内容正文:
中考英语语法复习:祈使句 & 感叹句及专项练习
一、祈使句
(一)定义
祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议或劝告等的句子。这类句子的主语通常是第二人称 you,但常常被省略,谓语动词则用原形。例如:Open the door.(打开门。)实际上完整的表达可能是 You open the door. 但在祈使句中,常常省略主语 you。
(二)祈使句的类型
A. 肯定祈使句
1. 动词原形开头:这是最常见的肯定祈使句形式,直接用动词原形表达要求、命令等。例如:Come here quickly.(快点过来。)Stand up.(起立。)Read the text aloud.(大声朗读课文。)
2. Be 型:由 “Be + 形容词 / 名词” 构成,用来表达某种状态或身份要求。例如:Be careful.(小心。)Be quiet.(安静。)Be a good student.(做个好学生。)
3. Let 型:以 Let 开头,后面接第一人称(Let's = Let us)或第三人称代词或名词,表示建议或允许某人做某事。例如:Let's go shopping.(咱们去购物吧。)Let him try.(让他试试。)Let the children play outside.(让孩子们在外面玩。)
4. Do 型强调:在动词原形前加 Do 来强调祈使语气,表达一种强烈的感情或请求。例如:Do study hard.(一定要努力学习。)Do come to my party.(一定要来参加我的派对。)Do be on time.(务必准时。)
B. 否定祈使句
1. Don't 型:在动词原形前加 Don't,表示 “不要做某事”。例如:Don't play games too much.(不要玩太多游戏。)Don't make noise in class.(不要在课堂上制造噪音。)Don't forget to bring your homework.(不要忘记带作业。)
1. Never 型:用 Never 开头,语气比 Don't 更强烈,意为 “绝不,千万不要”。例如:Never tell a lie.(绝不要说谎。)Never give up.(永远不要放弃。)Never be late again.(再也不要迟到了。)
1. Let 型否定:以 Let 开头的祈使句,其否定形式有两种。一种是在 Let's/Let us/Let me 后加 not,例如:Let's not waste time.(我们不要浪费时间。)Let him not go there alone.(别让他一个人去那儿。)另一种是用 Don't let... 结构,例如:Don't let the dog run around.(别让狗到处乱跑。)Don't let the children touch the dangerous things.(别让孩子们碰危险物品。)
1. No + 动名词 / 名词:这种结构常用于表示禁止、不允许,常见于公共场合的标识语等。例如:No smoking.(禁止吸烟。)No parking.(禁止停车。)No entry.(禁止入内。)No littering.(禁止乱扔垃圾。)
(三)祈使句的强调形式
祈使句的强调形式是在整个结构之前加 do。例如:Do be careful when you cross the road.(过马路时一定要小心。)Do listen to your teacher.(一定要听老师的话。)这种强调形式用来加强语气,突出说话者的情感或要求。
(四)祈使句的反意疑问句
1. 一般的祈使句(以行为动词原形开头的祈使句),反意疑问部分为肯定形式,多用 will you。例如:Open the window, will you?(打开窗户,好吗?)Come here, will you?(过来,好吗?)在肯定的祈使句后有时也用 won't you,表 “提醒对方注意” 或表 “邀请”。例如:Have a cup of tea, won't you?(喝杯茶,好吗?)
2. Let's 表示第一人称的祈使句,反意疑问句为 “Shall we”。例如:Let's go for a walk, shall we?(咱们去散步,好吗?)
3. Let me 和 Let us 表示第二人称的祈使句(活动内容不包括听话人),反意疑问句为 “will you”。例如:Let me have a look, will you?(让我看一看,好吗?)Let us go home now, will you?(让我们现在回家,好吗?)
(五)祈使句用于两个重要句型中
1. “祈使句 + and + 表结果的陈述句”:用来叙述肯定的条件,and 表示顺承关系,相当于 if 引导的肯定条件状语从句。例如:Hurry up and you'll catch the train.(快点,你就能赶上火车。) = If you hurry up, you'll catch the train.(如果你快点,你就能赶上火车。)Work hard and you will succeed.(努力工作,你就会成功。) = If you work hard, you will succeed.(如果你努力工作,你就会成功。)
2. “祈使句 + or (else) + 表结果的陈述句”:用来叙述否定的条件,or (else) 表示 “否则;要不然”,相当于 if 引导的否定条件状语从句。例如:Hurry up, or you'll miss the train.(快点,否则你会错过火车。) = If you don't hurry up, you'll miss the train.(如果你不快点,你会错过火车。)Study hard, or else you won't pass the exam.(努力学习,否则你考试不会及格。) = If you don't study hard, you won't pass the exam.(如果你不努力学习,你考试不会及格。)
(六)祈使句由直接引语变成间接引语
当祈使句由直接引语变成间接引语时,其常用结构为 “ask/request/tell/order sb (not) to do sth”。例如:
· “Come here early,” the teacher said to me.(老师对我说:“早点来这儿。”)→ The teacher asked me to come here early.(老师让我早点来这儿。)
· “Don't play with fire,” mother said to the children.(妈妈对孩子们说:“不要玩火。”)→ Mother told the children not to play with fire.(妈妈告诉孩子们不要玩火。)
二、感叹句
(一)定义
感叹句是表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子。感叹句句末通常用感叹号,一般用降调朗读。
(二)感叹句的结构
1. What 引导的感叹句
2. What + a/an + 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语!:强调名词部分。例如:What a beautiful flower it is!(它是多么漂亮的一朵花啊!)What an interesting story he told!(他讲了一个多么有趣的故事啊!)
2. What + 形容词 + 复数可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语!:例如:What beautiful flowers they are!(它们是多么漂亮的花啊!)What clever students they are!(他们是多么聪明的学生啊!)
2. What + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语!:例如:What bad weather it is!(多么糟糕的天气啊!)What delicious food we had!(我们吃了多么美味的食物啊!)
【注意】在感叹句中,有些不可数名词前有形容词修饰,使抽象名词具体化时,则要用 a/an。如:rain, storm, snow, surprise, breakfast, lunch, supper, time 等。例如:What a heavy rain it is!(多大的一场雨啊!)What a great surprise it is!(这是一个多么大的惊喜啊!)
2. How 引导的感叹句
· How + 形容词 / 副词 + 主语 + 谓语!:强调形容词或副词部分。例如:How beautiful the girl is!(这个女孩多么漂亮啊!)How fast he runs!(他跑得多么快啊!)How hard they work!(他们工作多么努力啊!)
· How + 主语 + 动词 (+ 其他)!:此时 how 修饰动词,表示一种强烈的情感。例如:How I miss you!(我多么想念你啊!)How time flies!(时间过得真快啊!)
· How + 形容词 + a/an + 单数可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语!:例如:How clever a boy he is!(他是一个多么聪明的男孩啊!)这种结构可以和 What + a/an + 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语!结构进行转换,如:How clever a boy he is! = What a clever boy he is!
(三)感叹句的省略形式
1. what 类感叹句省略形式:可以省略形容词或主语和谓语。例如:What a pity!(真遗憾!)这里省略了 it is。What fools!(多么愚蠢的人啊!)这里省略了 they are。
2. how 类感叹句的省略形式:可以省略句中的主语和谓语。例如:How wonderful!(太精彩了!)完整形式可能是 How wonderful it is! How fast!(多么快啊!)完整形式可能是 How fast he runs!
(四)感叹句巧解五法(一找・二断・三辨・四确定)
1. “一找”:即先找出句中的主语。例如:What a lovely day it is! 句中的主语是 it。How hard the workers are working! 句中的主语是 the workers。
2. “二断”:就是在句中的名词(形容词、副词等)与代词(或名词)之间断开。比如 What a lovely day /it is! How hard /the workers are working!
3. “三辩”:即是断开后辨别断线前面的词的词性。如果前面是名词(包括名词短语),用 what;如果前面是形容词或副词,用 how。例如在 What a lovely day /it is! 中,a lovely day 是名词短语,所以用 what;在 How hard /the workers are working! 中,hard 是副词,所以用 how。
4. “四确定”:即确定是选用 how 还是 what。根据第三步的判断结果确定感叹句的引导词。
三、专项练习
(一)单项选择
1. —________ carefully, please! There is a school 500 meters ahead.
—OK, I will.
A. Drive
B. Drives
C. To drive
2. —Tom, ________ late for school again.
—Sorry, I won't.
A. isn't
B. doesn't be
C. don't be
3. —________ me some help, please. I can't carry the box.
—Sure. I'm coming.
A. Giving
B. Give
C. To give
4. —________ the rules in your school.
—OK, we will.
A. Follow
B. Following
C. To follow
5. —________ quiet in the library, everyone.
—Sorry, we will.
A. Keeping
B. Keep
C. To keep
6. —________ play football in the street. It's dangerous.
—Sorry, we won't.
A. Don't
B. Not
C. No
7. —________ let the little boy play with the knife. He may hurt himself.
—OK, I won't.
A. Not
B. Don't
C. No
8. —________ run so fast. It's not safe.
—OK, I'll slow down.
A. No
B. Not
C. Don't
9. —________ hard, and you will get good grades.
—OK, I will try my best.
A. Study
B. Studying
C. To study
10. —Hurry up, ________ you'll be late for school.
—OK, I'm coming.
A. and
B. or
C. but
11. —________ amazing the story is!
—Yes, I like it very much.
A. What
B. What an
C. How
12. —________ fine weather it is today! Let's go for a picnic.
—Good idea.
A. What
B. What a
C. How
13. —________ beautiful flowers they are!
—Yes, they are.
A. What
B. What a
C. How
14. —________ interesting movie it is!
—I agree with you.
A. What a
B. What an
C. How
15. —________ clever the boy is! He can solve the problem easily.
—Yes, he is really smart.
A. What
B. What a
C. How
16. —________ fast the boy runs!
—He will be a good runner in the future.
A. What
B. What a
C. How
17. —________ wonderful music it is!
—Yes, it makes me relaxed after a busy day.
A. What
B. What a
C. How
18. —________ good time we had at the party last night!
—Yes, it was so much fun.
A. What a
B. What
C. How
19. —________ useful advice you gave me! Thank you so much.
—You're welcome.
A. What a
B. What
C. How
20. —________ great fun they had playing basketball yesterday!
—I'm glad to hear that.
A. What
B. What a
C. How
(二)用所给词的适当形式填空
1. ________ (be) careful when you cross the road.
2. ________ (not play) computer games too much. It's bad for your eyes.
3. Let's ________ (go) to the park this weekend.
4. ________ (read) the text aloud, please.
5. ________ (do) come to my birthday party tomorrow.
6. What ________ (a/an) interesting story it is!
7. How ________ (beauty) the girl looks in the new dress!
8. ________ (not forget) to turn off the lights when you leave the room.
9. Let him ________ (try) again. Maybe he can do it better.
10. ________ (be) a good student and study hard.
(三)根据汉语意思完成句子
1. 请打开窗户。
________ ________ the window.
2. 不要在课堂上讲话。
________ ________ in class.
3. 咱们去打篮球吧。
________ ________ basketball.
4. 一定要按时完成作业。
________ ________ your homework on time.
5. 多么漂亮的女孩啊!
________ ________ ________ girl she is!
6. 多么好的天气啊!
________ ________ weather it is!
7. 他跑得多么快啊!
________ ________ he runs!
8. 不要让孩子们在马路上玩耍。
________ ________ the children ________ on the road.
9. 快点,否则你会错过公交车。
________ up, ________ you'll miss the bus.
10. 让我们不要放弃梦想。
Let's ________ ________ ________ our dreams.
(四)句型转换
1. The girl is very lovely.(改为感叹句)
________ ________ lovely girl she is!
________ ________ the girl is!
2. It is a very interesting book.(改为感叹句)
________ ________ interesting book it is!
________ ________ the book is!
3. The students are working very hard.(改为感叹句)
________ ________ the students are working!
4. Don't run in the hallway.(改为反意疑问句)
Don't run in the hallway, ________ ________?
5. Let's go to the zoo.(改为反意疑问句)
Let's go to the zoo, ________ ________?
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