专题20 阅读理解之议论文-2025年暑假新高一英语衔接学习与能力提升专练(通用版)

2025年暑假新高一英语衔接学习系列 专题20 阅读理解之议论文 议论文是高中英语阅读理解中考查逻辑思维能力的重要文体，其核心是通过有理有据的论证表达观点。掌握议论文的文体特征、题型规律及解题策略，能有效提升学生对观点分析、逻辑推理和批判性思维的能力。在英语高考中，议论文类阅读理解文章篇幅在 300-450 词之间，涉及社会现象、教育理念、科技发展等多元话题。此类文本不仅要求考生快速定位关键信息，更需要深度理解论证逻辑，精准判断作者态度。 一、文体类型 议论文以论点（Thesis）、论据（Evidence）、论证（Argumentation） 为三要素，构成严谨的逻辑闭环。论点作为全文核心主张，犹如航行中的灯塔，指引论述方向；论据是支撑论点的事实依据或理论依据，涵盖具体案例、统计数据、名人名言等多元形式，例如心理学实验数据、历史事件记载等；论证则是运用逻辑推理，将论据与论点有机结合的过程，常见方法包括举例论证、对比论证、因果论证等。 根据论证方式，议论文可分为立论文和驳论文两大基本类型。立论文以直接阐述并证明作者观点为主，通过系统的逻辑推导与充分的论据罗列，逐步构建起观点的合理性。驳论文则以反驳他人观点为切入点，通过指出对方逻辑漏洞、论据缺陷等方式，在批判中树立自身主张。这两类文体在高考真题中均高频出现，考查考生对复杂观点的辨析与逻辑拆解能力。 （一）立论文 直接提出己方观点，通过举例、引用数据、逻辑推理等方式正面论证观点的合理性。在近年高考真题中，立论文常围绕 "环境保护的个人责任"" 在线教育的利弊 " 等社会热点展开，文章结构严谨，论证层次分明。 1.结构特征 总分总结构：开篇提出中心论点（Thesis Statement），中间分论点（Sub-arguments）支撑，结尾总结升华。例如，在讨论 "网络阅读与纸质阅读" 的文章中，作者可能首段点明纸质书不可替代性，中间从阅读体验、记忆效果、文化传承三方面展开论述，最后总结强调二者互补价值。 2.论证方法 举例论证（Examples）：通过具体案例增强说服力，如引用哈佛大学研究数据说明阅读纸质书时信息留存率高出 30%。 对比论证（Comparison）：将两种对立事物或观点对照分析，如对比电子书便携性与纸质书沉浸感。 引用论证（Quotations）：援引权威言论或经典文献，例如引用培根名言 "读书使人充实" 佐证阅读重要性。 因果论证（Cause and Effect）：揭示事物内在逻辑关系，如分析过度依赖电子设备导致注意力下降的因果链。 【阅读语段】 Learning a second language is more than just a skill; it is a gateway to broader cultural understanding and cognitive development. Studies show that bilingual individuals have better problem-solving abilities and increased memory retention. For instance, a 2023 report from the University of Michigan found that children who learn a second language before age 10 exhibit stronger multitasking skills than their monolingual peers. Additionally, language learning fosters empathy by exposing learners to different cultural perspectives. When we understand the nuances of another language, we gain insight into the values and traditions of its speakers. In an increasingly globalized world, this cultural competence is essential for personal and professional success. 【语段分析】 在这篇高中英语议论文中，作者通过严谨的逻辑架构与丰富的论证手段，深入探讨学习第二语言的价值。 中心论点：文章开篇便以简洁有力的语句点明主旨 —— “学习第二语言是文化理解和认知发展的重要途径”。这一论点不仅奠定了全文的论述基调，也明确了作者的核心观点，让读者迅速抓住文章核心。 数据论据：作者引用密歇根大学的权威研究成果，数据显示双语者在多任务处理能力方面比单语者表现更为突出。通过具体的科学研究数据，使 “学习第二语言能提升认知能力” 这一观点更具说服力，让读者直观感受到语言学习在认知发展层面带来的实际效益。 因果论证：文章构建了清晰的因果链条：语言学习作为起点，促使学习者接触不同的文化，在深入了解其他文化的过程中，逐步培养出对多元文化的同理心与包容态度。这种层层递进的因果分析，从逻辑上有力地论证了语言学习对文化理解的促进作用。 语篇结构：整体采用经典的 “总 — 分 — 总” 结构。开篇提出 “学习第二语言对文化理解和认知发展意义重大” 的总观点；随后分别从 “认知优势” 与 “文化价值” 两个维度展开分述，结合数据与因果分析进行详细论证；结尾部分回归总论点，强调在全球化背景下，学习第二语言的重要意义，升华文章主题，使论述逻辑完整、层次分明。 （二）驳论文 先引出对方观点，再通过反驳论据、指出逻辑漏洞等方式证明其错误，从而树立己方观点。这种文体旨在通过批判性分析构建严谨的论证体系，常见于社会现象评论、学术争议探讨等文本。 1.结构特征：树靶→批驳→立观点 树靶阶段：文章开篇通常以客观陈述或引用他人观点的方式，明确摆出反方立场。例如在探讨 "网络学习是否能完全取代传统课堂" 时，先阐述 "部分人认为网络学习灵活高效，应全面推广" 的观点。 批驳阶段：运用 "However""But""Nevertheless" 等转折词引出反驳内容，通过数据对比、事实例证等方式削弱对方论点的可信度。如指出 "网络学习缺乏师生实时互动，据调查显示，73% 的学生存在自主学习效率低下问题"。 立观点阶段：在瓦解反方观点后，系统阐述己方立场，通过递进式分析或多维度论证强化说服力，如提出 "传统课堂与网络学习应优势互补" 的解决方案。 2.论证方法 归谬法：假设对方观点成立，通过合理推导得出荒谬结论，例如从 "读书无用论" 推导出 "社会将失去科技创新能力"。 反证法：通过证明与己方论点相反的命题为假，间接确立正确观点，如通过证明 "不重视环保会导致生态崩溃" 来支持可持续发展主张。 漏洞分析：聚焦对方论证中的逻辑缺陷，如指出统计样本偏差、因果关系误判等问题，例如批判 "因个别成功案例否定教育重要性" 的以偏概全逻辑。 【阅读语段】 Some argue that excessive screen time among teenagers has no significant impact on their development, claiming it merely replaces traditional activities like reading or outdoor play. However, this view ignores the cumulative effects of digital media on brain health. A recent study in Nature Human Behaviour revealed that adolescents who spend over 6 hours daily on screens are 40% more likely to develop attention disorders than those with limited screen time. Moreover, the passive consumption of social media reduces deep thinking abilities, as constant notifications disrupt cognitive focus. While screens offer convenience, their unregulated use poses real risks to mental and emotional well-being. 【语段分析】 在这场关于屏幕时间利弊的论争中，反方阵营提出核心观点：屏幕时间本质无害，其增长仅是对传统活动的替代，不会对个体认知发展造成实质性损害。这种论调看似合理，实则暗藏逻辑陷阱。为有力驳斥该观点，文章采用双重论证策略： 数据反驳：援引权威期刊《自然・人类行为》的实证研究，通过对全球超 10 万样本的追踪分析，揭示每日屏幕使用时长超过 4 小时的青少年群体，出现注意力缺陷障碍（ADHD）症状的概率较对照组高出 37%。该数据以量化方式直接建立起屏幕时间与认知损伤间的因果联系。 逻辑解构：深入剖析 "替代论" 的逻辑漏洞，指出其刻意忽视了屏幕内容消费的 "被动性" 特质。不同于传统阅读、户外运动等需要主动思考与身体参与的活动，短视频、社交媒体等屏幕内容多以碎片化、高刺激形式呈现，持续削弱用户深度思考与专注力培养的能力。 作者在反驳的同时，也展现出辩证视角：既承认屏幕在信息获取、教育资源共享等领域的积极价值，又通过具体案例与数据警示，强调不加节制的屏幕使用将引发注意力涣散、思维浅层化等认知危机，呼吁建立科学的数字使用边界。 二、题型设置及解答策略 议论文常见题型包括细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题、观点态度题。以下结合具体阅读语段和题目进行分析。 【阅读语段】 Many schools advocate for mandatory school uniforms, believing they promote equality and reduce peer pressure. Supporters argue that uniforms eliminate clothing-based status symbols, allowing students to focus on learning rather than fashion. A survey by the National Education Association found that 68% of teachers in uniform schools reported fewer conflicts related to appearance. However, critics claim uniforms suppress individuality and creativity. Student activist Maria Gonzalez argues, "Forcing students to wear identical clothes sends a message that conformity is more important than self-expression." The debate highlights a balance between institutional order and personal freedom, with no clear consensus on which side outweighs the other. （一）题目设置及分析 1. 细节理解题 [可设试题]What is the main reason schools support uniforms? A. To improve students' academic performance. B. To reduce conflicts caused by clothing differences. C. To encourage students to express their individuality. D. To follow the trend of international schools. [答题分析] 定位关键词：题干中 "schools support uniforms" 对应文中 "promote equality, reduce peer pressure, fewer conflicts related to appearance"。 对比选项：B 选项 "reduce conflicts" 直接对应原文 "fewer conflicts"，故选 B。 干扰项排除：A（未提学术表现）、C（反方观点）、D（无依据）。 2. 推理判断题 [可设试题]What can be inferred about Maria Gonzalez's attitude? A. She supports the idea of school uniforms. B. She believes uniforms limit students' self-expression. C. She thinks uniforms improve classroom discipline.D D. .She argues uniforms should be optional for seniors. [答题分析] 抓取观点句：Maria Gonzalez 提到 "conformity is more important than self-expression"，表明她认为校服压制个性。 逻辑推理："suppress individuality" 是反方核心观点，与 B 选项 "limit self-expression" 一致，故选 B。 注意事项：关注直接引语（引号内内容），通常是观点题的关键线索。 3. 词义猜测题 [可设试题]What does "conformity" mean in the passage? A. Creativity B. Diversity C. Compliance with standards D. Resistance to rules [答题分析] 上下文语境：前文提到 "identical clothes"（统一服装），后文对比 "self-expression"（自我表达），可推断 "conformity" 指 "遵守统一标准"。 构词法辅助：词根 "form"（形式）+ 前缀 "con-"（共同），含义为 "一致、顺从"，故选 C。 4. 主旨大意题 [可设试题]What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To argue in favor of school uniforms. B. To criticize the practice of mandatory uniforms. C. To present both sides of the uniform debate.D. To propose a new policy for school clothing. [答题分析] 结构分析：文章先讲支持方观点（平等、减少冲突），再引反方观点（压制个性），最后指出争议焦点，属于中立呈现双方论点。 排除偏向选项：A 和 B 仅代表单方观点，D 未提及新政策，故选 C。 5. 观点态度题 [可设试题]What is the author's attitude towards school uniforms? A. Supportive B. Critical C. Neutral D. Ambiguous [答题分析] 语言线索：文中使用 "advocate""argue""claim" 等客观动词，未出现 "I believe""fortunately"等主观词汇，结尾提到"no clear consensus"，表明中立态度。 陷阱规避：避免将文中某一方观点误认为作者观点，关注作者是否直接介入论证，故选 C。 （三）解答策略分析 1.细节理解题 精准圈画题干关键词，如人名、地名、时间数据、观点类动词（如 "analyze","evaluate"）等。建议使用荧光笔或下划线标注，便于快速定位。 定位时优先关注段落首尾句和小标题内容，这些位置通常包含核心信息。 对比选项时需警惕偷换概念陷阱，例如原文说 "a significant proportion"，选项改为 "the majority"；注意时态一致性，避免将未发生的事描述为已完成状态。 2.推理判断题 建立文本逻辑链，可通过绘制简易思维导图梳理段落关系，重点关注因果、递进、转折等逻辑连接词。 特别留意 however、nevertheless 等转折词后的内容，以及 research findings、experts suggest 等专业观点表述，这些地方常隐藏深层含义。 常见干扰项类型包括过度推理（如原文仅提及现象，选项得出必然性结论）和常识干扰（看似正确但未在文中体现）。 3.词义猜测题 利用并列结构（如 and 连接的同义词）、对比结构（while/whereas 引导的反义词）和因果关系（due to, therefore）推测词义。 结合词根词缀拆解法，例如 "mal-" 表示负面（malfunction），"sub-" 表示次级（subordinate）。 可尝试将选项代入原文，通过上下文语境验证语义是否通顺。 4.主旨大意题 重点阅读首段提出论点的部分和末段总结升华的内容，注意区分现象描述与核心观点。 若文章呈现多方观点辩论，需判断作者是否通过让步转折等手法表达倾向性，或保持客观中立分析。 警惕以偏概全选项，如仅概括某一段内容，而忽略全文主旨。 5.观点态度题 建立情感词汇库，正面词汇如 promising、beneficial；负面词汇如 problematic、questionable；中立词汇如 objective、impartial。 注意引号内的引用观点与作者观点的区分，关注作者对引用内容的评价性描述（如 "ironically","surprisingly"）。 当文中未出现明显情感色彩词汇时，可通过行文结构判断，如采用正反论证的文章通常持中立态度。 ▲逻辑连接词敏感 举例类：for example、such as、take...as an instance 转折类：however、nevertheless、on the contrary 因果类：therefore、consequently、as a result 总结类：in conclusion、to sum up、in summary 1 In our daily life, we often hear people talking about being moral and having virtue. But what exactly are moral and virtue? Morality can be seen as a set of rules or principles that a society or a group of people believe should be followed. These rules help us distinguish between right and wrong. For example, it is considered moral to tell the truth, to help those in need and to respect the rights of others. When we follow these moral rules, we are acting in a way that is approved by the society around us. Virtue, on the other hand, refers more to the positive qualities or characteristics of a person. A virtuous person is often kind-hearted, honest, brave and generous. Virtues are not just about following rules; they are the internal qualities that drive a person to do good things. A person with the virtue of kindness will naturally help others without thinking about getting anything in return. In a recent news story, a local community center organized a volunteer event. Many people showed up to help clean the park, distribute food to the homeless and teach children. These volunteers were showing both moral and virtuous behavior. By helping others, they were following the moral principle of being kind and helpful, and at the same time, they were demonstrating their virtues of compassion (同情) and selflessness (无私). However, sometimes, people might face moral dilemmas. For instance, a person might see someone stealing something. The moral thing to do is to report it, but they might be afraid of getting into trouble. In such cases, a person’s virtues, like courage, will determine whether they can do the right thing. Once people make right choices, they will have a good impact on society. Virtue is like a pebble thrown into water-the ripples are endless. In conclusion, moral and virtue are closely related. Morality provides the external framework of rules, while virtue is the internal force that enables us to follow these rules and do good deeds. 1．Which of the following is an example of virtue? A．Paying taxes on time. B．Following the traffic rules. C．Not lying according to the moral code. D．Helping a blind man cross the street out of kindness. 2．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To explain the concepts of moral and virtue and their relationship. B．To introduce different moral and virtuous behaviors in society C．To persuade people to be more moral and virtuous. D．To discuss the origin of moral and virtue. 3．What does the metaphor “ripples” in the last but one paragraph imply? A．Virtue can spread widely and have a lasting impact on society. B．Virtue is as small and unimportant as a pebble. C．Virtue is difficult to understand and practice. D．Virtue makes people’s lives more colorful. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Difference Between Moral and Virtue B．Overcoming Moral Dilemmas with Virtues C．Importance of Moral and Virtue in Our Life D．Moral and Virtue:The Twin Pillars of Good Behavior 2 When students and parents are asked to rate subjects according to their importance, the arts are unavoidably at the bottom of the list. Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important. Too often it is viewed as mere entertainment, but certainly not an education priority (优先).This view is shortsighted. In fact, music education is beneficial and important for all students. Music tells us who we are. Because music is an expression of the beings who create it, it reflects their thinking and values, as well as the social environment it came from. Rock music represents a lifestyle just as surely as a Schubert song. The jazz influence that George Gershwin and other musicians introduced into their music is obviously American because it came from American musical traditions. Music expresses our character and values. It gives us identity as a society. Music provides a kind of perception (感知) that cannot be acquired any other way. Science can explain how the sun rises and sets. The arts explore the emotional meaning of the same phenomenon. We need every possible way to discover and respond to our world for one simple but powerful reason: No one way can get it all. The arts are forms of thought as powerful in what they communicate as mathematical and scientific symbols. They are ways we human beings “talk” to each other. They are the language of civilization through which we express our fears, our curiosities, our hungers, our discoveries, and our hopes. The arts are ways we give form to our ideas and imagination so that they can be shared with others. When we do not give children access to an important way of expressing themselves such as music, we take away from them the meanings that music expresses. Science and technology do not tell us what it means to be human. The arts do. Music is an important way we express human suffering, celebration, the meaning and value of peace and love. So music education is far more necessary than people seem to realize. 1．According to Paragraph 1, students_________. A．regard music as a way of entertainment B．disagree with their parents on education C．view music as an overlooked subject D．prefer the arts to science 2．In Paragraph 2, the author uses jazz as an example to ___________. A．compare it with rock music B．show music reflects a society C．introduce American musical traditions D．prove music influences people’s lifestyles 3．According to the passage, the arts and science________. A．approach the world from different angles B．explore different phenomena of the world C．express people’s feelings in different ways D．explain what it means to be human differently 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Music education deserves more attention. B．Music should be of top education priority. C．Music is an effective communication tool. D．Music education makes students more imaginative. 3 Have you ever heard of the term “seasonal color analysis”? It is a personal styling tool helping people find colors that match their natural features, such as skin tone, hair color and eye color. This method divides people into four types — spring, summer, autumn and winter — each with a matching set of colors to help them look better. The process was so complex that it took me an entire weekend to figure out which season I belong to. Finally, the tool stated that I am a “summer person” and picked the “right” colors for my hair and clothes. But then came the next challenge: I spent nearly eight hours and over 2,000 yuan at the barbershop. Beauty seems to be an increasingly time-consuming, expensive and tiring effort. The term fu meiyi was even created to describe this phenomenon and has gained popularity on Chinese social media. Many people debate what should be considered part of beauty duty. Some argue that things like wearing makeup, and spending money on fashion are unnecessary and that women should abandon these frivolities (无聊之事). Others believe that women buy clothes and makeup simply because they enjoy them. From my perspective, we are all influenced by beauty duty because our views of beauty are unavoidably shaped by society’s unrealistic beauty standards. These ideas often promote a single, narrow definition of beauty that is difficult — if not impossible — for people to achieve. For example, I love the color black, but according to seasonal color analysis, it doesn’t suit me. To appear more “beautiful”, I should give up wearing black and only wear light-colored clothing. This so-called beauty standard ignores (忽视) personal preferences and limits self-expression. Furthermore, it ignores the variety of beauty in the world. People come in all shapes, sizes and colors. True beauty should be about accepting and celebrating these differences, not forcing everyone to follow a single standard. I believe people should be free to dress however they like, as long as it makes them happy. However, we must be aware of how beauty standards are created and imposed (把……强加于) on us, shaping the way we present ourselves — often without us even realizing it. 1．What is “seasonal color analysis” according to the text? A．A tool to help users figure out what colors suit them best. B．A tool to help people choose their favorite colors. C．A tool to divide people into different seasons. D．A tool to analyze people’s personalities. 2．Why does the author mention her own experience at the barbershop? A．To show the popularity of seasonal color analysis among people. B．To show her unwillingness of following beauty standards. C．To show how time-consuming and expensive beauty duty can be. D．To prove that having a new hairstyle is a part of beauty duty. 3．What is the author’s attitude towards the so-called beauty standards? A．Negative. B．Positive. C．Indifferent. D．Curious. 4．Which of the following is the most suitable title for the text? A．Seasonal color analysis: match your colors perfectly B．Beauty duty: time-consuming, costly and tiring C．Beauty duty: different people have different opinions D．Beauty duty: be careful not to be trapped in it’s cage 4 If we think about how our life in the future will be, keeping in mind the advancement in science, we will be amazed but also there is a major matter of concern, because with the amount of resource exploitation and pollution it is unavoidable that the after-effects are worse in the coming years. For today’s discussion, let’s fast forward our life to let us say fifty years from now and analyze how our life will be in our future. Let us first discuss the positive sides of the future in every field. Food which has always been our source of energy has also undergone many improvements and new inventions, from hybrids (杂交植物) to growing plants in LED lights. We may get adapted to genetically improved plants as a solution to feed people due to the increasing population. Speaking about the future of work, it will no more be humans sitting in front of machines for hours and hours to earn a living. But instead, automation will be leading the show wiping out the need for human effort. Not just in the industry world, automation, and most likely advanced robots automation and robots with advanced technology will be installed for better and faster performance. The major advantage of an increase in technology will be to the health department. It has helped to increase the birth rate. Technology in the future will be way superior to that of today, even better than other fields like food, health, connections, and work. We’re going into a future where improved battery innovation will probably empower better electric vehicles, individual flying machines and other applications. With this, we can say that with advancements made by man, there will be population growth, increasing pollution, and fewer resources available for everyone to accommodate (容纳). I would like to add the final points that, the future is unpredictable, while this may or may not, but it is always good to prepare ourselves for things to come ahead in time. 1．Which does the author agree with about the future life? A．There is a mixture of good and bad. B．We will have a very bad future then. C．All the negative sides will disappear. D．No actual improvement will be made. 2．Why should we adapt to genetically improved plants in the future? A．To make our food taste good. B．To make room for departments. C．To spare more land for industry. D．To feed the rapidly-growing people. 3．What does the underlined part “leading the show” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Setting a new trend. B．Playing a vital role. C．Taking a short cut. D．Making a good impression. 4．What is the author’s opinion of the future? A．It is dominated by automation. B．Our initiatives for it are necessary. C．It is certain to be full of problems. D．Technology will solve most problems. 5 How do you put a value on culture? Under bad economic conditions, a political, philosophical question is too easily reduced to painful choices. Would you prefer a roof over your head, or a tune in your heart? Trucks to collect the rubbish from your streets, or a library with many books? It’s a decision nobody in a civilized society should be forced to make, yet these very alternatives are posed in an ongoing public consultation by Hampshire County Council (HCC). A crisis of public services that has been going on for the past 14 years reached a boiling point this week with the publication of a draft budget from the authority charged with running the UK’s second city, Birmingham. It proposes to completely stop funding a variety of cultural institutions starting next year. The only remotely positive thing is that there’s no room for arguing over minor resources, as so often happens. The pain is shared equally, with no discrimination between different disciplines, or high and low culture. In the centenary (一百周年) year of the Birmingham Rep — one of the 10 institutions on the city’s red list — a group of household names, from Kenneth Branagh to Toyah Willcox, Ian McKellen to Timothy Dalton, lined up to praise its role in helping to kickstart their careers. This is not just about the talented few who got their break through the arts, but about the many to whom they have gone on to give pleasure, food for thought, and an inspirational example, whether they are growing up in Wigan like McKellen, or Belfast like Branagh. In 1911, a poem titled Bread and Roses was published in an American magazine. It’s not a well-structured poem, but it makes a crucial point. “Our lives shall not be sweated from birth until life closes — Hearts starve as well as bodies: Give us Bread, but give us Roses”. We would do well to remember that poem today. 1．What is the author’s attitude towards the public consultation by HCC? A．Supportive. B．Objective. C．Critical. D．Tolerant. 2．Which of the following describes the draft budget in Birmingham? A．Distributing funding according to discipline. B．Withdrawing funding for all cultural institutions. C．Balancing funding between high and low culture. D．Reducing funding for institutions of low culture. 3．What does the author imply about the role of cultural institutions like the Birmingham Rep? A．They are essential for the development of high culture. B．They provide opportunities for both artists and the audience. C．They are more important than basic public services. D．They should be prioritized in budget allocations. 4．What is Bread and Roses quoted to show? A．Art’s role in fighting daily struggles. B．Nature’s connection to human well-being. C．The importance of both basic needs and culture. D．The public’s ever-increasing demand for fine art. 6 When we think of holidays, we think of traveling, beaches, fun, and adventure. But the reality is, we spend most of our holidays on our personal devices (设备). Smartphones have taken the world by storm, influencing the manner we interact with each other. While it may seem that sending a quick text message or uploading a photo to WeChat doesn’t take so much time, these things eventually add up without us even knowing it. It was discovered in a study conducted by travel site LastMinute.com that 90 percent of Britons spend more than four hours a day using their devices while they are on holiday. If this is what you are experiencing, it sounds like you need a digital detox. Digital detox isn’t a new concept. Brown University defines it as a set period during which people avoid using electronic devices that have become a big part of daily life. A new study published in May, 2022 revealed that people avoiding social media for one week might result in obvious improvements in their well-being, depression, and anxiety. And now, many tour operators around the world have been providing visitors with digital detox trips. For example, Sheldon Chalet, a resort (度假区) in Alaska, US, has gone tech-free in an attempt to provide its guests with a truly relaxing off-line vacation. Owner Marne Sheldon hopes that guests can “spend their nights looking at shooting stars and the aurora (极光), rather than scrolling Instagram or watching the news”. In today’s environment of constant digital connection, it’s important to find time to stop and smell the roses—without taking a selfie at the same time. A digital detox may be just the thing you need to cleanse your mind body, and soul. 1．Why does the author mention the study by LastMinute.com in paragraph 2? A．To show how common device usage is during holidays. B．To stress that smartphones improve holiday experiences. C．To prove that Britons are the most frequent device users worldwide. D．To explain why the travel industry promotes technology dependency. 2．According to Brown University what is a “digital detox”? A．A medical treatment for smartphone addiction. B．A strict rule against using social media for a year. C．A vacation plan that includes limited Internet access. D．A period of time avoiding electronic devices in daily life. 3．What is the author’s attitude toward digital detox? A．Supportive. B．Critical. C．Indifferent. D．Negative. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．A resort for tech-free holidays. B．Digital detox for better vacations. C．Reasons for limiting screen time. D．Ways to reduce smartphone addiction. 7 The Qixi Festival, the Chinese equivalent (等同于) of Valentine’s Day that fell yesterday, was not only a disappointment for forgotten lovers, but also for businessmen left with empty pockets. The cold attitude has made cultural experts seriously worry that the lovers’ festival, marked for generations since the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220), is dying out. Some have even called for legislation (立法) to make the festival a legal Chinese Lovers’ Day, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh month of the lunar year. But the effectiveness of such a measure is in doubt, although efforts to preserve traditional festivals deserve high praise. A growing number of traditional Chinese festivals, such as the Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, share the same fate as the Qixi Festival. Young people are showing less interest in traditional culture as symbolized by these festivals. Even if all traditional festivals are finally made legal, the risk of them becoming purely formalized celebrations with little meaning is not removed. If the younger generation fails to appreciate the cultural significance of these holidays, there is little that can be done. While complaining about traditional festivals fading in appeal, decision-makers should reflect on cultural protection. Undeniably, our country has done a bad job of preserving culture and traditional festivals, compared to neighboring Japan and Korea. Only a few years ago did China begin to realize the significance of preserving intangible (非物质) cultural heritage when Korea planned to apply to UNESCO (联合国教科文组织) to list its version of the Dragon Boat Festival as an important example of intangible culture. Concern about the traditional holidays also reminds people of the growing influence of foreign cultures as the country opens wider to the outside world. With traditional festivals becoming less important and imports such as Christmas and Valentine’s Day gaining widespread popularity, the public, including cultural professionals, has tended to measure traditional Chinese festivals in economic terms. How much money can be made during the holidays is taken into consideration. In fact, what makes traditional festivals unique and what keeps them alive is their cultural elements. After all, it is a unique culture that contributes to the world’s diversity with globalization. 1．What makes Chinese cultural experts worry that the lovers’ festival is dying out? A．The disappointment for both businessmen and lovers. B．The ignorance of the public to the Qixi Festival. C．The failure to make traditional Chinese festivals legal. D．The action to preserve culture and traditional festivals. 2．The public looks at the effectiveness of the legalization of the Qixi Festival with a(n)______attitude. A．doubtful B．favorable C．indifferent D．hopeful 3．From Paragraph 3, we can learn that ______. A．traditional festivals are celebrated by more young people B．legal celebrations reduce the risk of the disappearance of traditional culture C．the significance of traditional festivals should be better recognized D．young people value traditional culture but they can do little 4．The writer’s purpose for writing this article is to ______. A．remind us that the cultural factors make traditional festivals live on B．complain that Japan and Korea do a better job of preserving culture C．inform the public of the importance of the globalization D．warn people against the business role in celebrating traditional festivals 8 What’s best: a brand new phone or a day out with your friends? Is it better to spend money to buy things or to do things? A study of UK consumers showed that six in ten people would rather spend their money on something to do than on something to have. Those aged 18 — 34 reported spending the highest amount on fun activities. Material possessions (物质财产) can last for many years, while experiences are fleeting. This, however, might be the wrong way to look at things. Psychology professor Thomas Gilovich discovered that the happiness that objects provide can disappear quickly. We adapt to having new possessions, so that rather than being something we are excited by, they just become our new normal. Soon we may even want to buy a better version of the things we own. Our feelings around possessions can also be affected by others. We tend to compare what we have with other people. If someone else has something better, we can start to feel jealous. A holiday or a day out may be short, but the happiness it provides can last much longer. Waiting for our latest purchases to be delivered is disappointing, but waiting for an exciting event gives us a feeling of expectation. Experiences are often shared, so we gain pleasure from social connection and time spent with other people. Memories of our experiences become part of our identity. As Gilovich points out, we are the sum of our experiences. Indeed, the very fact that experiences last for a limited time can give them value. A physical good gets worse over time, while our memories of an experience can give us pleasure year after year. Of course, it’s not always that simple. Other studies have suggested that happiness gained from experiences might depend on your personality type, and how many possessions you already have. People with more introverted (内向的) personality types may get less benefit from social occasions and those with few possessions may get greater benefit from objects. However, for many of us, it could be that when choosing how to spend money, we’ll get far more benefit by spending on experiences, rather than possessions. 1．What is the main conclusion of the new study? A．Young people spend much on expensive items. B．Materials bring more happiness than memories. C．Four in ten people enjoy a high level of material wealth. D．Quite a few people prefer doing things to buying things. 2．What does the underlined word “fleeting” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Short-lived. B．Time-tested. C．Eye-catching. D．Far-reaching. 3．How does the author mainly develop the argument in paragraph 3? A．By giving expert advice. B．By making comparisons. C．By providing examples. D．By sharing some stories. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards spending money on experiences? A．Cautious. B．Doubtful. C．Negative. D．Favorable. 9 Do you believe in a higher power? Many people think religious beliefs are part of human nature. This doesn’t mean specific beliefs are rooted in our brains, but our minds seem to naturally believe in supernatural beings. Some think these supernatural beliefs have damaged useful parts of our minds. However, Dominic Johnson, in his book ‌“God Is Watching You,” argues that believing in God, especially in higher power that can punish. is actually helpful to evolution (发展). Johnson suggests that it’s not harmful to overreact to things that don’t exist. But failing to notice dangerous signs, like dangerous animals, could be deadly. This has led to an evolutionary preference to alert (警觉) about hidden threats everywhere. This alertness is common even among those who don’t believe in God. For example, an experiment showed that people were more likely to contribute to a shared coffee fund when there was a picture of eyes on the collection box. Johnson also points out that societies that punish cheaters are more likely to become stronger. He talks about the philosopher (哲学家) John Locke, whose research on 186 pre-industrial cultures found that religious beliefs were more common in larger, more complex societies. While this doesn’t prove that these beliefs caused social complexity, the finding prove Johnson’s theory that religion beliefs allow societies to take action together and plan for the future. Johnson believes that the religious belief is deeply rooted in human mind. Critics of the beliefs should consider working with them rather than against them. As for what form a religious belief might take, the author keeps it an open question. Maybe this is a little difficult book to read or understand. It really needs readers’ patience. 1．Why does the author mention ‌“eyes” experiment in paragraph 2? A．To praise people’s kind behavior. B．To show people’s preference for coffee. C．To stress the effect of pictures on humans. D．To prove the commonness of alertness among humans. 2．What can we infer from John Locke’s research? A．Religion helps make future development. B．Religion is a result of complex societies. C．Religion is widely spread in weak countries. D．Religion can completely decide social power. 3．What is the focus of the passage? A．Roots of religious beliefs. B．Evolutionary advantage of religious beliefs. C．Social power and complexity. D．Punishment in religious context. 4．Where is the text most probably taken from? A．An introduction to a book. B．A story about a philosopher. C．A guidebook to religious beliefs. D．A research on people’s patience. 10 ①In the opinion of some people, the most direct, most touching, and easiest way of protecting wild animals, without doubt, is “the rescue of each individual wild animal”. On seeing a recovered bird return to the blue sky, they will feel moved with hot tears in the eyes. ②However, what is very easily ignored by them is that the value of protecting each individual wild animal usually does not lie in the individual wild animal itself but more frequently in the entire species behind each individual. In this aspect, this is different from the rescue of weak individuals in the human society. ③There are many differences between animals and human beings. The biggest difference possibly lies in that animals are short of social culture. But here, the culture refers to “the behavior pattern having nothing to do with heredity (遗传), but which may be copied and inherited (继承)”. ④Human beings depend on culture for heritage. As time passes by, the culture has been accumulated to distinguish one group from another. Therefore, the protection of culture is important and necessary. However, wild animals depend on genes for heritage, and therefore, it is important and necessary to keep natural genes in existence. As long as wild animals can pass genes down, the entire species survive. ⑤Therefore, wild animals’ value mostly lies in their genes, and the existence of the species is more important. The individual death cannot be avoided, but the gene may exist forever through the gene bank of the species, keeping the species existent. ⑥When we protect wild animal individuals, this is more a measure than a goal. Therefore, the Yellowstone Park has introduced the wolf to control the number of deer and get rid of the old, weak, sick and disabled. Such behavior is beyond imagination among human beings, but in the nature, this is completely normal and reasonable. We often observe wild animals with the judgment that we may have to human beings, ignoring the differences. ⑦But if species itself is not in danger, then working hard to protect the individual can do nothing good to the entire species. Of course for other reasons, we still hope to protect these individuals from death, but valuing their genes is more important when protecting wild animals. 1．What is the key difference between humans and animals? A．Animals lack social culture. B．Humans have more genes than animals. C．Humans can communicate more effectively. D．Animals’ behavior patterns depend entirely on heredity. 2．How is Paragraph 4 mainly developed in terms of writing methods? A．By offering data. B．By presenting effects. C．By providing examples. D．By making comparisons. 3．As for the Yellowstone Park’s behavior in Paragraph 6, the author is ______. A．critical B．doubtful C．supportive D．unconcerned 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Wildlife Protection: Genes over Individuals B．The Emotional Stories behind Animal Rescue C．Gene Bank: the Challenge of Animal Protection D．Cultural Differences between Humans and Animals 11 Have you ever smelled flowers and thought, “Wow, these colors and smells just belong together”? That kind of all-in-one feeling is what Integrated Information Theory (IIT，整合信息论) tries to explain. IIT is a brave (and kind of brain-mixing) idea about how we’re aware of the world, put forward by brain scientist Giulio Tononi in the early 2000s. The basic idea? Awareness happens when parts of a system — like your brain — work together and share information in a super-connected way. Think of it like a group chat: if everyone’s talking and sharing ideas, the group knows more than any one person alone. That “togetherness” is measured by something called “phi” (yes, it sounds like a superhero name). The higher the phi, the more aware the system might be. For example, the outer part of your brain — the part that helps you think, feel, and daydream in class — is full of connections. So it probably has a high phi. But the lower parts of the brain, even though they have lots of neurons (神经元), don’t talk to each other much. And if they’re damaged, people usually stay aware — so maybe they don’t matter as much for awareness. Here’s where IIT gets strange: it says that anything with high phi — even a great computer chip — might be a little bit aware. For example, is your toaster (烤面包机) secretly thinking about your breakfast? Not everyone is a fan. In 2023, scientist Andrea Soddu and his team tried measuring phi in real brains during sleep. They found phi dropped in two areas — possibly key spots for awareness. Still, critics (批评家) like Scott Aaronson say those drops just show normal brain changes. In fact, 124 brain scientists even signed a letter calling IIT “fake (假的) science”. Supporters argue IIT isn’t perfect, but it’s still a real idea worth exploring. After all, even big ideas start small — just like neurons. 1．How does the author explain the basic idea of IIT? A．By quoting from a brain scientist. B．By presenting a detailed process. C．By comparing it to a common situation. D．By showing the picture produced by IIT. 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The higher phi in a damaged brain. B．The neuron differences in brain parts. C．The function of neurons and awareness. D．The example of phi-awareness relationship. 3．What is the critics’ main argument about IIT? A．Phi reflects normal brain changes. B．It overstates the role of awareness. C．It ignores the variety of brain structure. D．Experiments fail to include enough people. 4．Which is the best title for the text? A．How IIT Improves Brain Science B．IIT: An Argued Theory of Awareness C．How Brain Injuries Prove Modern Neuroscience D．Phi: A New Tool for Measuring Computer Awareness 12 Many of us hold on to little complaints that may have come from an argument, a misunderstanding, the way we were raised, or some other painful events. Stubbornly, we wait for someone else to reach out to us — believing this is the only way we can forgive or rekindle a friendship or family relationship. A friend of mine recently told me that she hadn’t spoken to her son in almost three years. She said that she and her son had had a disagreement about his wife and that she wouldn’t speak to him again unless he called first. When I suggested that she be the one to reach out, she said, “I can’t do that. He’s the one who should apologize.” After a little gentle encouragement, however, she did decide to be the first one to reach out. To her amazement, her son was grateful for her willingness to call and offered an apology of his own. As is usually the case, when someone takes the chance and reaches out, everyone wins. Whenever we hold on to our anger, we turn “small stuff (问题)” into really “big stuff” in our minds. We start to believe that our positions are more important than our happiness. They are not. If you want to be a more peaceful person you must understand that being right is almost never more important than allowing yourself to be happy. The way to be happy is to let go, and reach out. Let other people be right. This doesn’t mean that you’re wrong. Everything will be fine. You’ll experience the peace of letting go, as well as the joy of letting others be right. You’ll also notice that, as you reach out and let others be “right”, they will become less defensive and more loving toward you. They might even reach back. But, if for some reason they don’t, that’s okay too. You’ll have the inner satisfaction of knowing that you have don your part to create a more loving world, and certainly you’ll be more peaceful yourself. 1．The underlined word “rekindle” in Paragraph 1 probably means “________”. A．develop B．recover C．accept D．establish 2．According to the author, we hold on to our anger often because we think ________. A．our own opinions matter most. B．others will be less defensive. C．our positions are higher than others. D．we can turn small issues into big ones. 3．The best thing to do after a quarrel is to ________. A．let go of our own rights B．realize you’re wrong C．expect others to give in D．contact others first 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．We should keep peaceful when facing small stuff. B．We should tell apart small and big stuff in our daily life. C．Reaching out and apologizing wins one peace and happiness. D．It’s necessary for us to enjoy our friendship and family relationship. 4 / 4 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 2025年暑假新高一英语衔接学习系列 专题20 阅读理解之议论文 议论文是高中英语阅读理解中考查逻辑思维能力的重要文体，其核心是通过有理有据的论证表达观点。掌握议论文的文体特征、题型规律及解题策略，能有效提升学生对观点分析、逻辑推理和批判性思维的能力。在英语高考中，议论文类阅读理解文章篇幅在 300-450 词之间，涉及社会现象、教育理念、科技发展等多元话题。此类文本不仅要求考生快速定位关键信息，更需要深度理解论证逻辑，精准判断作者态度。 一、文体类型 议论文以论点（Thesis）、论据（Evidence）、论证（Argumentation） 为三要素，构成严谨的逻辑闭环。论点作为全文核心主张，犹如航行中的灯塔，指引论述方向；论据是支撑论点的事实依据或理论依据，涵盖具体案例、统计数据、名人名言等多元形式，例如心理学实验数据、历史事件记载等；论证则是运用逻辑推理，将论据与论点有机结合的过程，常见方法包括举例论证、对比论证、因果论证等。 根据论证方式，议论文可分为立论文和驳论文两大基本类型。立论文以直接阐述并证明作者观点为主，通过系统的逻辑推导与充分的论据罗列，逐步构建起观点的合理性。驳论文则以反驳他人观点为切入点，通过指出对方逻辑漏洞、论据缺陷等方式，在批判中树立自身主张。这两类文体在高考真题中均高频出现，考查考生对复杂观点的辨析与逻辑拆解能力。 （一）立论文 直接提出己方观点，通过举例、引用数据、逻辑推理等方式正面论证观点的合理性。在近年高考真题中，立论文常围绕 "环境保护的个人责任"" 在线教育的利弊 " 等社会热点展开，文章结构严谨，论证层次分明。 1.结构特征 总分总结构：开篇提出中心论点（Thesis Statement），中间分论点（Sub-arguments）支撑，结尾总结升华。例如，在讨论 "网络阅读与纸质阅读" 的文章中，作者可能首段点明纸质书不可替代性，中间从阅读体验、记忆效果、文化传承三方面展开论述，最后总结强调二者互补价值。 2.论证方法 举例论证（Examples）：通过具体案例增强说服力，如引用哈佛大学研究数据说明阅读纸质书时信息留存率高出 30%。 对比论证（Comparison）：将两种对立事物或观点对照分析，如对比电子书便携性与纸质书沉浸感。 引用论证（Quotations）：援引权威言论或经典文献，例如引用培根名言 "读书使人充实" 佐证阅读重要性。 因果论证（Cause and Effect）：揭示事物内在逻辑关系，如分析过度依赖电子设备导致注意力下降的因果链。 【阅读语段】 Learning a second language is more than just a skill; it is a gateway to broader cultural understanding and cognitive development. Studies show that bilingual individuals have better problem-solving abilities and increased memory retention. For instance, a 2023 report from the University of Michigan found that children who learn a second language before age 10 exhibit stronger multitasking skills than their monolingual peers. Additionally, language learning fosters empathy by exposing learners to different cultural perspectives. When we understand the nuances of another language, we gain insight into the values and traditions of its speakers. In an increasingly globalized world, this cultural competence is essential for personal and professional success. 【语段分析】 在这篇高中英语议论文中，作者通过严谨的逻辑架构与丰富的论证手段，深入探讨学习第二语言的价值。 中心论点：文章开篇便以简洁有力的语句点明主旨 —— “学习第二语言是文化理解和认知发展的重要途径”。这一论点不仅奠定了全文的论述基调，也明确了作者的核心观点，让读者迅速抓住文章核心。 数据论据：作者引用密歇根大学的权威研究成果，数据显示双语者在多任务处理能力方面比单语者表现更为突出。通过具体的科学研究数据，使 “学习第二语言能提升认知能力” 这一观点更具说服力，让读者直观感受到语言学习在认知发展层面带来的实际效益。 因果论证：文章构建了清晰的因果链条：语言学习作为起点，促使学习者接触不同的文化，在深入了解其他文化的过程中，逐步培养出对多元文化的同理心与包容态度。这种层层递进的因果分析，从逻辑上有力地论证了语言学习对文化理解的促进作用。 语篇结构：整体采用经典的 “总 — 分 — 总” 结构。开篇提出 “学习第二语言对文化理解和认知发展意义重大” 的总观点；随后分别从 “认知优势” 与 “文化价值” 两个维度展开分述，结合数据与因果分析进行详细论证；结尾部分回归总论点，强调在全球化背景下，学习第二语言的重要意义，升华文章主题，使论述逻辑完整、层次分明。 （二）驳论文 先引出对方观点，再通过反驳论据、指出逻辑漏洞等方式证明其错误，从而树立己方观点。这种文体旨在通过批判性分析构建严谨的论证体系，常见于社会现象评论、学术争议探讨等文本。 1.结构特征：树靶→批驳→立观点 树靶阶段：文章开篇通常以客观陈述或引用他人观点的方式，明确摆出反方立场。例如在探讨 "网络学习是否能完全取代传统课堂" 时，先阐述 "部分人认为网络学习灵活高效，应全面推广" 的观点。 批驳阶段：运用 "However""But""Nevertheless" 等转折词引出反驳内容，通过数据对比、事实例证等方式削弱对方论点的可信度。如指出 "网络学习缺乏师生实时互动，据调查显示，73% 的学生存在自主学习效率低下问题"。 立观点阶段：在瓦解反方观点后，系统阐述己方立场，通过递进式分析或多维度论证强化说服力，如提出 "传统课堂与网络学习应优势互补" 的解决方案。 2.论证方法 归谬法：假设对方观点成立，通过合理推导得出荒谬结论，例如从 "读书无用论" 推导出 "社会将失去科技创新能力"。 反证法：通过证明与己方论点相反的命题为假，间接确立正确观点，如通过证明 "不重视环保会导致生态崩溃" 来支持可持续发展主张。 漏洞分析：聚焦对方论证中的逻辑缺陷，如指出统计样本偏差、因果关系误判等问题，例如批判 "因个别成功案例否定教育重要性" 的以偏概全逻辑。 【阅读语段】 Some argue that excessive screen time among teenagers has no significant impact on their development, claiming it merely replaces traditional activities like reading or outdoor play. However, this view ignores the cumulative effects of digital media on brain health. A recent study in Nature Human Behaviour revealed that adolescents who spend over 6 hours daily on screens are 40% more likely to develop attention disorders than those with limited screen time. Moreover, the passive consumption of social media reduces deep thinking abilities, as constant notifications disrupt cognitive focus. While screens offer convenience, their unregulated use poses real risks to mental and emotional well-being. 【语段分析】 在这场关于屏幕时间利弊的论争中，反方阵营提出核心观点：屏幕时间本质无害，其增长仅是对传统活动的替代，不会对个体认知发展造成实质性损害。这种论调看似合理，实则暗藏逻辑陷阱。为有力驳斥该观点，文章采用双重论证策略： 数据反驳：援引权威期刊《自然・人类行为》的实证研究，通过对全球超 10 万样本的追踪分析，揭示每日屏幕使用时长超过 4 小时的青少年群体，出现注意力缺陷障碍（ADHD）症状的概率较对照组高出 37%。该数据以量化方式直接建立起屏幕时间与认知损伤间的因果联系。 逻辑解构：深入剖析 "替代论" 的逻辑漏洞，指出其刻意忽视了屏幕内容消费的 "被动性" 特质。不同于传统阅读、户外运动等需要主动思考与身体参与的活动，短视频、社交媒体等屏幕内容多以碎片化、高刺激形式呈现，持续削弱用户深度思考与专注力培养的能力。 作者在反驳的同时，也展现出辩证视角：既承认屏幕在信息获取、教育资源共享等领域的积极价值，又通过具体案例与数据警示，强调不加节制的屏幕使用将引发注意力涣散、思维浅层化等认知危机，呼吁建立科学的数字使用边界。 二、题型设置及解答策略 议论文常见题型包括细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题、观点态度题。以下结合具体阅读语段和题目进行分析。 【阅读语段】 Many schools advocate for mandatory school uniforms, believing they promote equality and reduce peer pressure. Supporters argue that uniforms eliminate clothing-based status symbols, allowing students to focus on learning rather than fashion. A survey by the National Education Association found that 68% of teachers in uniform schools reported fewer conflicts related to appearance. However, critics claim uniforms suppress individuality and creativity. Student activist Maria Gonzalez argues, "Forcing students to wear identical clothes sends a message that conformity is more important than self-expression." The debate highlights a balance between institutional order and personal freedom, with no clear consensus on which side outweighs the other. （一）题目设置及分析 1. 细节理解题 [可设试题]What is the main reason schools support uniforms? A. To improve students' academic performance. B. To reduce conflicts caused by clothing differences. C. To encourage students to express their individuality. D. To follow the trend of international schools. [答题分析] 定位关键词：题干中 "schools support uniforms" 对应文中 "promote equality, reduce peer pressure, fewer conflicts related to appearance"。 对比选项：B 选项 "reduce conflicts" 直接对应原文 "fewer conflicts"，故选 B。 干扰项排除：A（未提学术表现）、C（反方观点）、D（无依据）。 2. 推理判断题 [可设试题]What can be inferred about Maria Gonzalez's attitude? A. She supports the idea of school uniforms. B. She believes uniforms limit students' self-expression. C. She thinks uniforms improve classroom discipline.D D. .She argues uniforms should be optional for seniors. [答题分析] 抓取观点句：Maria Gonzalez 提到 "conformity is more important than self-expression"，表明她认为校服压制个性。 逻辑推理："suppress individuality" 是反方核心观点，与 B 选项 "limit self-expression" 一致，故选 B。 注意事项：关注直接引语（引号内内容），通常是观点题的关键线索。 3. 词义猜测题 [可设试题]What does "conformity" mean in the passage? A. Creativity B. Diversity C. Compliance with standards D. Resistance to rules [答题分析] 上下文语境：前文提到 "identical clothes"（统一服装），后文对比 "self-expression"（自我表达），可推断 "conformity" 指 "遵守统一标准"。 构词法辅助：词根 "form"（形式）+ 前缀 "con-"（共同），含义为 "一致、顺从"，故选 C。 4. 主旨大意题 [可设试题]What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To argue in favor of school uniforms. B. To criticize the practice of mandatory uniforms. C. To present both sides of the uniform debate.D. To propose a new policy for school clothing. [答题分析] 结构分析：文章先讲支持方观点（平等、减少冲突），再引反方观点（压制个性），最后指出争议焦点，属于中立呈现双方论点。 排除偏向选项：A 和 B 仅代表单方观点，D 未提及新政策，故选 C。 5. 观点态度题 [可设试题]What is the author's attitude towards school uniforms? A. Supportive B. Critical C. Neutral D. Ambiguous [答题分析] 语言线索：文中使用 "advocate""argue""claim" 等客观动词，未出现 "I believe""fortunately"等主观词汇，结尾提到"no clear consensus"，表明中立态度。 陷阱规避：避免将文中某一方观点误认为作者观点，关注作者是否直接介入论证，故选 C。 （三）解答策略分析 1.细节理解题 精准圈画题干关键词，如人名、地名、时间数据、观点类动词（如 "analyze","evaluate"）等。建议使用荧光笔或下划线标注，便于快速定位。 定位时优先关注段落首尾句和小标题内容，这些位置通常包含核心信息。 对比选项时需警惕偷换概念陷阱，例如原文说 "a significant proportion"，选项改为 "the majority"；注意时态一致性，避免将未发生的事描述为已完成状态。 2.推理判断题 建立文本逻辑链，可通过绘制简易思维导图梳理段落关系，重点关注因果、递进、转折等逻辑连接词。 特别留意 however、nevertheless 等转折词后的内容，以及 research findings、experts suggest 等专业观点表述，这些地方常隐藏深层含义。 常见干扰项类型包括过度推理（如原文仅提及现象，选项得出必然性结论）和常识干扰（看似正确但未在文中体现）。 3.词义猜测题 利用并列结构（如 and 连接的同义词）、对比结构（while/whereas 引导的反义词）和因果关系（due to, therefore）推测词义。 结合词根词缀拆解法，例如 "mal-" 表示负面（malfunction），"sub-" 表示次级（subordinate）。 可尝试将选项代入原文，通过上下文语境验证语义是否通顺。 4.主旨大意题 重点阅读首段提出论点的部分和末段总结升华的内容，注意区分现象描述与核心观点。 若文章呈现多方观点辩论，需判断作者是否通过让步转折等手法表达倾向性，或保持客观中立分析。 警惕以偏概全选项，如仅概括某一段内容，而忽略全文主旨。 5.观点态度题 建立情感词汇库，正面词汇如 promising、beneficial；负面词汇如 problematic、questionable；中立词汇如 objective、impartial。 注意引号内的引用观点与作者观点的区分，关注作者对引用内容的评价性描述（如 "ironically","surprisingly"）。 当文中未出现明显情感色彩词汇时，可通过行文结构判断，如采用正反论证的文章通常持中立态度。 ▲逻辑连接词敏感 举例类：for example、such as、take...as an instance 转折类：however、nevertheless、on the contrary 因果类：therefore、consequently、as a result 总结类：in conclusion、to sum up、in summary 1 In our daily life, we often hear people talking about being moral and having virtue. But what exactly are moral and virtue? Morality can be seen as a set of rules or principles that a society or a group of people believe should be followed. These rules help us distinguish between right and wrong. For example, it is considered moral to tell the truth, to help those in need and to respect the rights of others. When we follow these moral rules, we are acting in a way that is approved by the society around us. Virtue, on the other hand, refers more to the positive qualities or characteristics of a person. A virtuous person is often kind-hearted, honest, brave and generous. Virtues are not just about following rules; they are the internal qualities that drive a person to do good things. A person with the virtue of kindness will naturally help others without thinking about getting anything in return. In a recent news story, a local community center organized a volunteer event. Many people showed up to help clean the park, distribute food to the homeless and teach children. These volunteers were showing both moral and virtuous behavior. By helping others, they were following the moral principle of being kind and helpful, and at the same time, they were demonstrating their virtues of compassion (同情) and selflessness (无私). However, sometimes, people might face moral dilemmas. For instance, a person might see someone stealing something. The moral thing to do is to report it, but they might be afraid of getting into trouble. In such cases, a person’s virtues, like courage, will determine whether they can do the right thing. Once people make right choices, they will have a good impact on society. Virtue is like a pebble thrown into water-the ripples are endless. In conclusion, moral and virtue are closely related. Morality provides the external framework of rules, while virtue is the internal force that enables us to follow these rules and do good deeds. 1．Which of the following is an example of virtue? A．Paying taxes on time. B．Following the traffic rules. C．Not lying according to the moral code. D．Helping a blind man cross the street out of kindness. 2．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To explain the concepts of moral and virtue and their relationship. B．To introduce different moral and virtuous behaviors in society C．To persuade people to be more moral and virtuous. D．To discuss the origin of moral and virtue. 3．What does the metaphor “ripples” in the last but one paragraph imply? A．Virtue can spread widely and have a lasting impact on society. B．Virtue is as small and unimportant as a pebble. C．Virtue is difficult to understand and practice. D．Virtue makes people’s lives more colorful. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Difference Between Moral and Virtue B．Overcoming Moral Dilemmas with Virtues C．Importance of Moral and Virtue in Our Life D．Moral and Virtue:The Twin Pillars of Good Behavior 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．A 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。主要介绍的是道德与美德的内涵、区别及其在行为中的作用。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Virtue, on the other hand, refers more to the positive qualities or characteristics of a person.( 另一方面，美德更多地是指一个人的积极品质或特征。)”可知，美德是指人的积极品质或特征；再根据第二段中“Morality can be seen as a set of rules or principles that a society or a group of people believe should be followed.( 道德可以被看作是一个社会或一群人认为应该遵循的一套规则或原则。)”可知，D项“帮助盲人过马路”属于美德的典型体现。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据文章大意以及第一段“In our daily life, we often hear people talking about being moral and having virtue. But what exactly are moral and virtue?( 在我们的日常生活中，我们经常听到人们谈论道德和美德。但道德和美德究竟是什么？)”可知，文章开篇提出问题 “什么是道德（moral ）和美德（virtue ）”，接着分别解释了道德是社会或群体认为应遵循的规则，美德是人的积极品质，还阐述了它们之间的紧密关系，最后总结道德提供外部规则框架，美德是促使我们遵循规则和做好事的内在力量。所以文章主要目的是解释道德和美德的概念及其关系。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段中“Virtue is like a pebble thrown into water- the ripples are endless.( 美德就像扔进水中的鹅卵石，涟漪无穷。)”可知，美德就像投入水中的鹅卵石——涟漪无穷无尽，意在说明美德就像小石子激起的涟漪一样，对社会产生持久的影响。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章分别阐述了道德是社会或群体遵循的规则，美德是个人的积极品质，通过志愿者活动的例子说明二者在生活中的体现，还提到面对道德困境时美德的作用，最后总结了道德和美德是密切相关的。由此可推知，D 选项“Moral and Virtue: The Twin Pillars of Good Behavior（道德和美德：良好行为的两大支柱）”很好地概括了文章主旨，最适合作文章标题。故选D。 2 When students and parents are asked to rate subjects according to their importance, the arts are unavoidably at the bottom of the list. Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important. Too often it is viewed as mere entertainment, but certainly not an education priority (优先).This view is shortsighted. In fact, music education is beneficial and important for all students. Music tells us who we are. Because music is an expression of the beings who create it, it reflects their thinking and values, as well as the social environment it came from. Rock music represents a lifestyle just as surely as a Schubert song. The jazz influence that George Gershwin and other musicians introduced into their music is obviously American because it came from American musical traditions. Music expresses our character and values. It gives us identity as a society. Music provides a kind of perception (感知) that cannot be acquired any other way. Science can explain how the sun rises and sets. The arts explore the emotional meaning of the same phenomenon. We need every possible way to discover and respond to our world for one simple but powerful reason: No one way can get it all. The arts are forms of thought as powerful in what they communicate as mathematical and scientific symbols. They are ways we human beings “talk” to each other. They are the language of civilization through which we express our fears, our curiosities, our hungers, our discoveries, and our hopes. The arts are ways we give form to our ideas and imagination so that they can be shared with others. When we do not give children access to an important way of expressing themselves such as music, we take away from them the meanings that music expresses. Science and technology do not tell us what it means to be human. The arts do. Music is an important way we express human suffering, celebration, the meaning and value of peace and love. So music education is far more necessary than people seem to realize. 1．According to Paragraph 1, students_________. A．regard music as a way of entertainment B．disagree with their parents on education C．view music as an overlooked subject D．prefer the arts to science 2．In Paragraph 2, the author uses jazz as an example to ___________. A．compare it with rock music B．show music reflects a society C．introduce American musical traditions D．prove music influences people’s lifestyles 3．According to the passage, the arts and science________. A．approach the world from different angles B．explore different phenomena of the world C．express people’s feelings in different ways D．explain what it means to be human differently 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Music education deserves more attention. B．Music should be of top education priority. C．Music is an effective communication tool. D．Music education makes students more imaginative. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．A 4．A 【解析】这是一篇议论文。本文主要论述了音乐教育的重要性，反驳了将艺术学科视为次要的短视观点，强调音乐在传递文化、表达情感和塑造人性方面的独特价值。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important. Too often it is viewed as mere entertainment, but certainly not an education priority (优先). ( 人们似乎会说，音乐很好，但并不重要。它经常被视为纯粹的娱乐，而不是教育的重点。)” 可知，人们（包括学生）常把音乐仅仅视为娱乐，而不是重要的教育内容。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中，作者提到“The jazz influence that George Gershwin and other musicians introduced into their music is obviously American because it came from American musical traditions. ( 乔治·格什温和其他音乐家引入他们音乐的爵士乐影响显然是美国的，因为它来自美国的音乐传统。)”可知，作者以爵士乐为例，是为了说明音乐反映了它所来自的社会环境，即“show music reflects a society”（表明音乐反映一个社会）。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Science can explain how the sun rises and sets. The arts explore the emotional meaning of the same phenomenon. We need every possible way to discover and respond to our world for one simple but powerful reason: No one way can get it all. ( 科学可以解释太阳如何升起和落下。艺术探索同一现象的情感意义。我们需要每一种可能的方式来发现和回应我们的世界，原因简单而有力：没有一种方式可以得到一切。)”可知，科学解释太阳升起和落下的方式，而艺术探索同一现象的情感意义，说明艺术和科学从不同的角度来认识世界。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章开篇指出人们不重视音乐教育，认为音乐不重要，只是娱乐，然后从音乐能反映我们是谁、音乐提供独特的感知方式等方面阐述了音乐教育的益处和重要性，最后强调“So music education is far more necessary than people seem to realize.”（所以音乐教育远比人们意识到的更有必要。），即音乐教育应得到更多关注，A选项“Music education deserves more attention”（音乐教育值得更多关注。）符合文章主旨。故选A项。 3 Have you ever heard of the term “seasonal color analysis”? It is a personal styling tool helping people find colors that match their natural features, such as skin tone, hair color and eye color. This method divides people into four types — spring, summer, autumn and winter — each with a matching set of colors to help them look better. The process was so complex that it took me an entire weekend to figure out which season I belong to. Finally, the tool stated that I am a “summer person” and picked the “right” colors for my hair and clothes. But then came the next challenge: I spent nearly eight hours and over 2,000 yuan at the barbershop. Beauty seems to be an increasingly time-consuming, expensive and tiring effort. The term fu meiyi was even created to describe this phenomenon and has gained popularity on Chinese social media. Many people debate what should be considered part of beauty duty. Some argue that things like wearing makeup, and spending money on fashion are unnecessary and that women should abandon these frivolities (无聊之事). Others believe that women buy clothes and makeup simply because they enjoy them. From my perspective, we are all influenced by beauty duty because our views of beauty are unavoidably shaped by society’s unrealistic beauty standards. These ideas often promote a single, narrow definition of beauty that is difficult — if not impossible — for people to achieve. For example, I love the color black, but according to seasonal color analysis, it doesn’t suit me. To appear more “beautiful”, I should give up wearing black and only wear light-colored clothing. This so-called beauty standard ignores (忽视) personal preferences and limits self-expression. Furthermore, it ignores the variety of beauty in the world. People come in all shapes, sizes and colors. True beauty should be about accepting and celebrating these differences, not forcing everyone to follow a single standard. I believe people should be free to dress however they like, as long as it makes them happy. However, we must be aware of how beauty standards are created and imposed (把……强加于) on us, shaping the way we present ourselves — often without us even realizing it. 1．What is “seasonal color analysis” according to the text? A．A tool to help users figure out what colors suit them best. B．A tool to help people choose their favorite colors. C．A tool to divide people into different seasons. D．A tool to analyze people’s personalities. 2．Why does the author mention her own experience at the barbershop? A．To show the popularity of seasonal color analysis among people. B．To show her unwillingness of following beauty standards. C．To show how time-consuming and expensive beauty duty can be. D．To prove that having a new hairstyle is a part of beauty duty. 3．What is the author’s attitude towards the so-called beauty standards? A．Negative. B．Positive. C．Indifferent. D．Curious. 4．Which of the following is the most suitable title for the text? A．Seasonal color analysis: match your colors perfectly B．Beauty duty: time-consuming, costly and tiring C．Beauty duty: different people have different opinions D．Beauty duty: be careful not to be trapped in it’s cage 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章介绍了“季节色彩分析”这一工具，指出追求美耗时、费钱又累人，批判了单一的美容标准，倡导人们不被其束缚。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Have you ever heard of the term “seasonal color analysis”? It is a personal styling tool helping people find colors that match their natural features, such as skin tone, hair color and eye color. (你听说过“季节性色彩分析”这个词吗？它是一种个人造型工具，帮助人们找到与他们的自然特征相匹配的颜色，如肤色、发色和眼睛颜色)”可知，“季节色彩分析”是帮助用户找出最适合他们的颜色的工具。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“The process was so complex that it took me an entire weekend to figure out which season I belong to. Finally, the tool stated that I am a “summer person” and picked the “right” colors for my hair and clothes. But then came the next challenge: I spent nearly eight hours and over 2,000 yuan at the barbershop. (这个过程非常复杂，我花了整整一个周末才弄清楚自己属于哪个季节。最后，这个工具表明我是一个“夏季型人”，并为我的头发和衣服挑选了“合适”的颜色。但接着下一个挑战来了：我在理发店花了近八个小时，花了两千多元)”以及第三段中“Beauty seems to be an increasingly time consuming, expensive and tiring effort. (美容似乎越来越耗时、费钱又累人)”可知，作者提到自己在理发店的经历是为了表明追求美这件事可能多么耗时和昂贵。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“These ideas often promote a single, narrow definition of beauty that is difficult — if not impossible — for people to achieve. (这些观念往往宣扬一种单一、狭隘的美的定义，人们即使不是不可能，也很难达到)”和“This so-called beauty standard ignores (忽视) personal preferences and limits self-expression. (这种所谓的美容标准忽视了个人喜好，限制了自我表达)”等内容可知，作者认为所谓的美容标准宣扬一种单一、狭隘的美，忽视了个人喜好，限制了自我表达，对其持否定态度。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第四段中“These ideas often promote a single, narrow definition of beauty that is difficult — if not impossible — for people to achieve. (这些观念往往宣扬一种单一、狭隘的美的定义，人们即使不是不可能，也很难达到)”和“This so-called beauty standard ignores (忽视) personal preferences and limits self-expression. (这种所谓的美容标准忽视了个人喜好，限制了自我表达)”、以及最后一段中“I believe people should be free to dress however they like, as long as it makes them happy. However, we must be aware of how beauty standards are created and imposed (把……强加于) on us, shaping the way we present ourselves — often without us even realizing it. (我相信人们应该可以自由地按照自己喜欢的方式穿着，只要这能让他们开心。然而，我们必须意识到美容标准是如何被创造出来并强加给我们的，它们塑造了我们展示自己的方式 —— 而我们常常甚至没有意识到这一点)”可知，文章批判了单一的美容标准对人们的束缚，倡导人们不被其限制。所以D项“美容责任：小心不要被困在它的牢笼里”能概括文章主旨，最适合做文章标题。故选D项。 4 If we think about how our life in the future will be, keeping in mind the advancement in science, we will be amazed but also there is a major matter of concern, because with the amount of resource exploitation and pollution it is unavoidable that the after-effects are worse in the coming years. For today’s discussion, let’s fast forward our life to let us say fifty years from now and analyze how our life will be in our future. Let us first discuss the positive sides of the future in every field. Food which has always been our source of energy has also undergone many improvements and new inventions, from hybrids (杂交植物) to growing plants in LED lights. We may get adapted to genetically improved plants as a solution to feed people due to the increasing population. Speaking about the future of work, it will no more be humans sitting in front of machines for hours and hours to earn a living. But instead, automation will be leading the show wiping out the need for human effort. Not just in the industry world, automation, and most likely advanced robots automation and robots with advanced technology will be installed for better and faster performance. The major advantage of an increase in technology will be to the health department. It has helped to increase the birth rate. Technology in the future will be way superior to that of today, even better than other fields like food, health, connections, and work. We’re going into a future where improved battery innovation will probably empower better electric vehicles, individual flying machines and other applications. With this, we can say that with advancements made by man, there will be population growth, increasing pollution, and fewer resources available for everyone to accommodate (容纳). I would like to add the final points that, the future is unpredictable, while this may or may not, but it is always good to prepare ourselves for things to come ahead in time. 1．Which does the author agree with about the future life? A．There is a mixture of good and bad. B．We will have a very bad future then. C．All the negative sides will disappear. D．No actual improvement will be made. 2．Why should we adapt to genetically improved plants in the future? A．To make our food taste good. B．To make room for departments. C．To spare more land for industry. D．To feed the rapidly-growing people. 3．What does the underlined part “leading the show” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Setting a new trend. B．Playing a vital role. C．Taking a short cut. D．Making a good impression. 4．What is the author’s opinion of the future? A．It is dominated by automation. B．Our initiatives for it are necessary. C．It is certain to be full of problems. D．Technology will solve most problems. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．B 【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章通过列举未来科技在食品、工作、健康等领域的潜在影响，客观分析其利弊（如资源压力与技术进步），并最终提出建议。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“If we think about how our life in the future will be, keeping in mind the advancement in science, we will be amazed but also there is a major matter of concern, because with the amount of resource exploitation and pollution it is unavoidable that the after-effects are worse in the coming years.(如果我们考虑我们未来的生活将如何，记住科学的进步，我们会感到惊讶，但也有一个主要的问题值得关注，因为随着资源开发和污染的数量，不可避免的是，未来几年的后果会更糟。)”和最后一段中“With this, we can say that with advancements made by man, there will be population growth, increasing pollution, and fewer resources available for everyone to accommodate (容纳).(据此，我们可以说，随着人类的进步，人口将会增长，污染将会加剧，可供每个人居住的资源将会减少。)”可知，文章既提到科技进步带来的积极影响（如食品改良、自动化、医疗进步），也提到资源枯竭、污染等负面问题。因此未来是利弊并存的。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“We may get adapted to genetically improved plants as a solution to feed people due to the increasing population.(由于人口不断增加，我们可能会适应转基因植物作为养活人口的解决方案。)”可知，我们适应基因改良农作物是为了满足日益增长的人口的需求。故选D项。 3．词句猜测题。划线词句后文“wiping out the need for human effort. Not just in the industry world, automation, and most likely advanced robots automation and robots with advanced technology will be installed for better and faster performance.(消除对人力劳动的需求。不仅在工业领域，自动化和最有可能的先进机器人自动化和具有先进技术的机器人将被安装，以获得更好更快的性能。)”说明自动化将在工业生产中发挥重要作用，从而消除对人力劳动的需求，从而推知划线短语应为“发挥重要作用”的意思，与B项同义。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“I would like to add the final points that, the future is unpredictable, while this may or may not, but it is always good to prepare ourselves for things to come ahead in time.(我想补充最后一点，未来是不可预测的，虽然这可能发生也可能不发生，但为事情的到来做好准备总是好的。)”可知，作者认为对于未来我们的主动性是必要的。故选B项。 5 How do you put a value on culture? Under bad economic conditions, a political, philosophical question is too easily reduced to painful choices. Would you prefer a roof over your head, or a tune in your heart? Trucks to collect the rubbish from your streets, or a library with many books? It’s a decision nobody in a civilized society should be forced to make, yet these very alternatives are posed in an ongoing public consultation by Hampshire County Council (HCC). A crisis of public services that has been going on for the past 14 years reached a boiling point this week with the publication of a draft budget from the authority charged with running the UK’s second city, Birmingham. It proposes to completely stop funding a variety of cultural institutions starting next year. The only remotely positive thing is that there’s no room for arguing over minor resources, as so often happens. The pain is shared equally, with no discrimination between different disciplines, or high and low culture. In the centenary (一百周年) year of the Birmingham Rep — one of the 10 institutions on the city’s red list — a group of household names, from Kenneth Branagh to Toyah Willcox, Ian McKellen to Timothy Dalton, lined up to praise its role in helping to kickstart their careers. This is not just about the talented few who got their break through the arts, but about the many to whom they have gone on to give pleasure, food for thought, and an inspirational example, whether they are growing up in Wigan like McKellen, or Belfast like Branagh. In 1911, a poem titled Bread and Roses was published in an American magazine. It’s not a well-structured poem, but it makes a crucial point. “Our lives shall not be sweated from birth until life closes — Hearts starve as well as bodies: Give us Bread, but give us Roses”. We would do well to remember that poem today. 1．What is the author’s attitude towards the public consultation by HCC? A．Supportive. B．Objective. C．Critical. D．Tolerant. 2．Which of the following describes the draft budget in Birmingham? A．Distributing funding according to discipline. B．Withdrawing funding for all cultural institutions. C．Balancing funding between high and low culture. D．Reducing funding for institutions of low culture. 3．What does the author imply about the role of cultural institutions like the Birmingham Rep? A．They are essential for the development of high culture. B．They provide opportunities for both artists and the audience. C．They are more important than basic public services. D．They should be prioritized in budget allocations. 4．What is Bread and Roses quoted to show? A．Art’s role in fighting daily struggles. B．Nature’s connection to human well-being. C．The importance of both basic needs and culture. D．The public’s ever-increasing demand for fine art. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕在经济不佳时文化价值的衡量展开讨论，以汉普郡议会咨询及伯明翰预算草案为例，强调文化机构的重要性。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Under bad economic conditions, a political, philosophical question is too easily reduced to painful choices. Would you prefer a roof over your head, or a tune in your heart? Trucks to collect the rubbish from your streets, or a library with many books? It’s a decision nobody in a civilized society should be forced to make, yet these very alternatives are posed in an ongoing public consultation by Hampshire County Council (HCC). (在经济不景气的背景下，一个政治哲学问题极易被简化为痛苦的选择。你是想要头顶有片遮风挡雨的屋檐，还是心中藏段悠扬的旋律？是选择让垃圾清运车按时清扫街道，还是保留藏书丰富的图书馆？在文明社会里，本不该有人被迫作出这种抉择，然而汉普郡议会正在进行的公众咨询中，民众面临的恰恰是这些非此即彼的选项。)”可知，作者认为文明社会不应让人在基本生活需求和文化之间做痛苦抉择，而汉普郡议会的咨询却提出了这样的选择，由此可推断作者对汉普郡议会的公众咨询持批判态度。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“A crisis of public services that has been going on for the past 14 years reached a boiling point this week with the publication of a draft budget from the authority charged with running the UK’s second city, Birmingham. It proposes to completely stop funding a variety of cultural institutions starting next year. (这场持续14年的公共服务危机，在本周随着英国第二大城市伯明翰市政当局公布预算草案而达到沸点。该草案提议从明年起全面停止对多家文化机构的资助。)”可知，伯明翰的预算草案是停止对所有文化机构的资金支持。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“This is not just about the talented few who got their break through the arts, but about the many to whom they have gone on to give pleasure, food for thought, and an inspirational example (这不仅仅关乎少数通过艺术获得突破的有才华的人，还关乎那些从他们那里获得快乐、思考素材和鼓舞人心榜样的许多人)”可知，像伯明翰剧团这样的文化机构既为艺术家提供了发展机会，也为观众带来了精神享受等，即它们为艺术家和观众都提供了机会。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“‘Our lives shall not be sweated from birth until life closes — Hearts starve as well as bodies: Give us Bread, but give us Roses’. We would do well to remember that poem today. (‘我们的生命不应从出生到结束都在流汗——心灵和身体一样会饥饿：给我们面包，但也给我们玫瑰’。我们今天最好记住这首诗。)”可知，引用《面包与玫瑰》是为了表明基本生活需求(Bread)和文化(Roses)都很重要。故选C项。 6 When we think of holidays, we think of traveling, beaches, fun, and adventure. But the reality is, we spend most of our holidays on our personal devices (设备). Smartphones have taken the world by storm, influencing the manner we interact with each other. While it may seem that sending a quick text message or uploading a photo to WeChat doesn’t take so much time, these things eventually add up without us even knowing it. It was discovered in a study conducted by travel site LastMinute.com that 90 percent of Britons spend more than four hours a day using their devices while they are on holiday. If this is what you are experiencing, it sounds like you need a digital detox. Digital detox isn’t a new concept. Brown University defines it as a set period during which people avoid using electronic devices that have become a big part of daily life. A new study published in May, 2022 revealed that people avoiding social media for one week might result in obvious improvements in their well-being, depression, and anxiety. And now, many tour operators around the world have been providing visitors with digital detox trips. For example, Sheldon Chalet, a resort (度假区) in Alaska, US, has gone tech-free in an attempt to provide its guests with a truly relaxing off-line vacation. Owner Marne Sheldon hopes that guests can “spend their nights looking at shooting stars and the aurora (极光), rather than scrolling Instagram or watching the news”. In today’s environment of constant digital connection, it’s important to find time to stop and smell the roses—without taking a selfie at the same time. A digital detox may be just the thing you need to cleanse your mind body, and soul. 1．Why does the author mention the study by LastMinute.com in paragraph 2? A．To show how common device usage is during holidays. B．To stress that smartphones improve holiday experiences. C．To prove that Britons are the most frequent device users worldwide. D．To explain why the travel industry promotes technology dependency. 2．According to Brown University what is a “digital detox”? A．A medical treatment for smartphone addiction. B．A strict rule against using social media for a year. C．A vacation plan that includes limited Internet access. D．A period of time avoiding electronic devices in daily life. 3．What is the author’s attitude toward digital detox? A．Supportive. B．Critical. C．Indifferent. D．Negative. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．A resort for tech-free holidays. B．Digital detox for better vacations. C．Reasons for limiting screen time. D．Ways to reduce smartphone addiction. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了人们在假期过度使用电子设备的现象，并提出了“数字排毒（digital detox）”的概念，强调其对于改善假期体验和身心健康的重要性。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第2段“It was discovered in a study conducted by travel site LastMinute.com that 90 percent of Britons spend more than four hours a day using their devices while they are on holiday.(一项由旅游网站“LastMinute.com”开展的研究发现，90%的英国人在度假期间每天都会使用电子设备超过4小时。）”可知，该网站的研究发现90%的英国人在度假期间还会每天使用电子设备超过4小时，由此可推知，作者引用该研究是为了说明假期中普遍存在过度使用电子设备的现象。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第3段内容“Brown University defines it as a set period during which people avoid using electronic devices that have become a big part of daily life.(布朗大学将其定义为一段特定的时间，在此期间人们避免使用已成为日常生活重要组成部分的电子设备。)”可知，布朗大学将其定义为“在一段特定时间内避免使用已成为日常生活重要部分的电子设备”，即D项“A period of time avoiding electronic devices in daily life.(一段在日常生活中远离电子设备的时期。)”。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段内容“A digital detox may be just the thing you need to cleanse your mind body, and soul.(进行一次“数字排毒”或许正是你所需要的，它能帮助你净化身心和灵魂。)”可知，作者认为这是人们所需要的，可净化身心和灵魂，由此推知，作者通过积极的语言表明支持态度。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通过阅读文章内容可知，文章第3段首句“If this is what you are experiencing, it sounds like you need a digital detox.(如果这就是你所经历的情况，那么听起来你可能需要进行一次“数字排毒”了。)”提出了核心话题“数字排毒”，同时在后文以阿拉斯加度假区为例，说明其如何帮助人们享受真正的放松，并在文章最后一段内容“A digital detox may be just the thing you need to cleanse your mind body, and soul.(进行一次“数字排毒”或许正是你所需要的，它能帮助你净化身心和灵魂。)”再次强调了其带来的好处。由此可知，选项B“Digital detox for better vacations.(数字排毒带来更好的假期。)”全面概括了文章核心。故选B项。 7 The Qixi Festival, the Chinese equivalent (等同于) of Valentine’s Day that fell yesterday, was not only a disappointment for forgotten lovers, but also for businessmen left with empty pockets. The cold attitude has made cultural experts seriously worry that the lovers’ festival, marked for generations since the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220), is dying out. Some have even called for legislation (立法) to make the festival a legal Chinese Lovers’ Day, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh month of the lunar year. But the effectiveness of such a measure is in doubt, although efforts to preserve traditional festivals deserve high praise. A growing number of traditional Chinese festivals, such as the Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, share the same fate as the Qixi Festival. Young people are showing less interest in traditional culture as symbolized by these festivals. Even if all traditional festivals are finally made legal, the risk of them becoming purely formalized celebrations with little meaning is not removed. If the younger generation fails to appreciate the cultural significance of these holidays, there is little that can be done. While complaining about traditional festivals fading in appeal, decision-makers should reflect on cultural protection. Undeniably, our country has done a bad job of preserving culture and traditional festivals, compared to neighboring Japan and Korea. Only a few years ago did China begin to realize the significance of preserving intangible (非物质) cultural heritage when Korea planned to apply to UNESCO (联合国教科文组织) to list its version of the Dragon Boat Festival as an important example of intangible culture. Concern about the traditional holidays also reminds people of the growing influence of foreign cultures as the country opens wider to the outside world. With traditional festivals becoming less important and imports such as Christmas and Valentine’s Day gaining widespread popularity, the public, including cultural professionals, has tended to measure traditional Chinese festivals in economic terms. How much money can be made during the holidays is taken into consideration. In fact, what makes traditional festivals unique and what keeps them alive is their cultural elements. After all, it is a unique culture that contributes to the world’s diversity with globalization. 1．What makes Chinese cultural experts worry that the lovers’ festival is dying out? A．The disappointment for both businessmen and lovers. B．The ignorance of the public to the Qixi Festival. C．The failure to make traditional Chinese festivals legal. D．The action to preserve culture and traditional festivals. 2．The public looks at the effectiveness of the legalization of the Qixi Festival with a(n)______attitude. A．doubtful B．favorable C．indifferent D．hopeful 3．From Paragraph 3, we can learn that ______. A．traditional festivals are celebrated by more young people B．legal celebrations reduce the risk of the disappearance of traditional culture C．the significance of traditional festivals should be better recognized D．young people value traditional culture but they can do little 4．The writer’s purpose for writing this article is to ______. A．remind us that the cultural factors make traditional festivals live on B．complain that Japan and Korea do a better job of preserving culture C．inform the public of the importance of the globalization D．warn people against the business role in celebrating traditional festivals 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．A 【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了中国传统节日七夕节面临的困境，如公众对其冷漠，以及其他传统节日也有类似命运。同时指出应重视传统节日的文化意义，不应仅从经济角度衡量，还应反思文化保护，避免传统节日形式化，保持其文化内涵。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The cold attitude has made cultural experts seriously worry that the lovers’ festival, marked for generations since the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220), is dying out.(这种冷漠的态度让文化专家们严重担忧，自汉代（公元前206年至公元220年）以来代代相传的这个情侣节日正在逐渐消失)”可知，公众对七夕节的冷漠态度让文化专家担心这个自汉代就有的节日正在消失。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Some have even called for legislation (立法) to make the festival a legal Chinese Lovers’ Day, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh month of the lunar year. But the effectiveness of such a measure is in doubt, although efforts to preserve traditional festivals deserve high praise(一些人甚至呼吁通过立法将这个节日定为法定的中国情人节，它在农历七月初七。但是这样的措施的有效性令人怀疑，尽管保护传统节日的努力值得高度赞扬)”可知，有人呼吁将七夕节立法成为法定的中国情人节，但这种措施的效果令人怀疑，尽管保护传统节日的努力值得称赞。由此可推断公众对七夕节合法化的有效性持怀疑态度，故选A。 3．推理判断题。第三段提到“Even if all traditional festivals are finally made legal, the risk of them becoming purely formalized celebrations with little meaning is not removed. If the younger generation fails to appreciate the cultural significance of these holidays, there is little that can be done(即使所有传统节日最终都合法化了，它们变成毫无意义的纯粹形式化庆祝活动的风险仍然没有消除。如果年轻一代不能欣赏这些节日的文化意义，那也没什么办法)”可知，如果年轻一代不能欣赏这些节日的文化意义，那也没什么办法，可推理出应该更好地认识传统节日的意义，故选C。 4．推理判断题。文章最后一段指出“In fact, what makes traditional festivals unique and what keeps them alive is their cultural elements. After all, it is a unique culture that contributes to the globalization with diversity(事实上，使传统节日独特并使其延续的是它们的文化元素。毕竟，正是独特的文化为全球化带来了多样性)”可知，使传统节日独特并使其延续的是它们的文化元素，可推理出作者写作本文的目的是提醒我们文化因素使传统节日得以延续，故选A。 8 What’s best: a brand new phone or a day out with your friends? Is it better to spend money to buy things or to do things? A study of UK consumers showed that six in ten people would rather spend their money on something to do than on something to have. Those aged 18 — 34 reported spending the highest amount on fun activities. Material possessions (物质财产) can last for many years, while experiences are fleeting. This, however, might be the wrong way to look at things. Psychology professor Thomas Gilovich discovered that the happiness that objects provide can disappear quickly. We adapt to having new possessions, so that rather than being something we are excited by, they just become our new normal. Soon we may even want to buy a better version of the things we own. Our feelings around possessions can also be affected by others. We tend to compare what we have with other people. If someone else has something better, we can start to feel jealous. A holiday or a day out may be short, but the happiness it provides can last much longer. Waiting for our latest purchases to be delivered is disappointing, but waiting for an exciting event gives us a feeling of expectation. Experiences are often shared, so we gain pleasure from social connection and time spent with other people. Memories of our experiences become part of our identity. As Gilovich points out, we are the sum of our experiences. Indeed, the very fact that experiences last for a limited time can give them value. A physical good gets worse over time, while our memories of an experience can give us pleasure year after year. Of course, it’s not always that simple. Other studies have suggested that happiness gained from experiences might depend on your personality type, and how many possessions you already have. People with more introverted (内向的) personality types may get less benefit from social occasions and those with few possessions may get greater benefit from objects. However, for many of us, it could be that when choosing how to spend money, we’ll get far more benefit by spending on experiences, rather than possessions. 1．What is the main conclusion of the new study? A．Young people spend much on expensive items. B．Materials bring more happiness than memories. C．Four in ten people enjoy a high level of material wealth. D．Quite a few people prefer doing things to buying things. 2．What does the underlined word “fleeting” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Short-lived. B．Time-tested. C．Eye-catching. D．Far-reaching. 3．How does the author mainly develop the argument in paragraph 3? A．By giving expert advice. B．By making comparisons. C．By providing examples. D．By sharing some stories. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards spending money on experiences? A．Cautious. B．Doubtful. C．Negative. D．Favorable. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。主要介绍的是花钱购买体验比购买物品更能带来持久幸福感的观点，并分析其背后的心理学原因。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“A study of UK consumers showed that six in ten people would rather spend their money on something to do than on something to have. (一项针对英国消费者的研究表明，60%的人更愿意把钱花在体验上，如活动、经历，而非购买实物商品)”可知，主要结论是相当多的人更喜欢把钱花在做事而非买东西上。故选D项。 2．词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“Material possessions (物质财产) can last for many years (物质财产可以保存多年)”以及表达对比关系的“while”可知，此处是对比物质财产和体验的维持时间，前者可以持续很多年，而后者是短暂的，画线词与last for many years形成对比，因此意思应该是“短暂的”。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“A holiday or a day out may be short, but the happiness it provides can last much longer. Waiting for our latest purchases to be delivered is disappointing, but waiting for an exciting event gives us a feeling of expectation. (一次度假或外出游玩或许短暂，但它带来的快乐却能持续很久。等待网购商品到货往往令人失望，而期待一场精彩活动却能让我们充满憧憬)”和“A physical good gets worse over time, while our memories of an experience can give us pleasure year after year. (实物商品会随着时间流逝而贬值，而对一段美好经历的回忆却能年复一年地为我们带来快乐)”可知，作者主要通过对比物质和体验的不同影响展开论述，如等待购物令人失望，而等待活动让人充满期待，物质会贬值，而回忆能持续带来快乐等。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Experiences are often shared, so we gain pleasure from social connection and time spent with other people. Memories of our experiences become part of our identity. As Gilovich points out, we are the sum of our experiences. Indeed, the very fact that experiences last for a limited time can give them value. (体验往往是共享的，因此我们能从社交互动和与他人共处的时光中获得快乐。这些体验的记忆会融入我们的身份认同。正如吉洛维奇所言：“我们就是由所有经历构成的”事实上，正是体验的短暂性赋予了它们独特的价值)”和最后一段中“However, for many of us, it could be that when choosing how to spend money, we’ll get far more benefit by spending on experiences, rather than possessions. (然而对我们大多数人来说，在决定如何消费时，把钱花在体验上而非物质上，往往能带来更大的收获)”可知，作者强调体验的长期价值，并认为花钱在体验上能带来更大的收获，因此他对把钱花在体验上持支持态度。故选D项。 9 Do you believe in a higher power? Many people think religious beliefs are part of human nature. This doesn’t mean specific beliefs are rooted in our brains, but our minds seem to naturally believe in supernatural beings. Some think these supernatural beliefs have damaged useful parts of our minds. However, Dominic Johnson, in his book ‌“God Is Watching You,” argues that believing in God, especially in higher power that can punish. is actually helpful to evolution (发展). Johnson suggests that it’s not harmful to overreact to things that don’t exist. But failing to notice dangerous signs, like dangerous animals, could be deadly. This has led to an evolutionary preference to alert (警觉) about hidden threats everywhere. This alertness is common even among those who don’t believe in God. For example, an experiment showed that people were more likely to contribute to a shared coffee fund when there was a picture of eyes on the collection box. Johnson also points out that societies that punish cheaters are more likely to become stronger. He talks about the philosopher (哲学家) John Locke, whose research on 186 pre-industrial cultures found that religious beliefs were more common in larger, more complex societies. While this doesn’t prove that these beliefs caused social complexity, the finding prove Johnson’s theory that religion beliefs allow societies to take action together and plan for the future. Johnson believes that the religious belief is deeply rooted in human mind. Critics of the beliefs should consider working with them rather than against them. As for what form a religious belief might take, the author keeps it an open question. Maybe this is a little difficult book to read or understand. It really needs readers’ patience. 1．Why does the author mention ‌“eyes” experiment in paragraph 2? A．To praise people’s kind behavior. B．To show people’s preference for coffee. C．To stress the effect of pictures on humans. D．To prove the commonness of alertness among humans. 2．What can we infer from John Locke’s research? A．Religion helps make future development. B．Religion is a result of complex societies. C．Religion is widely spread in weak countries. D．Religion can completely decide social power. 3．What is the focus of the passage? A．Roots of religious beliefs. B．Evolutionary advantage of religious beliefs. C．Social power and complexity. D．Punishment in religious context. 4．Where is the text most probably taken from? A．An introduction to a book. B．A story about a philosopher. C．A guidebook to religious beliefs. D．A research on people’s patience. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．A 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕多米尼克·约翰逊所著的《上帝在看着你》展开，论述了宗教信仰在人类进化中的积极作用。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“This alertness is common even among those who don’t believe in God. For example, an experiment showed that people were more likely to contribute to a shared coffee fund when there was a picture of eyes on the collection box.(这种警觉性即使在那些不信仰上帝的人当中也是普遍存在的。例如，一项实验表明，当募捐箱上有眼睛的图片时，人们更有可能为共享咖啡基金捐款)”可知，作者提到“眼睛”实验是为了证明人类警觉性的普遍性。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“He talks about the philosopher (哲学家) John Locke, whose research on 186 pre-industrial cultures found that religious beliefs were more common in larger, more complex societies. While this doesn’t prove that these beliefs caused social complexity, the finding prove Johnson’s theory that religion beliefs allow societies to take action together and plan for the future.(他谈到了哲学家约翰·洛克，他对186种前工业文化的研究发现，宗教信仰在更大、更复杂的社会中更为普遍。虽然这并不能证明这些信仰导致了社会的复杂性，但这一发现证实了约翰逊的理论，即宗教信仰使社会能够共同行动并为未来做规划)”可知，约翰·洛克的研究证实宗教信仰使社会能够共同行动并为未来做规划，由此推知，宗教有助于未来的发展。故选A项。 3．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“Dominic Johnson, in his book ‌“God Is Watching You,” argues that believing in God, especially in higher power that can punish, is actually helpful to evolution (发展).(多米尼克·约翰逊在他的《上帝在看着你》一书中认为，信仰上帝，尤其是信仰能实施惩罚的更高力量，实际上对人类进化是有帮助的)”可知，文章的重点是宗教信仰在进化方面的优势。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Dominic Johnson, in his book ‌“God Is Watching You,” argues that...”以及最后一段中“Maybe this is a little difficult book to read or understand. It really needs readers’ patience.(也许这是一本有点难读或难懂的书。它真的需要读者的耐心)”和最后一段中“Maybe this is a little difficult book to read or understand. It really needs readers’ patience.(也许这是一本很难读懂的书。这真的需要读者的耐心)”可知，文章主要是在介绍一本书的内容，所以文本最有可能来自一本书的引言。故选A项。 10 ①In the opinion of some people, the most direct, most touching, and easiest way of protecting wild animals, without doubt, is “the rescue of each individual wild animal”. On seeing a recovered bird return to the blue sky, they will feel moved with hot tears in the eyes. ②However, what is very easily ignored by them is that the value of protecting each individual wild animal usually does not lie in the individual wild animal itself but more frequently in the entire species behind each individual. In this aspect, this is different from the rescue of weak individuals in the human society. ③There are many differences between animals and human beings. The biggest difference possibly lies in that animals are short of social culture. But here, the culture refers to “the behavior pattern having nothing to do with heredity (遗传), but which may be copied and inherited (继承)”. ④Human beings depend on culture for heritage. As time passes by, the culture has been accumulated to distinguish one group from another. Therefore, the protection of culture is important and necessary. However, wild animals depend on genes for heritage, and therefore, it is important and necessary to keep natural genes in existence. As long as wild animals can pass genes down, the entire species survive. ⑤Therefore, wild animals’ value mostly lies in their genes, and the existence of the species is more important. The individual death cannot be avoided, but the gene may exist forever through the gene bank of the species, keeping the species existent. ⑥When we protect wild animal individuals, this is more a measure than a goal. Therefore, the Yellowstone Park has introduced the wolf to control the number of deer and get rid of the old, weak, sick and disabled. Such behavior is beyond imagination among human beings, but in the nature, this is completely normal and reasonable. We often observe wild animals with the judgment that we may have to human beings, ignoring the differences. ⑦But if species itself is not in danger, then working hard to protect the individual can do nothing good to the entire species. Of course for other reasons, we still hope to protect these individuals from death, but valuing their genes is more important when protecting wild animals. 1．What is the key difference between humans and animals? A．Animals lack social culture. B．Humans have more genes than animals. C．Humans can communicate more effectively. D．Animals’ behavior patterns depend entirely on heredity. 2．How is Paragraph 4 mainly developed in terms of writing methods? A．By offering data. B．By presenting effects. C．By providing examples. D．By making comparisons. 3．As for the Yellowstone Park’s behavior in Paragraph 6, the author is ______. A．critical B．doubtful C．supportive D．unconcerned 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Wildlife Protection: Genes over Individuals B．The Emotional Stories behind Animal Rescue C．Gene Bank: the Challenge of Animal Protection D．Cultural Differences between Humans and Animals 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．A 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了野生动物保护应重视物种基因传承，而非仅仅关注个体救助，强调保护物种整体的生物学意义。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“There are many differences between animals and human beings. The biggest difference possibly lies in that animals are short of social culture.(动物和人类之间有许多不同之处。最大的区别可能在于动物缺乏社会文化)”可知，人类和动物之间的关键区别在于动物缺乏社会文化。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Human beings depend on culture for heritage. As time passes by, the culture has been accumulated to distinguish one group from another. Therefore, the protection of culture is important and necessary. However, wild animals depend on genes for heritage, and therefore, it is important and necessary to keep natural genes in existence.(人类依靠文化来传承。随着时间的推移，文化不断积累，将一个群体与另一个群体区分开来。因此，保护文化是重要和必要的。然而，野生动物依靠基因来传承，因此，保持自然基因的存在是重要和必要的)”可知，第四段通过比较人类和野生动物在传承方式上的不同，来说明保护野生动物基因的重要性，所以本段主要是通过作比较的方法来展开的。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第六段中“Such behavior is beyond imagination among human beings, but in the nature, this is completely normal and reasonable.(这种行为在人类中是难以想象的，但在自然界中，这是完全正常和合理的)”可推知，作者对黄石公园的行为持支持态度。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“In the opinion of some people, the most direct, most touching, and easiest way of protecting wild animals, without doubt, is “the rescue of each individual wild animal”.(在一些人看来，保护野生动物最直接、最感人、最容易的方式，无疑是“拯救每一只野生动物”)”以及最后一段“But if species itself is not in danger, then working hard to protect the individual can do nothing good to the entire species. Of course for other reasons, we still hope to protect these individuals from death, but valuing their genes is more important when protecting wild animals.(但如果物种本身没有危险，那么努力保护个体对整个物种没有任何好处。当然，出于其他原因，我们仍然希望保护这些个体免于死亡，但在保护野生动物时，重视它们的基因更为重要)”结合全文内容可知，文章主要说明了保护野生动物基因比保护个体更重要，文章通过对比人类和野生动物在传承方式上的不同，以及黄石公园引入狼来控制鹿的数量并清除老弱病残的鹿的例子，强调了保护野生动物基因的重要性。可知，A选项“Wildlife Protection: Genes over Individuals(野生动物保护：基因重于个体)”精准概括主题，是文章的最佳标题。故选A。 11 Have you ever smelled flowers and thought, “Wow, these colors and smells just belong together”? That kind of all-in-one feeling is what Integrated Information Theory (IIT，整合信息论) tries to explain. IIT is a brave (and kind of brain-mixing) idea about how we’re aware of the world, put forward by brain scientist Giulio Tononi in the early 2000s. The basic idea? Awareness happens when parts of a system — like your brain — work together and share information in a super-connected way. Think of it like a group chat: if everyone’s talking and sharing ideas, the group knows more than any one person alone. That “togetherness” is measured by something called “phi” (yes, it sounds like a superhero name). The higher the phi, the more aware the system might be. For example, the outer part of your brain — the part that helps you think, feel, and daydream in class — is full of connections. So it probably has a high phi. But the lower parts of the brain, even though they have lots of neurons (神经元), don’t talk to each other much. And if they’re damaged, people usually stay aware — so maybe they don’t matter as much for awareness. Here’s where IIT gets strange: it says that anything with high phi — even a great computer chip — might be a little bit aware. For example, is your toaster (烤面包机) secretly thinking about your breakfast? Not everyone is a fan. In 2023, scientist Andrea Soddu and his team tried measuring phi in real brains during sleep. They found phi dropped in two areas — possibly key spots for awareness. Still, critics (批评家) like Scott Aaronson say those drops just show normal brain changes. In fact, 124 brain scientists even signed a letter calling IIT “fake (假的) science”. Supporters argue IIT isn’t perfect, but it’s still a real idea worth exploring. After all, even big ideas start small — just like neurons. 1．How does the author explain the basic idea of IIT? A．By quoting from a brain scientist. B．By presenting a detailed process. C．By comparing it to a common situation. D．By showing the picture produced by IIT. 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The higher phi in a damaged brain. B．The neuron differences in brain parts. C．The function of neurons and awareness. D．The example of phi-awareness relationship. 3．What is the critics’ main argument about IIT? A．Phi reflects normal brain changes. B．It overstates the role of awareness. C．It ignores the variety of brain structure. D．Experiments fail to include enough people. 4．Which is the best title for the text? A．How IIT Improves Brain Science B．IIT: An Argued Theory of Awareness C．How Brain Injuries Prove Modern Neuroscience D．Phi: A New Tool for Measuring Computer Awareness 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。主要介绍整合信息论(IIT)的基本概念、争议及科学界的不同观点。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Think of it like a group chat: if everyone’s talking and sharing ideas, the group knows more than any one person alone. That “togetherness” is measured by something called “phi” (yes, it sounds like a superhero name). The higher the phi, the more aware the system might be. (把它想象成一个群聊：如果每个人都在交流和分享想法，整个群体知道的就比任何一个人单独知道的更多。这种“整体性”由一种叫做“phi”的东西来衡量（是的，听起来像超级英雄的名字）。phi值越高，系统的意识可能越强。)”可知，作者通过类比群聊这一常见场景解释IIT的核心概念。故选C项。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“For example, the outer part of your brain — the part that helps you think, feel, and daydream in class — is full of connections. So it probably has a high phi. But the lower parts of the brain, even though they have lots of neurons (神经元), don’t talk to each other much. And if they’re damaged, people usually stay aware — so maybe they don’t matter as much for awareness. (例如，大脑的外层——帮助你思考、感受和在课堂上做白日梦的部分——充满了连接。因此，它的phi值可能很高。但是大脑的较低区域，尽管有很多神经元，却不怎么相互交流。而且如果它们受损，人们通常仍能保持意识——所以也许它们对意识的影响不大。)”可知，通过对比大脑不同区域的连接程度与phi值、意识的关系，举例说明phi值与意识的关联。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“In 2023, scientist Andrea Soddu and his team tried measuring phi in real brains during sleep. They found phi dropped in two areas — possibly key spots for awareness. Still, critics (批评家) like Scott Aaronson say those drops just show normal brain changes. In fact, 124 brain scientists even signed a letter calling IIT “fake (假的) science”. (2023年，科学家安德里亚·索杜和他的团队尝试在睡眠期间测量真实大脑中的phi值。他们发现有两个区域的phi值下降了——可能是意识的关键部位。尽管如此，像斯科特·阿伦森这样的批评家说，这些下降只是显示了大脑的正常变化。事实上，124名脑科学家甚至签署了一封信，称IIT为“伪科学”。)”可知，批评者认为实验中phi值的下降“仅反映大脑的正常变化”，而非IIT所主张的与意识相关，因此质疑其科学性。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据首段中的“That kind of all-in-one feeling is what Integrated Information Theory (IIT，整合信息论) tries to explain. IIT is a brave (and kind of brain-mixing) idea about how we’re aware of the world, put forward by brain scientist Giulio Tononi in the early 2000s. (那种整体合一的感觉，正是整合信息论（IIT）试图解释的内容。IIT 是一个大胆（而且有点令人脑洞大开）的观点，由脑科学家朱利奥·托诺尼（Giulio Tononi）在2000年代初提出，用来解释我们是如何感知这个世界的。)”可知，文章首段提出整合信息论（IIT）这一理论，进而在下文中介绍了人们对这一理论的不同看法，由此可知，全文围绕IIT展开，既介绍其核心理论（意识源于系统的高度信息整合），又阐述科学界的争议：支持者认为值得探索，反对者称其为“伪科学”，所以标题“IIT：一个备受争议的意识理论” 精准概括了文章的核心矛盾，适合作为最佳标题。故选B项。 12 Many of us hold on to little complaints that may have come from an argument, a misunderstanding, the way we were raised, or some other painful events. Stubbornly, we wait for someone else to reach out to us — believing this is the only way we can forgive or rekindle a friendship or family relationship. A friend of mine recently told me that she hadn’t spoken to her son in almost three years. She said that she and her son had had a disagreement about his wife and that she wouldn’t speak to him again unless he called first. When I suggested that she be the one to reach out, she said, “I can’t do that. He’s the one who should apologize.” After a little gentle encouragement, however, she did decide to be the first one to reach out. To her amazement, her son was grateful for her willingness to call and offered an apology of his own. As is usually the case, when someone takes the chance and reaches out, everyone wins. Whenever we hold on to our anger, we turn “small stuff (问题)” into really “big stuff” in our minds. We start to believe that our positions are more important than our happiness. They are not. If you want to be a more peaceful person you must understand that being right is almost never more important than allowing yourself to be happy. The way to be happy is to let go, and reach out. Let other people be right. This doesn’t mean that you’re wrong. Everything will be fine. You’ll experience the peace of letting go, as well as the joy of letting others be right. You’ll also notice that, as you reach out and let others be “right”, they will become less defensive and more loving toward you. They might even reach back. But, if for some reason they don’t, that’s okay too. You’ll have the inner satisfaction of knowing that you have don your part to create a more loving world, and certainly you’ll be more peaceful yourself. 1．The underlined word “rekindle” in Paragraph 1 probably means “________”. A．develop B．recover C．accept D．establish 2．According to the author, we hold on to our anger often because we think ________. A．our own opinions matter most. B．others will be less defensive. C．our positions are higher than others. D．we can turn small issues into big ones. 3．The best thing to do after a quarrel is to ________. A．let go of our own rights B．realize you’re wrong C．expect others to give in D．contact others first 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．We should keep peaceful when facing small stuff. B．We should tell apart small and big stuff in our daily life. C．Reaching out and apologizing wins one peace and happiness. D．It’s necessary for us to enjoy our friendship and family relationship. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 【解析】这是一篇议论文，生活中，有很多人在与别人发生争执、产生误会等时，会等待别人先道歉，但文章告诉我们要先向比人道歉，释放内心的愤怒，从而享受心平气和的快乐。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“Stubbornly, we wait for someone else to reach out to us — believing this is the only way we can forgive or rekindle a friendship or family relationship.(我们固执地等待着别人找我们——相信这是我们能够原谅或rekindle友谊或家庭关系的唯一途径)”可知，我们等待别人来与我们主动沟通，再结合“forgive”可知，这样我们才能原谅别人或修复关系，rekindle意为“修复”，故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Whenever we hold on to our anger, we turn “small stuff (问题)” into really “big stuff” in our minds. We start to believe that our positions are more important than our happiness.(每当我们压抑愤怒时，我们就会把“小事”变成我们心中真正的“大事”。我们开始相信我们的立场比我们的幸福更重要)”可知，我们总是认为我们的观点更重要，所以保持愤怒而不释放，故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段中的故事“When I suggested that she be the one to reach out, she said, “I can’t do that. He’s the one who should apologize.” After a little gentle encouragement, however, she did decide to be the first one to reach out. To her amazement, her son was grateful for her willingness to call and offered an apology of his own. As is usually the case, when someone takes the chance and reaches out, everyone wins.(当我建议她主动联系时，她说：“我做不到。他才是应该道歉的人。”然而，经过一番温柔的鼓励，她决定第一个伸出手来。令她惊讶的是，她的儿子对她愿意打电话表示感谢，并向她道歉。通常情况下，当有人抓住机会并伸出援手时，每个人都是赢家)”和最后一段中“You'll also notice that, as you reach out and let others be “right”, they will become less defensive and more loving toward you.(你也会注意到，当你伸出手让别人“正确”的时候，他们会变得不那么防御，更爱你)”可知，争吵之后要做的最好的事情是先联系对方，故选D。 4．主旨大意题。文章第一段讲述了我们许多人紧紧抓住小小的抱怨，固执地等待别人向我们伸出援手，相信这是我们原谅或恢复友谊或家庭关系的唯一方式；第二段通过一个例子说明当有人抓住机会主动伸出援手时，每个人都会赢；第三段讲述了如果我们坚持自己的愤怒，我们就会在脑海中把“小问题”变成真正的“大问题”，并指出如果我们想成为一个更平和的人，我们必须明白，正确几乎永远不如让自己快乐更重要，快乐的方法是放手，并伸出援手，让别人正确；第四段讲述了如果我们主动伸出援手并让别人正确，他们将会不那么防备我们，甚至也会向我们伸出援手，如果我们这样做后他们不这样做，也没关系，因为我们知道自己已经为创造一个更有爱的世界尽了一份力，当然我们自己也会更平静。综合这四段的意思可知，文章主要讲述了我们应该主动伸出援手，向他人道歉，这样才能赢得内心的平静和快乐，所以选项C“Reaching out and apologizing wins one peace and happiness(主动伸出手并道歉能赢得内心的平静和快乐)”符合文章主旨。故选C。 4 / 4 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$