精品解析：复旦大学附属中学 2024-2025学年第二学期期中考试 英语

复旦大学附属中学 2024 学年第二学期 高二年级英语期中考试试卷 （考试时间：105分钟 满分：115分） I. Grammar and Vocabulary (0.5*6 + 1*4 = 7分) Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. 1. At the rehearsal for the charity show, the trumpet player was certainly loud, but I wasn’t bothered by his loudness ______ by his lack of talent. A. than B. more than C. as D. so much as 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：在慈善演出的排练中，那个小号手的声音确实很大，但我与其说是为他的声音大而烦恼，不如说是为他缺乏天赋而烦恼。A. than比；B. more than多于；C. as和……一样；D. so much as与其说是……不如说是……。根据“the trumpet player was certainly loud”和转折词“but”可知，此处指不是因为声音大而烦恼，而是因为他没吹号的天分而烦恼，not...so much as表示“与其说是，倒不如说是”，符合题意。故选D。 2. Frankly speaking, such efficient strategies for reading ______ every student could benefit from in learning should be applied in English courses. A. when B. that C. as D. where 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意：坦白地说，这样高效的阅读策略——每个学生都能从中受益的——应该被应用到英语课程中。空处引导定语从句，先行词是“strategies”，关系词在定语从句中作宾语，关系代词为as；构成“such…as”为固定结构。故选C。 3. The guidelines aim to prevent the growing practice of young children ________ in a way that pushes them beyond what children at their age should learn. A. educated B. to educate C. being educated D. educating 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这些指导方针旨在抑制目前不断发展的迫使受教育儿童超前学习他们应学内容的教育方式。分析句子结构可知，句子的谓语为aim to，所以educate在句中应使用非谓语形式。逻辑主语children与 educate之间为被动关系。结合“目前”可知是“正在接受教育的方式”，所以用现在分词的被动语态结构being done。故选C。 4. ______, the craftsman decided to pass on the skill at carving jade to him. A. The young man’s being interested B. The young man being interested C. The young man is interested D. The young man to be interested 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】考查独立主格结构。句意：由于这个年轻人很感兴趣，这位工匠决定把雕刻玉石的技艺传授给他。分析句子可知，这里考查独立主格结构，主语The young man和be interested为主动关系，再由句意可知，应用逻辑主语+现在分词结构，表示原因，符合语境。故选B项。 5. — Was Grandpa glad to see his old friends at the alumni gathering yesterday? — Yes he was. He ______ his old friends for years. A. hasn’t seen B. hadn’t seen C. didn’t see D. wouldn’t see 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】考查动词时态辨析。句意：——爷爷昨天在校友聚会上见到他的老朋友高兴吗？——是的，他很高兴。他已经很多年没见到他的老朋友了。A. hasn’t seen现在完成时；B. hadn’t seen过去完成时；C. didn’t see一般过去时；D. wouldn’t see过去将来时。根据前文“Was Grandpa glad to see his old friends at the alumni gathering yesterday?”可知，爷爷昨天在校友聚会上见到了他的老朋友，而根据后文“for years”可知，他已经很多年没见到老朋友了，也就是说“没见到老朋友”这个动作发生在“昨天见到老朋友”之前，即过去的过去，所以应该用过去完成时。故选B项。 6. Sustainable development is all about creating better health care, education, housing and improved standard of living for everyone, which is a simple idea, ______ is hard to put into practice, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. A. one B. the one C. one that D. that 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：可持续发展就是要为每个人创造更好的医疗、教育、住房条件，提高生活水平，这是一个简单的想法，但很难付诸实践，尤其是在发展中国家和不发达国家。此处用one作a simple idea的其同位语，one作先行词，其后句子对其进行修饰限定，从句缺少主语，用关系代词that引导定语从句。故选C项。 7. It’s said that in Brazil and other Latin American countries, meals can ______ for hours — there’s no such thing as rushing a meal. A. arrange B. spill C. function D. stretch 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：据说在巴西和其他拉丁美洲国家，吃饭可以持续几个小时——没有所谓的匆忙吃饭。A. arrange安排；B. spill溢出，洒落；C. function运作，起作用；D. stretch延伸，持续。根据句意可知，此处为动词stretch“延伸，持续”。满足句意要求。故选D项。 8. Even though it has been almost 20 years since Wenchuan earthquake, the collapsed buildings and piercing cries from the babies still ______ my mind. A. stick in B. stress out C. seal shut D. call on 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：虽然汶川地震已经过去近20年了，但倒塌的建筑和婴儿们刺耳的哭声仍然萦绕在我的脑海里。A. stick in留在；B. stress out压力过大；C. seal shut密封住；D. call on访问。根据上文“it has been almost 20 years since Wenchuan earthquake”可知，虽然地震已经过去近20年了，但是地震时的场景仍留在脑海里，用stick in。故选A。 9. Having begun my life in a children’s home, I ______ the little ones, especially when seeing their big eyes craving for knowledge in the classroom, reminding me of my childhood. A. show sympathy for B. owe gratitude to C. express appreciation to D. have empathy with 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：在儿童之家开始我的生活后，我对孩子们感同身受，尤其是当看到他们在课堂上渴望知识的大眼睛时，让我想起了我的童年。A. show sympathy for表示同情（强调怜悯或对不幸的同情）；B. owe gratitude to感恩于；C. express appreciation to表达感激；D. have empathy with与……感同身受。因为句子描述了说话者因自身童年经历（在儿童之家长大）而对小孩子们产生深刻理解和情感共鸣，尤其当他们渴求知识时触发了回忆；empathy强调设身处地的共情，与reminding me of my childhood的语境高度契合。故选D。 10. The government official made it sound as if it were all routine, nothing ______ really, but in fact, all the ministers of related departments are working out a plan to minimize the loss. A. under stress B. under control C. out of the ordinary D. out of the question 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】考查介词短语辨析。句意：这位政府官员说得好像这一切都只是例行公事，实际上没什么不寻常的，但事实上，所有相关部门的部长都在制定计划以将损失降到最低。A. under stress在压力下；B. under control处于控制之下；C. out of the ordinary不平常的，非凡的，例外的；D. out of the question不可能的，办不到的。根据“as if it were all routine (似乎一切只是例行公事)”可知，官方人员是让这件事听起来很稀松平常，没有什么“不平常的”。故选C。 II. Productive Grammar (10分) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Can AI Create “Great” Poetry? Last week, I sent a request to ChatGPT, the latest artificial intelligence chatbot. In less than a minute, the program had created in full a rhyming Shakespearean sonnet (莎士比亚十四行诗). Tools like ChatGPT seem sure to change the world of poetry — and so much else — but poets also have a lot to teach us about artificial intelligence. If algorithms are getting good at writing poetry, it’s partially ___11___ poetry was always an algorithmic business. Even the most rebellious poets follow more rules than they might like to admit. When ___12___ (teach) to imitate the structure of sonnet, schoolchildren are effectively learning to follow algorithmic constraints. ___13___ it surprise us that computers can do so, too? But considering how ChatGPT works, its ability to follow the rules for sonnets seems ___14___ (impressive) as no one taught it these rules. It is based on a newer kind of AI known as a large language model (LLM). ___15___ (put) it simply, LLMs analyze large amounts of human writing and learn to predict the next word which should appear in a string of text, based on context. One frequent criticism of LLMs is that they do not understand ___16___ they write; they just do a great job of guessing the next word. The moment a private verse by Dickinson makes us feel like the poet speaks directly to us, we ___17___ (experience) the effects of a technology called language. Of course, every Dickinson poem reflects her intention to create meaning. When ChatGPT puts words together, it intends ___18___. Some argue that writings by LLMs therefore have no meaning, only the appearance of it. If I see a cloud in the sky that looks like a giraffe, I recognize it as an accidental similarity. In the same way, this argument goes, we should regard the writings of ChatGPT as merely imitating real language, meaningless and random as cloud shapes. When I showed my friends the sonnet by ChatGPT, they called it “soulless and barren” ___19___ following all the rules for sonnets. But is the average sonnet by a human any better? ____20____ we now expect computers to write not just poems but good poems, then we have set a much higher bar. 【答案】11. because 12. taught 13. Should 14. more impressive 15. To put 16. what 17. are experiencing 18. nothing 19. despite 20. If 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章探讨了AI创作诗歌的能力，指出虽然AI能完美遵循诗歌规则，但由于缺乏人类的理解和创作意图，其作品仍被认为是“空洞”的；同时提出思考：如果以人类的标准要求AI诗歌，实际上是设定了更高的评判标准。 【11题详解】 考查表语从句。句意：如果算法越来越擅长写诗，部分原因在于诗歌本身始终是一种算法行为。空处引导表语从句，根据“poetry was always an algorithmic business”可知，此处解释“算法擅长写诗”的原因，因此用because引导从句。故填because。 【12题详解】 考查状语从句中的省略。句意：当学生们被教导模仿十四行诗的结构时，他们实际上是在学习遵循算法约束。此处用了When引导时间状语从句，且从句的主语和主句的主语一致，从句中含有be动词，因此对主语和be动词同时进行了省略，teach“教导”和被省略的主语schoolchildren之间是被动关系，因此应用teach的过去分词形式。故填taught。 【13题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：这也应该让我们感到惊讶吗？句子为一般疑问句，动词surprise为原形，空处应为助动词或情态动词，结合前一句内容可知，此处是对“感到惊讶”的合理性提出质疑，表示“应该让我们感到惊讶吗”，因此用情态动词should，且句首单词的首字母需大写。故填Should。 【14题详解】 考查比较级。句意：但考虑到ChatGPT的工作原理，它在无人教导的情况下掌握十四行诗规则的能力似乎更加令人印象深刻。空处作表语，结合后文“as no one taught it”可知，此处暗示比较，表示比有人教的情况“更令人印象深刻”，因此用impressive的比较级形式。故填more impressive。 【15题详解】 考查固定短语。句意：简而言之，LLM通过分析大量人类文本，学会根据上下文预测文本中应该出现的下一个词。to put it simply是固定短语，意为“简单来说”，用于在解释或概括复杂问题时提供简明扼要的表达方式，句首单词的首字母需大写。故填To put。 【16题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：对大语言模型的一个常见批评是，它们并不理解自己写的内容；它们只是非常擅长猜测下一个词。空处引导名词性从句作understand的宾语，宾语从句缺少宾语，结合“they write”可知，宾语指物，因此用连接代词what作引导词。故填what。 【17题详解】 考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：当狄金森的一首私人诗歌让我们感觉诗人直接在对我们倾诉时，我们正在体验一种叫做“语言”的技术效果。空处作主句的谓语，结合“The moment”可知，应用现在进行时强调那一刻正在发生的体验，主语是we，be动词应用are。故填are experiencing。 【18题详解】 考查代词。句意：而当ChatGPT将词语组合在一起时，它没有任何意图。空处作intends的宾语，结合前一句内容可知，此处与前文Dickinson的诗歌形成对比，表示AI“没有创作意图”，因此用不定代词nothing“没有什么”。故填nothing。 【19题详解】 考查介词。句意：当我把ChatGPT创作的十四行诗展示给朋友们时，尽管它完全遵循了十四行诗的所有规则，他们仍称其为“空洞无物”。空后为动名词短语，空处应用介词，结合“they called it “soulless and barren””和“following all the rules for sonnets”可知，此处是让步关系，表示“尽管它完全遵循了十四行诗的所有规则”，因此用介词despite“尽管”。故填despite。 【20题详解】 考查状语从句。句意：如果我们现在期望计算机不仅能写诗，还能写出好诗，那我们就设定了更高的标准。逗号前后均为完整的句子，前半句是后半句发生的条件，空处应用从属连词if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果……”，句首单词的首字母需大写。故填If。 III. Reading Comprehension (1*10+1*15 + 2*11+1.5*4 = 53 分) Section A Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. starve B. overtake C. fundamentals D. consuming E. backfires F. contain G. developing H. thin I. evacuating J. supplies K. present How Wildfires Can Grow Deadly Overnight In the past two decades, the number of Americans at risk of experiencing a wildfire has doubled. At the beginning of 2025, multiple large wildfires burning around Los Angeles had tens of thousands of residents ___21___ as the fires showed no sign of slowing their spread. The spark that caused the fires is under investigation, but the risk of wildfires ___22___ has been extremely high in Southern California. January is typically the rainy season in Los Angeles, but this winter, rainfall has been scarce. Besides, the region’s seasonal winds created 100 mph gusts in some areas. These warm, dry winds spread the hot ashes that spark new flames and can make it more difficult for firefighters to ___23___ fires. Wildfires can burn millions of acres of land at shockingly fast speeds, ___24___ everything in their paths. These rolling flames travel up to 14 miles an hour, which converts to about a four-minute-mile pace, and can ___25___ the average human in minutes. That’s why it’s critical to understand how wildfires get started and how to stop them. Natural or man-made, three conditions must be ___26___ for wildfire to burn: fuel, oxygen, and a heat source. Firefighters call these three elements the fire triangle. Firefighters battle blazes by depriving them of one or more of the fire triangle ___27___. One traditional method is to put out existing fires with water and spray fire retardants (阻燃剂). Firefighters also sometimes work in teams to clear vegetation from the land around a fire and eventually ___28___ it of fuel. They may also employ controlled burning, creating ___29___ breaks to stop a wildfire. This method involves fighting fire with fire. These prescribed — and controlled — fires remove undergrowth, brush, and litter from a forest, depriving an otherwise raging wildfire of fuel. Although they can be dangerous to humans, naturally occurring wildfires play an integral role in nature. By burning dead or decaying matter, they can return otherwise trapped nutrients to the soil. Besides, wildfires ___30___ forest canopies (树冠) and undergrowth, allowing sunlight to reach the forest floor and a new generation of seedlings to grow. In fact, some trees, like sequoias, rely on fire for their seeds to even open. 【答案】21. I 22. G 23. F 24. D 25. B 26. K 27. C 28. A 29. E 30. H 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了野火如何在一夜之间变得致命，介绍了野火发生的原因、蔓延速度、燃烧条件以及扑灭野火的方法和野火对自然的作用。 【21题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：2025年初，洛杉矶周围发生了多起大型野火，由于火势没有减缓的迹象，数万名居民被疏散。空处为非谓语动词作宾语补足语，evacuate“疏散”为动词，与residents之间为主动关系，其现在分词evacuating符合句意。故填I项。 【22题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：引发火灾的火花正在调查中，但在南加州，野火发生的风险一直极高。空处为非谓语动词，作介词of后的宾语，develop“发生”为动词，且与逻辑主语wildfires为主动关系，其现在分词developing符合句意。故填G项。 【23题详解】 考查动词。句意：这些温暖、干燥的风将炽热的灰烬吹散，引发新的火焰，并可能使消防员更难控制火势。空处为不定式to后的动词原形，contain“控制”为动词，符合句意。故填F项。 【24题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：野火能以惊人的速度烧毁数百万英亩的土地，吞噬沿途的一切。空处为非谓语动词作状语，consume“吞噬”为动词，且与逻辑主语Wildfires之间为主动关系，其现在分词consuming符合句意。故填D项。 【25题详解】 考查动词。句意：这些滚动的火焰以每小时14英里的速度移动，相当于每分钟四英里的速度，几分钟内就能超过普通人的速度。空处为情态动词can后的动词原形，overtake“超过”为动词，符合句意。故填B项。 【26题详解】 考查形容词。句意：无论是自然发生的还是人为造成的，野火燃烧必须具备三个条件：燃料、氧气和热源。空处为形容词作表语，present“在场的，存在的”为形容词，符合句意。故填K项。 【27题详解】 考查名词。句意：消防员通过剥夺火灾三角形的其中一个或多个要素来扑灭大火。空处为介词of后的名词，fundamental“基本要素”为可数名词，其复数形式fundamentals符合句意。故填C项。 【28题详解】 考查动词。句意：消防员有时也会分组工作，清除火灾周围的植被，最终使火势缺乏燃料。空处与clear并列，为不定式to后的动词原形，作目的状语，starve“使……缺乏”为动词，starve sth. of sth.意为“使某物缺乏某物”，符合句意。故填A项。 【29题详解】 考查名词。句意：他们还可能采用控制燃烧的方法，制造防火带以阻止野火蔓延。空处为名词作定语，修饰名词breaks，backfires“(为形成防火隔离带而有意点燃的) 迎面火”为名词，符合句意。故填E项。 【30题详解】 考查动词。句意：此外，野火使森林树冠和下层植被变薄，让阳光能够照射到森林地面，使新一代树苗得以生长。空处为谓语动词，thin“使……变薄”为动词，符合句意，且句子陈述客观事实，用一般现在时，主语Wildfires为复数，动词用原形。故填H项。 Section B Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Most people don’t think too much about chemicals around us, but actually they are all around us. Many substances ____31____ chemicals, including the air that we breathe and the water that we drink. Some chemicals are natural, but most of them are ____32____ and may be harmful to the human body. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck the United States and destroyed hundreds of thousands of homes, so displaced people had to move into temporary housing. Later, some of them began experiencing headaches and nosebleeds due to formaldehyde (甲醛) ____33____. This strong chemical is commonly found in the glue that holds many household products and presses wood furniture together. It has been classified as a carcinogen (致癌物) since 2011 and has been ____34____ to an increase in asthma and other diseases in children. It has also been ____35____ as a poisonous chemical in China. ____36____, there is another choice: natural glues. In particular, ones made from soy proteins that have been modified to ____37____ the protein some shellfish use to stick to rocks. A natural glue is now widely used in composite (合成的) wood products in the U.S. Other companies are also developing more natural ____38____ to dangerous industrial chemicals. This is a part of the Green Chemistry philosophy. Green Chemistry is a way of rethinking how to develop products and processes that are more environmentally friendly, better for people’s health and yet are economically ____39____. That includes reducing processing waste, using renewable materials and lessening the energy required to manufacture products. The Principles of Green Chemistry ____40____ the goals of this approach to chemical research and the chemical industry. The first is prevention. It is better to prevent waste than to ____41____ it or clean it up. Another principle encourages less hazardous chemical mixture. Chemical reactions should be designed to be as safe as possible. Energy ____42____ is encouraged as well as using chemicals made from renewable plant-based sources rather than petrochemical ones. Attention also needs to be paid to monitoring pollution in real time and choosing and developing chemical procedures that are safer and that ____43____ the risk of accidents. There are ____44____ in meeting and holding to the principles of Green Chemistry, but this will stimulate new research and inspire the discovery of new chemistry. Green Chemistry can decrease pollution and increase the ____45____ development of the earth, thus improving the quality of life for humans and animals for years to come. 31. A. make up for B. serve as C. match with D. consist of 32. A. artificial B. changeable C. distinct D. everlasting 33. A. consumption B. exposure C. infection D. pressure 34. A. applied B. linked C. committed D. subjected 35. A. eliminated B. criticized C. regulated D. measured 36. A. Besides B. Therefore C. However D. Meanwhile 37. A. assemble B. signify C. produce D. resemble 38. A. representatives B. alternatives C. portions D. methods 39. A. profitable B. traceable C. feasible D. available 40. A. lay out B. appeal to C. depend on D. go over 41. A. collect B. select C. treat D. suspect 42. A. security B. efficiency C. objectivity D. variety 43. A. highlight B. identity C. evaluate D. minimize 44. A. advantages B. requirements C. oppositions D. challenges 45. A. accessible B. invisible C. sustainable D. agreeable 【答案】31. D 32. A 33. B 34. B 35. C 36. C 37. D 38. B 39. C 40. A 41. C 42. B 43. D 44. D 45. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了为了减少有毒化学物质对人体的危害，绿色化学致力于使用由可再生植物来源而非石化来源制成的化学品，减少化学物质的危害，促进可持续发展。 【31题详解】 考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：许多物质由化学物质组成，包括我们呼吸的空气和饮用的水。A. make up for弥补；B. serve as充当；C. match with与……相配；D. consist of由……组成。根据句中“the air that we breathe and the water that we drink”和生活常识可知，我们呼吸的空气和饮用的水是由化学物质组成的，由此可知，许多物质由化学物质组成。故选D项。 【32题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：有些化学物质是天然的，但大多数是人造的，可能对人体有害。A. artificial人造的；B. changeable易变的；C. distinct不同的；D. everlasting永久的。根据句中“…may be harmful to the human body”和生活常识可知，对人体有害的应该是人造的化学物质。故选A项。 【33题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：后来，他们中的一些人开始因遭受甲醛而头痛和流鼻血。A. consumption消费；B. exposure遭受；C. infection传染；D. pressure压力。根据上文“temporary housing”可知，人们搬进了临时住房，由此可知，他们遭受甲醛污染，导致头痛和流鼻血。故选B项。 【34题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：自2011年以来，它被列为致癌物质，并与儿童哮喘和其他疾病的增加有关。A. applied应用；B. linked相关联；C. committed承诺；D. subjected服从于。根据句中“It has been classified as a carcinogen (致癌物) since 2011”可知，甲醛被列为致癌物质，由此可知，它对人身体有害，与儿童哮喘和其他疾病的增加有关。故选B项。 【35题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在中国，它也被规定为有毒化学品。A. eliminated淘汰；B. criticized批评；C. regulated规定；D. measured测量。根据上文“It has been classified as a carcinogen (致癌物) since 2011”可知，甲醛被列为致癌物质，由此可知，考虑到它的危害，在中国，它也被规定为有毒化学品。故选C项。 【36题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，还有另一种选择：天然胶水。A. Besides此外；B. Therefore因此；C. However然而；D. Meanwhile同时。根据上文“This strong chemical is commonly found in the glue that holds many household products and presses wood furniture together.”和句中“natural glues”可知，上下文为转折关系，人造胶水有毒，然而，还可以选择无毒的天然胶水。故选C项。 【37题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：特别是，由大豆蛋白制成的蛋白质经过修饰，类似于一些贝类用来粘在岩石上的蛋白质。A. assemble集合；B. signify代表；C. produce生产；D. resemble类似于。根据上文“natural glues”可知，这种由大豆蛋白制成的蛋白质起到自然胶水的用途，由此可知，它类似于一些贝类用来粘在岩石上的蛋白质。故选D项。 【38题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：其他公司也在开发更天然的危险工业化学品的替代品。A. representatives代表；B. alternatives替代品；C. portions部分；D. methods方法。根据上文“natural glues”可知，上文列举了天然胶水代替人工胶水的例子，由此可知，句中指开发更天然的危险工业化学品的替代品。故选B项。 【39题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：绿色化学是一种重新思考如何开发更环保、更有益于人们健康、在经济上可行的产品和工艺的方法。A. profitable盈利的；B. traceable可追溯的；C. feasible可行的；D. available可获得的。根据下文“lessening the energy required to manufacture products”可知，绿色化学旨在减少制造产品所需的能源，由此可知，绿色化学在经济上也是可行的。故选C项。 【40题详解】 考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：《绿色化学原理》阐述了这种化学研究和化学工业方法的目标。A. lay out阐述；B. appeal to呼吁；C. depend on依靠；D. go over仔细检查。根据下文“The first is prevention.”可知，下文介绍了预防是化学研究和化学工业方法的目标，由此可知，《绿色化学原理》阐述了这种化学研究和化学工业方法的目标。故选A项。 41题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：与其处理或清理废物，不如防止废物。A. collect收集；B. select选择；C. treat处理；D. suspect怀疑。根据下文“clean it up”可知，我们惯常对待废物的方法，要么是处理废物，要么是清理废物。故选C项。 【42题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：鼓励提高能源效率，并使用由可再生植物来源而非石化来源制成的化学品。A. security安全；B. efficiency效率；C. objectivity客观性；D. variety多样化。根据句中“...using chemicals made from renewable plant-based sources rather than petrochemical ones”可知，句中介绍了环保的制造化学品的方法，由此可知，我们应该提高能源效率，这样能够节约能源，更加环保。故选B项。 【43题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：还需要注意实时监测污染，选择和开发更安全、使事故风险最小化的化学程序。A. highlight突出；B. identity身份；C. evaluate评价；D. minimize使最小化。根据句中“the risk of accidents”和生活常识可知，我们要开发使事故风险最小化的化学程序。故选D项。 【44题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在满足和坚持绿色化学的原则方面存在挑战，但这将刺激新的研究并激发新化学的发现。A. advantages优点；B. requirements要求；C. oppositions反对；D. challenges挑战。根据句中“but this will stimulate new research and inspire the discovery of new chemistry”可知，刺激新的研究的应该是我们面对的挑战。故选D项。 【45题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：绿色化学可以减少污染，促进地球的可持续发展，从而在未来几年改善人类和动物的生活质量。A. accessible可使用的；B. invisible看不见的；C. sustainable可持续的；D. agreeable令人愉快的。根据上文“Energy ___12__ is encouraged as well as using chemicals made from renewable plant-based sources rather than petrochemical ones.”可知，绿色化学使用可再生植物来源，由此可知，它促进了地球的可持续发展。故选C项。 Section C Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) On the day the tornado hit, there was no indication severe weather was on its way — the sky was blue and the sun had been out. The first warning my husband, Jimmy and I got came around 9 p.m., from some scrolling text on the TV Jimmy was watching. No sooner had we found coverage of the tornado than it was on top of us. I didn’t know how or if we would make it down the steps. It felt as if there were no floor underneath me as the wind lifted me off my feet. I gripped the banister (楼梯扶手) and tried to move forward, but this intense pressure held me in place. In those seconds of practical stillness, I could hear everything around me rattling. We got close to the staircase landing only to hear the loud ripping sound of our garage door coming off. The back wall of the house followed suit and tore off into the darkness outside. By the time I reached the closet, the tornado had been over us for about a minute. Jimmy pushed me down to the closet floor, but he couldn’t get inside himself because of the wind. I held Jimmy’s arm tightly as the tornado sucked the door open — we never did get it fully shut — and tried to bring Jimmy with it. My knees and head were full of glass, but in that moment, I felt no pain. If I had let go, Jimmy would have flown right out the back of the house and into the bay. “Hold on! Hold on!” he yelled. But there was nothing in this closet to hold on to. All of a sudden, Jimmy lifted off his feet like people in tornadoes do in the movies. I thought he was gone. And then everything stopped. He landed on his feet. In those first quiet moments, I couldn’t believe it was over. Jimmy said he’d go outside to check. “No,” I said. “Don’t leave me. Don’t leave me.” 46. Which of the following is TRUE on the day the tornado hit? A. There was no warning or report about the tornado. B. The weather before the tornado seemed calm and sunny. C. The author and her husband didn’t take the tornado seriously. D The author and her husband took immediate action after the TV coverage. 47. What does the underlined phrase “followed suit” in Paragraph 3 most likely mean? A. The back wall rumbled and cracked open. B. The back wall shook but didn’t tumble down. C. The back wall collapsed just like the garage door. D. The back wall was as strong as the garage door. 48. In paragraph 4, the author felt no pain because ______. A. she was dying for survival herself B. she was too eager to save her husband C. she was overwhelmed by the power of tornado D. she was seriously injured and fell unconscious 49. Which of the following words can best describe the author's feelings throughout this event? A. surprised, scared, empathetic B. shocked, terrified, desperate C. astonished, confused, sympathetic D. frantic, furious, grateful 【答案】46. B 47. C 48. B 49. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了龙卷风来袭当天天气晴朗，晚间9点电视滚动字幕才发出首次预警。龙卷风迅速逼近，作者在狂风中抓着楼梯扶手艰难移动，房屋车库门和后墙相继被卷走。躲进衣柜时，丈夫因风大无法进入，作者紧抓住他的手臂，不顾伤痛生怕他被卷走。最终风暴停止，两人劫后余生，作者仍心有余悸。 【46题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“On the day the tornado hit, there was no indication severe weather was on its way — the sky was blue and the sun had been out.( 在龙卷风袭击的那天，没有任何迹象表明恶劣天气即将来临——天空是蓝色的，太阳已经出来了)”可知，龙卷风来临前天气晴朗平静。故选B项。 【47题详解】 词义猜测题。根据第三段前一句“We got close to the staircase landing only to hear the loud ripping sound of our garage door coming off.( 我们走近楼梯平台，只听到车库门被扯开的声音)”提到“车库门被掀开”，后句 “ tore off into the darkness outside.(奔向外面的黑暗)”推知，后墙像车库门一样“倒塌”继而被龙卷风吹走。由此猜测划线部分意为“像车库门一样倒塌。故选C项。 【48题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“I held Jimmy’s arm tightly as the tornado sucked the door open — we never did get it fully shut — and tried to bring Jimmy with it. My knees and head were full of glass, but in that moment, I felt no pain.( 我紧紧抓住吉米的手臂，因为龙卷风把门吸开了——我们从来没有把它完全关上过——我试着把吉米也带走。我的膝盖和头上都是玻璃，但在那一刻，我感觉不到疼痛)”可知，作者的注意力完全集中在拯救丈夫上，无暇顾及疼痛。故选B项。 【49题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文可知，在整个事件中，作者的情感变化如下：震惊（shocked）：龙卷风毫无预兆地迅速逼近（No sooner had we found coverage... than it was on top of us）。恐惧（terrified）：被狂风掀离地面、房屋结构崩塌、丈夫险些被卷走（“I thought he was gone”）。绝望（desperate）：死死抓住丈夫、哀求他不要离开（“Don’t leave me”）。选项B“shocked, terrified, desperate(震惊，害怕，绝望)”完整概括了这一情感变化。故选B项。 (B) Below are some emerging technologies that may change the world. Low-carbon cement can help combat climate change. Concrete is the most widely used human-made material. However, the manufacture of one of its key components, cement, creates a substantial yet underappreciated amount of human-produced carbon dioxide: up to 8 percent of the global total, according to London-based think tank Chatham House. To address this issue, researchers and companies are now pursuing various lower-carbon solutions. For instance, a start-up in New Jersey is employing a chemical process that has cut 30 percent of the carbon dioxide usually released in making cement. The recipe uses more clay, less limestone and less heat than typical processes. Quantum sensors could let autonomous cars “see” around corners. Quantum computers get all the hype (大肆宣传), but quantum sensors, which reach extreme levels of precision by exploiting the quantum nature of matter, could be equally transformative, enabling autonomous vehicles that can “see” around corners, underwater navigation systems, early-warning systems for volcanic activity and earthquakes, and portable scanners that monitor a person’s brain activity during daily life. Green hydrogen could fill big gaps in renewable energy. When hydrogen burns, the only by-product is water — which is why hydrogen has been an alluring zero-carbon energy source for decades. Yet the traditional process for producing hydrogen, in which fossil fuels are exposed to steam, is not even remotely zero-carbon. Green hydrogen is different. It is produced through electrolysis, in which machines split water into hydrogen and oxygen, with no other by-products. Historically, electrolysis required so much electricity that it made little sense to produce hydrogen that way. The situation is changing since the electrolyzers are getting more efficient. Whole-Genome synthesis will transform cell engineering. Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists in China uploaded the virus’s genetic sequence to genetic databases. A Swiss group then synthesized the entire genome and produced the virus from it. Such speed is one example of how whole-genome printing is advancing medicine and other work. Whole-genome synthesis is an extension of the booming field of synthetic biology. Researchers reprogram microbes to do desired work such as making a new medicine. So far genomes mainly get light edits. But improvements are making it possible to print ever larger number of genetic material and to alter genomes more extensively. 50. Which new technology can be used to help with medical researches? A. Low-carbon cement. B Quantum sensors. C. Green hydrogen. D. Whole-Genome synthesis. 51. Which of the following is supported by the passage? A. Cement-related emissions are less serious than most people realize. B. Quantum sensors are currently used to improve brain functions. C. Green hydrogen offers a zero-emission alternative to fossil fuels. D. Genome synthesis has already transformed how we edit genes. 52. What is a shared feature of all the emerging technologies mentioned? A. They are reshaping or expected to reshape certain industries. B. They mainly aim to address health and medical challenges. C. They all directly reduce human-made carbon emissions. D. They are all still at the stage of theoretical reasoning. 【答案】50. D 51. C 52. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了四种可能改变世界的新兴技术，包括低碳水泥、量子传感器、绿色氢气和全基因组合成技术，并分别阐述了它们的应用前景和优势。 【50题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists in China uploaded the virus’s genetic sequence to genetic databases. A Swiss group then synthesized the entire genome and produced the virus from it. Such speed is one example of how whole-genome printing is advancing medicine and other work.(在新冠肺炎疫情早期，中国科学家将病毒的基因序列上传到基因数据库。随后，一个瑞士小组合成了整个基因组，并从中制造出病毒。这种速度就是全基因组打印如何推动医学和其他工作的一个例子)”可知，全基因组合成技术可用于医学研究。故选D项。 【51题详解】 细节理解题。根据第六段“When hydrogen burns, the only by-product is water — which is why hydrogen has been an alluring zero-carbon energy source for decades. Yet the traditional process for producing hydrogen, in which fossil fuels are exposed to steam, is not even remotely zero-carbon.(当氢气燃烧时，唯一的副产品是水——这就是为什么几十年来氢气一直是一种诱人的零碳能源。然而，传统的制氢过程是将化石燃料暴露在蒸汽中，这甚至根本不是零碳的)”以及第七段“Green hydrogen is different. It is produced through electrolysis, in which machines split water into hydrogen and oxygen, with no other by-products.(绿色氢气则不同。它是通过电解产生的，在这个过程中，机器将水分解成氢气和氧气，没有其他副产品)”可知，绿色氢气为化石燃料提供了一种零排放的替代品。故选C项。 【52题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“Below are some emerging technologies that may change the world.(以下是一些可能改变世界的新兴技术)”以及下文对四种新兴技术的介绍可知，文中提到的所有新兴技术的共同特征是它们正在重塑或有望重塑某些行业，例如，低碳水泥有助于应对气候变化，量子传感器能让自动驾驶汽车“看见”拐角周围的情况，绿色氢气可以填补可再生能源的巨大缺口，全基因组合成将改变细胞工程。A项“它们正在重塑或有望重塑某些行业”符合题意。故选A项。 (C) “Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a psychology professor, who was offering a strategy for pursuing better science. To understand the context for Nosek’s advice, we need to take a step back to the nature of science itself. You see despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories become elaborated and change, so do scientific methods. But methodological reform hasn’t come without some fretting and friction. Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers. Few people like having the value of their life’s work called into question. On the other side, few people are good at voicing criticisms in kind and constructive ways. So, part of the challenge is figuring out how to bake critical self-reflection into the culture of science itself, so it unfolds as a welcome and integrated part of the process, and not an embarrassing sideshow. What Nosek recommended was a strategy for changing the way we offer and respond to critique. Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic probably shares. One worry about this approach is that it could be demoralizing for scientists. Striving to be less wrong might be a less effective motivation than the promise of being right. Another concern is that a strategy that works well within science could backfire when it comes to communicating science with the public. Without an appreciation for how science works, it’s easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science, when in fact they reflect some of the very features of science that make it our best approach to reaching reliable conclusions about the world. Science is reliable because it responds to evidence: as the quantity and quality of our evidence improves, our theories can and should change, too. Despite these worries, I like Nosek’s suggestion because it builds in cognitive humility along with a sense that we can do better. It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right. Unfortunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis: that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life. I don’t know if that’s true. In fact, I should probably assume that it’s wrong. But with the benefit of the scientific community and our best methodological tools, I hope we can get it less wrong, together. 53. According to Paragraph 3, “some fretting and friction” refers to the fact that methodological reformers ______. A. feel reluctant to reflect on themselves B. are unable to provide valuable work C. don’t offer constructive criticisms D. meet with harsh personal attacks 54. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the “assume you are wrong” strategy? A. It will make scientific conclusions less reliable. B. It can enhance the public’s understanding of science. C. It may lead to an increase in the motivation of scientists. D. It can promote a positive interpretation of criticisms. 55. According to the passage, what is the author most likely to agree on? A. Nosek’s strategy has been proven to improve scientific outcomes and decision-making. B. The scientific community should reject untested hypotheses to avoid misleading the public. C. Nosek’s emphasis on cognitive modesty holds potential for collective progress in science. D. Scientists are advised to adopt the same perspectives to achieve the “sense of community”. 56. ______ best fits the “assume you are wrong” strategy. A. Encouraging business leaders to always trust their instincts in making decisions B. Promoting a culture where teachers actively seek feedback to improve teaching C. Training politicians to be more defensive about their policies to avoid admitting faults D. Advising journalists to stick to their narratives despite opposing views 【答案】53. D 54. D 55. C 56. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇议论文。本文围绕心理学教授布莱恩・诺塞克（Brian Nosek）提出的“假设自己错误”策略展开，探讨其在科学领域的意义与争议。 【53题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers. Few people like having the value of their life’s work called into question. On the other side, few people are good at voicing criticisms in kind and constructive ways.( 方法论改革家说了很多难听的话，也说了很多关于他们的坏话。很少有人喜欢自己毕生工作的价值受到质疑。另一方面，很少有人善于以善意和建设性的方式提出批评。)”可知，第三段提到，方法论改革伴随“fretting and friction”，具体表现为“Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers”（改革者被他人恶语相向，彼此间也有恶言）。这表明改革者面临严厉的人身攻击。故选D项。 【54题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic probably shares.( 假设你是对的，可能是一种激励力量，维持进行科学工作所需的巨大努力。但这也很容易将批评解读为人身攻击。相反，从假设你是错的开始，批评更容易被解释为如何减少错误的建设性建议-这可能是你的批评者的共同目标。)”可知，第四段指出，假设自己错误能将批评视为“constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong(建设性改进建议)”，而非人身攻击。这与积极解读批评的策略一致。故选D项。 【55题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Despite these worries, I like Nosek’s suggestion because it builds in cognitive humility along with a sense that we can do better. It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right.( 尽管存在这些担忧，但我喜欢诺塞克的建议，因为它建立了认知上的谦卑，以及我们可以做得更好的感觉。它还建立了一种社区意识——当我们做错事的时候，我们都在同一条船上。)”可推知，根据文章，作者最可能同意的观点是认知谦逊有望推动科学集体进步。故选C项。 【56题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Unfortunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis: that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life. I don’t know if that’s true. In fact, I should probably assume that it’s wrong. But with the benefit of the scientific community and our best methodological tools, I hope we can get it less wrong, together.( 不幸的是，这仍然给我们留下了一个未经检验的假设：假设一个人是错的，可以使社会规范变得更好，并最终支持更好的科学，甚至可能是更好的生活决策。我不知道这是不是真的。事实上，我应该假设这是错的。但是有了科学界和我们最好的方法论工具的帮助，我希望我们能一起减少错误。)”可推知，“assume you are wrong”策略的核心是主动接纳批评、寻求改进。选项B中教师通过反馈优化教学，体现了这一理念。故选B项。 Section D Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Why do We Love to Watch Other People’s In-flight Movies? You’re sitting on an airplane, and before you pick a movie — or maybe despite having done so already — you start watching someone else’s screen. Sound familiar? Though you can’t explain why you’d rather watch a faraway show on a too-small screen without any audio, you can’t look away. Maybe it’s easier to leech off someone else’s movie selection than to make a choice of your own. Maybe it’s the risk of being caught, the allure (诱惑) of spying on a private moment. In-flight movies are just better on a stranger’s screen. ___57___ On X, formerly Twitter, a user confesses: “I cannot focus on a movie on an airplane unless it is on someone else’s screen.” Another writes that “the voyeurism of watching a movie on someone else’s screen just adds to the experience.” These sneaky viewings are more common now than they were a few decades ago, when seat-back, personal screens first started to take hold in the airplane industry. ___58___ The term refers to the act of spying on someone else’s phone or laptop screen, ATM or other electronic device behind their back. Mohamed Khamis, an associate professor in computer science at the University of Glasgow, studies the privacy and security implications of technology. ___59___ The behavior also carries little risk of getting caught. While researching people’s ability to recognize when they are being shoulder-surfed, he found that it often goes unnoticed; people underestimated the number of times others were spying on their screen. The impulse to shoulder-surf, he adds, can be simply explained by boredom and curiosity. ___60___ “This is something that’s been around for a long time,” he said. “Even when people were reading books and newspapers and stuff, people would also look at each other’s content.” A. But “shoulder surfing” is nothing new. B. And “shoulder surfing” is nothing short of surprising. C. Apparently, loneliness and privacy-invasion are underlying causes. D. It’s why he has looked over at other passengers’ screens while on a flight. E. He says that shoulder surfing is so popular partly because it doesn’t require any special skills. F. The appeal of peeking at another person’s in-flight entertainment is well-documented online. 【答案】57. F 58. A 59. E 60. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了人们为何痴迷于偷看他人飞机屏幕上的电影，分析了“肩窥”现象普遍存在的三大原因。 【57题详解】 前文“Though you can’t explain why you’d rather watch a faraway show on a too-small screen without any audio, you can’t look away. Maybe it’s easier to leech off someone else’s movie selection than to make a choice of your own. Maybe it’s the risk of being caught, the allure (诱惑) of spying on a private moment. In-flight movies are just better on a stranger’s screen. (虽然你无法解释为何要盯着远处那块过小的无声屏幕看别人的电影，但就是挪不开视线。或许蹭别人的电影选择比自己做决定更轻松，又或许是那种可能被发现的刺激感、偷窥他人私密时刻的诱惑在作祟。陌生人的机上电影，看起来总是更精彩)”描述人们在飞机上偷看他人屏幕的现象，以及该行为很诱人，后文“On X, formerly Twitter, a user confesses: “I cannot focus on a movie on an airplane unless it is on someone else’s screen.” Another writes that “the voyeurism of watching a movie on someone else’s screen just adds to the experience.” (在原来是Twitter的X平台上，一位用户坦白道：“除非是别人屏幕上的电影，否则我在飞机上根本没法专注于任何影片。”另一位网友则写道：“偷看别人屏幕上的电影时那种窥视感，反而让观影体验更刺激了。”)”引用网友评论佐证该行为的普遍性，此处需过渡到网络证据的普遍性，因此F项“The appeal of peeking at another person’s in-flight entertainment is well-documented online. (在网上，偷看他人机上娱乐行为的吸引力已被充分记录)”符合语境，指出网上有很多此类证据，承前启后，其中的in-flight在前文有同词复现，online则呼应后文的On X, formerly Twitter。故选F。 【58题详解】 前文“These sneaky viewings are more common now than they were a few decades ago, when seat-back, personal screens first started to take hold in the airplane industry. (如今，这种偷偷观影的行为比几十年前更为普遍——当时椅背个人屏幕才刚刚在航空业兴起)”提到这种行为现在比几十年前更常见，后文“The term refers to the act of spying on someone else’s phone or laptop screen, ATM or other electronic device behind their back. (这个术语指的是偷窥他人手机、笔记本电脑屏幕、ATM机或其他电子设备屏幕的行为)”介绍一术语的定义，此处是过渡句，需引出该术语，因此A项“But “shoulder surfing” is nothing new. (但“肩窥”并非新现象)”符合语境，表明“肩窥”早已出现，和前文构成转折，引出后文的定义。故选A。 【59题详解】 前文“Mohamed Khamis, an associate professor in computer science at the University of Glasgow, studies the privacy and security implications of technology. (格拉斯哥大学计算机科学副教授Mohamed Khamis主要从事技术隐私与安全影响研究)”提到Mohamed Khamis研究技术隐私，后文“The behavior also carries little risk of getting caught. (这种行为被发现的概率也很低)”指出肩窥的另一特性是不易被察觉，此处应该是Khamis的观点，与肩窥的一个特性相关，因此E项“He says that shoulder surfing is so popular partly because it doesn’t require any special skills. (他表示，肩窥如此流行的部分原因是它不需要任何特殊技巧)”符合语境，说明肩窥行为非常简单，承前启后，其中的He指代前文的Mohamed Khamis。故选E。 【60题详解】 前文“The impulse to shoulder-surf, he adds, can be simply explained by boredom and curiosity. (他补充道，这种肩窥的冲动，其实可以简单地用无聊和好奇来解释)”提到肩窥的冲动源于无聊和好奇，后文““This is something that’s been around for a long time,” he said. (“这种现象其实由来已久，”他说道)”转而说明该现象已存在很久，此处应用事例佐证无聊和好奇这两种动机，因此D项“It’s why he has looked over at other passengers’ screens while on a flight. (这就是他在飞机上看其他乘客屏幕的原因)”符合语境，以研究者自身行为佐证动机，承接前文。故选D。 IV. Summary Writing (10 分) 61. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Narcissism is a psychological condition defined as an obsession with the self. While not all forms of self-love or self-interest are destructive, extreme cases can be very damaging and may be diagnosed as narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). According to some psychoanalysis, almost all people begin life with some degree of self-obsession. Since babies are born helpless, their physical and emotional needs must be addressed by the people surrounding them. In the infant’s mind, this translates to a deeply held belief that he is the center of the world, known as primary narcissism. This belief is usually left behind as children grow older and become more independent. People with mild symptoms may actually benefit from their self-interested tendencies. According to some studies, mild narcissists tend to experience less stress, self-doubt, and remorse than non-narcissists. Their feeling of self-importance and invulnerability makes them less prone to depression, and makes them more likely to pursue their dreams and goals. Those with clinical NCD, however, can have difficult and frustrating lives. In extreme cases, they may be simply unable to understand why the world does not work according to their beliefs. Despite a desire for strong personal relationships, they may be unable to maintain them because of their self-obsession. In rare cases, the ability to justify any behavior for personal gain may be so strong that a narcissist may find himself engaging in manipulative, criminal, or violent acts. Psychotherapy is often recommended as the first-line of treatment for this condition. Cognitive behavioral therapy, which focuses on identifying and altering unhealthy behavioral patterns, can also be very helpful in constructing a healthier lifestyle. How effective these treatments usually depend on how severe the condition is. While fully defeating narcissistic urges may not always be possible, psychotherapy creates an open forum to discuss related issues and manage the problems caused by this condition. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Narcissism ranges from healthy self-interest to extreme narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). While mild narcissism may reduce stress and boost confidence, severe NPD causes relationship struggles and harmful behaviors. Psychotherapy, like cognitive behavioral therapy, helps manage symptoms by addressing unhealthy patterns. Treatment effectiveness depends on severity, aiming to mitigate issues rather than fully eliminate narcissistic tendencies. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说自恋的程度从适度的自我利益到极端的自恋型人格障碍（NPD）不等。虽然轻度的自恋可能会减轻压力并增强自信，但严重的自恋型人格障碍会导致关系问题和有害行为。心理治疗，比如认知行为疗法，通过解决不健康的行为模式来帮助控制症状。治疗效果取决于严重程度，旨在缓解问题而非完全消除自恋倾向。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①Narcissism is a psychological condition defined as an obsession with the self. While not all forms of self-love or self-interest are destructive, extreme cases can be very damaging and may be diagnosed as narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). ②According to some studies, mild narcissists tend to experience less stress, self-doubt, and remorse than non-narcissists. Despite a desire for strong personal relationships, they may be unable to maintain them because of their self-obsession. In rare cases, the ability to justify any behavior for personal gain may be so strong that a narcissist may find himself engaging in manipulative, criminal, or violent acts. ③Psychotherapy is often recommended as the first-line of treatment for this condition. Cognitive behavioral therapy, which focuses on identifying and altering unhealthy behavioral patterns, can also be very helpful in constructing a healthier lifestyle. ④How effective these treatments usually depend on how severe the condition is. While fully defeating narcissistic urges may not always be possible, psychotherapy creates an open forum to discuss related issues and manage the problems caused by this condition. 2. 缜密构思 将第1个要点进行综述，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分论。 3. 遣词造句 Narcissism ranges from healthy self-interest to extreme narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). While mild narcissism may reduce stress and boost confidence, severe NPD causes relationship struggles and harmful behaviors. Psychotherapy, like cognitive behavioral therapy, helps manage symptoms by addressing unhealthy patterns. Treatment effectiveness depends on severity, aiming to mitigate issues rather than fully eliminate narcissistic tendencies. 【点睛】【高分句型1】While mild narcissism may reduce stress and boost confidence, severe NPD causes relationship struggles and harmful behaviors. 运用while引导让步状语从句对原文第三段和第四段进行了概括。 【高分句型2】Treatment effectiveness depends on severity, aiming to mitigate issues rather than fully eliminate narcissistic tendencies.用现在分词作状语对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。 V. Translation (3+3+4+5=15 分) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 62. 疏散过程中无一人受伤的好消息令市长如释重负。(load) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________ 【答案】The good news that no one was injured during the evacuation took a load off the mayor’s mind. 【解析】 【详解】考查同位语从句、名词和动词（短语）。句子在描述过去发生的事情，时态应用一般过去时，整个句子可处理为主从复合句；主句“好消息令市长如释重负”中主语“好消息”可用名词短语the good news，“令某人如释重负”可用动词短语take a load off one’s mind，“市长”应用名词the mayor；“疏散过程中无一人受伤”是“好消息”的具体内容，可用that引导名词性从句，作news的同位语，从句中主语“无一人”可用代词no one，“受伤”可用动词injure的被动语态，be动词应用was，“疏散过程中”可用介词短语during the evacuation。故可译为：The good news that no one was injured during the evacuation took a load off the mayor’s mind. 63. 在返沪的高铁上，春游期间的一幕幕像照片一样在他的脑海中闪现。(succession) （汉译英） ______________________________________________________________ 【答案】On the high-speed train back to Shanghai, scenes from the spring outing flashed through his mind in succession like photos. 【解析】 【详解】考查短语和时态。表示“在返沪的高铁上”可用on the high-speed train back to Shanghai；表示“春游期间的一幕幕”翻译为scenes from the spring outing，作主语；表示“在脑海中闪现”短语为flash through one’s mind；表示“一幕幕像照片一样”翻译为in succession like photos。发生在过去用一般过去时。故翻译为On the high-speed train back to Shanghai, scenes from the spring outing flashed through his mind in succession like photos. 64. 冥想这种舒缓的活动能够有效缓解过度焦虑，难怪其能够在社交媒体上走红。(hit) （汉译英） ______________________________________________________________ 【答案】This smoothing activity of meditation can effectively relieve over-anxiety. No wonder it has become a hit on social media. 【解析】 【详解】考查情态动词和时态。表示“冥想这种舒缓的活动”应用this smoothing activity of meditation；表示“能”应用can；表示“有效地”应用effectively；表示“缓解过度焦虑”应用“relieve excessive anxiety”，位于情态动词后面，使用动词原形；表示“难怪”应用no wonder；表示“能够在社交媒体上走红”应用it has become a hit on social media，使用现在完成时表示过去发生的事情对现在产生影响。故翻译成：This smoothing activity of meditation can effectively relieve over-anxiety. No wonder it has become a hit on social media.。 65. 免签政策一经推出，就受到了国外游客的热烈欢迎，这不仅有效地促进了国内经济发展，还弘扬了中华文化，可谓一举两得。(not only... but also...) （汉译英） ______________________________________________________________ 【答案】The visa-free policy has been warmly welcomed by foreign tourists as soon as it was launched, which not only effectively promotes domestic economic development but also carries forward Chinese culture, killing two birds with one stone. 【解析】 【详解】考查定语从句和短语。主语表示“免签政策”用the visa-free policy；表示“受到了国外游客的热烈欢迎”用be warmly welcomed by foreign tourists，表示过去的动作对现在的影响用现在完成时；表示“一……就”用as soon as引导时间状语从句，主语“免签政策”用it代替；表示“推出”用动词launch，与主语构成被动关系，且发生在过去用一般过去时的被动语态；“这不仅有效地促进了国内经济发展，还弘扬了中华文化”处理为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词visa-free policy，在从句作主语，指物，故用which；表示“不仅……而且……”句型为not only…but also…；表示“有效地促进了国内经济发展”为effectively promote domestic economic development；表示“弘扬了中华文化”为carry forward Chinese culture，从句陈述事实用一般现在时；表示“可谓一举两得”短语为kill two birds with one stone，与the visa-free policy为主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。故翻译为The visa-free policy has been warmly welcomed by foreign tourists as soon as it was launched, which not only effectively promotes domestic economic development but also carries forward Chinese culture, killing two birds with one stone. VI. Guided Writing (20 分) 66. Directions: Write an English composition in 120 — 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明信中学的学生李华，你的好友李明在完成英语作业时，过度依赖电子设备，如电子辞典等，你觉得这不利于他的学习，想与他进行沟通。写封信给李明，内容须包括： 1) 向李明说明该行为带来的弊端； 2) 给出建议并说明理由。 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】范文1 Dear Li Ming, Recently I have found you relied heavily on electronic devices, like electronic dictionaries, to accomplish your English homework. As your friend, I think it necessary to offer my view. Despite the convenience and accuracy of electronic “learning assistants”, I have to remind you that the original purpose of English homework should be to enhance your own language proficiency. In an examination, no electronic devices are ever allowed, so your long-term reliance on tools may hamper your own performance at length. I suggest putting your electronic devices away and forcing yourself to stay focused. It can contribute to an improvement, though little every time, and finally help you make progress. Of course, you may get frustrated or puzzled when encountering unknown words, but bear in mind that over-relying on tools only offers you a “weak confidence”. What’s more, I’m not saying that electronic devices should be banned. Instead, it’s more sensible to employ them when you’ve already finished a task. In a word, I sincerely hope you can take my advice into account. Yours, Li Hua 范文2 Dear Li Ming, I’ve noticed that you have been relying on electronic devices such as electronic dictionaries too much when doing English homework, and as it can be harmful to your studies, I genuinely want to talk to you about it. Over-relying on these external resources has many drawbacks. It skips the process of recalling what you’ve already mastered, which gives you the illusion that there’s no room for improvement and conceals potential mistakes. Additionally, it weakens your independent thinking skills and discourages you from autonomous learning. To adapt a learning method that is more beneficial, I suggest that you put your electronic devices away when doing English homework, focus on your paper at hand and resist your urge of consulting external resources. In this way, you’ll have space to think independently and complete the work with your own knowledge. After finishing the homework, you can make full use of these devices to check whether your knowledge is accurate, so as to correct the mistakes and enlarge your vocabulary. English learning is a process of accumulation while relying on external resources can hinder you from making progress. I hope my advice helps, and let’s improve our English together! Yours, Li Hua 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。题目要求学生以李华的身份，给完成英语作业时过度依赖电子设备的好友李明写一封信，告知他该行为带来的弊端，为他提供改正的建议，并说明自己的理由。（详解以范文1为例） 【详解】1. 词汇积累 依赖：rely on→depend on, be dependent on 完成：accomplish→complete 提高：enhance→improve, sharpen 阻碍：hamper→obstruct, hinder 遇到：encounter→run across, face 简而言之：in a word→in short, in a nutshell 2. 句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：I suggest putting your electronic devices away and forcing yourself to stay focused. 拓展句：I suggest that you (should) put your electronic devices away and force yourself to stay focused. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Despite the convenience and accuracy of electronic “learning assistants”, I have to remind you that the original purpose of English homework should be to enhance your own language proficiency. (运用了that引导宾语从句) [高分句型2] Instead, it’s more sensible to employ them when you’ve already finished a task. (运用了when引导时间状语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学 2024 学年第二学期 高二年级英语期中考试试卷 （考试时间：105分钟 满分：115分） I. Grammar and Vocabulary (0.5*6 + 1*4 = 7分) Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. 1. At the rehearsal for the charity show, the trumpet player was certainly loud, but I wasn’t bothered by his loudness ______ by his lack of talent. A. than B. more than C. as D. so much as 2. Frankly speaking, such efficient strategies for reading ______ every student could benefit from in learning should be applied in English courses. A. when B. that C. as D. where 3. The guidelines aim to prevent the growing practice of young children ________ in a way that pushes them beyond what children at their age should learn. A. educated B. to educate C. being educated D. educating 4. ______, the craftsman decided to pass on the skill at carving jade to him. A. The young man’s being interested B. The young man being interested C. The young man is interested D. The young man to be interested 5. — Was Grandpa glad to see his old friends at the alumni gathering yesterday? — Yes, he was. He ______ his old friends for years. A. hasn’t seen B. hadn’t seen C. didn’t see D. wouldn’t see 6. Sustainable development is all about creating better health care, education, housing and improved standard of living for everyone, which is a simple idea, ______ is hard to put into practice, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. A. one B. the one C. one that D. that 7. It’s said that in Brazil and other Latin American countries, meals can ______ for hours — there’s no such thing as rushing a meal. A. arrange B. spill C. function D. stretch 8. Even though it has been almost 20 years since Wenchuan earthquake, the collapsed buildings and piercing cries from the babies still ______ my mind. A. stick in B. stress out C. seal shut D. call on 9. Having begun my life in a children’s home, I ______ the little ones, especially when seeing their big eyes craving for knowledge in the classroom, reminding me of my childhood. A. show sympathy for B. owe gratitude to C. express appreciation to D. have empathy with 10. The government official made it sound as if it were all routine, nothing ______ really, but in fact, all the ministers of related departments are working out a plan to minimize the loss. A. under stress B. under control C. out of the ordinary D. out of the question II. Productive Grammar (10分) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Can AI Create “Great” Poetry? Last week I sent a request to ChatGPT, the latest artificial intelligence chatbot. In less than a minute, the program had created in full a rhyming Shakespearean sonnet (莎士比亚十四行诗). Tools like ChatGPT seem sure to change the world of poetry — and so much else — but poets also have a lot to teach us about artificial intelligence. If algorithms are getting good at writing poetry, it’s partially ___11___ poetry was always an algorithmic business. Even the most rebellious poets follow more rules than they might like to admit. When ___12___ (teach) to imitate the structure of sonnet, schoolchildren are effectively learning to follow algorithmic constraints. ___13___ it surprise us that computers can do so, too? But considering how ChatGPT works, its ability to follow the rules for sonnets seems ___14___ (impressive) as no one taught it these rules. It is based on a newer kind of AI known as a large language model (LLM). ___15___ (put) it simply, LLMs analyze large amounts of human writing and learn to predict the next word which should appear in a string of text, based on context. One frequent criticism of LLMs is that they do not understand ___16___ they write; they just do a great job of guessing the next word. The moment a private verse by Dickinson makes us feel like the poet speaks directly to us, we ___17___ (experience) the effects of a technology called language. Of course, every Dickinson poem reflects her intention to create meaning. When ChatGPT puts words together, it intends ___18___. Some argue that writings by LLMs therefore have no meaning, only the appearance of it. If I see a cloud in the sky that looks like a giraffe, I recognize it as an accidental similarity. In the same way, this argument goes, we should regard the writings of ChatGPT as merely imitating real language, meaningless and random as cloud shapes. When I showed my friends the sonnet by ChatGPT, they called it “soulless and barren” ___19___ following all the rules for sonnets. But is the average sonnet by a human any better? ____20____ we now expect computers to write not just poems but good poems, then we have set a much higher bar. III. Reading Comprehension (1*10+1*15 + 2*11+1.5*4 = 53 分) Section A Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. starve B. overtake C. fundamentals D. consuming E. backfires F. contain G. developing H. thin I. evacuating J. supplies K. present How Wildfires Can Grow Deadly Overnight In the past two decades, the number of Americans at risk of experiencing a wildfire has doubled. At the beginning of 2025, multiple large wildfires burning around Los Angeles had tens of thousands of residents ___21___ as the fires showed no sign of slowing their spread. The spark that caused the fires is under investigation, but the risk of wildfires ___22___ has been extremely high in Southern California. January is typically the rainy season in Los Angeles, but this winter, rainfall has been scarce. Besides, the region’s seasonal winds created 100 mph gusts in some areas. These warm, dry winds spread the hot ashes that spark new flames and can make it more difficult for firefighters to ___23___ fires. Wildfires can burn millions of acres of land at shockingly fast speeds, ___24___ everything in their paths. These rolling flames travel up to 14 miles an hour, which converts to about a four-minute-mile pace, and can ___25___ the average human in minutes. That’s why it’s critical to understand how wildfires get started and how to stop them. Natural or man-made, three conditions must be ___26___ for wildfire to burn: fuel, oxygen, and a heat source. Firefighters call these three elements the fire triangle. Firefighters battle blazes by depriving them of one or more of the fire triangle ___27___. One traditional method is to put out existing fires with water and spray fire retardants (阻燃剂). Firefighters also sometimes work in teams to clear vegetation from the land around a fire and eventually ___28___ it of fuel. They may also employ controlled burning, creating ___29___ breaks to stop a wildfire. This method involves fighting fire with fire. These prescribed — and controlled — fires remove undergrowth, brush, and litter from a forest, depriving an otherwise raging wildfire of fuel. Although they can be dangerous to humans naturally occurring wildfires play an integral role in nature. By burning dead or decaying matter, they can return otherwise trapped nutrients to the soil. Besides, wildfires ___30___ forest canopies (树冠) and undergrowth, allowing sunlight to reach the forest floor and a new generation of seedlings to grow. In fact, some trees, like sequoias, rely on fire for their seeds to even open. Section B Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Most people don’t think too much about chemicals around us, but actually they are all around us. Many substances ____31____ chemicals, including the air that we breathe and the water that we drink. Some chemicals are natural, but most of them are ____32____ and may be harmful to the human body. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck the United States and destroyed hundreds of thousands of homes, so displaced people had to move into temporary housing. Later, some of them began experiencing headaches and nosebleeds due to formaldehyde (甲醛) ____33____. This strong chemical is commonly found in the glue that holds many household products and presses wood furniture together. It has been classified as a carcinogen (致癌物) since 2011 and has been ____34____ to an increase in asthma and other diseases in children. It has also been ____35____ as a poisonous chemical in China. ____36____, there is another choice: natural glues. In particular, ones made from soy proteins that have been modified to ____37____ the protein some shellfish use to stick to rocks. A natural glue is now widely used in composite (合成的) wood products in the U.S. Other companies are also developing more natural ____38____ to dangerous industrial chemicals. This is a part of the Green Chemistry philosophy. Green Chemistry is a way of rethinking how to develop products and processes that are more environmentally friendly, better for people’s health and yet are economically ____39____. That includes reducing processing waste, using renewable materials and lessening the energy required to manufacture products. The Principles of Green Chemistry ____40____ the goals of this approach to chemical research and the chemical industry. The first is prevention. It is better to prevent waste than to ____41____ it or clean it up. Another principle encourages less hazardous chemical mixture. Chemical reactions should be designed to be as safe as possible. Energy ____42____ is encouraged as well as using chemicals made from renewable plant-based sources rather than petrochemical ones. Attention also needs to be paid to monitoring pollution in real time and choosing and developing chemical procedures that are safer and that ____43____ the risk of accidents. There are ____44____ in meeting and holding to the principles of Green Chemistry, but this will stimulate new research and inspire the discovery of new chemistry. Green Chemistry can decrease pollution and increase the ____45____ development of the earth, thus improving the quality of life for humans and animals for years to come. 31. A. make up for B. serve as C. match with D. consist of 32. A. artificial B. changeable C. distinct D. everlasting 33. A. consumption B. exposure C. infection D. pressure 34. A. applied B. linked C. committed D. subjected 35. A. eliminated B. criticized C. regulated D. measured 36. A. Besides B. Therefore C. However D. Meanwhile 37. A. assemble B. signify C. produce D. resemble 38. A. representatives B. alternatives C. portions D. methods 39 A. profitable B. traceable C. feasible D. available 40. A. lay out B. appeal to C. depend on D. go over 41. A. collect B. select C. treat D. suspect 42. A. security B. efficiency C. objectivity D. variety 43. A. highlight B. identity C. evaluate D. minimize 44. A. advantages B. requirements C. oppositions D. challenges 45. A. accessible B. invisible C. sustainable D. agreeable Section C Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) On the day the tornado hit, there was no indication severe weather was on its way — the sky was blue and the sun had been out. The first warning my husband, Jimmy and I got came around 9 p.m., from some scrolling text on the TV Jimmy was watching. No sooner had we found coverage of the tornado than it was on top of us. I didn’t know how or if we would make it down the steps. It felt as if there were no floor underneath me as the wind lifted me off my feet. I gripped the banister (楼梯扶手) and tried to move forward, but this intense pressure held me in place. In those seconds of practical stillness, I could hear everything around me rattling. We got close to the staircase landing only to hear the loud ripping sound of our garage door coming off. The back wall of the house followed suit and tore off into the darkness outside. By the time I reached the closet, the tornado had been over us for about a minute. Jimmy pushed me down to the closet floor, but he couldn’t get inside himself because of the wind. I held Jimmy’s arm tightly as the tornado sucked the door open — we never did get it fully shut — and tried to bring Jimmy with it. My knees and head were full of glass, but in that moment, I felt no pain. If I had let go, Jimmy would have flown right out the back of the house and into the bay. “Hold on! Hold on!” he yelled. But there was nothing in this closet to hold on to. All of a sudden, Jimmy lifted off his feet like people in tornadoes do in the movies. I thought he was gone. And then everything stopped. He landed on his feet. In those first quiet moments, I couldn’t believe it was over. Jimmy said he’d go outside to check. “No,” I said. “Don’t leave me. Don’t leave me.” 46. Which of the following is TRUE on the day the tornado hit? A. There was no warning or report about the tornado. B. The weather before the tornado seemed calm and sunny. C. The author and her husband didn’t take the tornado seriously. D. The author and her husband took immediate action after the TV coverage. 47. What does the underlined phrase “followed suit” in Paragraph 3 most likely mean? A. The back wall rumbled and cracked open. B. The back wall shook but didn’t tumble down. C. The back wall collapsed just like the garage door. D. The back wall was as strong as the garage door. 48. In paragraph 4, the author felt no pain because ______. A. she was dying for survival herself B. she was too eager to save her husband C. she was overwhelmed by the power of tornado D. she was seriously injured and fell unconscious 49. Which of the following words can best describe the author's feelings throughout this event? A. surprised, scared, empathetic B. shocked, terrified, desperate C. astonished, confused, sympathetic D. frantic, furious, grateful (B) Below are some emerging technologies that may change the world. Low-carbon cement can help combat climate change. Concrete is the most widely used human-made material. However, the manufacture of one of its key components, cement, creates a substantial yet underappreciated amount of human-produced carbon dioxide: up to 8 percent of the global total, according to London-based think tank Chatham House. To address this issue, researchers and companies are now pursuing various lower-carbon solutions. For instance, a start-up in New Jersey is employing a chemical process that has cut 30 percent of the carbon dioxide usually released in making cement. The recipe uses more clay, less limestone and less heat than typical processes. Quantum sensors could let autonomous cars “see” around corners. Quantum computers get all the hype (大肆宣传), but quantum sensors, which reach extreme levels of precision by exploiting the quantum nature of matter, could be equally transformative, enabling autonomous vehicles that can “see” around corners, underwater navigation systems, early-warning systems for volcanic activity and earthquakes, and portable scanners that monitor a person’s brain activity during daily life. Green hydrogen could fill big gaps in renewable energy. When hydrogen burns, the only by-product is water — which is why hydrogen has been an alluring zero-carbon energy source for decades. Yet the traditional process for producing hydrogen, in which fossil fuels are exposed to steam, is not even remotely zero-carbon. Green hydrogen is different. It is produced through electrolysis, in which machines split water into hydrogen and oxygen, with no other by-products. Historically, electrolysis required so much electricity that it made little sense to produce hydrogen that way. The situation is changing since the electrolyzers are getting more efficient. Whole-Genome synthesis will transform cell engineering. Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists in China uploaded the virus’s genetic sequence to genetic databases. A Swiss group then synthesized the entire genome and produced the virus from it. Such speed is one example of how whole-genome printing is advancing medicine and other work. Whole-genome synthesis is an extension of the booming field of synthetic biology. Researchers reprogram microbes to do desired work such as making a new medicine. So far genomes mainly get light edits. But improvements are making it possible to print ever larger number of genetic material and to alter genomes more extensively. 50. Which new technology can be used to help with medical researches? A. Low-carbon cement. B. Quantum sensors. C. Green hydrogen. D. Whole-Genome synthesis. 51 Which of the following is supported by the passage? A. Cement-related emissions are less serious than most people realize. B. Quantum sensors are currently used to improve brain functions. C. Green hydrogen offers a zero-emission alternative to fossil fuels. D. Genome synthesis has already transformed how we edit genes. 52. What is a shared feature of all the emerging technologies mentioned? A. They are reshaping or expected to reshape certain industries. B. They mainly aim to address health and medical challenges. C. They all directly reduce human-made carbon emissions. D. They are all still at the stage of theoretical reasoning. (C) “Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a psychology professor, who was offering a strategy for pursuing better science. To understand the context for Nosek’s advice, we need to take a step back to the nature of science itself. You see despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories become elaborated and change, so do scientific methods. But methodological reform hasn’t come without some fretting and friction. Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers. Few people like having the value of their life’s work called into question. On the other side, few people are good at voicing criticisms in kind and constructive ways. So, part of the challenge is figuring out how to bake critical self-reflection into the culture of science itself, so it unfolds as a welcome and integrated part of the process, and not an embarrassing sideshow. What Nosek recommended was a strategy for changing the way we offer and respond to critique. Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic probably shares. One worry about this approach is that it could be demoralizing for scientists. Striving to be less wrong might be a less effective motivation than the promise of being right. Another concern is that a strategy that works well within science could backfire when it comes to communicating science with the public. Without an appreciation for how science works, it’s easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science, when in fact they reflect some of the very features of science that make it our best approach to reaching reliable conclusions about the world. Science is reliable because it responds to evidence: as the quantity and quality of our evidence improves, our theories can and should change, too. Despite these worries, I like Nosek’s suggestion because it builds in cognitive humility along with a sense that we can do better. It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right. Unfortunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis: that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life. I don’t know if that’s true. In fact, I should probably assume that it’s wrong. But with the benefit of the scientific community and our best methodological tools, I hope we can get it less wrong, together. 53. According to Paragraph 3, “some fretting and friction” refers to the fact that methodological reformers ______. A. feel reluctant to reflect on themselves B. are unable to provide valuable work C. don’t offer constructive criticisms D. meet with harsh personal attacks 54. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the “assume you are wrong” strategy? A. It will make scientific conclusions less reliable. B. It can enhance the public’s understanding of science. C. It may lead to an increase in the motivation of scientists. D. It can promote a positive interpretation of criticisms. 55. According to the passage, what is the author most likely to agree on? A. Nosek’s strategy has been proven to improve scientific outcomes and decision-making. B. The scientific community should reject untested hypotheses to avoid misleading the public. C. Nosek’s emphasis on cognitive modesty holds potential for collective progress in science. D. Scientists are advised to adopt the same perspectives to achieve the “sense of community”. 56. ______ best fits the “assume you are wrong” strategy. A. Encouraging business leaders to always trust their instincts in making decisions B. Promoting a culture where teachers actively seek feedback to improve teaching C. Training politicians to be more defensive about their policies to avoid admitting faults D. Advising journalists to stick to their narratives despite opposing views Section D Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Why do We Love to Watch Other People’s In-flight Movies? You’re sitting on an airplane and before you pick a movie — or maybe despite having done so already — you start watching someone else’s screen. Sound familiar? Though you can’t explain why you’d rather watch a faraway show on a too-small screen without any audio, you can’t look away. Maybe it’s easier to leech off someone else’s movie selection than to make a choice of your own. Maybe it’s the risk of being caught, the allure (诱惑) of spying on a private moment. In-flight movies are just better on a stranger’s screen. ___57___ On X, formerly Twitter, a user confesses: “I cannot focus on a movie on an airplane unless it is on someone else’s screen.” Another writes that “the voyeurism of watching a movie on someone else’s screen just adds to the experience.” These sneaky viewings are more common now than they were a few decades ago, when seat-back, personal screens first started to take hold in the airplane industry. ___58___ The term refers to the act of spying on someone else’s phone or laptop screen, ATM or other electronic device behind their back. Mohamed Khamis, an associate professor in computer science at the University of Glasgow, studies the privacy and security implications of technology. ___59___ The behavior also carries little risk of getting caught. While researching people’s ability to recognize when they are being shoulder-surfed, he found that it often goes unnoticed; people underestimated the number of times others were spying on their screen. The impulse to shoulder-surf, he adds, can be simply explained by boredom and curiosity. ___60___ “This is something that’s been around for a long time,” he said. “Even when people were reading books and newspapers and stuff, people would also look at each other’s content.” A. But “shoulder surfing” is nothing new. B. And “shoulder surfing” is nothing short of surprising. C. Apparently, loneliness and privacy-invasion are underlying causes. D. It’s why he has looked over at other passengers’ screens while on a flight. E. He says that shoulder surfing is so popular partly because it doesn’t require any special skills. F. The appeal of peeking at another person’s in-flight entertainment is well-documented online. IV. Summary Writing (10 分) 61. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Narcissism is a psychological condition defined as an obsession with the self. While not all forms of self-love or self-interest are destructive, extreme cases can be very damaging and may be diagnosed as narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). According to some psychoanalysis, almost all people begin life with some degree of self-obsession. Since babies are born helpless, their physical and emotional needs must be addressed by the people surrounding them. In the infant’s mind, this translates to a deeply held belief that he is the center of the world, known as primary narcissism. This belief is usually left behind as children grow older and become more independent. People with mild symptoms may actually benefit from their self-interested tendencies. According to some studies, mild narcissists tend to experience less stress, self-doubt, and remorse than non-narcissists. Their feeling of self-importance and invulnerability makes them less prone to depression, and makes them more likely to pursue their dreams and goals. Those with clinical NCD, however, can have difficult and frustrating lives. In extreme cases, they may be simply unable to understand why the world does not work according to their beliefs. Despite a desire for strong personal relationships, they may be unable to maintain them because of their self-obsession. In rare cases, the ability to justify any behavior for personal gain may be so strong that a narcissist may find himself engaging in manipulative, criminal, or violent acts. Psychotherapy is often recommended as the first-line of treatment for this condition. Cognitive behavioral therapy, which focuses on identifying and altering unhealthy behavioral patterns, can also be very helpful in constructing a healthier lifestyle. How effective these treatments usually depend on how severe the condition is. While fully defeating narcissistic urges may not always be possible, psychotherapy creates an open forum to discuss related issues and manage the problems caused by this condition. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ V. Translation (3+3+4+5=15 分) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 62. 疏散过程中无一人受伤的好消息令市长如释重负。(load) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________ 63. 在返沪的高铁上，春游期间的一幕幕像照片一样在他的脑海中闪现。(succession) （汉译英） ______________________________________________________________ 64. 冥想这种舒缓的活动能够有效缓解过度焦虑，难怪其能够在社交媒体上走红。(hit) （汉译英） ______________________________________________________________ 65. 免签政策一经推出，就受到了国外游客的热烈欢迎，这不仅有效地促进了国内经济发展，还弘扬了中华文化，可谓一举两得。(not only... but also...) （汉译英） ______________________________________________________________ VI. Guided Writing (20 分) 66. Directions: Write an English composition in 120 — 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明信中学的学生李华，你的好友李明在完成英语作业时，过度依赖电子设备，如电子辞典等，你觉得这不利于他的学习，想与他进行沟通。写封信给李明，内容须包括： 1) 向李明说明该行为带来的弊端； 2) 给出建议并说明理由。 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $