Waters” was developed after the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) enforced the federal Clean Water Act there in 2011. To date, the city has “greened” at least 2,200 acres of land and used a mix of solutions like rain gardens, restoring wetlands, and green infrastructure in their plan.(2011年，美国环保署（EPA）在费城实施联邦《清洁水法》后，一个名为“绿色城市，清洁水域”的项目应运而生。到目前为止，该市已经“绿化”了至少2200英亩的土地，并在他们的计划中使用了雨水花园、恢复湿地和绿色基础设施等多种解决方案)”可知，提到费城是为了举例说明一个有效的海绵城市项目。故选C项。 11．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“However, implementing sponge plans is often difficult because policymakers often need to be convinced to enact them. Despite this, cities around the world are thriving after the use of the Sponge City approach.(然而，实施海绵计划往往很困难，因为决策者往往需要被说服才能实施这些计划。尽管如此，世界各地的城市都在使用海绵城市的方法后蓬勃发展)”以及纵观全文可知，本文主要介绍了“海绵城市”的概念、作用、在世界各地的应用情况，所以D项“海绵城市规划的效益与成功”是本文最好的标题。故选D项。 19 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题01 阅读理解“长难句克星”：主干提取三步法+观点态度词库 内容导航 考点聚焦：核心考点+高考考点，有的放矢 重点速记：知识点和关键点梳理，查漏补缺 难点强化：难点内容标注与讲解，能力提升 复习提升：真题感知+提升专练，全面突破 核心考点聚焦 高考考点聚焦 ( 考点 一 细节理解题考查长难句 ) （2024-2025高二上·浙江六校联盟·期中）In the vast and diverse world of animals, there exists odd gestures that often leave us humans puzzled and amazed. These gestures, which may seem strange or unusual to us, are actually fascinating glimpses into the unique behaviors and communication styles of our pets. Animals want our attention, and sometimes they’re quite obvious about asking for it. Odd gesture are often our pets’ way of telling us to stop what we’re doing and play with them. It’s why Fido constantly follows his tail and why Kitty keeps rolling around. An extremely bored pet may choose “bad” behaviors to cause a reaction! Sure, your dog loves you, but that’s not why he’s licking (舔) your face. A little dog learns to lick his mother’s mouth to obtain a little food, so Spot isn’t kissing you in our sense of the word; he just wants a snack. Cat owners also misinterpret their pets’ kisses. While a cat might lick you to show love, sometimes she’ll do it to comfort herself. One way to tell if her licking is stress-related is whether it goes on for a long period of time. At some point you’ve probably told these words to someone who made you angry. Dogs think similarly, avoiding eye contact with anyone who injures their feelings. Another sign of anger: yawning (打哈欠). A yawning dog may not be tired but anxious, not bored but stressed. Similarly, lip-licking — when there isn’t food around to bring about it — is another sign of threat. You might think your dog is running around the backyard, having the time of his life while you’re away. But the reality is that he’s most likely just sitting in one spot for hours, waiting for you to return with anxiety. Dogs actually prefer to be inside, ideally with their owners. 1．If a dog intends to eat food, which action will it take? A．It stretches its legs, yawning. B．It makes an eye contact with its owner. C．It licks its owner’s face with a soft tongue. D．It runs around the backyard, following its tail. 2．What do we learn about the gesture if a cat constantly kisses itself? A．It feels amused. B．It feels stressed. C．It feels angry. D．It feels tired. 3．When the dog sits for a long time without moving，it reveals ________. A．the dog is eagerly awaiting your return B．the dog displays a sign of tiredness C．the dog is extremely bored to play with you D．the dog displays a sign of embarrassment · 思路点拨：细节理解题与长难句 1.1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Sure, your dog loves you, but that’s not why he’s licking your face. A little dog learns to lick his mother’s mouth to obtain a little food, so Spot isn’t kissing you in our sense of the word; he just wants a snack.(当然，你的狗爱你，但它舔你的脸并不是这个原因。小狗通过舔母亲的嘴来获得一点食物，所以Spot(狗名)并不是在按照我们的定义亲吻你；它只是想要零食)”可知，如果狗想吃东西，它会用柔软的舌头舔主人的脸。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Cat owners also misinterpret their pets’ kisses. While a cat might lick you to show love, sometimes she’ll do it to comfort herself. One way to tell if her licking is stress-related is whether it goes on for a long period of time.(猫主人也误解了他们宠物的亲吻。虽然猫可能会舔你来表达爱意，但有时候它这样做是为了让自己平静下来。一个判断她的舔舐是否与压力有关的方法是看这种行为是否会持续很长时间)”可知，如果猫长时间地舔自己，可能是因为它感到压力。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“But the reality is that he’s most likely just sitting in one spot for hours, waiting for you to return with anxiety.(但现实是，它很可能只是在一个地方坐上几个小时，焦虑地等待你回来)”可知，当狗长时间坐着不动时，它实际上是在急切地等待你回来。故选A。。 · 答案1.C 2. B 3.A 【长难句分析】But the reality is that he’s most likely just sitting in one spot for hours, waiting for you to return with anxiety. 句子分析：主干结构：But the reality is that...（但现实是……） 1. 主语 the reality（“现实”，名词短语） 2. 谓语 is（系动词，连接主语和表语） 3. 表语（从句） 引导词：that（无实义） 从句核心：he’s sitting（“他正坐着”，现在进行时） 修饰词： most likely（副词，“很可能”） just（副词，“只是”） in one spot（地点状语，“在一个地方”） for hours（时间状语，“数小时”） 伴随动作：waiting for you to return with anxiety（“焦虑地等你回来”，现在分词短语，说明坐着时的状态） 翻译：但现实是，它很可能只是在一个地方坐上几个小时，焦虑地等待你回来。 ( 考点二 推理判断题与观点态度 ) （2024-2025高二上·广东部分名校·期中）In recent years, a new trend called begpacking has appeared in the travel world. This term is a combination of begging and backpacking. Begpackers are typically some tourists who travel to other countries, and ask for money from locals to help support their trips. They can be seen sitting in streets with signs written in the local language, asking for money to fund their travels. Some begpackers play music or sell handmade items to get money. Others just ask for money without giving anything back in return. While begpacking might appear to be an innocent way for travelers to fund their trips, it’s against the law to earn money as a tourist in many countries. Even so, this doesn’t seem to stop begpackers from trying. And as a result, it’s caused a lot of controversial (有争议的) discussion. “If you cannot afford to travel, don’t do it, let alone ask locals to pay for it,” Robert Rashid wrote in a Medium article. Rashid, a journalist who lives in Seoul, has been called the “begpacker buster”, and is known for speaking out against tourists who beg on the streets. He even reports them to the police. Rashid said he believes begpacking is “emotional bribery (贿赂)”, and takes advantage of the generosity of locals, some of whom might be poor themselves. Filipino lawyer Raphael Pangalangan said begpacking is an example of “nationality privilege”— having advantages because of the country of your nationality. “If people from poorer countries were to try begpacking,” Pangalangan said, “they would be quickly deported (驱逐出境).” But Will Hatton from the travel website The Broke Backpacker says begpacking doesn’t have to be a negative thing. He told CNN he doesn’t support begging, but he believes people who play music or sell items to fund their travels are being brave and exploring alternative lifestyles. 1．What does the author intend to do in paragraph 1? A．Show the author’s point of view. B．Make necessary comparison for the readers. C．Offer basic evidences to the topic. D．Introduce a new phenomenon for discussion. 2．What is Robert Rashid’s attitude towards begpacking? A．Objective. B．Disapproving. C．Admirable. D．Curious. 3．What can we learn about begpacking according to the text? A．It’s illegal to practice begpacking globally. B．It’s acceptable to collect money from generous locals. C．Poor begpackers are more likely to get help. D．Using proper ways to fund is a reasonable choice. · 思路点拨：例题主要考查推理判断题与观点态度 1.推理判断题。第一段提到近年来，旅游界出现了一种新的趋势，叫做背包乞讨。由此可推知，作者在第一段打算引入一个新现象进行讨论。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中““If you cannot afford to travel, don’t do it, let alone ask locals to pay for it,” Robert Rashid wrote in a Medium article. (“如果你负担不起旅行费用，那就不要去，更不用说让当地人付钱了，”罗伯特·拉希德在Medium网站的一篇文章中写道。)”可推知，罗伯特·拉希德对背包行乞的态度是不赞成的。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“He told CNN he doesn’t support begging, but he believes people who play music or sell items to fund their travels are being brave and exploring alternative lifestyles. (他告诉CNN，他不支持乞讨，但他相信那些通过播放音乐或出售物品来为旅行筹集资金的人是勇敢的，他们在探索另一种生活方式。)”可知，我们可以了解到使用适当的方式来筹集资金是一个合理的选择。故选D项。 · 答案1.D 2. B 3.D · 【长难句分析】He told CNN he doesn’t support begging, but he believes people who play music or sell items to fund their travels are being brave and exploring alternative lifestyles. 一、整体结构 句子类型：并列复合句（由 but 连接两个分句） 核心框架：分句 1 + but + 分句 2 二、分句 1：He told CNN he doesn’t support begging 主语：He（代词，“他”） 谓语：told（及物动词，“告诉”） 间接宾语：CNN（机构名称，“美国有线电视新闻网”） 直接宾语（从句）：he doesn’t support begging 引导词：that（省略，口语中常见） 从句主语：he 从句谓语：doesn’t support（否定式，“不支持”） 从句宾语：begging（动名词，“乞讨”） 三、分句 2：but he believes people...are being brave... 转折连词：but（连接两个分句，表转折） 主语：he（代词，与前句主语一致） 谓语：believes（及物动词，“认为”） 宾语（从句）：people who...are being brave and exploring... 引导词：that（省略） 从句主语：people 定语从句（修饰 people）：who play music or sell items to fund their travels 引导词：who（指代 people，作主语） 并列谓语：play music /sell items 目的状语：to fund their travels（不定式，“为旅行筹资”） 从句谓语（主从句）：are being brave and exploring alternative lifestyles 并列结构： are being brave（现在进行时表状态，“表现得勇敢”） and exploring alternative lifestyles（与前项并列，“探索另类生活方式”） 翻译：他告诉CNN，他不支持乞讨，但他相信那些通过播放音乐或出售物品来为旅行筹集资金的人是勇敢的，他们在探索另一种生活方式。 ( 考点 三 词义猜测题 ) （2024-2025高二上·重庆七校·期中）I sold one of my cars and switched to an e-bike one year ago. I knew that I was doing something good for the planet. But I still viewed giving up my car as something reserved for the deeply committed and adventurous, something that Greenpeace volunteers did to make the world better. However, I live in Colorado; e-bike would mean freezing in the winter and sweating in the summer. It was the right thing to do, I thought, but it was not going to be fun. I was very wrong. Before selling my car, I worried most about riding in the cold winter months. But I quickly learned that, as the saying goes, there is no bad weather, only bad clothes. I wear gloves, warm socks and a ski jacket when I ride, and I am almost never too cold. Though I, like many would-be cyclists, was worried about arriving at the office sweaty in hotter months, the e-bike solved my problem. Even when there was 35 degrees Celsius outside, I didn’t sweat, thanks to my bike’s pedal-assist mode (脚踏辅助模式). If I am honest, sometimes I didn’t even pedal; I just switched to pedal-assist mode, sat back and enjoyed my ride. But biking to work wasn’t just not unpleasant — it was entirely enjoyable. One day, shortly after selling our car, I hopped on (跳上) my bike after a stressful day at work and rode home down a street edged with changing fall leaves. I felt more connected to the physical environment around me than I had when I’d traveled the same route surrounded by metal and glass. I have to say, this sensation made me happier and healthier. Of course, e-bikes aren’t going to replace every car on every trip. In a country where uncontrolled stretching of suburbs and malls and unprotected bike paths are the norm, it’s unrealistic to expect e-bikes to replace cars in the way that the Model T (福特公司第一款大规模生产的汽车) replaced horses. But as an individual, making short trips on an e-bike would save money, cut carbon footprints, and improve health and well-being. 4．What did the author originally think of letting go of his car? A．A healthy move. B．A difficult choice. C．A call of duty. D．A crowd-driven decision. 5．How did the author feel about the actual experience of riding to work? A．Confused. B．Embarrassed. C．Anxious. D．Amazed. 6．What does the underlined part “this sensation” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．Interest in exploring new routes. B．Desire to head home faster. C．Relief from work pressure. D．Love for exposure to nature. · 思路点拨：例题主要考查词义猜测题。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段中“I sold one of my cars and switched to an e-bike one year ago. I knew that I was doing something good for the planet. But I still viewed giving up my car as something reserved for the deeply committed and adventurous, something that Greenpeace volunteers did to make the world better. However, I live in Colorado; e-bike would mean freezing in the winter and sweating in the summer. It was the right thing to do, I thought, but it was not going to be fun. (一年前，我卖掉了一辆汽车，换上了一辆电动自行车。我知道我在为地球做些好事。但我仍然认为，放弃我的汽车是那些献身精神和冒险精神的人的事情，是绿色和平组织的志愿者为了让世界变得更美好而做的事情。然而，我住在科罗拉多州；骑电动自行车意味着冬天挨冻，夏天大汗淋漓。我想，这样做是对的，但这不会很有趣)”可知，科罗拉多州的气候不适合骑电动自行车，会让人受累。由此可知，作者原本认为放弃他的汽车是一个艰难的选择。故选B项。 5．推理判断题。根据第二段中“I wear gloves, warm socks and a ski jacket when I ride, and I am almost never too cold. (我骑车时戴手套，穿暖和的袜子和滑雪服，所以我几乎从不觉得太冷)”、第三段中“Though I, like many would-be cyclists, was worried about arriving at the office sweaty in hotter months, the e-bike solved my problem. (虽然我和许多想骑自行车的人一样，担心在炎热的月份上班时汗流浃背，但电动自行车解决了我的问题)”和第四段中“But biking to work wasn’t just not unpleasant — it was entirely enjoyable. (但是骑自行车上班不仅没有不愉快，而且完全是一种享受)”可知，作者原本担心的受冻、流汗的问题几乎不存在，相反，骑自行车还带来了享受。由此可知，作者对骑车上班的实际经历感到惊叹。故选D项。 6．词句猜测题。根据画线部分的上文“I felt more connected to the physical environment around me than I had when I’d traveled the same route surrounded by metal and glass. (我感觉自己与周围的自然环境更紧密地联系在一起，而不是走在被金属和玻璃包围的同一条路线上)”可推知，“这种感觉”指的是前面描述的对接触自然的喜爱。故选D项。 · 答案 4．B 5．D 6．D ( 考点 四 主旨大意题 ) （2024-2025高二上·广东深圳三校联考·期中）The cliche (陈词滥调) of a knitter is a white-haired lady. But in the 1940s, young male Royal Air Force pilots used needles as they waited for their next mission. Wartime pilots crashed a lot and“lap crafts” like knitting, helped rebuild flexibility in wounded limbs while also helping to settle wounded minds. They were the foundation of early occupational therapy (治疗). Today, millions of people around the world employ these same techniques. “They are closely associated with our mental health,” says Janine Smith, the owner of a store that sells supplies for knitting and crocheting (用钩针编制). “I know that if I haven’t knitted for a few days, I really miss it. It’s like meditation.” Physiotherapist Betsan Corkhill and occupational therapist Jill Riley were part of a team from Cardiff University that, ten years ago, surveyed more than 3,500 knitters and found that the more frequently people knitted, the calmer and happier they felt. In reality, it is a “Flow”, which is a concept first named by psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi as he wrote in his book, “The best moments in our lives are not the passive, receptive, relaxing times. The best moments usually occur if a person’s body or mind is stretched to its limits in a voluntary effort to accomplish something difficult and worthwhile.” Shauna Richardson knows just how true this is. The artist spent 18 months in a state of flow when she crocheted three seven-metre-long lions for the 2012 Cultural Olympiad. To complete the task, which required nearly 38 miles of wool, she says she had to “zone everything out and sustain a state of mind driven by rhythm and process.” But smaller projects will also get you there. Even a simple knitting or crochet pattern requires attentiveness to ensure that each stitch is made correctly. And if there’s not enough challenge in the straightforward, you can make additions, from colour changes to textured stitches to highly complicated patterns. The Cardiff research team found that even though most of the people surveyed were employed, three-quarters of those who knitted three or more times a week felt significantly more able to organise their thoughts and forget their problems. 1．What is the best title of the text? A．Active Hands, Calm Minds. B．Unique Therapy, Effective Healing. C．Special Techniques, Organized Thoughts. D．Simple Knitting, Strong Body. · 思路点拨：例题主要考查主旨大意题 1．主旨大意题。通读全文，重点结合文章第三段“Physiotherapist Betsan Corkhill and occupational therapist Jill Riley were part of a team from Cardiff University that, ten years ago, surveyed more than 3,500 knitters and found that the more frequently people knitted, the calmer and happier they felt.(物理治疗师贝特森·科克希尔和职业治疗师吉尔·莱利是卡迪夫大学一个团队的成员。十年前，该团队对 3500 多名编织者进行了调查，发现人们编织的频率越高，感觉就越平静和快乐。)”可知，文章主要介绍了编织活动对人们心理健康的积极影响，包括让人心情平静、进入“心流”状态。故A选项“Active Hands, Calm Minds(灵巧的双手，平静的心灵)”准确概括了文章主旨，是最佳标题。故选A项。。 · 答案 1．A Passage 01 （2024-2025·广东八校联盟·高二上教学质量检测）“Who’s a good reader? It’s you, isn’t it?” This is a typical example of “parentese (父母语)”. Recent research suggests that parents speaking parentese to their babies can give the babies’ language development a serious boost. In the study, researchers found that teaching parents how to speak proper parentese enhanced their ability to communicate with their babies — and even improved the children’s long-term language skills. Parentese is distinct from conventional baby talk, which mostly relies on silly sounds and made-up words. In the 1960s, scientists studying speech patterns across different languages noticed a unique style that adults used addressing young children. This language was characterized by simple words and grammar, high pitch (音调) and a much slower speed. The baby-directed speech was first named “motherese” before it was called “parentese”. Later research showed parentese is grammatically correct, with real words and phrases, which helped babies differentiate between words and process what was being said. “We’ve known for some time that use of parentese is associated with improved language outcomes, but we didn’t know why,” says Patricia K. Kuhl, the new research’s senior author. But Kuhl thinks the new research suggests why parentese helps babies learn language skills. “We now think parentese works because it’s a social attraction for the baby brain,” she says. “Its high pitch and slower speed are socially engaging and invite the baby to respond.” All 71 families in the new study had their children equipped with a special coat with an audio recorder built in. During four separate weekends when the babies were 6,10,14 and 18months old, the researchers recorded all of the interactions between family members and the babies. The 48 families who were randomly selected for a course in parentese learned about ways to include more parentese in conversation. And even though all of the participating families used some form of parentese at the start of the study, the babies of parents who received coaching showed the most improvements in their conversation skills. Beyond that, those babies had a 100-word vocabulary compared with the control group, who only knew 60 words at 18 months. 8．Which aspect of the new study does paragraph 1 focus on? A．Its aim. B．Its result. C．Its procedure. D．Its participants. 9．What did scientists find about parentese in the 1960s? A．It was easy to follow. B．It was unique to mothers. C．It was full of made-up words. D．It was similar to traditional baby talk. 10．What does Kuhl say about parentese? A．It inspires babies to speak more. B．It has short-term effects on babies. C．It teaches babies more social skills. D．It helps babies differentiate words and phrases. 11．What does the underlined word “coaching” in the last paragraph mean? A．Casual advice or guidance. B．Formal training or instruction. C．Observation without intervention. D．Emotional support without practical help. Passage 02 （2024-2025·安徽十校联考·高二上1月联考）It is a common view that “Necessity is the mother of invention”. That is, inventions supposedly arise when a society has an unfulfilled need. Quite a few inventions do fit in this category. For example, in 1794 Eli Whitney invented cotton gins (轧棉机) to replace laborious hand cleaning of cotton grown in the U. S. South. Such familiar examples fool us into assuming that other major inventions were also responses to perceived needs. In fact, most inventions were developed by people driven by curiosity or by a love of tinkering (捣鼓). Once a device had been invented, the inventor then had to find an application for it. Only after it had been in use for a considerable time did consumers come to feel that they “needed” it. Thus, invention is often the mother of necessity, rather than vice versa. A good example is the history of the motor vehicle which was not invented in response to any demand. When Nikolaus Otto built his first gas engine in 1866, it was weak, heavy, and seven feet tall. Thirty years later, he built the first truck. But it was a time when horse wagons and steam-powered railroads dominated transportation. Public contentment with these two means remained high until World War I when the armies concluded that they really did need trucks, which eventually made those vehicles a substitute for horse-drawn wagons in industrialized countries. Inventors often have to insist on their tinkering for a long time in the absence of public demand, because early models perform too poorly to be useful. For instance, the first cameras, typewriters, and television sets were as awful as Otto’s seven-foot-tall gas engine. That makes it difficult for an inventor to foresee whether his or her awful prototype might eventually find a use and thus invest more time and expense to develop it. Even inventions that meet the need for which they were initially designed may later prove more valuable at meeting unforeseen needs. While James Watt designed his steam engine to pump water from mines, it soon was supplying power to cotton mills, then (with much greater profit) driving trains and boats. 28．Why is Eli Whitney mentioned by the writer in the first paragraph? A．To introduce the topic. B．To deny a statement. C．To clarify a doubt. D．To illustrate a view. 29．What led to the wide use of motor vehicles according to the text? A．The improvement of engine performance. B．The end of World War I. C．The need of the military during war time. D．The decline of horse-drawn wagons. 30．What does the underlined word “That” refer to in the last paragraph? A．Absence of public demand. B．Bad performance of early models. C．A lack of time and expense. D．Awful looks of previous inventions. 31．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Social Need: the Inner Drive for Invention B．Great Invention: the Force of Society’s Progress C．Beyond Necessity: the Curious Pursuit of Invention D．General Application: the Final Purpose of Invention Passage 03 （2024-2025·河南豫北名校·高二上9月联考）Waves of innovation often create giants. Artificial intelligence (AI) may well be the next big technological shift, transforming the way of businesses. Firms selling the software and hardware that support AI will gain a lot of profit. But none is better positioned than Nvidia, an American firm that makes specialist AI chips. Its market value briefly passed $1,000 billion this week. Will Nvidia always be a tech-giant in this field? The hype (炒作) around AI makes the question hard to answer. Excitement about Nvidia began to mount in November, after the release of ChatGPT, an AI-powered chatbot. Since then many kinds of firms have launched AI products. Nvidia is in an enviable (令人羡慕的) position. Its core business is designing high-performance chips. At first it sold these to video-game lovers. The chips were also highly efficient at training AI models, and a new, booming market emerged. Nvidia also had the forethought to invest in two areas that helped strengthen its dominance (支配地位). One is advanced networking. Because training AI models requires vast amounts of processing power, many chips — sometimes thousands — are used at the same time. These chips exchange data along a high-performance, AI-tailored network. Nvidia’s other strength is its software. CUDA, its AI platform, is popular with programmers and runs only on the company’s chips. For instance, by giving free access to its chips and software to some AI researchers, the firm focused on encouraging developers to use its software long before its competitors set out to woo them. Despite all these advantages, however, Nvidia’s lasting dominance is not assured. New companies and big chipmakers want a share of Nvidia’s network and chip businesses. The biggest challenge, though, may come from Nvidia’s own customers. The cloud-computing arms of both Amazon and Alphabet are designing their own AI-tailored chips. Both have the potential to become fearsome competitors. 12．Which of the following makes Nvidia enviable according to the passage? A．The hype around artificial intelligence. B．The release of ChatGPT. C．The availability of its chips. D．The high performance of its chips. 13．What does the underlined word “woo” in paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Hunt for. B．Attend to. C．Approve of. D．Guard against. 14．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Nvidia will lose its dominance definitely. B．Nvidia should further improve its chips. C．Alphabet has weakened Nvidia’s market. D．Amazon will defeat Nvidia soon. 15．What does the author think of Nvidia’s dominance in the future? A．Unchallengeable. B．Uncertain. C．Predictable. D．Assured. 真题感知 Passage 01 C 【2025全国1卷】While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 28. What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A. Cars often get stuck on the road. B. Traffic accidents occur frequently. C. People walk less and drive more. D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules. 29. What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do? A. Keep their cities livable. B. Promote cultural diversity. C. Help the needy families. D. Make expressways accessible. 30. What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? A. They boosted the sales of cars. B. They turned out largely ineffective. C. They won government support. D. They advocated building new parks. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why the Rush? B. What’s Next? C. Where to Stay? D. Who to Blame? Passage 02 【2025全国1卷】Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept. C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics. 33. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time. C. The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water. 34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity of the microplastic problem. C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water. 35. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study. C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings. Passage 03 【2025新课标ⅠⅠ卷】When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 8. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A. It faced tough competition. B. It suffered a great loss. C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well. 9. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment. C. They raise the cortisol level. D. They enhance productivity. 10 What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A. The necessity of social skills. B. The meaning of sustainability. C. The importance of repeated efforts. D. The value of professional opinions. 11. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home Passage 04 【2025新课标ⅠⅠ卷】Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 12. What can be inferred about the author’s early life? A. He witnessed food shortage. B. He enjoyed the local cuisine. C. He donated food to Africans. D. He helped to cook at home. 13. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A. To customize dishes for guests. B. To make the public aware of food waste. C. To test a food processing method. D. To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems. 14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 15. What can we learn about wastED? A. It has ended as planned. B. It is creating new jobs. C. It has regained popularity. D. It is criticized by top chefs. Passage 05 【2024全国甲卷】Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 4. What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph? A. It's a survival skill. B. It's taught by mother cats. C. It's hard to interpret. D. It's getting louder with age. 5. How does a pet cat assess different situations? A. By listening for sounds. B. By touching familiar objects. C. By checking on smells. D. By communicating with other cats. 6. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3? A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster. C. Act strangely. D. Do better. 7. What is a suitable title for the text? A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy Passage 06 【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 提升专练 Passage 01 （2024-2025·湖南永州·高二上1月期末）Glaciers (冰川) are enormous masses of ice created by snow that has become packed over many years. Hidden inside some of them are dramatic and beautiful caves called glacier caves (洞), which are made entirely of ice. How do they form? Ice caves, usually lying within or beneath glaciers, are formed by the meltwater of the glacier that flows through the ice during periods of rainfall or during the warmer months when the glacier ice is melting (融化). Where the melted water flows through cracks (裂缝) in the ice, the cracks get bigger and bigger over time. Eventually, a glacier cave is formed. Glacier caves are valuable to glaciologists, scientists who study glaciers. Usually, glaciologists can study the surface of a glacier, but these caves let them see the underside and inside. Studying a glacier from the inside helps scientists learn about the way a glacier moves and slides. As the climate changes, glaciers are melting quickly, leading to rising sea levels. Glacier caves are changing quickly too. From one visit to the next, people might find that some rooms in a cave have disappeared while others have formed. Ice may have thickened or thinned as more air enters through places where the ice has melted through. Because of this, the volume has to be re-mapped every few weeks. “It’s very different from a rock cave, which never changes,” said Cartaya, a 46-year-old Forest Service worker and EMT in Bend, Oregon. “Once you survey a rock cave, it’s done. With these, every week it’s changing.” Glaciologists and other scientists measure these changes. The information can help them figure out what is happening with our sea levels and our planet. In recent years, data collected from the cave system has unlocked an important clue in tracking glacial loss. They hope to provide critical new information for understanding the impact of glacial loss on water resources and global sea level rise. 12．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The effects of glacier caves. B．The changes of glacier caves. C．The formation of glacier caves. D．The definition of glacier caves. 13．Why does the author mention Cartaya’s words in paragraph 4? A．To prove a point. B．To introduce a topic. C．To draw a conclusion. D．To attract readers’ interest. 14．What can we learn from the text? A．Glacier caves change slowly. B．Glacier caves are made partly of ice. C．Meltwater flows through the ice cracks in colder weather. D．Glacier caves help figure out how glaciers move and slide. 15．What do scientists think of the current research? A．Satisfying. B．Disappointing. C．Shocking. D．Confusing. Passage 02 （2024-2025·江苏扬州广陵区江苏省扬州中学·高一下学期5月考）We know that smartphone addiction is real, and that it can affect lives in negative ways. While some people have tried going cold turkey (快速戒掉坏习惯)or even punishing themselves for using their mobile phones, an app is made available in the UK that rewards people for staying away from their devices. The app, called Hold, was created by Norwegians Maths Mathisen, Florian Winder, and Vinoth Vinaya while they are studying at Copenhagen's Business school to help break fellow students' attachments to their devices. The three college students found that positive reinforcement (强化)was the best way of beating smartphone addiction. Hold allows students to collect points for staying off their devices between the hours of 7 am and 11 pm; they get 10 points for every 20 minutes. Through partnerships with universities and businesses, points can be used for discounts on everything from cinema tickets to Amazon goods to cafe food and drink. A half price cinema ticket, for example, costs 60 points, or 2 hours away from a phone. And a £ 5 ( $6. 88 ) Amazon voucher (代金券)needs 1 ,000 points, or 33 hours off your smartphone. Students can also use their points to buy school books and stationery (文具),which are then donated to schools partnered with children's charity Unicef. Over 120,000 people use the app in Scandinavia, including 40 percent of higher education students in Norway, where Hold first came onto market in February 2016. It's now available to students from over 170 universities in the UK. A 2017 University of Texas study claimed that merely placing a smartphone in someone's line of sight slowed down their productivity, response time, and reduced their grades. An earlier study from the London School of Economics found students who didn't use smartphones on school grounds saw their test scores increase 6. 4 percent. 8．The app Hold was created mainly to . A．promote online sales of goods. B．earn discounts on goods or services . C．find new uses of mobile phone. D．help students put down their smartphones. 9．How long should a student stay off the mobile phone to get 300 points? A．6 hours. B．10 hours. C．15 hours. D．30 hours. 10．What is the main purpose of the text ? A．To tell the story of Hold creation B．To present people's opinions of Hold C．To give a brief introduction of Hold D．To attract potential customers to Hold 11．Where is the text most likely to appear ? A．A newspaper advertisement B．A computer textbook C．A science magazine D．An official document Passage 03 （2024-2025·辽宁七校协作体·高二下学期3月联考）A new study published in the journal Science Advances finds that AI enhances creativity by boosting the novelty of story ideas as well as the “usefulness” of stories — their ability to engage the target audience and potential for publication. It finds that AI “professionalizes” stories, making them more enjoyable, more likely to have plot twists, better written and less boring. In a study, 300 participants were tasked with writing a short, eight-sentence “micro story” for a target audience of young adults. They were divided into three groups: one group was allowed no Ad help, a second group could use ChatGPT to provide a single three-sentence starting idea, and writers in the third group could choose from up to five AI-generated ideas for their inspiration. They then asked 600 people to judge how good the stories were, assessing them for novelty and “usefulness”. They found that writers with the most access to AI experienced the greatest gains to their creativity, their stories scoring 8.1% higher for novelty and 9% higher for novelty compared with stories written without AI. Writers who used up to five AI-generated ideas also scored higher for emotional characteristics, producing stories that were better written, more enjoyable, less boring and funnier. The researchers evaluated the writers’ creativity using a Divergent Association Task (DAT) and found that more creative writers — those with the highest DAT scores — benefited least from generative AI ideas. Less creative writers conversely saw a greater increase in creativity: access to five AI ideas improved novelty by 10.7% and usefulness by 11.5% compared with those who used no AI ideas. Their stories were judged to be up. to 26.6% better written, up to 22.6% more enjoyable and up to 15.2% less boring. Anil Doshi, Assistant Professor at the UCL School said, “While these results point to an increase in individual creativity, there is risk of losing collective novelty. If the publishing industry were to use more generative AI-inspired stories, our findings suggest that the stories would become less unique and more similar to each other. That is not encouraged in writing.” 32．What were some participants assigned to do in the study? A．Help targeted young writers. B．Improve some less creative works. C．Create a mini story for young men. D．Use AI to judge the quality of stories. 33．Who benefited most from the AI-assisted writing in the study? A．Those using AI most. B．Those of most creativity. C．Those with the help of ChatGPT. D．Those writing the most. 34．What might be Anil Doshi’s attitude toward the AI-assisted writing? A．Optimistic. B．Objective. C．Doubtful. D．Critical. 35．What can be the best title for the passage? A．AI Is Being Used to Create Novel Stories Nowadays B．AI Is Catching on But Threatening the Future of Writers C．AI Can Boost Creativity in Writing But Has Its Disadvantages D．AI Helps Improve Writing Skills But Is Limited to Young Writers Passage 04 （2024-2025·陕西西安新城区·高二上期中）When it comes to poverty relief efforts in the developing world, small is the new big. Consider Juncao, a group of wild grasses that have become one of China’s most significant contributions to the world’s sustainable development, with multiple uses being shared by people in 105 countries to help tackle food issues and desertification (沙漠化). Juncao, which literally means “the herbal plant for growing edible mushrooms”, has worked miracles for Chinese scientists who are cultivating it as a substrate (培养基) for growing edible and medicinal mushrooms or as food for livestock, as well as using it as green barrier to stop sand hills from advancing. China introduced the grass and its cultivation technology to Papua New Guinea more than 20 years ago to help local farmers raise livestock and grow edible mushrooms. “We hope we will help double the agricultural production capacity and farmers’ incomes in Papua New Guinea. We offer training at home and abroad, send our experts to teach local farmers, and we do serve them heart and soul as our brothers,” said Lin Zhanxi, a 79-year-old professor in Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University and the chief scientist for grass development. It’s been 35 years since Lin selected the grass species to replace wood as a substrate for growing mushrooms in East China’s Fujian Province, and this has saved a vast coverage of natural forest there. Through the years, Lin has developed 45 varieties of Juncao, which can be used to cultivate 55 mushroom species. Despite his age, Lin has often traveled afar to help people in developing countries learn about the benefits of this agricultural technology. “The first time I went to Papua New Guinea in 1997, I realized how people there were struggling with extreme poverty,” Lin said. At that time, a tribe chief knelt down before Lin to thank him for bringing the technique to save them from starvation. To his astonishment, the tribe people celebrated the whole night. Members of the team were so touched that they decided to stay and help the people shake off poverty. In a land without electricity or modern devices, the team members worked there for eight years to teach locals how to cultivate and use the grass. 8．What is the main idea of Paragraph 2? A．When Juncao is discovered. B．What Juncao looks like. C．What Juncao is applied to. D．How Juncao evolves. 9．Why Juncao is introduced to Papua New Guinea? A．To relief its poverty. B．To develop new varieties. C．To tackle the issue of drought. D．To promote corn-growing technology. 10．How did people in Fujian grow mushrooms before Lin brought Juncao there? A．By adding more fertilizer. B．By using the wood as a substrate. C．By covering mushrooms with leaves. D．By taking chopped-up wild grass as a substrate. 11．Which of the following words can best describe Lin Zhanxi? A．Honest and strict. B．Generous and humorous. C．Confident and independent. D．Devoted and helpful. Passage 05 （2024-2025·四川绵阳·高二上期末）Wake up early enough and, depending on where you live, you’ll likely hear a flock of birds singing. It is a natural behavior, but why? According to the Woodland Trust, this early singing is known as the dawn chorus, and it can start as early as 4 a. m. and last for several hours. Birds do it to attract mates and warn other birds to avoid their turf (地盘). One theory as to why they choose the early hours to transmit these important messages is that the low visibility makes it hard to do other bird activities, like seeking food. Keeping their activity level low, they choose to sing instead. Another theory argues that birds use the morning vocals to project an image of strength. By singing with passion, they’re letting other birds know they survived the night - no guarantee in nature - and would make for an excellent mate. Like a good recording studio, the early morning hours also allow birds to deliver a clear tune thanks to the cooler, drier air. Because birds have distinctive sounds, it helps them be more easily identified by birds within listening distance. There used to be a widespread theory that birds sang so much in the mornings because the sounds could travel greater distances due to stable air current, but it was disproved in a study by researchers at the University of Western Ontario in 2003. They played recordings of sparrows at dawn and midday. Then they found the songs didn’t travel farther, but they were more consistent. Because birds only have so much energy to belt one out, singing when they stand the best chance of being heard makes sense. For a bird, an early morning session is like having the perfect environment for their performance. 12．What does the underlined word “transmit” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Communicate. B．Change. C．Repeat. D．Illustrate. 13．Why do birds sing early in the morning? A．To seek food. B．To enjoy the cool air. C．To avoid predators. D．To signal their survival. 14．What did the 2003 study prove? A．Midday songs attract more mates. B．Morning songs are more consistent. C．Birds sing more clearly in cooler air. D．Air currents help songs travel farther. 15．What is the main idea of the text? A．Why birds sing at dawn. B．When birds begin to sing. C．How birds attract their mates. D．What birds convey in singing. Passage 06 （2024-2025·重庆巴蜀中学校教育集团·高一上期末）The term sponge (海绵) city might bring to mind a creative image of a city made of sponges, but actual definition of sponge cities isn’t as literal as it seems. Sponge city is a term that originated in China to describe urban spaces that are re-designed with areas for greenery. They absorb storm-water the way a sponge takes up excess water! These areas deals wit flooding naturally by replacing impermeable roads with permeable (透水的) green spaces. These “sponges” cool cities, cleanse air pollution and remove dirt from storm-water before they enter our drinking water sources. Several tools and technologies can be adopted in a sponge city. Employing sustainable methods like covering walls and roofs with plants is one method. Another technique uses layers of permeable soil covered by greenery that traps rainwater and run-off. These and other concepts are used throughout the world under different names like green infrastructure (基建), low-impact development, and sensitive urban design. The approach, regardless of the name, focuses on controlling flooding and water pollution. Many cities around the world are suffering from flood events. In recent years, 60% of China’s large-sized cities have flooded—killing hundreds and displacing more than a million people. Flooding has increased because of the overuse of concrete surfaces, called “gray infrastructure”. Landscape architects realized the need to make cities more “spongy” by working with their local climate and natural features to design appropriate solutions. In Philadelphia, a project called “Green City, Clean Waters” was developed after the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) enforced the federal Clean Water Act there in 2011. To date, the city has “greened” at least 2,200 acres of land and used a mix of solutions like rain gardens, restoring wetlands, and green infrastructure in their plan. However, implementing sponge plans is often difficult because policymakers often need to be convinced to enact them. Despite this, cities around the world are thriving after the use of the Sponge City approach. 8．What is the primary goal of the sponge city design? A．To preserve biodiversity. B．To fight against flooding. C．To gather more rainwater. D．To improve living standard. 9．What can be learned about a sponge city? A．It is made of eco-friendly sponge materials. B．It is a new kind of city only existing in China. C．It manages rainwater by increasing permeable spaces. D．It requires the complete removal of traditional buildings. 10．Why does the author mention Philadelphia? A．To introduce the origin of the sponge city concept. B．To emphasize the importance of the Clean Water Act. C．To give an example of an effective sponge city project. D．To explain the difficulties in carrying out sponge plans. 11．Which might be the best title for the text? A．Development of the Term “Sponge City”. B．Sustainable Urban Planning Strategies. C．Shortcomings of Gray Urban Infrastructure. D．Benefit and Success of Sponge City Plans. 19 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$