专题19 阅读理解之说明文-2025年暑假新高一英语衔接学习与能力提升专练(通用版)

2025年暑假新高一英语衔接学习系列 专题19 阅读理解之说明文 在高中英语阅读理解的考查体系中，说明文始终占据重要地位。这类文本以客观严谨的语言阐释事物特征、剖析科学原理、解读社会现象或揭示抽象事理，通过分类别、举例子、作比较等说明方法，构建起严密的逻辑框架。其行文结构通常遵循 "总--分---总" 或 "现象---分析---结论" 的模式，每个段落围绕核心概念展开论述，段落间通过关联词形成有机衔接。掌握说明文独特的文体特征、命题规律及针对性解题策略，不仅能显著提升学生的信息筛选、细节定位与推理判断能力，更能帮助学生构建系统的英语学术阅读思维，为攻克高考阅读难关奠定坚实基础。 一、文体类型 说明文以说明为主要表达方式，通过清晰的逻辑结构、准确的语言和科学的方法，向读者介绍事物的性质、特征、成因、功能或解释事理的本质。根据说明对象的不同，可分为以下两类核心文体： 事物说明文：聚焦于具体实物或抽象概念，例如科普文章中对 "量子计算机工作原理" 的解析，或是地理教材里对 "喀斯特地貌特征" 的描述。此类说明文常运用举例子、列数字、作比较等说明方法，帮助读者直观认知事物形态与属性。 事理说明文：着重阐释自然现象、科学原理或社会规律，如生物学中对 "候鸟迁徙机制" 的探究，或是经济学领域对 "通货膨胀成因" 的解读。这类文章多采用下定义、分类别、画图表等方式，揭示事物背后的逻辑关系与运行规律。 在高中英语阅读理解中，这两类说明文常通过复杂句式结构和学术化词汇增加理解难度，需要考生掌握特定的分析技巧与解题策略。 （一）事物说明文 1.说明对象：聚焦于具体事物，涵盖范围广泛，包括生物领域的动物（如深海发光生物的独特适应性）、植物（如沙漠植物的储水结构），科技领域的智能产品（如 AI 翻译器的核心算法），以及自然现象（如极光的形成原理）等。此类说明文着重剖析事物的外在形态（如昆虫翅膀的微观纹理）、内部构造（如古建筑榫卯结构的力学原理）、实用功能（如新能源汽车的电池续航技术）和核心特点（如热带雨林物种的多样性），帮助读者建立对客观实体的系统认知。 2.结构特征 空间顺序：通过空间维度的转换，呈现事物的立体全貌。例如，在介绍埃及金字塔时，可按照从外部阶梯结构到内部墓室布局的顺序展开，使读者获得身临其境的阅读体验。 时间顺序：适用于展现事物发展历程，如阐述智能手机从按键式到触屏式的迭代过程，通过时间节点串联关键技术突破。 逻辑顺序：遵循从现象到本质、从整体到局部的思维路径，如解析生态系统时，先描述生物群落现象，再深入探讨食物链运转的内在规律。 3.语言特点：为增强说明的准确性与可信度，常综合运用多种说明方法。引用具体数据（如 “蓝鲸体长可达 30 米，体重超 170 吨”）使描述具象化；通过举例（如以北极熊的白色毛发为例，说明生物伪装的生存策略）降低理解门槛；运用对比（如对比传统燃油车与电动汽车的能源转化率）凸显事物特性。行文风格力求客观中立，避免主观情感色彩，确保科学严谨性。 【阅读语段】 Polar bears are the largest land carnivores, well-adapted to survive in the harsh Arctic environment. Their thick fur, which appears white but is actually transparent, traps heat and reflects sunlight, keeping them warm in sub-zero temperatures. Underneath the fur, a layer of fat up to 10 cm thick provides additional insulation. Their wide, furry paws act like snowshoes, distributing weight evenly on ice and helping them swim efficiently. Despite their size, polar bears are excellent swimmers, capable of swimming up to 100 km in search of food. However, due to global warming, their sea-ice habitat is shrinking, posing a serious threat to their survival. 【语段分析】 在这篇以北极熊为主题的说明文中，作者通过科学严谨且生动形象的笔触，构建起对这一极地生物的全面认知体系。 说明对象：聚焦于北极熊这一极地代表性生物，深度挖掘其独特的生理构造与生存智慧。文章着重刻画了北极熊的三大核心生理特征：半透明却显白色的皮毛，这一特殊构造不仅赋予其天然的极地伪装能力，还暗藏着高效吸收热量的物理原理；厚达 10 厘米的脂肪层，如同天然的保暖铠甲，为其在极端低温环境下维持生命活动提供坚实保障；宽大扁平的脚掌，恰似量身定制的雪地靴，既增大了与冰雪地面的接触面积，防止陷入雪中，又能在游泳时充当有力的划桨，展现出卓越的环境适应性。这些特征的详细阐述，全面展现了北极熊作为极地霸主的生存优势。 说明方法：综合运用多种说明手段增强文章的科学性与可读性。在描述脂肪层厚度时，精确使用 “10 cm thick fat” 这一量化数据，使读者对其保暖构造的规模形成直观认知；将北极熊的脚掌比作雪鞋（paws act like snowshoes），借助打比方的手法，巧妙诠释其在雪地行走的独特功能；对于皮毛呈现白色的现象，通过作诠释的方式，深入剖析 “皮毛透明但显白色” 的光学原理 —— 透明毛发对光线的散射作用，让读者不仅知其然，更知其所以然。多种说明方法的交织运用，让抽象的科学知识变得通俗易懂。 结构逻辑：整体行文遵循严谨的逻辑脉络，从直观的外形特征切入，逐步过渡到深层的生存技能解读，最后落脚于北极熊面临的环境威胁，形成 “特征→功能→现状” 的递进式结构。这种逻辑顺序符合人类认知事物由表及里、由现象到本质的规律，既帮助读者系统地了解北极熊的生物特性，又通过现状的揭示引发读者对生态保护的深层思考，使文章兼具科普性与现实意义。 （二）事理说明文 1.说明对象：事理说明文聚焦抽象的科学、自然或社会现象，旨在揭示 "为什么" 与 "如何运作" 的深层逻辑。例如，生物学中的细胞分裂机制、物理学中的相对论原理、经济学中的通货膨胀成因，或是社会领域的文化传承现象等，均属于此类文本的典型对象。作者通过系统分析与论证，帮助读者理解复杂概念背后的运行规律。 2.结构特征：该文体通常采用严谨的逻辑顺序展开，常见模式包括： 因果式：先呈现现象，再逐层剖析原因，最后提出解决方案（如《全球变暖的成因与应对策略》）； 总分式：开篇点明核心事理，后续分点阐述其特征、原理及应用（如《人工智能的工作原理与社会影响》）； 现象到本质：从具体实例切入，逐步推导至抽象原理（如《从日常交通拥堵看城市规划逻辑》）。此外，"问题 - 解决" 和 "原理 - 应用" 结构也十分普遍，前者强调现实问题的剖析与对策，后者侧重理论与实践的结合。 3.语言特点：为清晰阐释抽象概念，事理说明文常运用多样化的说明方法： 定义法：精准界定核心术语，如 "量子纠缠是指两个或多个粒子之间存在的一种非局域关联现象"； 类比法：借助熟悉事物辅助理解，例如将计算机系统类比为人脑的信息处理机制； 流程图 / 示意图：通过可视化工具拆解复杂流程，如用箭头和标注呈现化学反应步骤。语言风格兼具专业性与条理性，大量使用专业术语与客观陈述，同时通过过渡词（如 "因此"" 由此可见 ""具体而言"）强化逻辑连贯性。 【阅读语段】 A rainbow is a meteorological phenomenon caused by the reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light in water droplets. When sunlight enters a raindrop, it first refracts (bends) as it moves from air to water. The light then reflects off the inside of the drop and refracts again as it exits back into the air. During this process, different wavelengths of light (colors) separate due to dispersion, with red light bending the least and violet the most. This creates the visible arc of colors we see in a rainbow. For a rainbow to form, the sun must be behind the observer, and there must be water droplets in the air (e.g., after rain). 【语段分析】 在这篇关于彩虹形成原理的说明文中，其核心 说明对象 聚焦于自然界中彩虹这一抽象事理。相较于实体事物，彩虹的形成原理涉及光的物理特性，属于非具象化的知识体系，需要读者具备一定的科学认知基础，同时也考验作者能否将晦涩的物理知识转化为通俗易懂的文字表述。 从说明方法 的运用来看，作者首先采用 下定义 的方式，精准地界定彩虹为一种因光的色散和反射产生的气象现象，为后续的深入讲解奠定基础。接着运用 分步说明 ，将彩虹形成过程拆解为光线折射、反射、色散三个关键步骤：当阳光进入雨滴时，光线在雨滴表面发生折射，随后在雨滴内部进行反射，最后不同波长的光在折射过程中产生色散，形成我们所见的七彩光谱。此外，作者还通过 条件说明 ，明确指出彩虹形成必须同时满足 “雨后阳光充足” 和 “观察者背对太阳” 这两个条件，使读者对彩虹形成机制的理解更加完整、准确。 文章在 结构逻辑 上，遵循 “现象 - 原理 - 条件” 的递进式结构。开篇先引入人们常见的彩虹现象，引发读者兴趣；继而深入剖析其背后的物理原理，逐步揭开彩虹形成的神秘面纱；最后补充形成彩虹的必要条件，形成一个由浅入深、层层递进的逻辑链条。在行文过程中，作者合理运用 “折射角”“波长”“光谱” 等科学术语，确保专业知识的准确传达，同时通过清晰的步骤划分和条件阐述，让复杂的科学过程变得易于理解 。 二、题型设置及解答策略 说明文常见题型包括细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题和写作目的题。这些题型旨在全面考查学生对文章的理解深度与分析能力：细节理解题要求学生精准定位文中信息，如时间、地点、数据等，通过对比选项与原文内容得出答案；推理判断题需要学生基于文本线索进行逻辑推导，挖掘作者隐含的观点或态度；词义猜测题常结合上下文语境，推测生词或短语的含义，检验学生对语义场的理解能力；主旨大意题聚焦文章核心内容，要求学生归纳段落或全文的主要观点；写作目的题则关注作者创作意图，分析文章是为了说明、解释、说服还是娱乐读者。以下结合具体阅读语段和题目进行分析： 【阅读语段】 Sleep is a fundamental process that plays a crucial role in maintaining physical and mental health. Research shows that adults need 7-9 hours of sleep daily, while teenagers require 8-10 hours. During sleep, the body repairs tissues, strengthens the immune system, and consolidates memories. Lack of sleep has been linked to serious health issues, such as heart disease, obesity, and depression. A study published in The Journal of Neuroscience found that chronic sleep deprivation impairs brain function, affecting concentration and decision-making. To improve sleep quality, experts recommend maintaining a regular sleep schedule, avoiding screens before bedtime, and creating a comfortable sleep environment. （一）题目设置及分析 1. 细节理解题 [可设试题]How many hours of sleep do teenagers need per day? A. 5-6 hours B. 7-9 hours C. 8-10 hours D. 10-12 hours [答题分析] 定位关键词：题干中的 "teenagers" 和 "hours" 直接对应文中 "teenagers require 8-10 hours"，答案选 C。 注意事项：说明文常通过数据细节设题，需精准定位数字或程度副词（如 "require" 对应题干 "need"）。 2. 推理判断题 [可设试题]What can be inferred from the passage about sleep deprivation? A. It has no impact on children. B. It may lead to better concentration. C. It is associated with physical and mental problems. D. It helps strengthen the immune system. [答题分析] 分析逻辑关系：文中提到 "lack of sleep has been linked to heart disease, obesity, depression"（身体问题）和 "impairs brain function"（精神问题），可推断 C 正确。 排除干扰项：A（未提及儿童）、B（与 "affecting concentration" 矛盾）、D（与 "strengthens immune system" 是睡眠的作用，而非缺觉）。 3. 词义猜测题 [可设试题]What does the underlined word "consolidates" mean in the passage? A. Disrupts B. Strengthens C. Forgets D. Creates [答题分析] 语境线索法："consolidates memories" 与前文 "repairs tissues, strengthens immune system" 并列，均为睡眠的积极作用，且 "consolidate" 常见含义为 "巩固"，故选 B。 构词法辅助：词根 "solid"（坚固）+ 前缀 "con-"（共同），可推测为 "加强、巩固"。 4. 主旨大意题 [可设试题]What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To explain the causes of sleep problems. B. To describe the negative effects of 熬夜 (staying up late). C. To emphasize the importance of adequate sleep. D. To introduce methods for improving sleep quality. [答题分析] 寻找主题句：首句 "Sleep is a fundamental process..." 点明全文主题，后文通过研究、数据和建议支撑 "睡眠重要性"，故选 C。 排除片面选项：D（改善睡眠的方法是细节，非主旨），B（仅为部分内容），A（未提及睡眠问题的成因）。 5. 写作目的题 [可设试题]Why does the author mention the study in The Journal of Neuroscience? A. To entertain readers with interesting facts. B. To support the argument about sleep deprivation's effects. C. To criticize the lack of sleep research. D. To introduce a new method for measuring brain function. [答题分析] 分析例证作用：文中引用研究是为了证明 "chronic sleep deprivation impairs brain function"，属于用数据支持观点，故选 B。 说明文特点：引用研究、数据通常是为了增强说服力，支持核心论点。 （三）解答策略分析 1.细节理解题 定位技巧：优先锁定题干中的数字（如年份、百分比）、专有名词（人名、地名、学科术语），结合段落小标题快速定位至对应原文。例如，题干出现 "2023 research on sleep"，可直接搜索包含年份及 "sleep" 关键词的段落。 干扰项识别：警惕选项通过改变限定词（如将 "most teenagers" 偷换为 "all teenagers"）、扩大范围（"部分地区" 改写为 "全国"）或曲解原意制造陷阱。日常练习时建议建立错题本，归类常见干扰项类型。 2.推理判断题 推理边界：明确区分 "基于文本的合理推断" 与 "主观臆测"。例如，若文中仅提及 "学生因睡眠不足导致成绩下降"，不可延伸为 "睡眠不足是成绩下滑的唯一原因"。 逻辑线索：特别关注转折词（however, nevertheless）、因果连词（because, thus）、研究结论引导词（research indicates, study shows），这些词汇常串联关键信息，帮助梳理作者论证逻辑。 3.词义猜测题 语境线索：若句子含 "such as" 或冒号，通常会通过举例解释生词；对比结构（while, in contrast）则通过反义关系暗示词义。例如 "Some animals hibernate, such as bears and squirrels"，可通过举例推测 "hibernate" 与动物过冬行为相关。 构词解析：系统掌握常见词根词缀，如 "bio-"（生命）、"auto-"（自动）、"-ment"（名词后缀），能快速拆解复合词含义。建议制作词根词缀记忆卡辅助学习。 4.主旨大意题 段落聚焦：重点分析首尾段核心句及各段首句的高频词，这些词汇往往构成文章主题。例如，某篇说明文反复出现 "sleep quality" "health impact" "restoration"，可初步判断主题与睡眠健康相关。 多维概括：若文章涉及多个说明维度（如介绍新型材料的特性、应用场景、发展前景），需提炼共性形成总结性表述，避免以偏概全。 5.写作目的题 文体区分：明确说明文旨在客观呈现信息，常见目的表述包括 "explain the mechanism of..." "introduce the development of..." "illustrate the importance of..."。对比议论文常用的 "argue for/against"、记叙文的 "narrate a story" 等表达。 例证功能：文中出现的具体数据、案例均服务于说明对象，例如引用 "80% 的青少年存在睡眠不足" 是为了强调问题普遍性，而非单纯陈述事实，需从支撑观点的角度理解其作用。 三、说明文阅读核心技巧 1.识别说明方法 快速标记文本中典型的说明手法，如举例子（for example、such as 等）、列数据（包含具体数字、百分比、年份等）、作比较（compared with/to、while、whereas 等）、下定义（is defined as、refer to 等）、打比方（like、as...as... 等）。通过标记说明方法，能够更清晰地判断作者呈现信息的方式，明确关键信息的位置，从而提高对文本的理解效率。例如在分析科技类说明文时，作者常通过列数据说明技术的革新程度，此时标记数据便能快速抓住核心结论。 2.梳理逻辑结构 运用思维导图工具，针对事物说明文，系统记录说明对象的外观、性质、功能等特征；对于事理说明文，则重点梳理其原理、发展过程、操作步骤等内容。同时，精准把握文本 “总 - 分”“总 - 分 - 总”“问题 - 解决”“现象 - 原因 - 影响” 等逻辑结构。比如在 “总 - 分” 结构中，总起句往往点明主旨，分论点则详细阐述，通过思维导图可直观呈现各部分关系，帮助读者快速理解文章脉络，在答题时能迅速定位对应内容。 3.关注专业术语 阅读过程中难免会遇到陌生词汇，如物理领域的 “refraction”（折射）、“dispersion”（色散）等。此时应避免逐词查阅词典，而是尝试通过上下文线索（如解释句、同位语、举例说明等）推测词义，也可借助生活常识辅助理解。例如，文中若出现 “Light passes through a prism, causing dispersion—the splitting of white light into different colors”，通过破折号后的解释就能明白 “dispersion” 的含义。通过这种方式，既能保持阅读连贯性，又能有效提升对专业文本的理解能力。 总之，说明文阅读的关键在于把握 "说明对象是什么"" 如何说明 "和" 说明目的 "。通过分析文体特征、针对性训练题型策略，并结合科学的阅读技巧，学生能有效提升说明文的理解效率和答题准确率。 1 At 6 a. m. in an English village, hundreds of pinkish white sows(母猪)are waking up for breakfast. But first, they have to get their pictures taken. As each pig squeezes into her feeding area, a tiny camera snaps a photo of her face. And in less than 1 second, an artificial intelligence system identifies her based on facial features. Armed with that information, the system orders a customized meal to shoot into the trough(食槽). Meanwhile, the system continues to analyze her photo, looking for negative signs in her facial expression that she might be in pain, sick, or in emotional distress. If it finds any, it sends an immediate alert to the farmer — the guy enjoying a morning coffee over in the next room. These hungry piggies are the testers of Intellipig, a system being developed by scientists to deal with a fundamental problem in animal welfare: we human beings are just not the best at understanding how animals are feeling. Tools like Intellipig could usher in(开启)a new era of caring for animals that gives higher priority to their health, welfare, and protection, says Melvyn Smith, an engineer leading the design of the Intellipig system. There are indications that they could go even further. Eventually, AI might even outshine humans in interpreting a range of more complex emotions like happiness, frustration, or fear, he says — feelings that are equally important to understand if we are to give animals the best possible lives. But like most scientists considering the powers of AI, animal behavior researchers worry about putting too much stock in machines, especially when animal welfare is at risk. “Maybe a machine will end up being better than us; I don’t know,” says Emma Baxter, an animal behavior scientist. “I hope there’s room for experts, to make sure that the AI is actually doing what it says it is.” 1．What can the Intellipig system do automatically? A．Monitor the pigs’ well-being. B．Clean the pigs’ living spaces. C．Deliver medical services to pigs. D．Provide standardized diets for pigs. 2．What is Melvyn Smith’s attitude towards AI’s role in animal care? A．Objective. B．Skeptical. C．Cautious. D．Positive. 3．What approach does Emma Baxter support when it comes to AI and animal care? A．Banning the use of AI entirely B．Restricting AI to basic tasks. C．Keeping professionals involved. D．Minimizing human intervention. 4．Where does the passage come from? A．Textbook. B．A science journal. C．A sci-fi novel. D．A travel brochure. 2 People pursuing perfection and those valuing being on time often don’t see eye to eye in the workplace. But according to a recent study, it is better to deliver a good-enough project on schedule rather than perfecting it through procrastination. Researchers surveyed thousands of people in the U.S. and U.K., including managers and others whose jobs included evaluating others. They presented participants with the same examples of work, and then asked them to rate it. But first, they mentioned whether it was either submitted (提交) early, right at the deadline or late. Respondents who were told it was late consistently rated the work as worse in quality than those who were told the same work was early or on time. The study also found there wasn’t much benefit to submitting work early since evaluators tended to rank work submitted before and at the deadline as the same quality. Furthermore, it didn’t matter how late the work was submitted, with one day or one week delays viewed just as negatively and that remained the case if the employee gave their manager advance warning. A field experiment was conducted in a high school in China that had students grade pieces of art in a staged contest. The art was on a piece of paper that also included the date it was submitted. Even though the kids were told to ignore all other details on the paper other than the art itself, the version submitted after the deadline received lower grades. That study made the broader point that it didn’t really matter who set the deadline. In the eyes of the evaluator, any miss was a meaningful miss. However, the reason behind the missed deadline mattered, researchers found. If it was due to forces beyond an employee’s control, evaluators didn’t end up with as negative a view of the work as they did when the reason was one within their control. “If the reason why you missed the deadline was beyond your control, you as the employee should let your manager know,” Maglio says. “That seems to be one of the few instances in which people cut you a break.” 1．What does the underlined word “procrastination” in Paragraph 1 mean? A．Delay. B．Editing. C．Teamwork. D．Reviewing. 2．What can be concluded from the research result? A．Submitting work early means much in evaluations. B．Pre-communicated delays lead to positive evaluations. C．Minimal delays get better evaluations than long delays. D．Late work is judged more negatively than on-time submissions. 3．What does the author want to show by mentioning the field experiment in China? A．The art itself rather than other details counts. B．The research finding holds true across age and culture. C．A peer-to-peer evaluation can be an informative tool. D．Kids tend to judge submissions more objectively. 4．What can be implied from the last paragraph? A．Employees get unfair reviews. B．Bosses need to care about employees. C．Communication around deadlines is vital. D．A deadline is definite and unchangeable. 3 In the risky world of nuclear arms control, Princeton student Lepowsky is exploring how robots can make inspections (调查) more exact and acceptable to host nations worried about invasive (侵入的) traditional methods. His latest research has led to a robot performing inspections without saving sensitive information. “The host nation likely won’t want a human inspector poking their nose around,” said Lepowsky. “But even a robot has memory and sensors acquiring data.” “The goal is to have high-confidence inspections without the robot saving information. For example, the robot would not save radiation (辐射) measurements or create floor plans of sensitive areas.” The new prototype (样机) is built on an iRobot Create 3 platform, an educational robot. Compared with human inspectors, robots can tolerate higher radiation levels, cost less, and are more consistent. They also can be programmed to generate trust, such as not using cameras to avoid seeing unwanted details. According to Lepowsky’s adviser, Glaser, who was curious about creating a “forgetful robot”, the new prototype could perform highly accurate nuclear arms inspections but forget everything afterward. This led to an even more interesting idea: “Rather than forgetting, we’re not even remembering in the first place,” Lepowsky said. He believes this feature can reassure hosts concerned about privacy. Lepowsky likes the interdisciplinary nature of his work — using both his robotics and policy expertise — and he likes that it requires a wide range of knowledge, not just depth. He values that his research is grounded in real-life applications for global security and nuclear nonproliferation (防核扩散). Predicting when the robot might be used in the field is difficult. “It’s easy to say, today, it’s not very realistic, but you have to be ready for if and when it becomes possible,” said Lepowsky. Research into this problem is very active. Because arms control is changing, the specific objectives of future agreements are hard to predict. “But we can hope they will be positive, and we need to be ready, technically.” 1．In which aspect is Lepowsky’s robot different from human inspectors? A．Data security. B．Educational function. C．Social acceptance. D．User friendliness. 2．What is said about the robot in Paragraph 3? A．Its accurate system. B．Its privacy risks. C．Its design advantages. D．Its operational problems. 3．What does Lepowsky like about his work? A．Scientific research data. B．Real-time technical cooperation. C．In-depth theoretical studies. D．Integrated knowledge across fields. 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．“Curious” Robots: Ready for Radiation Detection? B．No-Memory Robots: The Future of Nuclear Checks? C．Nuclear Arms Control: Robots or Human Inspectors? D．“Forgetful” Robots: An Invasive Path to Acquire Data? 4 Dementia (痴呆症) is proving very difficult to treat with drugs, but perhaps there are brain-healthy things hiding in our diets. A study of more than 50,000 participants in the UK Biobank has found that people who eat a handful of nuts every day may lower their risk of allcause dementia. Compared with people over the age of 60 who didn’t eat nuts, those who reported having up to 30g of nuts a day had a 16% lower risk of developing dementia in the years to come. If the nuts were unsalted, that rate jumped to 17%. It didn’t matter if nuts were dried or roasted. That sounds like good news, but there are a few cautions. These results were only found in those who were not considered overweight, who get a normal amount of sleep, and who did not smoke or drink daily. Health researcher Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni and his colleagues at Castilla-La Mancha drew on a group of people from the UK Biobank, enrolled (登记) between 2007 and 2012.Participants were tracked for an average of 7 years. Over the course of the study, the rate of all-cause dementia was 2.8%. Those who said they ate 30g of nuts a day were less likely to fall into that risk category. New evidence suggests that as many as 40% of dementia cases can be prevented or even delayed by changing certain lifestyle risk factors, like smoking, drinking, or exercising. Diet seems to be a key player. Several systematic reviews have found healthy diets, like the Mediterranean diet, are linked to a reduced risk of dementia. Meanwhile, the Western diet seems to be a risk factor for dementia. A recent study on 60,000 Britons found that following a Mediterranean diet decreases the risk of dementia by as much as 23%. Those are hardearned numbers that need to be studied further, especially since only a quarter of the UK Biobank participants reported regularly eating nuts. 1．From whom are these results concluded? A．The participants younger than 60. B．The participants avoiding salted nuts. C．The participants developing dementia. D．The participants having healthy living habits. 2．What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us about the study? A．Its process. B．Its cause. C．Its risk. D．Its significance. 3．What is the author’s attitude to the numbers in the last paragraph? A．Curious. B．Careful. C．Impatient. D．Indifferent. 4．Where is the text probably found? A．On a food poster. B．On a sports blog. C．In a cooking brochure. D．In a medicine magazine. 5 The Warner School of Education recently hosted the latest edition of its “Warner Wednesday Talk” series, titled “Al&K-12 Leadership — Findings from an Interdisciplinary (跨学科的) Study”. This event brought together a group of experts. The talk covered their findings and recommendations for future research and applications. Through surveying more than 100 head teachers, superintendents, district administrators (管理人员), and district technology specialists, the study gained insight into educational leaders’ opinions on AI use at each organizational level. It first established participants’ knowledge about AI. Of those surveyed, only 5.6% of head teachers and 16.7% of superintendents reported being very knowledgeable, while 37.9% of district technology leaders and 31% of course leaders reported the same high level. Though many had a low level of knowledge, all educational roles reported significant usage of AI. Leaders were most likely to use AI for written communication, with around 80%of respondents reporting at least occasional use of AI as a communication aid, and least likely to use it in the creation of budgets (预算) and course schedules, with around 90% reporting no usage in this area. Though current administrative use was mainly limited to things like writing emails, revising texts, and brainstorming ideas, respondents identified some potential future benefits. They believed that teachers would benefit from AI, showing that AI could help teachers save time on routine tasks, individualize instruction, design lessons, and understand how to teach students about AL. The group of experts showed an instructional video explaining that AIpowered tools consolidate (合并) sources to create readings for students based on their reading and language level, and then produce more questions. Respondents were similarly optimistic about the benefits of AI to students. They thought the highest benefit was the ability for students to learn responsible and ethical use of AI, with over 81% of respondents considering that to be very beneficial. Other aspects were the ability to receive personalized learning, provide access to tools to aid students with special needs, save time to focus on higher-level tasks, and be prepared for future jobs. 1．How does the author begin the text? A．By describing an event. B．By introducing some experts. C．By recommending an application. D．By disclosing some research findings. 2．Which group in the survey has the highest percentage of people very knowledgeable about AI? A．Head teachers. B．Course leaders. C．District technology leaders. D．Superintendents. 3．What can we learn from the text? A．AI is used across all educational roles. B．Leaders use AI least for administration. C．All respondents have limited AI knowledge. D．AI is mostly used for budgeting and scheduling. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Popularizing AI Tools B．AI, Beneficial to Teachers? C．AI, Good or Bad for Students? D．Exploring AI in K-12 Education 6 Artificial intelligence (AI) is quickly becoming part of our day-to-day lives. Our phones may even come with built-in AI assistants, answering questions and helping us organize our lives. But how “smart” is AI actually? Research by a British broadcasting company has found that popular AI assistants make significant mistakes when summarizing news stories. AI chatbots are usually blocked from the company’s content. But in December 2024, the company opened up its website to AI so that it could evaluate (评估) the skills of several leading AI assistants. The company’s journalists reviewed responses the AI assistants gave to 100 questions about the news to test their accuracy (准确性). The AI assistants were asked specifically to quote the company’s news sources on the Internet in their answers as much as possible, and the results were not positive. More than half of the AI responses (51%) were judged to have “significant issues”. Just under 20% of the responses that quoted the company’s introduced factual errors, like incorrect statements, numbers, and dates. And 13% of the quotes that the AI assistants said were sourced from the company were either changed or just didn’t exist in the quoted article. A popular AI chatbot said that a major health service in a country didn’t recommend a certain method for a health issue. But the article it quoted actually said the health service did recommend this method. Another AI assistant got the details wrong on a certain political issue, and its description didn’t match the quoted article or other sources. Other problems came from AI assistants using outdated information, like saying a former prime minister was still in power months after he had left office. After the results were released, the CEO of the company said, “AI software will often include disclaimers about the accuracy of their results, but there is clearly a problem here.” 1．Why did the company open its website to AI? A．To increase online traffic. B．To promote its news content. C．To judge the skills of some AI assistants. D．To test the performance of its journalists. 2．What can we learn about the performance of the AI assistants from paragraph 3? A．It is faulty. B．It is perfect. C．It is specific. D．It is intelligent. 3．How is paragraph 4 developed? A．By listing data. B．By giving examples. C．By making assumptions. D．By analyzing causes and effects. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．AI Chatbots for Broadcasting News B．AI Journalists in a British Company C．AI Service for Gathering Information D．AI Accuracy in News Summarization 7 The decision to act properly with first aid can mean the difference between life and death. Begin by introducing yourself to the injured or ill person. Explain that you are a first aid provider and are willing to help. The person must give you permission to help them; do not touch them until they agree to be helped. If you run into a confused person or someone who is seriously injured or ill, you can assume that they would want you to help them. This is known as “implied consent”. The first step in any emergency is the recognition of the problem and providing help. When in doubt or when someone is seriously injured or ill, you should always activate the emergency response system by calling 911 in the United States, or your own locality’s Emergency Medical Services (EMS) number. If you’re not sure how serious the situation is, the 911/EMS operator will ask you a series of questions to determine the severity of the situation. Remain on the line until additional help arrives, or until the 911/EMS operator tells you to hang up. Emergency system operators can guide you through the steps of performing CPR (心肺复苏术) or delivering basic care until additional help arrives. Whether you are at home, work, or school, know where the first aid kits are kept and be familiar with their contents. Know how to activate the EMS in your area. Be aware of any policies in the workplace regarding medical emergencies. After determining the problem, the next step in providing help is to determine the responsiveness of the injured or ill person. The best way to determine this is to tap the person and talk loudly to them, “Are you okay?” After determining responsiveness, call for help. Look for any medical identifications, such as a necklace or a bag. This may provide a valuable clue to the cause of the situation. 1．What does the underlined word “consent” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Agreement. B．Danger. C．Helpfulness. D．Refusal. 2．What’s the most important step to make sure your first aid is necessary? A．Giving first aid as quickly as possible. B．Asking the injured or ill many questions. C．Analyzing conditions of the injured or ill. D．Moving the victims to the roadside and wait. 3．How can you know the responsiveness of the injured or ill person? A．By letting them call for help. B．By communicating with them. C．By checking their temperature. D．By finding any identifications. 4．What might the author continue talking about? A．How to determine responsiveness. B．Some additional first aid measures. C．The weaknesses of some first aid. D．How to ask for victims’ permission. 8 The recession (衰退) of 2008-09 was remarkable in many aspects. The labour market also broke the rules. as a research from the OECD shows. Young people always suffer in recessions. Employers stop hiring them; and they often get rid of new ones because they are easier to dismiss. In the recessions of the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, older workers were also kicked off. But during the financial crisis in 2008, and since, they have done better than other age groups. The researchers analyzed changes in the non-employment rate across three age groups from 2007 to 2012. This measure has the advantage of including not just unemployment, where people are looking for work, but also inactivity, where people are not seeking jobs. Whereas the average non-employment rate in the OECD has risen by four percentage points among young people and by one-and-a-half points among 25-to-54-year-olds, it has fallen by two points among the 55-64 age group. Why have older employees done so well? In some southern European countries they now benefit from job protection not available to younger workers. In the past, however, early-retirement policies provided by governments (in the mistaken belief that these would help young people) made it cheaper to push grey-haired workers out of the door. What has changed, says Stefano Scarpetta, head of the OECD’s employment directorate, is that firms now bear the full costs of getting rid of older staff. And early-retirement policies have largely been abolished, having served no practical purpose. Many will argue that older workers have done better at the expense of the young. That view is wrong. First, it is a fallacy that a job gained for one person is a job lost for another; there is no fixed amount of work. And second, as the report shows, young and old people are not substitutes (代替者) in the workplace. They do different types of work in different types of occupation: younger people are keen on IT firms, for example, whereas older folk tend to be employed in more traditional industries. There are plenty of things that should be done to help the young jobless, but kicking older workers out of the workplace is not one of them. 1．By saying “The labour market also broken the rules”, the author means ________. A．young employees were protected by the government B．all employees benefited from the policies C．old employees suffered less in the recession D．the recession had little impact on labour market 2．What do we know about “early-retirement policies” mentioned in the 4th paragraph? A．They were not practical as expected. B．They effectively helped young employees. C．They financially supported the elderly people. D．They have gained popularity in southern European countries. 3．The word “fallacy” (in the last paragraph) probably means “________” A．common belief B．wrong concept C．acceptable assumption D．wise statement 4．Which of the following might the author agree with? A．Early-retirement policies are well adopted by governments. B．Young people should be encouraged into traditional industries. C．Supportive policies should be made to help elderly people when crisis occurs. D．Old people’s remaining in jobs doesn’t necessarily threaten young people’s jobs. 9 New York City is sinking under the collective weight of all its buildings, a new study has found. Technically called subsidence (沉降), this gradual process could spell trouble for a city around which the sea level has been rising dramatically and is projected to rise between 20 and 76 centimeters by 2050. The study, published in the journal Earth’s Future, aims to show how high-rises in coastal areas could contribute to future flood risk and that measures should be taken to reduce the potentially dangerous impacts. The researchers calculated the mass of 1,084,954 buildings across the five districts of New York City and then used simulations (模拟) to calculate the effects of that weight on the ground, comparing that with satellite data showing the real surface geology. That analysis revealed the rate at which the city is sinking. “The average is about 1 to 2 millimeters a year, with some areas of greater subsidence up to about 4.5 millimeters a year,” said lead author Tom Parsons. Their modeling is far from perfect and the estimates only include the mass of buildings and their contents, not the roads, bridges, railways, and other paved areas. Even with those limitations, these new calculations have improved upon previous observations of subsidence in the city by factoring in the diverse geological makeup of the area, which includes sand, silt, and exposed bedrock. Subsidence can pose an even earlier flooding threat than sea level rise, the research suggests, and not just in New York City. “Other cities can learn from New York’s example. It is among the most heavily populated coastal areas in the world, with a large part of its critical infrastructure constructed in low-lying coastal areas,” said geophysicist Sophie Coulson, a postdoctoral fellow at Los Alamos National Laboratory. “Understanding how and why the landscape is changing, and identifying regions at the highest risk of flooding are essential for making the right preparations to reduce the rate of sea level rise over the long term.” 1．What is the purpose of the study published in the journal Earth’s Future? A．To analyze the high rate of sea level rise. B．To predict the exact amount of sea level rise by 2050. C．To propose measures to prevent New York City from over population- D．To show how flooding threats can result from tall buildings in coastal areas. 2．How did the researchers calculate the rate of the city’s sinking? A．By measuring the water levels around the city. B．By combining the modeled data with the actual C．By analyzing the existing data on the buildings’ weight. D．By simulating the satellite data of the city’s surface. 3．What makes this new study better than previous ones? A．It adopted the latest technology to make estimates. B．It provided estimated sinking data of New York City. C．It took the complex geology of New York into account. D．It examined all the factors that contribute to subsidence. 4．What does Sophie Coulson think should be done to slow sea level rise? A．Relocating residents from some coastal areas. B．Developing new technology for flood prevention. C．Building more critical infrastructure in low-lying areas. D．Recognizing areas most likely to be affected by flooding. 10 Imagine that you are in a crowded place. You do not notice, but someone is watching you and learns your iPhone password (密码). Then, they steal your phone. Suddenly, your photos, documents, financial information, and the rest of your digital life have been taken from you. Apple, the iPhone maker, recently released an update to its iOS operating system. It has a new feature called Stolen Device Protection (SDP). The feature makes it a lot harder for phone thieves to open the device and access important functions and settings. Apple says the feature adds extra security for users. It addresses a drawback that thieves have used to lock device owners out of their Apple accounts, delete their photos and other files from their iCloud, and take money from their bank accounts. SDP keeps track of a user’s “familiar locations”, such as their home or workplace. It also reduces the importance of passwords. Instead, it favors “biometric” (生物识别的) features such as faces or fingerprints, which are a lot harder to copy. If a thief tries to erase or reset an iPhone, the device will require a Face ID or Touch ID scan to confirm that the person is the rightful owner. The new feature does not let someone use the password or any other backup method. Another part of the new feature is designed to slow down thieves trying to change security settings. For example, if someone tries to sign out of an Apple ID account, change the password or reset the phone in an unfamiliar location, they will have to authenticate (证实) by using Face ID or Touch ID, wait an hour, and then do a second facial or fingerprint scan. Changing an Apple ID password, updating Apple ID security settings, adding or removing Face or Touch ID, and turning off the Find My device feature or Stolen Device Protection also will lead to this feature. 1．What is the intention of paragraph 1? A．To introduce the topic. B．To talk about someone losing phone. C．To remind readers to be careful in a crowded place. D．To put forward the importance of iPhone password 2．What is the main purpose of SDP? A．To help users find their lost iPhones more easily. B．To help users back up their data more efficiently. C．To make it harder for thieves to access a stolen iPhone’s important functions. D．To improve the speed of an iPhone’s operation, 3．What does SDP need when a thief tries to erase or reset an iPhone? A．Forme passwords. B．Identity recognition. C．The user’s familiar locations. D．A backup method. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Apple’s new SDP feature. B．Apple’s iOS operating system. C．Apple ID account D．Apple ID security settings. 11 From Mozart to Metallica, tons of people enjoy listening to various types of music while they paint, write, or draw. Most believe that music helps increase creativity, but an international study conducted by English and Swedish researchers is challenging that view. The study results were echoed by scientists from Lancaster University, and the University of Gavle, saying their findings show music actually weakens creativity. To reach their conclusions (结论), researchers had volunteers complete verbal (口头的) problems designed to inspire creativity while sitting in a quiet room, and then again while music played in the background. They found that background music significantly weakened the volunteers’ ability to complete tasks connected with verbal creativity. The team also tested background noises like those commonly heard in a library, but found that such noises had no influence on subjects’ creativity. The tasks were simple word games. For example, volunteers were given three words, such as dress, rise, and flower. Then, they were asked to find a single word connected with all three that could be combined (结合) to form a common phrase or word. The single word, in this case, would be “sun” (sundress, sunrise, sunflower). Volunteers completed the tasks in either a quiet room, or while listening to two different types of music: rock music or light music “We found strong evidence of weakened performance when playing background music in comparison to quiet background conditions,” says co-author D．Neil McLatchie of Lancaster University. He and his colleagues find that music negatively influences the verbal working memory processes of the brain, preventing creativity. Also, as far as the library background noises having seemingly (似乎) no effect, the study’s authors believe that was the case because library noises create a “regular state” environment that doesn’t affect concentration. “To conclude, the findings here challenge the popular view that music increases creativity, and instead show that music, whatever type it is, is always a disadvantage for creative performance in problem solving,” the study reads. 1．What does the underlined word “echoed” in Paragraph 1 mean? A．Challenged B．Accepted C．Doubted D．Heard 2．What were the volunteers asked to do in the study? A．To play music. B．To combine given words. C．To create new words. D．To connect words with music. 3．What can we infer from the study? A．Quiet background inspires creativity best. B．Library noise does no harm to creativity. C．Music has a bad effect on language ability. D．Music types matter in creative performance. 4．Which is the main idea of the passage? A．Quiet Environments Prevent Concentration. B．Background Noise Affects Concentration. C．Composing Music Weakens Creativity. D．Listening to Music Reduces Creativity. 12 Here’s one more reason to limit the amount of time your child is spending in front of a screen. Social media could be reprogramming children’s brains and making them addicted to “likes”, a new study out of the University of North Carolina says. Some apps, especially used for sharing photos, videos or instant messages, could be making teenagers almost endlessly check their phones to see if they have positive or negative reactions to their online posts, experts say. The more young people check social media, the more sensitive (敏感的) they become to social feedback (反馈) in the form of “likes” and comments, psychologists said. Researchers studied 169 students from 3 public middle schools in North Carolina over three years. Each student reported how often they checked their popular social media platforms. Some admitted doing so more than 20 times in a day. They also took part in a Social Incentive Delay task where their brain responses were measured when they were expecting to receive social rewards and avoid social punishments. Early research shows that 78% of 13- to 17-year-olds report checking their phones at least hourly each day and 35% look at the top five networks “almost constantly”. In this study, the authors point out that students who look at social media at least 15 times daily are the most sensitive to social feedback. “Social media platforms provide teenagers with entirely new opportunities for social interactions during a key developmental period when the brain is especially sensitive to social feedback,” the study says. The study suggests that social media behaviors in early teen years may be connected with changes in teenagers’ neural(神经的) development, specifically neural sensitivity to potential social feedback. “Further research examining long-term prospective connections between social media use, teenagers’ neural development, and psychological adjustment is needed to understand the effects of social media on the development for today’s teenagers,” the study says. 1．Why do teenagers check their phones endlessly? A．To correct their posts. B．To share the latest news. C．To update learning materials. D．To see the feedback on their posts. 2．How does checking social media endlessly influence teenagers? A．It weakens their ability of judgment. B．It worsens their neural development. C．It changes the structure of their brain. D．It makes them oversensitive to social feedback. 3．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To highlight the dangers from social media. B．To show who suffers most from social media. C．To suggest limiting teenagers’ using social media. D．To introduce what social feedback teenagers expect. 4．In which section can we read the text on a website? A．Health. B．Lifestyle. C．Fashion. D．Culture. 4 / 4 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 2025年暑假新高一英语衔接学习系列 专题19 阅读理解之说明文 在高中英语阅读理解的考查体系中，说明文始终占据重要地位。这类文本以客观严谨的语言阐释事物特征、剖析科学原理、解读社会现象或揭示抽象事理，通过分类别、举例子、作比较等说明方法，构建起严密的逻辑框架。其行文结构通常遵循 "总--分---总" 或 "现象---分析---结论" 的模式，每个段落围绕核心概念展开论述，段落间通过关联词形成有机衔接。掌握说明文独特的文体特征、命题规律及针对性解题策略，不仅能显著提升学生的信息筛选、细节定位与推理判断能力，更能帮助学生构建系统的英语学术阅读思维，为攻克高考阅读难关奠定坚实基础。 一、文体类型 说明文以说明为主要表达方式，通过清晰的逻辑结构、准确的语言和科学的方法，向读者介绍事物的性质、特征、成因、功能或解释事理的本质。根据说明对象的不同，可分为以下两类核心文体： 事物说明文：聚焦于具体实物或抽象概念，例如科普文章中对 "量子计算机工作原理" 的解析，或是地理教材里对 "喀斯特地貌特征" 的描述。此类说明文常运用举例子、列数字、作比较等说明方法，帮助读者直观认知事物形态与属性。 事理说明文：着重阐释自然现象、科学原理或社会规律，如生物学中对 "候鸟迁徙机制" 的探究，或是经济学领域对 "通货膨胀成因" 的解读。这类文章多采用下定义、分类别、画图表等方式，揭示事物背后的逻辑关系与运行规律。 在高中英语阅读理解中，这两类说明文常通过复杂句式结构和学术化词汇增加理解难度，需要考生掌握特定的分析技巧与解题策略。 （一）事物说明文 1.说明对象：聚焦于具体事物，涵盖范围广泛，包括生物领域的动物（如深海发光生物的独特适应性）、植物（如沙漠植物的储水结构），科技领域的智能产品（如 AI 翻译器的核心算法），以及自然现象（如极光的形成原理）等。此类说明文着重剖析事物的外在形态（如昆虫翅膀的微观纹理）、内部构造（如古建筑榫卯结构的力学原理）、实用功能（如新能源汽车的电池续航技术）和核心特点（如热带雨林物种的多样性），帮助读者建立对客观实体的系统认知。 2.结构特征 空间顺序：通过空间维度的转换，呈现事物的立体全貌。例如，在介绍埃及金字塔时，可按照从外部阶梯结构到内部墓室布局的顺序展开，使读者获得身临其境的阅读体验。 时间顺序：适用于展现事物发展历程，如阐述智能手机从按键式到触屏式的迭代过程，通过时间节点串联关键技术突破。 逻辑顺序：遵循从现象到本质、从整体到局部的思维路径，如解析生态系统时，先描述生物群落现象，再深入探讨食物链运转的内在规律。 3.语言特点：为增强说明的准确性与可信度，常综合运用多种说明方法。引用具体数据（如 “蓝鲸体长可达 30 米，体重超 170 吨”）使描述具象化；通过举例（如以北极熊的白色毛发为例，说明生物伪装的生存策略）降低理解门槛；运用对比（如对比传统燃油车与电动汽车的能源转化率）凸显事物特性。行文风格力求客观中立，避免主观情感色彩，确保科学严谨性。 【阅读语段】 Polar bears are the largest land carnivores, well-adapted to survive in the harsh Arctic environment. Their thick fur, which appears white but is actually transparent, traps heat and reflects sunlight, keeping them warm in sub-zero temperatures. Underneath the fur, a layer of fat up to 10 cm thick provides additional insulation. Their wide, furry paws act like snowshoes, distributing weight evenly on ice and helping them swim efficiently. Despite their size, polar bears are excellent swimmers, capable of swimming up to 100 km in search of food. However, due to global warming, their sea-ice habitat is shrinking, posing a serious threat to their survival. 【语段分析】 在这篇以北极熊为主题的说明文中，作者通过科学严谨且生动形象的笔触，构建起对这一极地生物的全面认知体系。 说明对象：聚焦于北极熊这一极地代表性生物，深度挖掘其独特的生理构造与生存智慧。文章着重刻画了北极熊的三大核心生理特征：半透明却显白色的皮毛，这一特殊构造不仅赋予其天然的极地伪装能力，还暗藏着高效吸收热量的物理原理；厚达 10 厘米的脂肪层，如同天然的保暖铠甲，为其在极端低温环境下维持生命活动提供坚实保障；宽大扁平的脚掌，恰似量身定制的雪地靴，既增大了与冰雪地面的接触面积，防止陷入雪中，又能在游泳时充当有力的划桨，展现出卓越的环境适应性。这些特征的详细阐述，全面展现了北极熊作为极地霸主的生存优势。 说明方法：综合运用多种说明手段增强文章的科学性与可读性。在描述脂肪层厚度时，精确使用 “10 cm thick fat” 这一量化数据，使读者对其保暖构造的规模形成直观认知；将北极熊的脚掌比作雪鞋（paws act like snowshoes），借助打比方的手法，巧妙诠释其在雪地行走的独特功能；对于皮毛呈现白色的现象，通过作诠释的方式，深入剖析 “皮毛透明但显白色” 的光学原理 —— 透明毛发对光线的散射作用，让读者不仅知其然，更知其所以然。多种说明方法的交织运用，让抽象的科学知识变得通俗易懂。 结构逻辑：整体行文遵循严谨的逻辑脉络，从直观的外形特征切入，逐步过渡到深层的生存技能解读，最后落脚于北极熊面临的环境威胁，形成 “特征→功能→现状” 的递进式结构。这种逻辑顺序符合人类认知事物由表及里、由现象到本质的规律，既帮助读者系统地了解北极熊的生物特性，又通过现状的揭示引发读者对生态保护的深层思考，使文章兼具科普性与现实意义。 （二）事理说明文 1.说明对象：事理说明文聚焦抽象的科学、自然或社会现象，旨在揭示 "为什么" 与 "如何运作" 的深层逻辑。例如，生物学中的细胞分裂机制、物理学中的相对论原理、经济学中的通货膨胀成因，或是社会领域的文化传承现象等，均属于此类文本的典型对象。作者通过系统分析与论证，帮助读者理解复杂概念背后的运行规律。 2.结构特征：该文体通常采用严谨的逻辑顺序展开，常见模式包括： 因果式：先呈现现象，再逐层剖析原因，最后提出解决方案（如《全球变暖的成因与应对策略》）； 总分式：开篇点明核心事理，后续分点阐述其特征、原理及应用（如《人工智能的工作原理与社会影响》）； 现象到本质：从具体实例切入，逐步推导至抽象原理（如《从日常交通拥堵看城市规划逻辑》）。此外，"问题 - 解决" 和 "原理 - 应用" 结构也十分普遍，前者强调现实问题的剖析与对策，后者侧重理论与实践的结合。 3.语言特点：为清晰阐释抽象概念，事理说明文常运用多样化的说明方法： 定义法：精准界定核心术语，如 "量子纠缠是指两个或多个粒子之间存在的一种非局域关联现象"； 类比法：借助熟悉事物辅助理解，例如将计算机系统类比为人脑的信息处理机制； 流程图 / 示意图：通过可视化工具拆解复杂流程，如用箭头和标注呈现化学反应步骤。语言风格兼具专业性与条理性，大量使用专业术语与客观陈述，同时通过过渡词（如 "因此"" 由此可见 ""具体而言"）强化逻辑连贯性。 【阅读语段】 A rainbow is a meteorological phenomenon caused by the reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light in water droplets. When sunlight enters a raindrop, it first refracts (bends) as it moves from air to water. The light then reflects off the inside of the drop and refracts again as it exits back into the air. During this process, different wavelengths of light (colors) separate due to dispersion, with red light bending the least and violet the most. This creates the visible arc of colors we see in a rainbow. For a rainbow to form, the sun must be behind the observer, and there must be water droplets in the air (e.g., after rain). 【语段分析】 在这篇关于彩虹形成原理的说明文中，其核心 说明对象 聚焦于自然界中彩虹这一抽象事理。相较于实体事物，彩虹的形成原理涉及光的物理特性，属于非具象化的知识体系，需要读者具备一定的科学认知基础，同时也考验作者能否将晦涩的物理知识转化为通俗易懂的文字表述。 从说明方法 的运用来看，作者首先采用 下定义 的方式，精准地界定彩虹为一种因光的色散和反射产生的气象现象，为后续的深入讲解奠定基础。接着运用 分步说明 ，将彩虹形成过程拆解为光线折射、反射、色散三个关键步骤：当阳光进入雨滴时，光线在雨滴表面发生折射，随后在雨滴内部进行反射，最后不同波长的光在折射过程中产生色散，形成我们所见的七彩光谱。此外，作者还通过 条件说明 ，明确指出彩虹形成必须同时满足 “雨后阳光充足” 和 “观察者背对太阳” 这两个条件，使读者对彩虹形成机制的理解更加完整、准确。 文章在 结构逻辑 上，遵循 “现象 - 原理 - 条件” 的递进式结构。开篇先引入人们常见的彩虹现象，引发读者兴趣；继而深入剖析其背后的物理原理，逐步揭开彩虹形成的神秘面纱；最后补充形成彩虹的必要条件，形成一个由浅入深、层层递进的逻辑链条。在行文过程中，作者合理运用 “折射角”“波长”“光谱” 等科学术语，确保专业知识的准确传达，同时通过清晰的步骤划分和条件阐述，让复杂的科学过程变得易于理解 。 二、题型设置及解答策略 说明文常见题型包括细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题和写作目的题。这些题型旨在全面考查学生对文章的理解深度与分析能力：细节理解题要求学生精准定位文中信息，如时间、地点、数据等，通过对比选项与原文内容得出答案；推理判断题需要学生基于文本线索进行逻辑推导，挖掘作者隐含的观点或态度；词义猜测题常结合上下文语境，推测生词或短语的含义，检验学生对语义场的理解能力；主旨大意题聚焦文章核心内容，要求学生归纳段落或全文的主要观点；写作目的题则关注作者创作意图，分析文章是为了说明、解释、说服还是娱乐读者。以下结合具体阅读语段和题目进行分析： 【阅读语段】 Sleep is a fundamental process that plays a crucial role in maintaining physical and mental health. Research shows that adults need 7-9 hours of sleep daily, while teenagers require 8-10 hours. During sleep, the body repairs tissues, strengthens the immune system, and consolidates memories. Lack of sleep has been linked to serious health issues, such as heart disease, obesity, and depression. A study published in The Journal of Neuroscience found that chronic sleep deprivation impairs brain function, affecting concentration and decision-making. To improve sleep quality, experts recommend maintaining a regular sleep schedule, avoiding screens before bedtime, and creating a comfortable sleep environment. （一）题目设置及分析 1. 细节理解题 [可设试题]How many hours of sleep do teenagers need per day? A. 5-6 hours B. 7-9 hours C. 8-10 hours D. 10-12 hours [答题分析] 定位关键词：题干中的 "teenagers" 和 "hours" 直接对应文中 "teenagers require 8-10 hours"，答案选 C。 注意事项：说明文常通过数据细节设题，需精准定位数字或程度副词（如 "require" 对应题干 "need"）。 2. 推理判断题 [可设试题]What can be inferred from the passage about sleep deprivation? A. It has no impact on children. B. It may lead to better concentration. C. It is associated with physical and mental problems. D. It helps strengthen the immune system. [答题分析] 分析逻辑关系：文中提到 "lack of sleep has been linked to heart disease, obesity, depression"（身体问题）和 "impairs brain function"（精神问题），可推断 C 正确。 排除干扰项：A（未提及儿童）、B（与 "affecting concentration" 矛盾）、D（与 "strengthens immune system" 是睡眠的作用，而非缺觉）。 3. 词义猜测题 [可设试题]What does the underlined word "consolidates" mean in the passage? A. Disrupts B. Strengthens C. Forgets D. Creates [答题分析] 语境线索法："consolidates memories" 与前文 "repairs tissues, strengthens immune system" 并列，均为睡眠的积极作用，且 "consolidate" 常见含义为 "巩固"，故选 B。 构词法辅助：词根 "solid"（坚固）+ 前缀 "con-"（共同），可推测为 "加强、巩固"。 4. 主旨大意题 [可设试题]What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To explain the causes of sleep problems. B. To describe the negative effects of 熬夜 (staying up late). C. To emphasize the importance of adequate sleep. D. To introduce methods for improving sleep quality. [答题分析] 寻找主题句：首句 "Sleep is a fundamental process..." 点明全文主题，后文通过研究、数据和建议支撑 "睡眠重要性"，故选 C。 排除片面选项：D（改善睡眠的方法是细节，非主旨），B（仅为部分内容），A（未提及睡眠问题的成因）。 5. 写作目的题 [可设试题]Why does the author mention the study in The Journal of Neuroscience? A. To entertain readers with interesting facts. B. To support the argument about sleep deprivation's effects. C. To criticize the lack of sleep research. D. To introduce a new method for measuring brain function. [答题分析] 分析例证作用：文中引用研究是为了证明 "chronic sleep deprivation impairs brain function"，属于用数据支持观点，故选 B。 说明文特点：引用研究、数据通常是为了增强说服力，支持核心论点。 （三）解答策略分析 1.细节理解题 定位技巧：优先锁定题干中的数字（如年份、百分比）、专有名词（人名、地名、学科术语），结合段落小标题快速定位至对应原文。例如，题干出现 "2023 research on sleep"，可直接搜索包含年份及 "sleep" 关键词的段落。 干扰项识别：警惕选项通过改变限定词（如将 "most teenagers" 偷换为 "all teenagers"）、扩大范围（"部分地区" 改写为 "全国"）或曲解原意制造陷阱。日常练习时建议建立错题本，归类常见干扰项类型。 2.推理判断题 推理边界：明确区分 "基于文本的合理推断" 与 "主观臆测"。例如，若文中仅提及 "学生因睡眠不足导致成绩下降"，不可延伸为 "睡眠不足是成绩下滑的唯一原因"。 逻辑线索：特别关注转折词（however, nevertheless）、因果连词（because, thus）、研究结论引导词（research indicates, study shows），这些词汇常串联关键信息，帮助梳理作者论证逻辑。 3.词义猜测题 语境线索：若句子含 "such as" 或冒号，通常会通过举例解释生词；对比结构（while, in contrast）则通过反义关系暗示词义。例如 "Some animals hibernate, such as bears and squirrels"，可通过举例推测 "hibernate" 与动物过冬行为相关。 构词解析：系统掌握常见词根词缀，如 "bio-"（生命）、"auto-"（自动）、"-ment"（名词后缀），能快速拆解复合词含义。建议制作词根词缀记忆卡辅助学习。 4.主旨大意题 段落聚焦：重点分析首尾段核心句及各段首句的高频词，这些词汇往往构成文章主题。例如，某篇说明文反复出现 "sleep quality" "health impact" "restoration"，可初步判断主题与睡眠健康相关。 多维概括：若文章涉及多个说明维度（如介绍新型材料的特性、应用场景、发展前景），需提炼共性形成总结性表述，避免以偏概全。 5.写作目的题 文体区分：明确说明文旨在客观呈现信息，常见目的表述包括 "explain the mechanism of..." "introduce the development of..." "illustrate the importance of..."。对比议论文常用的 "argue for/against"、记叙文的 "narrate a story" 等表达。 例证功能：文中出现的具体数据、案例均服务于说明对象，例如引用 "80% 的青少年存在睡眠不足" 是为了强调问题普遍性，而非单纯陈述事实，需从支撑观点的角度理解其作用。 三、说明文阅读核心技巧 1.识别说明方法 快速标记文本中典型的说明手法，如举例子（for example、such as 等）、列数据（包含具体数字、百分比、年份等）、作比较（compared with/to、while、whereas 等）、下定义（is defined as、refer to 等）、打比方（like、as...as... 等）。通过标记说明方法，能够更清晰地判断作者呈现信息的方式，明确关键信息的位置，从而提高对文本的理解效率。例如在分析科技类说明文时，作者常通过列数据说明技术的革新程度，此时标记数据便能快速抓住核心结论。 2.梳理逻辑结构 运用思维导图工具，针对事物说明文，系统记录说明对象的外观、性质、功能等特征；对于事理说明文，则重点梳理其原理、发展过程、操作步骤等内容。同时，精准把握文本 “总 - 分”“总 - 分 - 总”“问题 - 解决”“现象 - 原因 - 影响” 等逻辑结构。比如在 “总 - 分” 结构中，总起句往往点明主旨，分论点则详细阐述，通过思维导图可直观呈现各部分关系，帮助读者快速理解文章脉络，在答题时能迅速定位对应内容。 3.关注专业术语 阅读过程中难免会遇到陌生词汇，如物理领域的 “refraction”（折射）、“dispersion”（色散）等。此时应避免逐词查阅词典，而是尝试通过上下文线索（如解释句、同位语、举例说明等）推测词义，也可借助生活常识辅助理解。例如，文中若出现 “Light passes through a prism, causing dispersion—the splitting of white light into different colors”，通过破折号后的解释就能明白 “dispersion” 的含义。通过这种方式，既能保持阅读连贯性，又能有效提升对专业文本的理解能力。 总之，说明文阅读的关键在于把握 "说明对象是什么"" 如何说明 "和" 说明目的 "。通过分析文体特征、针对性训练题型策略，并结合科学的阅读技巧，学生能有效提升说明文的理解效率和答题准确率。 1 At 6 a. m. in an English village, hundreds of pinkish white sows(母猪)are waking up for breakfast. But first, they have to get their pictures taken. As each pig squeezes into her feeding area, a tiny camera snaps a photo of her face. And in less than 1 second, an artificial intelligence system identifies her based on facial features. Armed with that information, the system orders a customized meal to shoot into the trough(食槽). Meanwhile, the system continues to analyze her photo, looking for negative signs in her facial expression that she might be in pain, sick, or in emotional distress. If it finds any, it sends an immediate alert to the farmer — the guy enjoying a morning coffee over in the next room. These hungry piggies are the testers of Intellipig, a system being developed by scientists to deal with a fundamental problem in animal welfare: we human beings are just not the best at understanding how animals are feeling. Tools like Intellipig could usher in(开启)a new era of caring for animals that gives higher priority to their health, welfare, and protection, says Melvyn Smith, an engineer leading the design of the Intellipig system. There are indications that they could go even further. Eventually, AI might even outshine humans in interpreting a range of more complex emotions like happiness, frustration, or fear, he says — feelings that are equally important to understand if we are to give animals the best possible lives. But like most scientists considering the powers of AI, animal behavior researchers worry about putting too much stock in machines, especially when animal welfare is at risk. “Maybe a machine will end up being better than us; I don’t know,” says Emma Baxter, an animal behavior scientist. “I hope there’s room for experts, to make sure that the AI is actually doing what it says it is.” 1．What can the Intellipig system do automatically? A．Monitor the pigs’ well-being. B．Clean the pigs’ living spaces. C．Deliver medical services to pigs. D．Provide standardized diets for pigs. 2．What is Melvyn Smith’s attitude towards AI’s role in animal care? A．Objective. B．Skeptical. C．Cautious. D．Positive. 3．What approach does Emma Baxter support when it comes to AI and animal care? A．Banning the use of AI entirely B．Restricting AI to basic tasks. C．Keeping professionals involved. D．Minimizing human intervention. 4．Where does the passage come from? A．Textbook. B．A science journal. C．A sci-fi novel. D．A travel brochure. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家正在开发的一种名为Intellipig的系统，该系统利用人工智能技术来改善动物福利，通过分析猪的面部特征来识别猪的身份，并监测其健康状况。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Meanwhile, the system continues to analyze her photo, looking for negative signs in her facial expression that she might be in pain, sick, or in emotional distress. If it finds any, it sends an immediate alert to the farmer.(与此同时，系统继续分析她的照片，寻找她面部表情中的负面迹象，表明她可能处于疼痛、生病或情绪困扰中。如果发现任何问题，它会立即向农民发出警报)”可知，Intellipig系统能自动监测猪的健康状况。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“Tools like Intellipig could usher in a new era of caring for animals that gives higher priority to their health, welfare, and protection, says Melvyn Smith, an engineer leading the design of the Intellipig system.(像Intellipig这样的工具可以开启一个关爱动物的新时代，更加重视它们的健康、福利和保护，负责智能猪系统设计的工程师Melvyn Smith说)”可知，Melvyn Smith对人工智能在动物护理中的作用持积极态度。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“I hope there’s room for experts, to make sure that the AI is actually doing what it says it is.(我希望有专家的空间，以确保人工智能确实在做它声称的事情)”可知，Emma Baxter支持让专业人士参与人工智能和动物护理的工作，以确保人工智能的有效性和准确性。故选C。 4．推理判断题。文章主要介绍了科学家正在开发的一种名为Intellipig的系统，该系统利用人工智能技术来改善动物福利，通过分析猪的面部特征来识别猪的身份，并监测其健康状况，这属于科学研究的范畴，所以这篇文章可能来自科学杂志。故选B。 2 People pursuing perfection and those valuing being on time often don’t see eye to eye in the workplace. But according to a recent study, it is better to deliver a good-enough project on schedule rather than perfecting it through procrastination. Researchers surveyed thousands of people in the U.S. and U.K., including managers and others whose jobs included evaluating others. They presented participants with the same examples of work, and then asked them to rate it. But first, they mentioned whether it was either submitted (提交) early, right at the deadline or late. Respondents who were told it was late consistently rated the work as worse in quality than those who were told the same work was early or on time. The study also found there wasn’t much benefit to submitting work early since evaluators tended to rank work submitted before and at the deadline as the same quality. Furthermore, it didn’t matter how late the work was submitted, with one day or one week delays viewed just as negatively and that remained the case if the employee gave their manager advance warning. A field experiment was conducted in a high school in China that had students grade pieces of art in a staged contest. The art was on a piece of paper that also included the date it was submitted. Even though the kids were told to ignore all other details on the paper other than the art itself, the version submitted after the deadline received lower grades. That study made the broader point that it didn’t really matter who set the deadline. In the eyes of the evaluator, any miss was a meaningful miss. However, the reason behind the missed deadline mattered, researchers found. If it was due to forces beyond an employee’s control, evaluators didn’t end up with as negative a view of the work as they did when the reason was one within their control. “If the reason why you missed the deadline was beyond your control, you as the employee should let your manager know,” Maglio says. “That seems to be one of the few instances in which people cut you a break.” 1．What does the underlined word “procrastination” in Paragraph 1 mean? A．Delay. B．Editing. C．Teamwork. D．Reviewing. 2．What can be concluded from the research result? A．Submitting work early means much in evaluations. B．Pre-communicated delays lead to positive evaluations. C．Minimal delays get better evaluations than long delays. D．Late work is judged more negatively than on-time submissions. 3．What does the author want to show by mentioning the field experiment in China? A．The art itself rather than other details counts. B．The research finding holds true across age and culture. C．A peer-to-peer evaluation can be an informative tool. D．Kids tend to judge submissions more objectively. 4．What can be implied from the last paragraph? A．Employees get unfair reviews. B．Bosses need to care about employees. C．Communication around deadlines is vital. D．A deadline is definite and unchangeable. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了通过一项研究指出，在工作场所，按时交付一个足够好的项目比通过拖延来完善它更好。研究通过调查和实验发现，延迟提交的工作往往会被评价得更差，而延迟的原因是否可控会影响评价者的看法。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中划线词所在句“But according to a recent study, it is better to deliver a good-enough project on schedule rather than perfecting it through procrastination. (但根据最近的一项研究，按时交付一个足够好的项目比通过procrastination来完善它更好。)”可知，按时交付一个足够好的项目比通过某种方式来完善它更好，结合选项和常识可推知，此处指通过“拖延”来完善它，划线词意为“拖延”。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Respondents who were told it was late consistently rated the work as worse in quality than those who were told the same work was early or on time. (被告知工作延迟的受访者一致认为，这项工作的质量比被告知工作提前或按时完成的人要差。)”可知，从研究结果可以得出结论：延迟提交的工作比按时提交的工作在评价上更差。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“A field experiment was conducted in a high school in China that had students grade pieces of art in a staged contest. The art was on a piece of paper that also included the date it was submitted. Even though the kids were told to ignore all other details on the paper other than the art itself, the version submitted after the deadline received lower grades. That study made the broader point that it didn’t really matter who set the deadline. In the eyes of the evaluator, any miss was a meaningful miss. (在中国的一所高中进行了一项实地实验，让学生们在分阶段的比赛中对艺术作品进行评分。这幅画在一张纸上，上面还写着提交的日期。尽管孩子们被告知要忽略纸上除了艺术作品本身以外的所有细节，但逾期提交的版本得分较低。这项研究提出了一个更广泛的观点：谁设定截止日期并不重要。在评价者看来，任何错过都是有意义错过。)”可知，作者通过提及中国的实地实验，想要展示的是研究结果在不同年龄和文化背景下都成立。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, the reason behind the missed deadline mattered, researchers found. If it was due to forces beyond an employee’s control, evaluators didn’t end up with as negative a view of the work as they did when the reason was one within their control. “If the reason why you missed the deadline was beyond your control, you as the employee should let your manager know,” Maglio says. “That seems to be one of the few instances in which people cut you a break.” (然而，研究人员发现，错过截止日期的原因很重要。如果这是由于员工无法控制的因素导致的，评价者对工作的看法不会像原因在他们控制范围内时那么消极。Maglio说：“如果你错过截止日期的原因超出了你的控制范围，作为员工，你应该让你的经理知道。”“这似乎是人们给你喘息机会的少数情况之一。”)”可知，作者在最后一段暗示的是围绕截止日期的沟通至关重要。故选C项。 3 In the risky world of nuclear arms control, Princeton student Lepowsky is exploring how robots can make inspections (调查) more exact and acceptable to host nations worried about invasive (侵入的) traditional methods. His latest research has led to a robot performing inspections without saving sensitive information. “The host nation likely won’t want a human inspector poking their nose around,” said Lepowsky. “But even a robot has memory and sensors acquiring data.” “The goal is to have high-confidence inspections without the robot saving information. For example, the robot would not save radiation (辐射) measurements or create floor plans of sensitive areas.” The new prototype (样机) is built on an iRobot Create 3 platform, an educational robot. Compared with human inspectors, robots can tolerate higher radiation levels, cost less, and are more consistent. They also can be programmed to generate trust, such as not using cameras to avoid seeing unwanted details. According to Lepowsky’s adviser, Glaser, who was curious about creating a “forgetful robot”, the new prototype could perform highly accurate nuclear arms inspections but forget everything afterward. This led to an even more interesting idea: “Rather than forgetting, we’re not even remembering in the first place,” Lepowsky said. He believes this feature can reassure hosts concerned about privacy. Lepowsky likes the interdisciplinary nature of his work — using both his robotics and policy expertise — and he likes that it requires a wide range of knowledge, not just depth. He values that his research is grounded in real-life applications for global security and nuclear nonproliferation (防核扩散). Predicting when the robot might be used in the field is difficult. “It’s easy to say, today, it’s not very realistic, but you have to be ready for if and when it becomes possible,” said Lepowsky. Research into this problem is very active. Because arms control is changing, the specific objectives of future agreements are hard to predict. “But we can hope they will be positive, and we need to be ready, technically.” 1．In which aspect is Lepowsky’s robot different from human inspectors? A．Data security. B．Educational function. C．Social acceptance. D．User friendliness. 2．What is said about the robot in Paragraph 3? A．Its accurate system. B．Its privacy risks. C．Its design advantages. D．Its operational problems. 3．What does Lepowsky like about his work? A．Scientific research data. B．Real-time technical cooperation. C．In-depth theoretical studies. D．Integrated knowledge across fields. 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．“Curious” Robots: Ready for Radiation Detection? B．No-Memory Robots: The Future of Nuclear Checks? C．Nuclear Arms Control: Robots or Human Inspectors? D．“Forgetful” Robots: An Invasive Path to Acquire Data? 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了普林斯顿学生研发无记忆机器人助力核武器检查。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“His latest research has led to a robot performing inspections without saving sensitive information.(他的最新研究使机器人可以在不保存敏感信息的情况下进行检查。)”以及第二段中“The goal is to have high-confidence inspections without the robot saving information. (目标是让机器人在不保存信息的情况下进行高置信度的检查。)”可知，该机器人与人类检查员的不同在于数据安全。故选A。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段中“The new prototype (样机) is built on an iRobot Create 3 platform, an educational robot. Compared with human inspectors, robots can tolerate higher radiation levels, cost less, and are more consistent. They also can be programmed to generate trust, such as not using cameras to avoid seeing unwanted details. (新原型是基于教育机器人iRobot Create 3平台构建的。与人类检查员相比，机器人可以承受更高的辐射水平，成本更低，而且更加一致。它们还可以被编程以产生信任，例如不使用摄像头以避免看到不需要的细节。)”可知，第三段主要讲述了该机器人的设计优势。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Lepowsky likes the interdisciplinary nature of his work — using both his robotics and policy expertise — and he likes that it requires a wide range of knowledge, not just depth. (Lepowsky喜欢他工作的跨学科性质——既运用了他的机器人技术专业知识，又运用了他的政策专业知识——而且他喜欢这项工作需要广泛的知识，而不仅仅是深度。)”可知，Lepowsky喜欢他工作中的跨学科知识整合。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中“In the risky world of nuclear arms control, Princeton student Lepowsky is exploring how robots can make inspections (调查) more exact and acceptable to host nations worried about invasive (侵入的) traditional methods. His latest research has led to a robot performing inspections without saving sensitive information. (在核军备控制这一充满风险的领域，普林斯顿大学学生莱波夫斯基正在探索如何利用机器人让核查工作更精准，同时让担心传统侵入式核查手段的东道国更容易接受。他的最新研究成果是一款能在执行核查时不保存敏感信息的机器人。)”可知，本文主要介绍了无记忆机器人在核检查方面的应用前景。B选项“No-Memory Robots: The Future of Nuclear Checks? (无记忆机器人：核检查的未来？)”最符合文章标题。故选B。 4 Dementia (痴呆症) is proving very difficult to treat with drugs, but perhaps there are brain-healthy things hiding in our diets. A study of more than 50,000 participants in the UK Biobank has found that people who eat a handful of nuts every day may lower their risk of allcause dementia. Compared with people over the age of 60 who didn’t eat nuts, those who reported having up to 30g of nuts a day had a 16% lower risk of developing dementia in the years to come. If the nuts were unsalted, that rate jumped to 17%. It didn’t matter if nuts were dried or roasted. That sounds like good news, but there are a few cautions. These results were only found in those who were not considered overweight, who get a normal amount of sleep, and who did not smoke or drink daily. Health researcher Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni and his colleagues at Castilla-La Mancha drew on a group of people from the UK Biobank, enrolled (登记) between 2007 and 2012.Participants were tracked for an average of 7 years. Over the course of the study, the rate of all-cause dementia was 2.8%. Those who said they ate 30g of nuts a day were less likely to fall into that risk category. New evidence suggests that as many as 40% of dementia cases can be prevented or even delayed by changing certain lifestyle risk factors, like smoking, drinking, or exercising. Diet seems to be a key player. Several systematic reviews have found healthy diets, like the Mediterranean diet, are linked to a reduced risk of dementia. Meanwhile, the Western diet seems to be a risk factor for dementia. A recent study on 60,000 Britons found that following a Mediterranean diet decreases the risk of dementia by as much as 23%. Those are hardearned numbers that need to be studied further, especially since only a quarter of the UK Biobank participants reported regularly eating nuts. 1．From whom are these results concluded? A．The participants younger than 60. B．The participants avoiding salted nuts. C．The participants developing dementia. D．The participants having healthy living habits. 2．What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us about the study? A．Its process. B．Its cause. C．Its risk. D．Its significance. 3．What is the author’s attitude to the numbers in the last paragraph? A．Curious. B．Careful. C．Impatient. D．Indifferent. 4．Where is the text probably found? A．On a food poster. B．On a sports blog. C．In a cooking brochure. D．In a medicine magazine. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究，表明每天吃一把坚果可能降低患痴呆症的风险，同时指出研究结果的适用人群，还提及饮食等生活方式对预防痴呆症的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“These results were only found in those who were not considered overweight, who get a normal amount of sleep, and who did not smoke or drink daily. (这些结果仅在体重正常、睡眠充足且无每日吸烟饮酒习惯的人群中出现)”可知，这些结果是从有健康生活习惯的参与者中得出的。故选D项。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Health researcher Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni and his colleagues at Castilla-La Mancha drew on a group of people from the UK Biobank, enrolled (登记) between 2007 and 2012. Participants were tracked for an average of 7 years. Over the course of the study, the rate of all-cause dementia was 2.8%. Those who said they ate 30g of nuts a day were less likely to fall into that risk category.(健康研究员布鲁诺·比索泽罗·佩罗尼及其卡斯蒂利亚-拉曼查大学的同事选取了英国生物银行2007至2012年间登记的人群进行追踪研究。在平均7年的随访期内，参与者全因痴呆发病率为2.8%。每日摄入30克坚果的人群显示出更低的患病风险)”可知，该段主要讲述了研究的过程。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Those are hard earned numbers that need to be studied further, especially since only a quarter of the UK Biobank participants reported regularly eating nuts. (这些来之不易的数据值得深入研究——毕竟英国生物银行参与者中仅四分之一报告有规律食用坚果的习惯)”可知，作者认为这些数据需要进一步研究，说明对其持谨慎态度。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Dementia (痴呆症) is proving very difficult to treat with drugs, but perhaps there are brain-healthy things hiding in our diets. (事实证明，用药物治疗痴呆症非常困难，但也许我们的饮食中隐藏着对大脑有益的东西)”以及后文围绕饮食与痴呆症的关系展开研究内容可知，文章主要围绕痴呆症的预防以及饮食与痴呆症的关系展开，属于医学健康领域的内容，所以很可能出自医学杂志。故选D项。 5 The Warner School of Education recently hosted the latest edition of its “Warner Wednesday Talk” series, titled “Al&K-12 Leadership — Findings from an Interdisciplinary (跨学科的) Study”. This event brought together a group of experts. The talk covered their findings and recommendations for future research and applications. Through surveying more than 100 head teachers, superintendents, district administrators (管理人员), and district technology specialists, the study gained insight into educational leaders’ opinions on AI use at each organizational level. It first established participants’ knowledge about AI. Of those surveyed, only 5.6% of head teachers and 16.7% of superintendents reported being very knowledgeable, while 37.9% of district technology leaders and 31% of course leaders reported the same high level. Though many had a low level of knowledge, all educational roles reported significant usage of AI. Leaders were most likely to use AI for written communication, with around 80%of respondents reporting at least occasional use of AI as a communication aid, and least likely to use it in the creation of budgets (预算) and course schedules, with around 90% reporting no usage in this area. Though current administrative use was mainly limited to things like writing emails, revising texts, and brainstorming ideas, respondents identified some potential future benefits. They believed that teachers would benefit from AI, showing that AI could help teachers save time on routine tasks, individualize instruction, design lessons, and understand how to teach students about AL. The group of experts showed an instructional video explaining that AIpowered tools consolidate (合并) sources to create readings for students based on their reading and language level, and then produce more questions. Respondents were similarly optimistic about the benefits of AI to students. They thought the highest benefit was the ability for students to learn responsible and ethical use of AI, with over 81% of respondents considering that to be very beneficial. Other aspects were the ability to receive personalized learning, provide access to tools to aid students with special needs, save time to focus on higher-level tasks, and be prepared for future jobs. 1．How does the author begin the text? A．By describing an event. B．By introducing some experts. C．By recommending an application. D．By disclosing some research findings. 2．Which group in the survey has the highest percentage of people very knowledgeable about AI? A．Head teachers. B．Course leaders. C．District technology leaders. D．Superintendents. 3．What can we learn from the text? A．AI is used across all educational roles. B．Leaders use AI least for administration. C．All respondents have limited AI knowledge. D．AI is mostly used for budgeting and scheduling. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Popularizing AI Tools B．AI, Beneficial to Teachers? C．AI, Good or Bad for Students? D．Exploring AI in K-12 Education 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了华纳教育学院举办的“华纳周三讲座”系列活动，围绕一项关于人工智能在K-12教育领域应用的跨学科研究展开，讲述了调查发现及对未来的展望。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“The Warner School of Education recently hosted the latest edition of its “Warner Wednesday Talk” series, titled “AI&K-12 Leadership — Findings from an Interdisciplinary (跨学科的) Study”. This event brought together a group of experts.(华纳教育学院最近举办了其‘华纳周三讲座”系列的最新一期，题为“人工智能与K-12领导力——一项跨学科研究的发现”。这次活动聚集了一群专家)”可知，作者通过描述一场活动来开启文本。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Of those surveyed, only 5.6% of head teachers and 16.7% of superintendents reported being very knowledgeable, while 37.9% of district technology leaders and 31% of course leaders reported the same high level.(在接受调查的人中，只有5.6%的校长和16.7%的学区负责人表示自己非常了解人工智能，而37.9%的地区技术负责人和31%的课程负责人也表示达到了同样的高水平)”可知，在调查中，地区技术负责人中表示非常了解人工智能的人的比例最高。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Though many had a low level of knowledge, all educational roles reported significant usage of AI.(尽管许多人知识水平较低，但所有教育角色都报告了大量使用人工智能的情况)”可知，人工智能在所有教育角色中都有应用。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“The Warner School of Education recently hosted the latest edition of its “Warner Wednesday Talk” series, titled “AI&K-12 Leadership — Findings from an Interdisciplinary (跨学科的) Study. This event brought together a group of experts. The talk covered their findings and recommendations for future research and applications.”(华纳教育学院最近举办了其“华纳周三讲座”系列的最新一期，题为“人工智能与K-12领导力——一项跨学科研究的发现”。这次活动汇集了一组专家。演讲涵盖了他们的发现以及对未来研究和应用的建议。)”可知，本文主要围绕人工智能在K-12教育中的应用这一研究展开，介绍了包括调查发现、知识水平、使用情况及益处等内容。故D项“探索人工智能在K-12教育中的应用”能概括文章内容，最适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 6 Artificial intelligence (AI) is quickly becoming part of our day-to-day lives. Our phones may even come with built-in AI assistants, answering questions and helping us organize our lives. But how “smart” is AI actually? Research by a British broadcasting company has found that popular AI assistants make significant mistakes when summarizing news stories. AI chatbots are usually blocked from the company’s content. But in December 2024, the company opened up its website to AI so that it could evaluate (评估) the skills of several leading AI assistants. The company’s journalists reviewed responses the AI assistants gave to 100 questions about the news to test their accuracy (准确性). The AI assistants were asked specifically to quote the company’s news sources on the Internet in their answers as much as possible, and the results were not positive. More than half of the AI responses (51%) were judged to have “significant issues”. Just under 20% of the responses that quoted the company’s introduced factual errors, like incorrect statements, numbers, and dates. And 13% of the quotes that the AI assistants said were sourced from the company were either changed or just didn’t exist in the quoted article. A popular AI chatbot said that a major health service in a country didn’t recommend a certain method for a health issue. But the article it quoted actually said the health service did recommend this method. Another AI assistant got the details wrong on a certain political issue, and its description didn’t match the quoted article or other sources. Other problems came from AI assistants using outdated information, like saying a former prime minister was still in power months after he had left office. After the results were released, the CEO of the company said, “AI software will often include disclaimers about the accuracy of their results, but there is clearly a problem here.” 1．Why did the company open its website to AI? A．To increase online traffic. B．To promote its news content. C．To judge the skills of some AI assistants. D．To test the performance of its journalists. 2．What can we learn about the performance of the AI assistants from paragraph 3? A．It is faulty. B．It is perfect. C．It is specific. D．It is intelligent. 3．How is paragraph 4 developed? A．By listing data. B．By giving examples. C．By making assumptions. D．By analyzing causes and effects. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．AI Chatbots for Broadcasting News B．AI Journalists in a British Company C．AI Service for Gathering Information D．AI Accuracy in News Summarization 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【解析】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了一个关于人工智能在新闻中的准确性的研究，结果表明，受欢迎的人工智能助手在总结新闻报道时犯了重大错误。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“But in December 2024, the company opened up its website to AI so that it could evaluate (评估) the skills of several leading AI assistants.(但在2024年12月，该公司向人工智能开放了自己的网站，以便它可以评估几个领先的人工智能助手的技能)”可知，该公司向人工智能开放网站是为了评估一些人工智能助手的技能，故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“More than half of the AI responses (51%) were judged to have ‘significant issues’. Just under 20% of the responses that quoted the company’s introduced factual errors, like incorrect statements, numbers, and dates. And 13% of the quotes that the AI assistants said were sourced from the company were either changed or just didn’t exist in the quoted article.(超过一半（51%）的人工智能回答被认为存在‘重大问题’。在引用公司的回答中，不到20%出现了事实错误，比如不正确的陈述、数字和日期。人工智能助手说的来自公司的引用中有13%要么被修改了，要么在引用的文章中根本不存在)”可知，人工智能助手的表现有很多错误，故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“A popular AI chatbot said that a major health service in a country didn’t recommend a certain method for a health issue. But the article it quoted actually said the health service did recommend this method. Another AI assistant got the details wrong on a certain political issue, and its description didn’t match the quoted article or other sources. Other problems came from AI assistants using outdated information, like saying a former prime minister was still in power months after he had left office.(一个受欢迎的人工智能聊天机器人表示，一个国家的主要医疗服务机构没有为健康问题推荐某种方法。但它引用的文章实际上说，卫生服务部门确实推荐了这种方法。另一位人工智能助手在某个政治问题上的细节有误，其描述与引用的文章或其他来源不符。其他问题来自人工智能助手使用过时的信息，比如说一位前首相在离职几个月后仍在掌权)”可知，本段是举例说明人工智能在报道新闻中出现的错误，故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第二段中“Research by a British broadcasting company has found that popular AI assistants make significant mistakes when summarizing news stories.(英国一家广播公司的研究发现，受欢迎的人工智能助手在总结新闻报道时犯了重大错误)”可知，文章主要介绍了一个关于人工智能在新闻中的准确性的研究，D项“新闻摘要中的AI准确性”最适合作为标题，故选D。 7 The decision to act properly with first aid can mean the difference between life and death. Begin by introducing yourself to the injured or ill person. Explain that you are a first aid provider and are willing to help. The person must give you permission to help them; do not touch them until they agree to be helped. If you run into a confused person or someone who is seriously injured or ill, you can assume that they would want you to help them. This is known as “implied consent”. The first step in any emergency is the recognition of the problem and providing help. When in doubt or when someone is seriously injured or ill, you should always activate the emergency response system by calling 911 in the United States, or your own locality’s Emergency Medical Services (EMS) number. If you’re not sure how serious the situation is, the 911/EMS operator will ask you a series of questions to determine the severity of the situation. Remain on the line until additional help arrives, or until the 911/EMS operator tells you to hang up. Emergency system operators can guide you through the steps of performing CPR (心肺复苏术) or delivering basic care until additional help arrives. Whether you are at home, work, or school, know where the first aid kits are kept and be familiar with their contents. Know how to activate the EMS in your area. Be aware of any policies in the workplace regarding medical emergencies. After determining the problem, the next step in providing help is to determine the responsiveness of the injured or ill person. The best way to determine this is to tap the person and talk loudly to them, “Are you okay?” After determining responsiveness, call for help. Look for any medical identifications, such as a necklace or a bag. This may provide a valuable clue to the cause of the situation. 1．What does the underlined word “consent” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Agreement. B．Danger. C．Helpfulness. D．Refusal. 2．What’s the most important step to make sure your first aid is necessary? A．Giving first aid as quickly as possible. B．Asking the injured or ill many questions. C．Analyzing conditions of the injured or ill. D．Moving the victims to the roadside and wait. 3．How can you know the responsiveness of the injured or ill person? A．By letting them call for help. B．By communicating with them. C．By checking their temperature. D．By finding any identifications. 4．What might the author continue talking about? A．How to determine responsiveness. B．Some additional first aid measures. C．The weaknesses of some first aid. D．How to ask for victims’ permission. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了急救的相关知识，包括获得伤者同意、识别问题、激活应急响应系统、判断伤者反应等步骤及注意事项。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“If you run into a confused person or someone who is seriously injured or ill, you can assume that they would want you to help them. This is known as “implied consent”.(如果你遇到一个神志不清的人或受重伤、生重病的人，你可以假定他们希望你帮助他们。这被称为‘默示consent’)”中“a confused person or someone who is seriously injured or ill”和“assume that they would want you to help them”可知，神志不清的人或受重伤、生重病的人当时无法表达同意帮助，所以我们可以假定他们同意，即“默示同意”，consent意为“同意”，与A项“Agreement”同义。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“The first step in any emergency is the recognition of the problem and providing help. When in doubt or when someone is seriously injured or ill, you should always activate the emergency response system by calling 911 in the United States, or your own locality’s Emergency Medical Services (EMS) number. If you’ re not sure how serious the situation is, the 911/EMS operator will ask you a series of questions to determine the severity of the situation.(在任何紧急情况下，第一步都是识别问题并提供帮助。如果无法确定状况，或有人严重受伤、突发急症，应立即启动应急响应系统——在美国请拨打911，其他国家请拨打当地急救电话(如中国的120)。即使您无法判断情况的严重程度，911或当地急救中心接线员也会通过一系列问询来评估紧急程度)”可知，要确保急救有必要，最重要的是分析伤者的状况，评估紧急程度。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The best way to determine this is to tap the person and talk loudly to them, “Are you okay?”(确定这一点的最好方法是轻拍这个人并大声对他们说：‘你还好吗?’)”可知，通过与伤者交流可以知道他们的反应情况。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。文章最后一段“After determining responsiveness, call for help. Look for any medical identifications, such as a necklace or a bag. This may provide a valuable clue to the cause of the situation.(确认响应能力后，应立即呼叫救援。同时注意寻找医疗标识(如项链、随身包内的急救卡)，这些可能为判断突发状况的病因提供关键线索)”介绍了判断伤者反应性之后要做的事，如查看医疗标识等，按照逻辑，作者接下来很可能会介绍一些额外的急救措施。故选B项。 8 The recession (衰退) of 2008-09 was remarkable in many aspects. The labour market also broke the rules. as a research from the OECD shows. Young people always suffer in recessions. Employers stop hiring them; and they often get rid of new ones because they are easier to dismiss. In the recessions of the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, older workers were also kicked off. But during the financial crisis in 2008, and since, they have done better than other age groups. The researchers analyzed changes in the non-employment rate across three age groups from 2007 to 2012. This measure has the advantage of including not just unemployment, where people are looking for work, but also inactivity, where people are not seeking jobs. Whereas the average non-employment rate in the OECD has risen by four percentage points among young people and by one-and-a-half points among 25-to-54-year-olds, it has fallen by two points among the 55-64 age group. Why have older employees done so well? In some southern European countries they now benefit from job protection not available to younger workers. In the past, however, early-retirement policies provided by governments (in the mistaken belief that these would help young people) made it cheaper to push grey-haired workers out of the door. What has changed, says Stefano Scarpetta, head of the OECD’s employment directorate, is that firms now bear the full costs of getting rid of older staff. And early-retirement policies have largely been abolished, having served no practical purpose. Many will argue that older workers have done better at the expense of the young. That view is wrong. First, it is a fallacy that a job gained for one person is a job lost for another; there is no fixed amount of work. And second, as the report shows, young and old people are not substitutes (代替者) in the workplace. They do different types of work in different types of occupation: younger people are keen on IT firms, for example, whereas older folk tend to be employed in more traditional industries. There are plenty of things that should be done to help the young jobless, but kicking older workers out of the workplace is not one of them. 1．By saying “The labour market also broken the rules”, the author means ________. A．young employees were protected by the government B．all employees benefited from the policies C．old employees suffered less in the recession D．the recession had little impact on labour market 2．What do we know about “early-retirement policies” mentioned in the 4th paragraph? A．They were not practical as expected. B．They effectively helped young employees. C．They financially supported the elderly people. D．They have gained popularity in southern European countries. 3．The word “fallacy” (in the last paragraph) probably means “________” A．common belief B．wrong concept C．acceptable assumption D．wise statement 4．Which of the following might the author agree with? A．Early-retirement policies are well adopted by governments. B．Young people should be encouraged into traditional industries. C．Supportive policies should be made to help elderly people when crisis occurs. D．Old people’s remaining in jobs doesn’t necessarily threaten young people’s jobs. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了2008-2009年经济衰退时劳动力市场的特殊表现，老年员工受冲击小于其他群体的情况，以及老年员工表现较好的原因和对相关错误观点的澄清与解释。 1．词句猜测题。由文章第二段“Young people always suffer in recessions. In the recessions of the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, older workers were also kicked off. But during the financial crisis in 2008, and since, they have done better than other age groups. (年轻人在经济衰退中总是受苦。在20世纪70、80、90年代的经济衰退中，老年工人也会被解雇。但在2008年金融危机期间及之后，老年人被解雇的现象较其他年龄组少)”可知，以往经济衰退中老年人也受冲击，2008年金融危机时老年员工受影响更小，所以说劳动力市场打破常规是指老年员工在衰退中遭受的痛苦更少。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。由文章第四段“And early-retirement policies have largely been abolished, having served no practical purpose. (而且，提前退休政策已基本被废除，因为这些政策没有实际作用)”可知，提前退休政策并不像预期的那样实用。故选A项。 3．词句猜测题。由文章最后一段“First, it is a fallacy that a job gained for one person is a job lost for another; there is no fixed amount of work. (首先，认为一个人得到工作就意味着另一个人失去工作是一种错误的观念；工作总量并非固定不变)”，从后文“That view is wrong. (那种观点是错误的)”可以看出，“fallacy”所指的就是这种错误的观念。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Many will argue that older workers have done better at the expense of the young. That view is wrong. (很多人认为老年员工表现好是以牺牲年轻人为代价，这种观点错误)”以及“young and old people are not substitutes (代替者) in the workplace. They do different types of work in different types of occupation. (年轻人和老年人在工作场所不是替代关系，他们在不同职业里做不同类型工作)”可知，作者认为老年人留在工作岗位，不一定会威胁到年轻人的工作机会。故选D项。 9 New York City is sinking under the collective weight of all its buildings, a new study has found. Technically called subsidence (沉降), this gradual process could spell trouble for a city around which the sea level has been rising dramatically and is projected to rise between 20 and 76 centimeters by 2050. The study, published in the journal Earth’s Future, aims to show how high-rises in coastal areas could contribute to future flood risk and that measures should be taken to reduce the potentially dangerous impacts. The researchers calculated the mass of 1,084,954 buildings across the five districts of New York City and then used simulations (模拟) to calculate the effects of that weight on the ground, comparing that with satellite data showing the real surface geology. That analysis revealed the rate at which the city is sinking. “The average is about 1 to 2 millimeters a year, with some areas of greater subsidence up to about 4.5 millimeters a year,” said lead author Tom Parsons. Their modeling is far from perfect and the estimates only include the mass of buildings and their contents, not the roads, bridges, railways, and other paved areas. Even with those limitations, these new calculations have improved upon previous observations of subsidence in the city by factoring in the diverse geological makeup of the area, which includes sand, silt, and exposed bedrock. Subsidence can pose an even earlier flooding threat than sea level rise, the research suggests, and not just in New York City. “Other cities can learn from New York’s example. It is among the most heavily populated coastal areas in the world, with a large part of its critical infrastructure constructed in low-lying coastal areas,” said geophysicist Sophie Coulson, a postdoctoral fellow at Los Alamos National Laboratory. “Understanding how and why the landscape is changing, and identifying regions at the highest risk of flooding are essential for making the right preparations to reduce the rate of sea level rise over the long term.” 1．What is the purpose of the study published in the journal Earth’s Future? A．To analyze the high rate of sea level rise. B．To predict the exact amount of sea level rise by 2050. C．To propose measures to prevent New York City from over population- D．To show how flooding threats can result from tall buildings in coastal areas. 2．How did the researchers calculate the rate of the city’s sinking? A．By measuring the water levels around the city. B．By combining the modeled data with the actual C．By analyzing the existing data on the buildings’ weight. D．By simulating the satellite data of the city’s surface. 3．What makes this new study better than previous ones? A．It adopted the latest technology to make estimates. B．It provided estimated sinking data of New York City. C．It took the complex geology of New York into account. D．It examined all the factors that contribute to subsidence. 4．What does Sophie Coulson think should be done to slow sea level rise? A．Relocating residents from some coastal areas. B．Developing new technology for flood prevention. C．Building more critical infrastructure in low-lying areas. D．Recognizing areas most likely to be affected by flooding. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究揭示沿海地区高楼对未来洪水风险的影响，还说明了研究计算纽约市沉降率的方法及该研究比以往研究更优之处。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The study, published in the journal Earth’s Future, aims to show how high rises in coastal areas could contribute to future flood risk and that measures should be taken to reduce the potentially dangerous impacts.(发表在《地球的未来》杂志上的这项研究旨在揭示沿海地区的高楼大厦如何导致未来的洪水风险，并指出应采取措施减少潜在的危险影响)”可知，该研究的目的是揭示沿海地区的高楼如何导致洪水威胁。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The researchers calculated the mass of 1,084,954 buildings across the five districts of New York City and then used simulations (模拟) to calculate the effects of that weight on the ground, comparing that with satellite data showing the real surface geology. That analysis revealed the rate at which the city is sinking.(研究人员计算了纽约市五个行政区的1084954座建筑物的质量，然后用模拟方法计算这些重量对地面的影响，并将其与显示实际地表地质情况的卫星数据进行对比。该分析揭示了该市的沉降速度)”可知，研究人员是通过将模拟数据与实际数据相结合来计算城市沉降率的。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Even with those limitations, these new calculations have improved upon previous observations of subsidence in the city by factoring in the diverse geological makeup of the area, which includes sand, silt, and exposed bedrock.(尽管有这些局限性，但这些新的计算通过考虑该地区包括沙子、淤泥和裸露基岩在内的多样化地质构成，改进了之前对该市沉降情况的观测)”可知，这项新研究比以前的研究更好是因为它考虑了纽约多样化地质构成，即复杂的地质情况。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中Sophie Coulson的话“Understanding how and why the landscape is changing, and identifying regions at the highest risk of flooding are essential for making the right preparations to reduce the rate of sea level rise over the long term.(了解地貌变化的方式和原因，并确定洪水风险最高的地区，对于做好正确的准备以长期降低海平面上升速度至关重要)”可知，Sophie Coulson认为应该识别最有可能受洪水影响的地区，然后做好正确的准备来减缓海平面上升速度。故选D项。 10 Imagine that you are in a crowded place. You do not notice, but someone is watching you and learns your iPhone password (密码). Then, they steal your phone. Suddenly, your photos, documents, financial information, and the rest of your digital life have been taken from you. Apple, the iPhone maker, recently released an update to its iOS operating system. It has a new feature called Stolen Device Protection (SDP). The feature makes it a lot harder for phone thieves to open the device and access important functions and settings. Apple says the feature adds extra security for users. It addresses a drawback that thieves have used to lock device owners out of their Apple accounts, delete their photos and other files from their iCloud, and take money from their bank accounts. SDP keeps track of a user’s “familiar locations”, such as their home or workplace. It also reduces the importance of passwords. Instead, it favors “biometric” (生物识别的) features such as faces or fingerprints, which are a lot harder to copy. If a thief tries to erase or reset an iPhone, the device will require a Face ID or Touch ID scan to confirm that the person is the rightful owner. The new feature does not let someone use the password or any other backup method. Another part of the new feature is designed to slow down thieves trying to change security settings. For example, if someone tries to sign out of an Apple ID account, change the password or reset the phone in an unfamiliar location, they will have to authenticate (证实) by using Face ID or Touch ID, wait an hour, and then do a second facial or fingerprint scan. Changing an Apple ID password, updating Apple ID security settings, adding or removing Face or Touch ID, and turning off the Find My device feature or Stolen Device Protection also will lead to this feature. 1．What is the intention of paragraph 1? A．To introduce the topic. B．To talk about someone losing phone. C．To remind readers to be careful in a crowded place. D．To put forward the importance of iPhone password 2．What is the main purpose of SDP? A．To help users find their lost iPhones more easily. B．To help users back up their data more efficiently. C．To make it harder for thieves to access a stolen iPhone’s important functions. D．To improve the speed of an iPhone’s operation, 3．What does SDP need when a thief tries to erase or reset an iPhone? A．Forme passwords. B．Identity recognition. C．The user’s familiar locations. D．A backup method. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Apple’s new SDP feature. B．Apple’s iOS operating system. C．Apple ID account D．Apple ID security settings. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．A 【解析】本文是一篇科技产品类说明文。文章详细介绍了苹果公司最新推出的“被盗设备保护”功能，阐述该功能如何通过生物识别技术和位置监控等手段增强iPhone的防盗安全性。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段内容“Imagine that you are in a crowded place. You do not notice, but someone is watching you and learns your iPhone password (密码). Then, they steal your phone. Suddenly, your photos, documents, financial information, and the rest of your digital life have been taken from you.(想象一下，你在一个拥挤的地方。你没有注意到，但有人正在监视你并学习你的iPhone密码。然后，他们偷走了你的手机。突然间，你的照片、文件、财务信息和其他数字生活都被夺走了。)”可知，第一段描述了在拥挤场所手机密码被窃取、手机被盗后个人信息和财产面临风险的场景。这一场景并非单纯讲述丢手机或强调密码重要性，而是通过具体情境引出后文Apple推出SDP功能的话题。因此，其意图是引入主题。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“It has a new feature called Stolen Device Protection (SDP). The feature makes it a lot harder for phone thieves to open the device and access important functions and settings.(它有一个名为‘被盗设备保护’（SDP）的新功能。该功能使手机小偷更难打开设备并访问重要功能和设置。)”可知，SDP的主要目的是增加小偷访问被盗iPhone重要功能的难度。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“If a thief tries to erase or reset an iPhone, the device will require a Face ID or Touch ID scan to confirm that the person is the rightful owner.(如果小偷试图擦除或重置 iPhone，设备将需要 Face ID 或 Touch ID 扫描来确认此人是合法所有者。)”可知，Face ID和Touch ID属于生物识别（身份识别）技术。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文特别是第二段“It has a new feature called Stolen Device Protection (SDP). The feature makes it a lot harder for phone thieves to open the device and access important functions and settings.(它有一个名为‘被盗设备保护’（SDP）的新功能。该功能使手机小偷更难打开设备并访问重要功能和设置。)”可知，全文围绕Apple推出的新功能SDP展开，介绍其功能、原理及对防盗的作用。所以A项Apple’s new SDP feature(Apple的新SDP功能)符合主题，适合用作标题。故选A。 11 From Mozart to Metallica, tons of people enjoy listening to various types of music while they paint, write, or draw. Most believe that music helps increase creativity, but an international study conducted by English and Swedish researchers is challenging that view. The study results were echoed by scientists from Lancaster University, and the University of Gavle, saying their findings show music actually weakens creativity. To reach their conclusions (结论), researchers had volunteers complete verbal (口头的) problems designed to inspire creativity while sitting in a quiet room, and then again while music played in the background. They found that background music significantly weakened the volunteers’ ability to complete tasks connected with verbal creativity. The team also tested background noises like those commonly heard in a library, but found that such noises had no influence on subjects’ creativity. The tasks were simple word games. For example, volunteers were given three words, such as dress, rise, and flower. Then, they were asked to find a single word connected with all three that could be combined (结合) to form a common phrase or word. The single word, in this case, would be “sun” (sundress, sunrise, sunflower). Volunteers completed the tasks in either a quiet room, or while listening to two different types of music: rock music or light music “We found strong evidence of weakened performance when playing background music in comparison to quiet background conditions,” says co-author D．Neil McLatchie of Lancaster University. He and his colleagues find that music negatively influences the verbal working memory processes of the brain, preventing creativity. Also, as far as the library background noises having seemingly (似乎) no effect, the study’s authors believe that was the case because library noises create a “regular state” environment that doesn’t affect concentration. “To conclude, the findings here challenge the popular view that music increases creativity, and instead show that music, whatever type it is, is always a disadvantage for creative performance in problem solving,” the study reads. 1．What does the underlined word “echoed” in Paragraph 1 mean? A．Challenged B．Accepted C．Doubted D．Heard 2．What were the volunteers asked to do in the study? A．To play music. B．To combine given words. C．To create new words. D．To connect words with music. 3．What can we infer from the study? A．Quiet background inspires creativity best. B．Library noise does no harm to creativity. C．Music has a bad effect on language ability. D．Music types matter in creative performance. 4．Which is the main idea of the passage? A．Quiet Environments Prevent Concentration. B．Background Noise Affects Concentration. C．Composing Music Weakens Creativity. D．Listening to Music Reduces Creativity. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．D 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了大多数人认为音乐有助于提高创造力，但一项由英国和瑞典研究人员进行的国际研究对这一观点提出了挑战。他们表示，音乐实际上会削弱创造力。文章主要介绍了研究开展的过程以及研究表明，无论音乐是什么类型的，它总是不利于解决问题的创造性表现。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Most believe that music helps increase creativity, but an international study conducted by English and Swedish researchers is challenging that view.(大多数人认为音乐有助于提高创造力，但一项由英国和瑞典研究人员进行的国际研究对这一观点提出了挑战)”以及画线词后文“saying their findings show music actually weakens creativity”可知，这项研究结果得到了兰开斯特大学和耶夫勒大学的科学家们的接受，他们表示，音乐实际上会削弱创造力。故画线词意思是“接受”。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“For example, volunteers were given three words, such as dress, rise, and flower. Then, they were asked to find a single word connected with all three that could be combined (结合) to form a common phrase or word.(例如，志愿者被告知三个单词，如dress， rise和flower。然后，他们被要求找到一个与这三个单词相连的单词，这些单词可以组合成一个常见的短语或单词)”可知，志愿者在研究中被要求创造新词。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Also, as far as the library background noises having seemingly (似乎) no effect, the study’s authors believe that was the case because library noises create a “regular state” environment that doesn’t affect concentration.(此外，就图书馆的背景噪音似乎没有影响而言，该研究的作者认为，这是因为图书馆的噪音创造了一个“正常状态”的环境，不会影响注意力)”可推知，图书馆的噪音对创造力没有坏处。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Most believe that music helps increase creativity, but an international study conducted by English and Swedish researchers is challenging that view. The study results were echoed by scientists from Lancaster University, and the University of Gavle, saying their findings show music actually weakens creativity.(大多数人认为音乐有助于提高创造力，但一项由英国和瑞典研究人员进行的国际研究正在挑战这一观点。这项研究结果得到了兰开斯特大学和耶夫勒大学的科学家们的呼应，他们的研究结果表明，音乐实际上会削弱创造力)”结合文章主要介绍了研究开展的过程以及研究表明，无论音乐是什么类型的，它总是不利于解决问题的创造性表现。可知，这篇文章的主旨是听音乐会降低创造力。故选D。 12 Here’s one more reason to limit the amount of time your child is spending in front of a screen. Social media could be reprogramming children’s brains and making them addicted to “likes”, a new study out of the University of North Carolina says. Some apps, especially used for sharing photos, videos or instant messages, could be making teenagers almost endlessly check their phones to see if they have positive or negative reactions to their online posts, experts say. The more young people check social media, the more sensitive (敏感的) they become to social feedback (反馈) in the form of “likes” and comments, psychologists said. Researchers studied 169 students from 3 public middle schools in North Carolina over three years. Each student reported how often they checked their popular social media platforms. Some admitted doing so more than 20 times in a day. They also took part in a Social Incentive Delay task where their brain responses were measured when they were expecting to receive social rewards and avoid social punishments. Early research shows that 78% of 13- to 17-year-olds report checking their phones at least hourly each day and 35% look at the top five networks “almost constantly”. In this study, the authors point out that students who look at social media at least 15 times daily are the most sensitive to social feedback. “Social media platforms provide teenagers with entirely new opportunities for social interactions during a key developmental period when the brain is especially sensitive to social feedback,” the study says. The study suggests that social media behaviors in early teen years may be connected with changes in teenagers’ neural(神经的) development, specifically neural sensitivity to potential social feedback. “Further research examining long-term prospective connections between social media use, teenagers’ neural development, and psychological adjustment is needed to understand the effects of social media on the development for today’s teenagers,” the study says. 1．Why do teenagers check their phones endlessly? A．To correct their posts. B．To share the latest news. C．To update learning materials. D．To see the feedback on their posts. 2．How does checking social media endlessly influence teenagers? A．It weakens their ability of judgment. B．It worsens their neural development. C．It changes the structure of their brain. D．It makes them oversensitive to social feedback. 3．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To highlight the dangers from social media. B．To show who suffers most from social media. C．To suggest limiting teenagers’ using social media. D．To introduce what social feedback teenagers expect. 4．In which section can we read the text on a website? A．Health. B．Lifestyle. C．Fashion. D．Culture. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．A 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了社交媒体对青少年大脑神经和行为的不良影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Some apps, especially used for sharing photos, videos or instant messages, could be making teenagers almost endlessly check their phones to see if they have positive or negative reactions to their online posts, experts say.( 专家表示，一些应用程序，特别是用于分享照片、视频或即时消息的应用程序，可能会让青少年几乎无休止地查看手机，看看他们对网上帖子的反应是积极的还是消极的。)”可知，青少年不停地查看手机是为了看看他们网上发布的内容有积极或消极的反馈，也就是查看对他们帖子的反馈。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The more young people check social media, the more sensitive (敏感的) they become to social feedback (反馈) in the form of “likes” and comments, psychologists said.( 心理学家称，年轻人查看社交媒体的次数越多，他们对“点赞”和评论等社交反馈就越敏感。)”以及第四段中“In this study, the authors point out that students who look at social media at least 15 times daily are the most sensitive to social feedback.( 在这项研究中，作者指出，每天浏览社交媒体至少15次的学生对社交反馈最敏感。)”可知，无休止地查看社交媒体会让青少年对社交反馈过度敏感。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章大意以及文章开头“Here’s one more reason to limit the amount of time your child is spending in front of a screen.( 这是限制孩子在屏幕前花费时间的又一个原因。)”就指出了有理由限制孩子看屏幕的时间，接着阐述了社交媒体对青少年大脑和行为的不良影响，如让他们对“点赞”上瘾、对社交反馈过度敏感等，所以作者写这篇文章的目的是建议限制青少年使用社交媒体。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了社交媒体对青少年大脑神经和行为的影响，这与健康相关，所以在网站的“健康”部分可以读到这篇文章。故选A项。 4 / 4 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$