上海市曹杨中学2024-2025学年高二下学期期末考试英语试卷

上海市曹杨中学2024学年第二学期 高二英语期末试卷 总分：115分： 考试时间：105分钟： 命题人：杨虹： 审核人：文锦谊 I.Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions:After reading the passage below,fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct.For the blanks with a given word,fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word;for the other blanks,use one word that best fits each blank. Friend or Enemy? It's clear that the viruses(1)trap)in our genome (have brought us enormous benefits on an evolutionary timescale.But they aren't all so helpful.Around one in twenty human babies is born with a new viral 'jump'somewhere in its genome,which coald deactivate an important gene and cause disease.There's increasing evidence'2,jumpie ffansposons( contribute to the genetic problems inside cancer cells.And research suggests that brain cells are particularly good locations for reactivating jumping genes,possibly increasing the diversity of nerve cells and enhancing pur brainpower but also potentially causing ageing-related memory problems(31 occur). So are these vruses inside our DNA our friends or our enemies?Paolo Mita,a postdoctoral fellow researching transposons at NYU School of Medicine in New York,(4) ouggest) that it's a bit of both. "I'll call them our 'frenemies',because when you look at their role(5) one human lifespan,they are going to produce negative effects ift (6.(mobilize),"he explains."In the short term,they are our enemies.On the other hand,if you are looking across time,these elements are a powerful force of evolution and they are still active in our species today.Evolution is just the way 7 organisms respond to changes in the environment,and in this case they are definitely our friends because they have shaped(8)our genome works now." And are the viruses(9)(infet)us today going to have an impact on our evolution in the future?"Of course!The answer is why not?"laughs Mita."But it will be many generations until we can look back and say this evolution has happened.But you can see the remains of previous arms races in the genome between the endogenous retroviruses(内源性逆转录病毒)and the host cells.It's a continuous battle,and I don't think it (10) (stop)ever." Section B Directions:Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box.Each word can be used only once.Note that there is one word more than you need. A.unrecognized B.consequently C:fiction D.advanced E.histortcally F.understanding G identify N.picture I.unaffected J long-standing K.breakthroughs 扫描全能王创建 A New Dark Age Possibility Imagine a future in which humanity's wisdom about Earth-our vast experience with weather trends,fish migration patterns and much more-turns out-of-date.Civilization enters a dark age in its of our planet- To comprthend.how this could occur, yourself in our grandchildren's time. Significant global warming has occurred,as scientists predicted.Nature's 13 patterns-relied on for millennia by humanity to plan everything-are no longer so reliable.Cycles that have been largely repeatable are disrupted (by dramatic climate changes. As Earth's warming becomes stable,new patterns begin to appear.At first,they are hard to 14 These new patterns need many years-sometimes decades-to reveal themselves fully. Until then,farmers will struggle to predict new seasonal patters and regularly plant wrong crops. Early signs of major disasters will go 15 Disruptive impacts will be widespread. Such a dark age is a growing possibility.In a recent report,scientists concluded that human-caused global warming was already changing patterns of some extreme weather events. Our foundation of Earth knowledge,largely obtained from 16 observed patterns,has becn central to society's progress.Early cultures kept track of nature's ebb and flow(起伏盛衰)， passing improved knowledge about Earth to each new generation.Science has sped up this process through 12observation methods. However,as Earth warms,our historical understanding will turn out-of-date faster than we can replace it with new knowledge.Some patterns will change significantly;others will be largely 18though it will be difficult to say what will change,by how much,and when. Without big scientific 19,we will remain reliant on pattern-based methods.The problem is,these patterns will become increasingly difficult to track.Predicting extreme weather may become even tougher than it is today.We 20 will face huge challenges. Our grandchildren could grow up knowing less about the planet than we do today.This is not what we want to leave them,yet we are on the edge of ensuring this happens. n.Reading Comprehension Section A Directions:For each blank in the following passage there arefour words or phrases marked A,B. C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. If you survey American parents about what they want for their kids,more than 90 percent say one of their top priorities is that their children be caring.This makes sense:Kindness and concem for others are held as21 in nearly every society.But when you ask children what their parents want for them,81 percent say their parents 22 achievement and happiness over caring. Kids learn what's 23 to adults not by listening to what we say,but by noticing what gets our attention.And in many developed societies,parents now pay more attention to individual achievement and happiness than anything else.However much we24 kindness and caring, we're not actually showing our kids that we appreciate these traits. 2 扫描全能王创建 Perhaps we shouldn't be surprised,then,that kindness appears to be25.An analysis of annual surveys of American college students showed a substantial drop from 1979 to 2009 in imagining the perspectives of others.Over this period,students grew 26to feel concemn for people less fortunate than themselves. It's not just that people care less;they seem to be27 less,too.In one 'experiment,a sociologist left thousands of what appeared to be lost letters in dozens of American cities in 2001, and again in 2011.From the first round to the second one,the proportion of letters that was 28 by passersby and put in a mailbox declined by 10 percent.Psychologists find that kids born after 1995 29 as much as their predecessors (that other people experiencing difficulty should be helped-but they feel less personal responsibility to take action themselves. If we truly care less about one another,some of the 30 lies with the values parents have promoted.In our own lives,we've observed many parents becoming so focused on achievement that they 31 kindness. Other parents discourage kindness,seeing it as a source of32 in a fiercely competitive world.In some parenting circles,for example,there's a movement against33 when preschoolers are selfish in their play.These parents worry that stepping in might prevent kids from learning to stick up for themselves,and say that they're less 34 the prospect of raising an adult who doesn't share than one who struggles to say no.But there's no reason parents can't teach their kids to care about others and themselves-to be both 35 and self-respecting.If you encourage children to consider the needs and feelings of others,sometimes they will and sometimes they won't.But they'll soon learn that if you don't treat others considerately,they may not be considerate toward you. 21.A.events B.virtues C records D media 22.A.change B.dislike C.value D.pay 23.A.important B.available C.familiar D.equal 24.A.encounter B.deserve C.display D.praise 25.A.in decline B.under control C.on hand D.above average 26.A.more willing B.less likely C.more surprised D.less relieved 27.A.saying B.thinking C.enjoying D.helping 28.A.set aside B.taken down C.picked up D.put off 29.A.care B.doubt C.believe D.complain 30A.difference B.theme C.demand Dblame 31.A.neglect B.respect C.define D.evaluate 32.A happiness B.weakness C.comfort D.anxiety 33 A.discriminating B.forgiving C.collapsing D.intervening 34.A.curious about B.grateful for C.worried about D helpful for 35.A.independent B.generous C.knowledgeable D.appreciative Section B Directions:Read the following three passages.Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A.B,C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. 扫描全能王创建 (A) Sometimes a stranger can significantly improve our day.A pleasant encounter with someone we don't know,even a nonverbal exchange,can comfort us when no one else is around.It may get us out of our own heads-a proven mood booster-and help broaden our perspective. "People feel more connected when they talk to strangers,like they are part of something bigger,"says Gillian Sandstrom,a psychologist and senior lecturer at the University of Essex who studies interactions between strangers. In research studies,Sandstrom has found that people's moods improve after they have a conversation with a stranger-say,a Starbucks barista,a volunteer at a museum,or the person next to them in line.Overall,people report that they are happier on days when they have more interootions with acqunintances(泛泛之交)they don't know well. And yet most of us resist talking to people we don't know or barely know.We feel upset about the mechanics of the conversation-how to start,maintain,or stop it.We think we will blather on and disclose too much,or not talk enough.We worry we will bore the other person. We're typically wrong.Sandstrom's research shows that people underestimate how much another person will likethem when they talk for the first time.In a study in which she asked participants to talk to at least one stranger a day for five days,99 percent said they had found at least one of the exchanges pleasantly surprising,82 percent said they'd learned something from one of the strangers,43 percent had exchanged contact information,and 40 percent had cammunicated with one of the strangers again. Scientists believe there may be an ancient reason why humans are able to enjoy interacting with strangers.To survive as a species,we need to mate outside our own gene pool,so we may have evolved to have both the social skills and the motivation to be with people who are not in our tribe:. You don't even have to talk to complete strangers to reap the benefits.Multiple studies show that people who interact regularly with passing acquaintances or who engage with others through community groups,religious gatherings,or volunteer opportunities have better emotional and physical health and live longer than those who do not. 36.According to the passage,most people are to talk with strangers. A.comfortable B.eager C.unwilling D.disappointed 37.The figures in paragraph 5 are meant to illustrate that A.people feel better than expected after talking with strangers people may disclose too much if they communicate with strangers people should leave a good impression while talking with strangers 1 people underestimate their ability to start a conversation with strangers 38.According to the passage,which statement are scientists most likely to agree with? A.Our social skills are declining with evolution. B.We enjoy interacting with strangers by nature. C We prefer to communicate with strangers non-verbally. D.Our motivation to interact with strangers varies across cultures. 4 扫描全能王创建 39.What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? A.Strangers are kinder than we think B.Kandom interactions can be meaningful. C.We should be careful when talking with strangers. Interactions with acquaintances may not benefit us. (B) A scientist's guide to Spring Cleaning ① It depends on how much you care about the effects that cleaning can have.We've done research into this.In one study,people completed tasks in tidy or tmdy rooms,teh had the option to donate to charity.We found that those in tidy room were more likely to donate.Cleaning seems to make you more likely to act in a way that is more upstanding and consistent with social norms. Can I still get psychological benefits of cleaning if I pay someone else to do it?Absolutely.You don't have to be the person that does all the tidying in order for your behaviour to change.A neat house can have an effect on everyone in the household My teenage daughter argues that she can't help being messy.Should I let her off tidying her room? Some people are habitually messy,but that's not always a bad thing.In another study,we had our subjects sit in clean or messy rooms while dreaming up new uses for ping pong balls.We found that people from the messy rooms were more creative and innovative with their ideas. Now I have an excuse for the state of my house.But when should I worry that things are too messy?Speaking from a personal perspective,you should start to worry if the mess is preventing you from getting things done in an efficient manner.There s a concept catted'household chaos'. Suppose your two shoes are never in the same place.If you have to run around and find the missing shoe,it could cause problems in your everyday life.That's when things start to get too messy. ② If you find you've thrown things away that you later realise you need,or if being too tidy gets in the way of enjoying social interactions.I remember going to a colleague's house that was spotless, with white carpets and a white couch,and I found that I just couldn't relax. ③ Try'cleaning purgatory'.Before I throw out anything that I think I may regret,I put in a holding bin.It sits there for a month.If I don't get back to it then it has to go. 40.Some headings are missing in the passage.Match the following headings with the proper paragraphs.Note there is one more than you need. a How do I know what to get rid of? b.Should I bother with the spring cleaning? c How do I know I'm too tidy? 5 扫描全能王创建 d.what do you think of being too tidy? A.①a②c③b B.①b②d③c c.①a②d③b D.①b②c③a 41.What effect does cleaning have on people? .It inspires people's creanvity. g.It costs people too much time. C n makes people more generous. D It gets people to work less officiently 42.What suggestion is given in the passage? A Don't let the mess take over. l.Associate cleanliness and order with morality. C.Help young children develop a habit of tidiness. D.Better not ask anyone else to do the cleaning for you (C As artificial-intelligence products steadily improve at pretending to be human-an AI p oduced voice that books restaurant reservations by phone,for example,or a chat robot that answers consumers'questions online-people will increasingly be put in the unsettling situation of not knowing whether they are talking to a machine.But the truth may make such products.less effective:recent research finds a trade-off between transparency (and cooperation in human-computer interactions. The study used a simple game in which paired players make a series of decisions to cooperate with or betray their partner.In the long run,it pays for both to keep cooperating-but there is always the temptation to betray and eam extra points short term,at the partner's expense.The researchers used an Al algorithm (that,when posing as a person,implemented a strategy that was better than people are at getting human partners to cooperate.But previous work suggested people tend to disbelieve machines,so the scientists wondered what would happen if the robot revealed itself as such. The team hoped people playing with a known robot would recognize its ability to cooperate (without being a pushover)and would eventually get past their disbelief."Sadly,we failed at this goal,"says Talal Rahwan,a computer scientist at New York University in Abu Dhabi and a senior author on the paper,published last November in Nature Machine Intelligence."No matter what the algorithm did,prople just stuck to their prejudice."A robot playing openly as a robot was less likely to get cooperation than another human,even though its strategy was clearly more beneficial to both players.(In each mode,the robot played 50 rounds against at least 150 individuals.)In an additional experiment,players were told,"Data suggest that people are better off if they treat the "robot as if it were a human."It had no effect. Virginia Dignum,who leads the Social and Ethical Artificial Intelligence group at Umea University in Sweden and was not involved in the study,praises the researchers for exploring the transparency-efficacy trade-off but the weuld like to see it-tested-beyondthepaper'sparticular setup. 扫描全能王创建 The authors say that in the public field,people should be asked for agreement to be deceived about a robot's identity.It cannot be on an interaction-by-interaction basis,or else the"deception" obviously will not work.But blanket permission for occasioual deception.even if it can be obtained,still raises ethical quandaries(道德困境).Dignum says humans should have the option to know after they have interacted with a robot-but if she is calling customer service with a simple question,she adds,"I just want to get my answer." 43.The word "trade-off'is closest in meaning to agreement combining C.distinction I,balancing 4.According to the passage,what attitude do people generally take towards-robots? A.Distrustful. B.Casual. C.Strongly opposed. D.Highly positive. 5.What can be inferred about the research findings from the passage? They can explain why people treat a robot like a human. )They will draw people's attention to robots'problems. They are different from the previous research findings. D.They fail to support the researchers'assumption. 46.According to the passage,what is Virginia Dignum most likely to agree with? falal Rahwan's research findings can't apply to the real-world situations. R People needn't be told that they are interacting with a robot on all occasions. C.Blanket permission for interacting with a robot does more harm than good. D The relationship between transparency and efficacy has been fully explored. Section C Directions:Read the following passages.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need A.Although that doesn't sound like much,it adds up to about 50 calories an hour. But they managed it. Small adjustments,like going to talk to a colleague rather than emailing,should help. When you eat some food,your body breaks it down into glucose,which floods your blood. 7 There were some striking differences. Thore were some striking differences.Even if you exercise regularly,there is evidence that it will not undo the damage done by sitting for a long time. It's time to take a stand Many of us sit too much.We sit at work,in the car and at home,moving only to shift from one seat to another.47 So why is sitting so damaging?One thing it does is change the way our bodies process sugar,as how efficiently your body processes glucose(is affected by how physically active you are. 7 扫描全能王创建 On Trust Me,I'm A Doctor,we joined forces with Dr John Buckley from the University of Chester to conduct an experiment.We asked 10 volunteers to stand for at least three hours a day for a week.Some accepted the idea,while others were worried that it would hurt their backs.A number of them felt they would not be able to stick to it.48 We fitted them with accelerometers(加速度计)so we could record how much they were moving.They also wore heart rate trackers,and had glucose monitors that measured their blood sugar levels.The researchers took measurements on days when the volunteers stood,and when they sat. As we had hoped,blood glucose levels fell back to normal after eating far more quickly on the days when the volunteers stood than when they sat. There was also evidence that by standing they were burning more calories."If we look at the heart rates,we can see they are on average around 10 beats per minute faster when standing,and that makes a difference of about 0.7 of a calorie per minute,"Buckley said. 50 If you stand for three hours a day for five days,that's an extra 750 calories burnt,or around a kilo of fat.Buckley thinks that although exercise offers many benefits,our bodies need the constant,almost imperceptible increase in muscle activity that standing provides. II.Summary Writing 51.Directions:Read the following passage.Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words.Use your own words as far as possible. Wish You Were More Creative?Just Pretend! One great irony about our collective interest in creativity is that we tend to frame it in uncreative ways.That is to say,most of us marry creativity to our concept of self.Either we're "creative"or we aren't,without much of a middle ground."I'm just not a creative person!"a frustrated student might say in art class,while another might blame her talent at painting for her difficulties in math,concluding with a comment such as,"I'm very right-brained." Dr.Pillay,an assistant professor at Harvard University,has spent a great part of his career correcting these ideas.He believes that the key to unlocking your creative potential is to forget the advice that urges you to"beheve in yourselt".In fact,you should do the opposite:Believe yon are someone else. Dr.Pillay points to a2016 study demonstrating the impact of stereorypes(刻板印象)on one's behavior.The authors,educational psychologists Denis Dumas and Kevin Dunbar,divided the college student subjects into three groups,instructing the members of one to think of themselves as "weird poets"and the members of another to imagine they were "strict librarians"(the third group was the control).The researchers then presented all the participants with ten ordinary objects,including a fork,a carrot,and a pair of pants,and asked them to come up with as many different uses as possible for each one.Those who were asked to imagine themselves as weird poets came up with the widest range of ideas,while those in the strict-librarian group had the fewest.Meanwhile the researchers found only small differenees in students'creativity levels across academic majors.In fact,the physics majors imagining themselves as poets came up with more ideas than the art majors did. These results,write Dumas and Dunbar,suggest that creativity is not an individual feature but a"product of context and perspective".Everyone can be creative,as long as he or she feels like a creative person. 8 ▣ 扫描全能王创建 IV.Translation Directions:Translate the following sentences into English,using the words given in the brackets. 52.为什么他对发生在朋友身上的事情总是一无所知？(how com©) S3.这部话刷力求给现场观众带来不同于读小说的体验。(cfot) 54.我尽力向我的弟弟灌输坚持的重要性，希望能激励他追求自己的梦想。(mpress) 55.这条街上除了几家咖啡馆开门营业外，大部分屋子门窗紧闭，窗上积起厚厚一片尘埃。 (apart from) V.Guided Writing 56.Directions:Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李助最近受到英国笔友T©m的邮件，邮件中提到他意识 到自己沉迷于电子游戏，但又不知道该如何改正这一习惯，想听听你的意见。回复他一封邮 件，内容须包括： 1)你对如何改正爱打游戏这一习惯的建议； 2)你的理由。 扫描全能王创建