【预习领跑】专题01 选必一Unit1 (知识全梳理&考点精准练)-【暑假自学课】2025年新高二英语暑假提升精品讲义（人教版2019）

专题01 选必一Unit1 (知识全梳理&考点精准练) 内容导航——预习三步曲 第一步：学 析教材 学知识：一、高频词变形速通 二、语境为王-短语指南 三、 核心词通关攻略 练习题 讲典例：重点句型精讲精练 练考点 强知识：核心词考点加强练 第二步：记 串知识 识框架：思维导图助力掌握知识框架、学习目标复核内容掌握 第三步：测 过关测 稳提升：小试牛刀检测预习效果、查漏补缺快速提升 一、高频词变形速通 1.crucial adj.至关重要的，关键性的→crucially adv.至关重要地 2.essential adj.必不可少的，极其重要的→essentially adv.本质上；根本上 3.commit v.承诺，保证；忠于；犯罪→commitment n.承诺,奉献→committed adj.坚定的；尽心尽力的 4.academy n.专科院校→academic adj.学业的，学术的→academically adv.学术上 5.object n.物体；目标 v.反对→objection n.不赞成，反对→objective n.目标 adj.客观的 6.value n.价值 v.重视，珍视→valuable adj.有价值的→invaluable adj.价值连城的→valueless adj.一文不值的 7.distinct adj.清晰的；有区别的→distinction n.区别，差别，卓越，特点→distinctive adj.独特的，特别的，有特色的 8.acknowledge vt.承认，感谢→acknowledgement n.承认；感谢 9.defeat n.& vt.击败，战胜→defeated adj.有挫败感的 10.analyze /analyse v.分析→analysis n/ analyses (n.) 复数 11.apparent adj.显然的；表面上的→apparently adv.显然地；似乎 12.science n.科学→scientist n.科学家→scientific adj.科学上的，关于科学的 13.most adj.最多的；大多数的→mostly adv.主要地；通常 14.conclude vt.vi结束，推断出→conclusion n.结束，结论 15.novel n.小说 adj.新颖的 →novelist n.小说家 16.foundation n.根基，基础→found（founded, founded）vt.创建，建立→founder n.创办者→newfound adj.新得到的 17.inference n.推论，推理，推断→infer(inferred, inferred )vt.推断，推定 18.politics n.政治→politician n.政治家；政客→political adj.政治的 19.number n.数字→numerous adj.众多的，许多的 20.theory n.理论→theoretical adj.理论的 21.relate vt.联系；讲述→relation n.关系，亲戚→ relationship n.关系→relativity n.相对论→relative adj.有关的 n.亲戚→relevant adj.相关的 22.gentleman n.绅士→gentle adj.温和，文雅的→gently adv.轻轻地，温柔地 23.passion n.酷爱，激情→passionate adj.热情的，狂热的 24.doctor n.医生，博士→doctorate n.博士学位 25.extraordinary adj.不一般的，非凡的→extraordinarily adv.非常地，格外地 26.gradual adj.逐渐的，逐步的→gradually adv.逐渐地 27.institution n.机构；制度→institute n.（教育、专业）机构，机构建筑 28.consequence n.结果；后果→consequent adj.随之而来的,作为后果的→consequently adv.因此，所以 29.peculiarity n.特质→peculiar adj.特有的，怪异的，不舒服的 30.encounter n.遇见，邂逅，遭遇 vt.遇到，碰到 31.profession n.职业，行业→professor n.教授→professional adj.职业的，专业的→professionally adv.专业地，职业地 32.mourning n.哀悼→mourn v.哀悼→mournful adj.悲哀的 33.remark n.言论；评论 vt.说起；谈论→remarkable adj.非凡的,显著的 34.summary n.总结，概括，概要→summarize vt.总结，概括 35.evaluate vt.评估→evaluation n.评估 二、语境为王-短语指南 1. make a discovery 做出发现 2. form a better impression of 形成更好的印象 3. sth be awarded to sb. 被授予给… 4. lead to 导致；通向 5. a crucial new treatment for...是...的一种重要的新疗法 6. hundreds of thousands of 几十万；无数 7. millions of 成千上万的...；无数的... 8. die from 死于(外因)；因…而死 9. become a vital part of 成为…的重要组成部分 10. graduate from 从…毕业 11. form a team of 组成…的团队 12. with the objective of (doing) 以(做)…为目的 13. in the beginning 开始，开端；起初 14. become the head of 成为…的首领/负责人 15. in the fight against 在与…对抗/斗争中 16. suggest doing sth 建议做某事 17. extract from 从…提取/摘录 18. a collection of 一批，一些 19. try doing sth 尝试做某事 20. get stuck 进入僵局,被卡住 21. acknowledge defeat 承认失败，服输 22. by chance 偶然；意外地 23. draw out 抽出，提取 24. insisted on doing sth 坚持做某事 25. test the medicine on sb 在某人身上试验这种药 26. make sure 确信；证实 27. according to 根据，按照；取决于；据…所说 28. team effort 团队合作，团队努力的结果 29. other than 除了；不同于 30. relate to 涉及，有关 31. be distinct from 与…不同 32. make a distinction between.. 区别, 分辨 33. stand up to 经得起；抵抗；勇敢地面对 34. wear and tear 磨损,消耗 35. draw/come to a conclusion 得出结论 36. at a low temperature 在低温下 37. be acknowledged as 被承认是, 被公认为 38. change one’s mind 改变主意/想法 39. be about to do sth. 即将/刚要做某事 40. It strikes/hits/occurs to sb. that... 某人突然想到 41. care about 担心，关心 42. quit school 休学，退学 43. get published 被出版 44. be willing to do sth. 乐意/愿意做某事 45. be in power 当权，掌权，当政 46. beyond control 无法控制 47. under construction 在建造中；正在施工之中 48. be designed by 由……设计 49. with the help of 在…的帮助下, 借助于 50. flow chart 流程图 51. a big challenge for sb. 对某人来说是个很大的挑战 52. make great advancement in 在…方面取得很大进步/展 53. online shopping 网上购物,网购 54. make great contributions to 为…做出巨大贡献 55. the general theory of relativity 广义相对论 56. due to 由于；应归于 57. manage to do sth 设法做某事 58. look for work as 找一份…工作 59. take a job as 接受做…的工作 60. out of a strong passion for 出于对…强烈激情/爱好 61. earn a doctorate in physics 获得物理学博士学位 62. be recorded as 被记录为 63. quit one's job at the patent office 辞去在专利局的工作 64. come to power 当权；执政 65. as a consequence 因此，结果 66. take up a position as 担任…的职位 67. make great achievements in 在…方面取得巨大成就 68. stand on end 竖着 69. as though 好像；仿佛 70. electric shock 电击 71. knock on 敲击（门、窗） 72. be mistaken for 被误认为…; 被误解为 73. It is/was reported that... 据报道 74. pass away 去世；停止 75. sum up 总结；概述；计算…的总数 76. to one’s surprise 让人惊讶的是 77. gain fame and wealth through hard work 通过努力工作获得名誉和财富 78. scores of 许多;大量 79. under no circumstances 决不，无论如何都不 80. be widely considered to be/as 被广泛认为是 81. It seems odd to sb. that 对某人来说似乎很奇怪 82. be based on 根据;以…为基础 83. put forward many advanced ideas 提出了许多先进的思想 84. bring …together 把…团结起来 85. in particular 尤其; 特别 86. find support for 为…寻找支持 87. create opportunities for 为…创造机会 88. make a good living 过上好生活 89. cause sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事 90. if so 如果是这样的话; 要是这样 91. inspire sb. to do sth 激励某人做某事 92. be born to a …family 出生在…家庭 93. play a key role in 起关键/重要作用 94. succeed in doing sth. 成功地做成某事 95. die of heart disease 死于心脏病 三、核心词通关攻略 1. vital /ˈvaɪtl/ n. 必不可少的；极其重要的；充满生机的 考频：★★★ Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is thought to save 100,000 lives a year in Africa alone. (P2) 青蒿素成了抗疟疾药物的关键成分，据估计每年仅在非洲就挽救了10万人的性命。 【搭配】 be vital for/to=be of vital importance (to) 对……至关重要 It is vital that sb should do sth 某人做某事是十分重要的 【例句】 Vital to human life, art is used by nations across the world for various purposes. 艺术对人类生活至关重要，世界各地的国家都在为各种目的而使用艺术。 As far as I’m concerned, reading is of vital importance in language learning. 就我个人而言，阅读在语言学习中至关重要。 2. committed /kəˈmɪtɪd/ adj. 尽心尽力的；坚定的；坚信的 考频：★★★ Tu Youyou, a committed and patient scientist, was born in Ningbo, China, on 30 December 1930, and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955. (P2) 屠呦呦，这位尽职尽责、锲而不舍的科学家1930年12月30日出生于中国宁波，1955年毕业于北京大学医学部（原北京医学院）。 【拓展】 be committed to (doing) sth 承诺，保证（做某事、遵守协议或遵从安排等） commit v. 承诺；保证（某个人、机构等）；犯（罪或错误等） commitment n. 承诺；奉献 commit to (doing) sth/commit oneself to do 承诺；保证（做某事、遵守协议或安排等） 【例句】 The company is committed to being an equal opportunities employer. 这家公司承诺向所有雇员提供均等机会。 They must commit to spending time with their older neighbours. 他们必须承诺与年长的邻居共度时光。 We made a commitment to keep working together. 我们作了承诺要继续在一起工作。 3. evaluate /ɪˈvæljueɪt/ v. 评价；评估 考频：★★★ Her team examined over 2,000 old medical texts, and evaluated 280,000 plants for their medical properties. (P2) 她的团队研读了2000多篇（个）中医药古籍（古方），评估了28万种植物的药学属性。 【拓展】 evaluation n. 估计，评价 make an evaluation of 对……进行评估 【例句】 The market situation is difficult to evaluate. 市场形势难以评估。 Three professors were asked to make an evaluation of the teaching plans designed by the new teachers. 三位教授被要求对新教师设计的教案进行评估。 4. distinct /dɪˈstɪŋkt/ adj. 清晰的；清楚的；有区别的 考频：★★★ From their research, they discovered and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria. (P2) 通过研究，他们发现并测试了380种不同的有望战胜疟疾的古代中医疗法。 【拓展】 be distinct from (in) （在……方面）与……不同 distinctive adj. 与众不同的 distinction n. 差别；区分；优秀；特质 【例句】 Engineering and technology are disciplines distinct from one another and from science. 工程学和工艺学互不相同，也有别于自然学科。 5. acknowledge /əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/ v. 承认（属实、权威等）；（公开）感谢 考频：★★★ However, Tu Youyou would not acknowledge defeat. (P2) 然而，屠呦呦并不认输。 【拓展】 acknowledge doing/having done 承认做了…… It is widely/generally acknowledged that ……是大家公认的 acknowledgement n. 承认；感谢 【例句】 The flowers were a small acknowledgement of your kindness. 这些花聊表谢意，感谢你的好心帮助。 6. defeat /dɪˈfi:t/ n. 失败；挫败 vt. 击败；战胜考频：★★☆ However, Tu Youyou would not acknowledge defeat. (P2) 然而，屠呦呦不认输。 【拓展】 suffer a defeat 遭遇失败 accept/acknowledge defeat 承认/接受失败 defeat an enemy 打败敌人 【例句】 We have prepared and will not suffer a thorough defeat. 我们有准备，决不会一败涂地。 You must learn to accept defeat with good grace. 你必须学会欣然接受失败。 Leaders are expected to have the will and ability to defeat an enemy. 人们期望领导者有战胜敌人的意志和能力。 7. apparently /əˈpærəntli/ adv. 显而易见；看来；显然考频：★★☆ She concluded that boiling the sweet wormwood apparently destroyed its medical properties. (P2) 她得出结论，认为水煎青蒿显然破坏了它的药学属性。 【拓展】 apparent adj. 显而易见的；显然的；表面上的 It is apparent (to sb) that （对某人来说）……是显而易见的 【例句】 He paused, apparently lost in thought. 他停顿下来，显然陷入了沉思。 It is apparent that this movie has an artistic vision. 很明显，这部电影具有艺术性。 8. insist /ɪnˈsɪst/ v. 坚持；坚决要求 考频：★★☆ Tu Youyou and her team members even insisted on testing the medicine on themselves to make sure that it was safe. (P3) 屠呦呦与团队成员甚至坚持以身试药，以确保药物的安全性。 【搭配】 insist on doing sth 坚持做某事 insist that 表示坚决要求或坚决主张，that后从句的动作尚未发生，则that从句必须使用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用(should) do；当表示坚决认为或坚持说，that后从句表示已发生的动作，则that从句为陈述语气，即从句该用什么时态就用什么时态，当然还要和主句时态保持呼应。 【例句】 I insist on paying for the damage. 我坚持要求赔偿损失。 He also insisted that they (should) leave enough space for children. 他还坚持要求给孩子们留出足够的空间。 My husband and I insisted that our children were old enough to make their beds. 我的丈夫和我坚持认为我们的孩子年龄已经大到可以自己铺床了。 9. conclusion /kənˈklu:ʒn/ n. 结论；推论 考频：★★☆ Did you come to any conclusions? (P4) 你得出什么结论了吗？ 【拓展】 arrive at/come to/reach/draw a conclusion 得出结论 in conclusion 最后，总之 conclude vt. 断定；推断出；得出结论 conclude from ... 从……中得出结论 conclude (sth.) with 用……结束（某事） 【例句】 What do you conclude from that? 你从那件事中得到了什么结论？ I want to conclude with problems, which may sound kind of negative. 我想以问题来结束，这听起来有点否定意味。 10. circumstance /ˈsɜ:kəmstəns/ n. 条件；环境；状况 考频：★☆☆ Her circumstances are beyond our control. (P5) 她的情况是我们无法控制的。 【拓展】 in/under ... circumstances 在……情况下 in/under no circumstances 决不；无论如何不（放在句首，部分倒装） 【例句】 The rules can only be waived in exceptional circumstances. 该规定仅在特殊条件下方可失效。 Prisoners can only leave their cells under certain circumstances. 在押犯只能在特定时间离开自己的牢房。 Under no circumstances should you lend Paul money. 什么情况下都不要把钱借给保罗。 11. novelist /ˈnɒvəlɪst/ n. 小说家 考频：★☆☆ The teacher asked us to listen to a speech by his favourite novelist, J.K. Rowling. It inspired us a lot. (P5) 老师让我们听他最喜欢的小说家J.K.罗琳的演讲。它启发了我们很多。 【拓展】 novel n. （长篇）小说 【例句】 For a novelist, that’s quite an accomplishment. 对于一个小说家来说，那是一个了不起的成就。 Her latest novel is eagerly awaited. 人们热切期待她的最新小说。 12. flow /fləʊ/ n. 流；流动；流畅；供应 vi. 流；流动考频：★☆☆ I was asked to explain the project with the help of a flow chart. (P5) 要求我借助流程图来解释这个项目。 【拓展】 cash flow 现金流量 flow chart 流程图 【例句】 We are keeping our head above water, but our cash flow position is not too good. 我们虽然还未陷入困境，但资金流转状况不太好。 This flow chart, shown below, summarizes the overall costing process. 如下所示，这张流程图概括了成本计算的全程。 This valve regulates the flow of water. 这个阀门调节水流。 13. found /faʊnd/ vt. 创建；建立；把……建立在考频：★☆☆ founded high-tech and futuristic companies (P6) 创建高科技未来派公司 【拓展】 founder n. 建立者；创立者 Their marriage was founded on love and mutual respect. 他们的婚姻建立在爱情和互相尊重的基础上。 He is the founder of International Sports Management Limited. 他是国际体育管理有限公司的创始人。 14. infer /ɪnˈfɜ:(r)/ vt. 推断；推定 考频：★★★ At other times, the reason is given right after the opinion or decision, and the link can be inferred. (P6) 在其它时候，理由是在意见或决定之后给出的，并可以推断出联系。 【拓展】 infer ... from ... 从……中推断出…… 【例句】 What can we infer about the author from the text? 从文章中我们能推断出作者的什么信息？ The police inferred, though they didn’t exactly say it, that they found her behaviour rather suspicious. 虽未明说，警方却暗示他们发现她的行迹相当可疑。 15.theory /ˈθɪəri/ n. 理论；学说 考频：★☆☆ He made numerous contributions to the world, the most well-known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc2. (P8) 他为世界作出了无数的贡献，最为出名的当数广义相对论和著名的方程式E=mc2。 【拓展】 theorist n. 理论家 theoretical adj. 理论上的 theoretically adv. 理论上 The theory remains untested. 该理论仍未经过验证。 Theoretically, the price is supposed to be marked on the shelf. 从理论上说，价格是要标在货架上的。 16. passion /ˈpæʃ(ə)n/ n. 酷爱；激情 考频：★★★ While working there, out of a strong passion for knowledge, he continued to study, earning a doctorate in physics in 1905. (P8) 工作期间，出于强烈的求知欲，他仍继续学习，于1905年获得物理学博士学位。 【拓展】 full of passion 充满激情 have a passion for 对……有强烈的激情/爱好 【例句】 To work and live full of passion, everything will be so dynamic. 充满激情地工作和生活，一切都会如此充满活力。 The English have a passion for gardens. 英国人酷爱花园。 【拓展】 passionate adj. 狂热的 17. gradually /ˈɡrædʒuəli/ adv. 逐渐地，逐步地 考频：★★☆ Following this, he gradually became famous throughout the world as the new Issac Newton. (p8) 此后，他渐渐闻名于世，被誉为第二个艾萨克·牛顿。 【例句】 The weather gradually improved. 天气逐渐好转。 18. come to power （开始）掌权；上台 考频：★☆☆ Circumstances changed in 1933, when Hitler came to power in Germany. (P8) 1933年，希特勒在德国上台，形势发生了变化。 【拓展】 be in power 执政，掌权 beyond/out of one’s power 力所不能及的 【例句】 But he has come to power in difficult circumstances. 但是他是在艰难的情况下上台的。 Clearly, you don’t want to make an enemy of someone who will be in power for a while. 显然，你不会想和一个暂时还在当权的人作对。 Finishing the task in just one day is out of my power. 仅在一天之内就完成这个任务是我力所不能及的。 19.consequence /ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/ n. 结果，后果 考频：★★☆ As a consequence, he had to flee Germany. (P8) 因此，他不得不逃离德国。 【拓展】 as a consequence = in consequence 结果，因此 take/suffer/face the consequences (of sth) 承担……的后果 consequent adj. 作为结果的，随之而来的 consequently adv. 结果，因此 【例句】 He suffered much in consequence. 结果他遭受了很大的损失。 He was prepared to face the consequences. 他准备承担后果。 They had children and were consequently tied to the school vacations. 他们有几个孩子，因此被学校假期束缚住了。 20. take up a position 担任；任职 考频：★☆☆ After spending time in Europe, he finally took up a position as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, USA. (P8) 在欧洲度过一段时间后，他终于在美国普林斯顿高等研究院谋得研究员一职。 【拓展】 take up 接受；开始从事；占据（时间或空间） 【例句】 I won’t take up any more of your time. 我不会再占用你的时间了。 He left a career in teaching to take up a position with the Arts Council. 他放弃了教学工作，到艺术委员会任职。 He left to take up a new position with another company. 他走了，在另一家公司谋得了一个新职位。 21. encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntə(r)/ vt. 偶然碰到；遇到 n. 邂逅；遭遇 考频：★☆☆ In fact, Einstein often encountered people on the street who would stop him to help explain things. (p9) 事实上，爱因斯坦经常遇到有人当街拦住他，请他解释各种事物。 【例句】 She was the most remarkable woman he had ever encountered. 她是他所见到过的最出色的女性。 His first encounter with Wilson was back in 1989. 他第一次遇到威尔逊是早在 1989 年。 22.sum /sʌm/ vi. 总结；概括 n. 金额；款项；总数；总和 考频：★☆☆ Use your notes to write your introduction and sum up how you feel about this person. (P9) 在你的笔记上写下你的介绍并总结你对这个人的感觉。 【拓展】 sum up 总结；概括 to sum up 概括地说 in sum 总之；总而言之 【例句】 The sum of all the angles of a triangle is 180 degrees. 一个三角形的所有角度之和是180度。 To sum up, there are three main ways of tackling the problem. 概括起来说，这一问题主要有三种解决办法。 In sum, talent is not so important as working hard in either study or daily work. 总之，无论是在学习中或是在日常工作中，天赋并不像努力工作那么重要。 23. Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered. (P3) 随后，该药物试用于疟疾患者，其中大多数人康复了。 【名师点津】 本句是一个含有非限制性定语从句的复合句。主句是the medicine was tested on malaria patients。第二个逗号后面是“不定代词+of+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。 【例句】 He planted two trees last year, both of which are growing well. 他去年种了两棵树，长得都很好。 He has three daughters, all of whom went abroad for further education. 他有三个女儿，她们都出国深造了。 24. Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize, she said, “The honour is not just mine.” (P3) 获悉自己被授予诺贝尔奖时，她说：“这份荣誉不仅仅属于我。” 【名师点津】 在本句中，she said, ...是主句，that引导的句子作hearing的宾语。Upon hearing...是“upon+动词-ing形式”构成介词短语，在句中作时间状语。upon还可换为介词on，表示“一件事情紧接着另一件事情发生”。这种用法常见于正式文体中，根据语境可翻译为“当……时；一……就……”。 【拓展】 有时也可用“upon/on+名词”形式表达相同的意思。 【例句】 Upon hearing that he had won the lottery, the man laughed heartily. 当知道自己中彩票时，这个男人开怀大笑。 On his return from his vacation, he began writing his first novel. 他一休假回来，就开始写他的第一部小说。 25. 状语从句省略 考频：★★★ While (she was) waiting at the bus stop, she met the famous professor. 在公交车站等车时，她遇到了那位著名的教授。 (1)状语从句省略的条件：状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致或是代词it且状语从句谓语中含有be动词。 (2)if构成的其他固定省略形式： if any如果有的话 if necessary如果有必要的话 if so如果是这样的话 if ever如果曾经有的话 if not如果不这样的话 26.find＋宾语＋宾语补足语 考频：★★★ Einstein, who was Jewish, found the doors of academic institutions closed to him. 爱因斯坦是犹太人，他发现学术机构的大门对他关闭了。 “find＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构形式归纳： (1)find＋宾语＋ (2)find＋it＋形容词/名词＋to do(it是形式宾语，to do是真正的宾语) Even the best writers sometimes find themselves lost for words. 即使最好的作家有时候也会发现自己表达不出来。 单元语法： 非限制性定语从句 基本用法： (1) 非限制性定语从句和它的先行词之间是比较松散的关系。在口语中有停顿，在书写中常用逗号隔开。 Tom came to the party in patched jeans, which surprised the other guests for they were all wearing evening suits. 汤姆穿着打补丁的牛仔裤来参加了宴会，这把其他客人都惊到了，因为他们穿的都是晚礼服。 (2) 非限制性定语从句的引导词通常是who, whom, whose和which等wh-词，不用that和why来引导非限制性定语从句。如果表原因，要用for which来替代why引导的从句。 The sailor’s daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a patient smile. 那个水手的女儿耐心地冲着我微笑，她的名字叫安。 (3) 关系副词where和when也能引导非限制性定语从句。 I’m seeing the manager tomorrow, when he will be back from New York. 我明天要去见经理，他明天要从纽约回来。 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别 Aspect Restrictive Relative Clause Non-restrictive Relative Clause 形式上 主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿。 与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。 功能上 用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清。 用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。 翻译上 翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，如： He is the student whose leg was broken. 他就是那个一只腿骨折了的学生。 从句与主句分开翻译，如： I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。 含义上 I have a brother who is a police. 我有一个当警察的哥哥。（哥哥不止一个） I have a brother, who is a police. 我有个哥哥，他是个警察。（只有一个哥哥） 先行词 只能是名词或代词 可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子 引导词 that, why, which, who, whom, whose有时可以省略 which, who, whom, whose, when, where一律不省略 非限制性定语从句中as和which的用法： (1) 用于非限制性定语从句时，可以指代整个主句的内容，as和which可以换用。 He left her, as/which was strange. 他离开了她，这很奇怪。 (2) as引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句可置于句首，句中和句尾。 As everyone knows, Tom is good at English. 大家都知道，汤姆擅长英语。 (3) 非限制性定语从句中谓语为被动时，常用as作主语。如as is said/known/ announced /reported/mentioned/expected/disused等。 As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China. 众所周知，台湾是中国的一部分。 (4) as引导非限制性定语从句，有“正如”的含义，如下列句式：as has been said above, as anybody can see, as we had expected, as (it) appears等。 Things are not always as they appear. 事情并不总是像表面那样。 (5) which引导非限制定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句只能置于句尾。 The decision was postponed, which was exactly what he wanted. 决定被推迟了，这正是他想要的。 (6) which引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句中的一个词（先行词）时，从句置于先行词后，可在句中或句尾。 The football match, which I watched yesterday, is very interesting. 我昨天看的那场足球赛很有趣。 (7) which引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句的谓语可带有宾语，有的还带宾语补足语。 Water changes into steam, which is known to be a physical change. 水变成蒸汽，这是众所周知的物理变化。 (8) which引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句意思可与主句相反。 He can write a letter in English, which I cannot. 他会用英语写信，而我不会。 状语从句的省略 （1）单句语法填空 ①She decided to go back to college to advance her career and to be able to better support her family while __________ (do) something she loves: nursing. ②When not __________ (allow) to sleep, lab rats die within a month. ③It sounds like something is wrong with the car's engine.If __________,we'd better take it to the garage immediately. （2）完成句子 劳动的时候，我意识到炎炎烈日下在农田中劳作是多么地艰难。 _____________________I realized how hard it was to work in the fields under a hot sun. （3）练能力：句式升级 (普通表达)I feel especially pleased while I am walking in the spring rain. ④(高级表达)I feel especially pleased ____________________ in the spring rain. (省略句) 【答案】（1）①doing ②allowed ③so （2）While working, （3）while walking 考点1：conclusion 的用法 [考向] 固定搭配+词性转换 ①When the group discussion is nearing its end, make sure to conclude it ___________ important points. ② ___________conclusion, I like everything in spring, especially the feelings bathed in the rain and sunshine. ③We will have a further discussion before we draw___________ final conclusion. 【答案】①with ②In ③a 考点2： circumstance的用法[考向] 固定搭配+词性转换 ①__________ the circumstances, it seemed better not to tell him about the accident. ②Whether or not you qualify for a loan will depend on your financial___________ (circumstance)． 【答案】①In/Under ②circumstances 考点3： consequence的用法[考向] 固定搭配+词性转换 ①I wonder if parents should always tell the truth no matter the___________(consequence)． ②As __________consequence, children become so reliant on their parents that they have no independent thought or creative ideas. ③Drunk driving has been banned.___________(consequent), the traffic accidents are decreasing. 【答案】① consequences ②a ③ Consequently 考点4： acknowledge的用法 [考向] 固定搭配+词性转换 ① Her years of hard work have finally ___________(acknowledge) after a customer nominated (提名) her to be Cheshire's Woman Of The Year. ②Generally__________(acknowledge) as the finest poet in the country, he still lives a low­profile life. ③Professor Hawking is acknowledged _________one of the world's greatest physicists. ④He acknowledged __________(defeat) publicly by his friend in the game, which made us surprised. 【答案】①been acknowledged ② acknowledged_ ③as ④being defeated _ 考点5：insist的用法[考向] insist固定搭配+词性转换 ①He insisted ___________finding a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. ②Although Tom insisted that he ___________(hand) in his homework yesterday, Mr Wang still insisted he (do) it again. 【答案】①on ② had handed； （should） do 考点6：commit的用法 [考向] commit固定搭配+词性转换 ①He was a good man who___________ was (commit) to his family as well as to his work. ②He is determined to commit____________(he) to the cause of education. ③If you are serious about our relationship, you should make a___________ (commit)． 【答案】①committed ②himself ③commitment 考点7：passion的用法 [考向] 固定搭配+词性转换 ①He has a passion __________ Chinese literature, which dates back to his youth. ②Though she has been teaching English for twenty years, she is still ___________(passion) about teaching. 【答案】①for ②passionate 考点8： find＋宾语＋宾语补足语的用法[考向] find＋宾语+宾补 ①When Tom found himself ___________(take) to an unknown village, he was quite frightened. ②Suddenly, Anne found herself ___________(walk) in the direction of the railway station. ③That's why she often finds herself___________ (help) when she meets with some challenges. 【答案】①taken ②walking ③helpless 知识导图记忆 I.词形变化填空(用括号内所给词的适当形式填空)(每小题2分，共10分) 1. to education，he every minute to studying and teaching, so his finally paid off.(commit) 2．I that he didn’t tell us the truth，that is to say，I came to the that he lied.(conclude) 3．The has made achievements in .(scientific) 4．Through my great efforts，I obtained an qualification at the Chinese of Science.(academy) 5．As you know， is my main major at university，and as a consequence，I memorize many parties and .(politician) II.单词拼写(根据汉语提示或首字母提示写单词)(每小题2分，共20分) 1．My favorite hobby is reading books and newspapers，which has become a v part of my daily routine. 2．Though all his friends blamed him，he i that he had done nothing wrong. 3．I wondered who made this decision and how they drew their (结论)． 4．While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on (后果) under stress，their responses to risk turn out to be different. 5．I have to your generous assistance whenever I am in trouble. 6．If you don’t insist on what you are doing，under no circumstances will you what you desire. 7．We should develop students’ ability to (分析) and solve problems. 8．I hold the strong belief that I won’t be (打败) in the contest. 9． (创建) in 1898，Peking University enjoys a good reputation worldwide. 10．It was by chance that I (遇到) my former classmate on the street the other day. Ⅲ.经典句型仿写(每小题3分，共12分) 1．我要推荐你去西安旅行，那里有很多名胜古迹。(定语从句)(应用文之推荐信) I will recommend you to visit Xi’an， . 2．你会交到一些好朋友，他们大多数也喜欢打乒乓球。(“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句) You will make some good friends， . 3．一听到这个消息，他难以抑制心中的兴奋，高兴地跳了起来。(upon doing...)(读后续写之兴奋心理描写) ，he was unable to control his excitement and jumped with joy. 4．对于约翰来说，通过制作和卖爆米花来帮助伯纳德过更好的生活是一种莫大的荣幸。(honour，it作形式主语)(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，读后续写) John to help Bernard to live a better life by making and selling popcorn. IV. 语篇填空(每小题1.5分，共30分) A Zu Chongzhi was a famous and remarkable mathematician and scientist in ancient China. He lived in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. When he was young, he had 1 broad range of interests, such as 2 (nature) science and philosophy. And he was interested in mathematics, astronomy and machinery. The achievement Zu Chongzhi made in the calculation (计算) of the value of pi has been 3 (international) acknowledged. Liu Hui, a mathematician in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, proposed a way 4 (work) out the value of pi—the cyclotomic method (割圆术). Based on the earlier research, Zu Chongzhi came to the conclusion that the value of pi falls between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927 after more than 1,000 5 (time) of calculation. He also 6 (put) forward the viewpoint that the approximate value of pi is 355/113, which is called “milü”. It boosted the calculation of pi to a new phase. It was more than 1,000 years before the Western mathematicians calculated the same value. Thus the value of pi is also called “zulü” 7 memory of him. Besides the achievement in mathematics, he wrote the book Zhui Shu, 8 gathered his accomplishments in mathematics and 9 (take) as a teaching material during the Tang Dynasty. And he also made a great 10 (contribute) to astronomy and machinery. B 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容或括号内所给词的恰当形式填空。 When he was a little boy, Christopher Cockerell once noticed his mother turning the wheel of her sewing machine with her hand. “Won't it work quickly if a machine 11 (turn) the wheel for you?” he asked. “I suppose it will,” said his mother, without paying any attention to him. Christopher knew she always had a lot of work and that she was 12 stubborn that he could hardly do anything to change 13 (she)mind. But he wanted to help. In his bedroom there was a toy steam engine 14 (buy) by his father as a gift to him. “I will make better use of it,” little Christopher said to himself. So, when his mother was not using her sewing machine, he decided to fix the toy steam engine onto it. When he finished 15 (do) it, he was quite pleased, thinking his mother would like it. “Very clever,” his mother said when she saw it. But then she sat down and went on turning the wheel 16 hand. “I 17 (work) like this for too many years,” she explained. Christopher felt very 18 (disappoint). He couldn't understand his mother's 19 (behave). This taught Christopher a lesson, 20 made him depressed for several days. It is what anyone who tries to improve anything has to learn: many people don't like new ideas. 答案 I. 1.Committed,committed ,commitment, 2.concluded,conclusion 3.scientist, scientific,science 4.academic,Academy 5.politics,political,politicians II.1.vital 2.insisted 3.conclusion 4.consequences 5.acknowledge 6.obtain 7.analyz(s)e 8.defeated 9.Founded 10. encountered III. 1.where there are a great number of places of interest 2. most of whom are also interested in playing table tennis 3. Upon hearing the news 4.It is a great honour for IV A 【答案】 1．a 2．natural 3．internationally 4．to work 5．times 6．put 7．in 8．which 9．was taken 10．contribution 【导语】这是一篇人物介绍。文章主要介绍了祖冲之精确了圆周率，其成就得到了国际认可。并在数学、天文、机械方面有所造诣。 1．考查冠词。句意：他年轻时，兴趣广泛，如自然科学和哲学。a range of表示“各种各样的……”，符合句意，故填a。 2．考查形容词。句意：他年轻时，兴趣广泛，如自然科学和哲学。根据science可知此处要加形容词作定语，nature的形容词是natural。故填natural。 3．考查副词。句意：祖冲之在计算圆周率（π）方面的成就已经得到了国际认可。设空处修饰has been acknowledged，应用副词作状语，故填internationally。 4．考查动词不定式。句意：魏晋时期的数学家刘徽提出了一种计算圆周率的方法——割圆术。way意为“方法”时后用动词不定式作后置定语，故填to work。 5．考查名词复数。句意：祖冲之在前人研究的基础上，经过1000多次计算，得出圆周率在3.1415926到3.1415927之间的结论。此处的time意为“次”，是可数名词，由“more than 1,000”可知应用复数形式。故填times。 6．考查时态。句意：他还提出了π的近似值为355/113的观点，这被称为“密率”。这里描述的是过去发生的动作，所以要用一般过去时。put的过去式为put，故填put。 7．考查介词。句意：因此，为了纪念他，圆周率也被称为“祖率”。in memory of意为“为纪念……”。故填in。 8．考查定语从句。句意：除了在数学方面的成就外，他还写了《缀术》这本书，该书汇集了他在数学方面的成就，并在唐朝被作为教材。逗号前主谓宾结构完整，空后是动词gathered，且由语境可知动词gathered的主语即空前的名词Zhui Shu，所以设空处引导非限制性定语从句，关系词在定语从句中作主语，指物，故填which。 9．考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：除了在数学方面的成就外，他还写了《缀术》这本书，该书汇集了他在数学方面的成就，并在唐朝被作为教材。分析句子可知，在which引导的定语从句中，and连接两个并列的谓语（即设空处与前面的gathered），关系词which指代先行词Zhui Shu在从句中作主语，和动词take是被动关系，结合during the Tang Dynasty可知句子描述的是过去发生的事情，所以要用一般过去时的被动语态，主语表示单数意义，be动词用was。故填was taken。 10．考查名词。句意：并且他也对天文学和机械学做出了巨大的贡献。make a great contribution to意为“对……做出巨大贡献”，故填contribution。 B 【答案】 11．turns 12．so 13．her 14．bought 15．doing 16．by 17．have worked 18．disappointed 19．behavior/behaviour 20．which 【导语】这是一篇记叙文，本文讲叙了Christopher用玩具蒸汽机带动缝纫机使轮子转动，想为母亲减轻工作负担，本以为母亲会高兴，可事实并非如此，母亲依然用手转动轮子。 11．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：“如果有机器帮你转轮子，不是会工作得很快吗？”他问道。分析句子可知，本句中if引导条件状语从句，主句为一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来，主语为a machine，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填turns。 12．考查结果状语从句。句意：Christopher知道她总是有很多工作要做，而且她很固执，他几乎无法做任何事情来改变她的想法。结合句意可知，此处是so…that引导的结果状语从句，表示“如此……以至于……”。故填so。 13．考查人称代词。句意：Christopher知道她总是有很多工作要做，而且她很固执，他几乎无法做任何事情来改变她的想法。短语change one’s mind意为“改变某人的想法”，此处指Christopher的母亲的想法，人称代词应用her。故填her。 14．考查过去分词。句意：在他的卧室里有一个玩具蒸汽机，是他父亲给他买的礼物。本句中buy是非谓语动词，逻辑主语a toy steam engine与动词buy之间构成被动关系，应用过去分词作定语。故填bought。 15．考查动名词。句意：当他完成时，他很高兴，认为他的母亲会喜欢它。finish doing sth.完成做某事，固定短语，故用动名词形式。故填doing。 16．考查介词。句意：不过她还是坐了下来，继续用手转动轮子。by hand用手，固定短语。故填by。 17．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：她解释：“我已经这样做好多年了。”根据空格后的时间状语for too many years可知应用现在完成时，主语为I，故填 have worked。 18．考查形容词。句意：Christopher感觉很失望。根据上文felt可知应填形容词作表语，且修饰人应用-ed结尾的形容词。故填disappointed。 19．考查名词。句意：他无法理解他母亲的行为。上文mother’s为名词所有格，空处应填behave的名词形式，behavior/behaviour行为，不可数名词。故填behavior/behaviour。 20．考查定语从句。句意：这给了Christopher一个教训，让他郁闷了好几天。分析句子可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句，且关系词在从句中作主语，指事情，应用which引导。故填which。 18 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题01 选必一Unit1 (知识全梳理&考点精准练) 内容导航——预习三步曲 第一步：学 析教材 学知识：一、高频词变形速通； 二、语境为王-短语指南 三、 核心词通关攻略 练习题 讲典例：重点句型精讲精练 练考点 强知识：核心词考点加强练 第二步：记 串知识 识框架：思维导图助力掌握知识框架、学习目标复核内容掌握 第三步：测 过关测 稳提升：小试牛刀检测预习效果、查漏补缺快速提升 1、 高频词变形速通 1.crucial adj.至关重要的，关键性的→crucially adv.至关重要地 2.essential adj.必不可少的，极其重要的→essentially adv.本质上；根本上 3.commit v.承诺，保证；忠于；犯罪→commitment n.承诺,奉献→committed adj.坚定的；尽心尽力的 4.academy n.专科院校→academic adj.学业的，学术的→academically adv.学术上 5.object n.物体；目标 v.反对→objection n.不赞成，反对→objective n.目标 adj.客观的 6.value n.价值 v.重视，珍视→valuable adj.有价值的→invaluable adj.价值连城的→valueless adj.一文不值的 7.distinct adj.清晰的；有区别的→distinction n.区别，差别，卓越，特点→distinctive adj.独特的，特别的，有特色的 8.acknowledge vt.承认，感谢→acknowledgement n.承认；感谢 9.defeat n.& vt.击败，战胜→defeated adj.有挫败感的 10.analyze /analyse v.分析→analysis n/ analyses (n.) 复数 11.apparent adj.显然的；表面上的→apparently adv.显然地；似乎 12.science n.科学→scientist n.科学家→scientific adj.科学上的，关于科学的 13.most adj.最多的；大多数的→mostly adv.主要地；通常 14.conclude vt.vi结束，推断出→conclusion n.结束，结论 15.novel n.小说 adj.新颖的 →novelist n.小说家 16.foundation n.根基，基础→found（founded, founded）vt.创建，建立→founder n.创办者→newfound adj.新得到的 17.inference n.推论，推理，推断→infer(inferred, inferred )vt.推断，推定 18.politics n.政治→politician n.政治家；政客→political adj.政治的 19.number n.数字→numerous adj.众多的，许多的 20.theory n.理论→theoretical adj.理论的 21.relate vt.联系；讲述→relation n.关系，亲戚→ relationship n.关系→relativity n.相对论→relative adj.有关的 n.亲戚→relevant adj.相关的 22.gentleman n.绅士→gentle adj.温和，文雅的→gently adv.轻轻地，温柔地 23.passion n.酷爱，激情→passionate adj.热情的，狂热的 24.doctor n.医生，博士→doctorate n.博士学位 25.extraordinary adj.不一般的，非凡的→extraordinarily adv.非常地，格外地 26.gradual adj.逐渐的，逐步的→gradually adv.逐渐地 27.institution n.机构；制度→institute n.（教育、专业）机构，机构建筑 28.consequence n.结果；后果→consequent adj.随之而来的,作为后果的→consequently adv.因此，所以 29.peculiarity n.特质→peculiar adj.特有的，怪异的，不舒服的 30.encounter n.遇见，邂逅，遭遇 vt.遇到，碰到 31.profession n.职业，行业→professor n.教授→professional adj.职业的，专业的→professionally adv.专业地，职业地 32.mourning n.哀悼→mourn v.哀悼→mournful adj.悲哀的 33.remark n.言论；评论 vt.说起；谈论→remarkable adj.非凡的,显著的 34.summary n.总结，概括，概要→summarize vt.总结，概括 35.evaluate vt.评估→evaluation n.评估 二、语境为王-短语指南 1. make a discovery 做出发现 2. form a better impression of 形成更好的印象 3. sth be awarded to sb. 被授予给… 4. lead to 导致；通向 5. a crucial new treatment for...是...的一种重要的新疗法 6. hundreds of thousands of 几十万；无数 7. millions of 成千上万的...；无数的... 8. die from 死于(外因)；因…而死 9. become a vital part of 成为…的重要组成部分 10. graduate from 从…毕业 11. form a team of 组成…的团队 12. with the objective of (doing) 以(做)…为目的 13. in the beginning 开始，开端；起初 14. become the head of 成为…的首领/负责人 15. in the fight against 在与…对抗/斗争中 16. suggest doing sth 建议做某事 17. extract from 从…提取/摘录 18. a collection of 一批，一些 19. try doing sth 尝试做某事 20. get stuck 进入僵局,被卡住 21. acknowledge defeat 承认失败，服输 22. by chance 偶然；意外地 23. draw out 抽出，提取 24. insisted on doing sth 坚持做某事 25. test the medicine on sb 在某人身上试验这种药 26. make sure 确信；证实 27. according to 根据，按照；取决于；据…所说 28. team effort 团队合作，团队努力的结果 29. other than 除了；不同于 30. relate to 涉及，有关 31. be distinct from 与…不同 32. make a distinction between.. 区别, 分辨 33. stand up to 经得起；抵抗；勇敢地面对 34. wear and tear 磨损,消耗 35. draw/come to a conclusion 得出结论 36. at a low temperature 在低温下 37. be acknowledged as 被承认是, 被公认为 38. change one’s mind 改变主意/想法 39. be about to do sth. 即将/刚要做某事 40. It strikes/hits/occurs to sb. that... 某人突然想到 41. care about 担心，关心 42. quit school 休学，退学 43. get published 被出版 44. be willing to do sth. 乐意/愿意做某事 45. be in power 当权，掌权，当政 46. beyond control 无法控制 47. under construction 在建造中；正在施工之中 48. be designed by 由……设计 49. with the help of 在…的帮助下, 借助于 50. flow chart 流程图 51. a big challenge for sb. 对某人来说是个很大的挑战 52. make great advancement in 在…方面取得很大进步/展 53. online shopping 网上购物,网购 54. make great contributions to 为…做出巨大贡献 55. the general theory of relativity 广义相对论 56. due to 由于；应归于 57. manage to do sth 设法做某事 58. look for work as 找一份…工作 59. take a job as 接受做…的工作 60. out of a strong passion for 出于对…强烈激情/爱好 61. earn a doctorate in physics 获得物理学博士学位 62. be recorded as 被记录为 63. quit one's job at the patent office 辞去在专利局的工作 64. come to power 当权；执政 65. as a consequence 因此，结果 66. take up a position as 担任…的职位 67. make great achievements in 在…方面取得巨大成就 68. stand on end 竖着 69. as though 好像；仿佛 70. electric shock 电击 71. knock on 敲击（门、窗） 72. be mistaken for 被误认为…; 被误解为 73. It is/was reported that... 据报道 74. pass away 去世；停止 75. sum up 总结；概述；计算…的总数 76. to one’s surprise 让人惊讶的是 77. gain fame and wealth through hard work 通过努力工作获得名誉和财富 78. scores of 许多;大量 79. under no circumstances 决不，无论如何都不 80. be widely considered to be/as 被广泛认为是 81. It seems odd to sb. that 对某人来说似乎很奇怪 82. be based on 根据;以…为基础 83. put forward many advanced ideas 提出了许多先进的思想 84. bring …together 把…团结起来 85. in particular 尤其; 特别 86. find support for 为…寻找支持 87. create opportunities for 为…创造机会 88. make a good living 过上好生活 89. cause sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事 90. if so 如果是这样的话; 要是这样 91. inspire sb. to do sth 激励某人做某事 92. be born to a …family 出生在…家庭 93. play a key role in 起关键/重要作用 94. succeed in doing sth. 成功地做成某事 95. die of heart disease 死于心脏病 三、核心词通关攻略 1. vital /ˈvaɪtl/ n. 必不可少的；极其重要的；充满生机的 考频：★★★ Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is thought to save 100,000 lives a year in Africa alone. (P2) 青蒿素成了抗疟疾药物的关键成分，据估计每年仅在非洲就挽救了10万人的性命。 【搭配】 be vital for/to=be of vital importance (to) 对……至关重要 It is vital that sb should do sth 某人做某事是十分重要的 【例句】 Vital to human life, art is used by nations across the world for various purposes. 艺术对人类生活至关重要，世界各地的国家都在为各种目的而使用艺术。 As far as I’m concerned, reading is of vital importance in language learning. 就我个人而言，阅读在语言学习中至关重要。 2. committed /kəˈmɪtɪd/ adj. 尽心尽力的；坚定的；坚信的 考频：★★★ Tu Youyou, a committed and patient scientist, was born in Ningbo, China, on 30 December 1930, and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955. (P2) 屠呦呦，这位尽职尽责、锲而不舍的科学家1930年12月30日出生于中国宁波，1955年毕业于北京大学医学部（原北京医学院）。 【拓展】 be committed to (doing) sth 承诺，保证（做某事、遵守协议或遵从安排等） commit v. 承诺；保证（某个人、机构等）；犯（罪或错误等） commitment n. 承诺；奉献 commit to (doing) sth/commit oneself to do 承诺；保证（做某事、遵守协议或安排等） 【例句】 The company is committed to being an equal opportunities employer. 这家公司承诺向所有雇员提供均等机会。 They must commit to spending time with their older neighbours. 他们必须承诺与年长的邻居共度时光。 We made a commitment to keep working together. 我们作了承诺要继续在一起工作。 3. evaluate /ɪˈvæljueɪt/ v. 评价；评估 考频：★★★ Her team examined over 2,000 old medical texts, and evaluated 280,000 plants for their medical properties. (P2) 她的团队研读了2000多篇（个）中医药古籍（古方），评估了28万种植物的药学属性。 【拓展】 evaluation n. 估计，评价 make an evaluation of 对……进行评估 【例句】 The market situation is difficult to evaluate. 市场形势难以评估。 Three professors were asked to make an evaluation of the teaching plans designed by the new teachers. 三位教授被要求对新教师设计的教案进行评估。 4. distinct /dɪˈstɪŋkt/ adj. 清晰的；清楚的；有区别的 考频：★★★ From their research, they discovered and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria. (P2) 通过研究，他们发现并测试了380种不同的有望战胜疟疾的古代中医疗法。 【拓展】 be distinct from (in) （在……方面）与……不同 distinctive adj. 与众不同的 distinction n. 差别；区分；优秀；特质 【例句】 Engineering and technology are disciplines distinct from one another and from science. 工程学和工艺学互不相同，也有别于自然学科。 5. acknowledge /əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/ v. 承认（属实、权威等）；（公开）感谢 考频：★★★ However, Tu Youyou would not acknowledge defeat. (P2) 然而，屠呦呦并不认输。 【拓展】 acknowledge doing/having done 承认做了…… It is widely/generally acknowledged that ……是大家公认的 acknowledgement n. 承认；感谢 【例句】 The flowers were a small acknowledgement of your kindness. 这些花聊表谢意，感谢你的好心帮助。 6. defeat /dɪˈfi:t/ n. 失败；挫败 vt. 击败；战胜考频：★★☆ However, Tu Youyou would not acknowledge defeat. (P2) 然而，屠呦呦不认输。 【拓展】 suffer a defeat 遭遇失败 accept/acknowledge defeat 承认/接受失败 defeat an enemy 打败敌人 【例句】 We have prepared and will not suffer a thorough defeat. 我们有准备，决不会一败涂地。 You must learn to accept defeat with good grace. 你必须学会欣然接受失败。 Leaders are expected to have the will and ability to defeat an enemy. 人们期望领导者有战胜敌人的意志和能力。 7. apparently /əˈpærəntli/ adv. 显而易见；看来；显然考频：★★☆ She concluded that boiling the sweet wormwood apparently destroyed its medical properties. (P2) 她得出结论，认为水煎青蒿显然破坏了它的药学属性。 【拓展】 apparent adj. 显而易见的；显然的；表面上的 It is apparent (to sb) that （对某人来说）……是显而易见的 【例句】 He paused, apparently lost in thought. 他停顿下来，显然陷入了沉思。 It is apparent that this movie has an artistic vision. 很明显，这部电影具有艺术性。 8. insist /ɪnˈsɪst/ v. 坚持；坚决要求 考频：★★☆ Tu Youyou and her team members even insisted on testing the medicine on themselves to make sure that it was safe. (P3) 屠呦呦与团队成员甚至坚持以身试药，以确保药物的安全性。 【搭配】 insist on doing sth 坚持做某事 insist that 表示坚决要求或坚决主张，that后从句的动作尚未发生，则that从句必须使用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用(should) do；当表示坚决认为或坚持说，that后从句表示已发生的动作，则that从句为陈述语气，即从句该用什么时态就用什么时态，当然还要和主句时态保持呼应。 【例句】 I insist on paying for the damage. 我坚持要求赔偿损失。 He also insisted that they (should) leave enough space for children. 他还坚持要求给孩子们留出足够的空间。 My husband and I insisted that our children were old enough to make their beds. 我的丈夫和我坚持认为我们的孩子年龄已经大到可以自己铺床了。 9. conclusion /kənˈklu:ʒn/ n. 结论；推论 考频：★★☆ Did you come to any conclusions? (P4) 你得出什么结论了吗？ 【拓展】 arrive at/come to/reach/draw a conclusion 得出结论 in conclusion 最后，总之 conclude vt. 断定；推断出；得出结论 conclude from ... 从……中得出结论 conclude (sth.) with 用……结束（某事） 【例句】 What do you conclude from that? 你从那件事中得到了什么结论？ I want to conclude with problems, which may sound kind of negative. 我想以问题来结束，这听起来有点否定意味。 10. circumstance /ˈsɜ:kəmstəns/ n. 条件；环境；状况 考频：★☆☆ Her circumstances are beyond our control. (P5) 她的情况是我们无法控制的。 【拓展】 in/under ... circumstances 在……情况下 in/under no circumstances 决不；无论如何不（放在句首，部分倒装） 【例句】 The rules can only be waived in exceptional circumstances. 该规定仅在特殊条件下方可失效。 Prisoners can only leave their cells under certain circumstances. 在押犯只能在特定时间离开自己的牢房。 Under no circumstances should you lend Paul money. 什么情况下都不要把钱借给保罗。 11. novelist /ˈnɒvəlɪst/ n. 小说家 考频：★☆☆ The teacher asked us to listen to a speech by his favourite novelist, J.K. Rowling. It inspired us a lot. (P5) 老师让我们听他最喜欢的小说家J.K.罗琳的演讲。它启发了我们很多。 【拓展】 novel n. （长篇）小说 【例句】 For a novelist, that’s quite an accomplishment. 对于一个小说家来说，那是一个了不起的成就。 Her latest novel is eagerly awaited. 人们热切期待她的最新小说。 12. flow /fləʊ/ n. 流；流动；流畅；供应 vi. 流；流动考频：★☆☆ I was asked to explain the project with the help of a flow chart. (P5) 要求我借助流程图来解释这个项目。 【拓展】 cash flow 现金流量 flow chart 流程图 【例句】 We are keeping our head above water, but our cash flow position is not too good. 我们虽然还未陷入困境，但资金流转状况不太好。 This flow chart, shown below, summarizes the overall costing process. 如下所示，这张流程图概括了成本计算的全程。 This valve regulates the flow of water. 这个阀门调节水流。 13. found /faʊnd/ vt. 创建；建立；把……建立在考频：★☆☆ founded high-tech and futuristic companies (P6) 创建高科技未来派公司 【拓展】 founder n. 建立者；创立者 Their marriage was founded on love and mutual respect. 他们的婚姻建立在爱情和互相尊重的基础上。 He is the founder of International Sports Management Limited. 他是国际体育管理有限公司的创始人。 14. infer /ɪnˈfɜ:(r)/ vt. 推断；推定 考频：★★★ At other times, the reason is given right after the opinion or decision, and the link can be inferred. (P6) 在其它时候，理由是在意见或决定之后给出的，并可以推断出联系。 【拓展】 infer ... from ... 从……中推断出…… 【例句】 What can we infer about the author from the text? 从文章中我们能推断出作者的什么信息？ The police inferred, though they didn’t exactly say it, that they found her behaviour rather suspicious. 虽未明说，警方却暗示他们发现她的行迹相当可疑。 15.theory /ˈθɪəri/ n. 理论；学说 考频：★☆☆ He made numerous contributions to the world, the most well-known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc2. (P8) 他为世界作出了无数的贡献，最为出名的当数广义相对论和著名的方程式E=mc2。 【拓展】 theorist n. 理论家 theoretical adj. 理论上的 theoretically adv. 理论上 The theory remains untested. 该理论仍未经过验证。 Theoretically, the price is supposed to be marked on the shelf. 从理论上说，价格是要标在货架上的。 16. passion /ˈpæʃ(ə)n/ n. 酷爱；激情 考频：★★★ While working there, out of a strong passion for knowledge, he continued to study, earning a doctorate in physics in 1905. (P8) 工作期间，出于强烈的求知欲，他仍继续学习，于1905年获得物理学博士学位。 【拓展】 full of passion 充满激情 have a passion for 对……有强烈的激情/爱好 【例句】 To work and live full of passion, everything will be so dynamic. 充满激情地工作和生活，一切都会如此充满活力。 The English have a passion for gardens. 英国人酷爱花园。 【拓展】 passionate adj. 狂热的 17. gradually /ˈɡrædʒuəli/ adv. 逐渐地，逐步地 考频：★★☆ Following this, he gradually became famous throughout the world as the new Issac Newton. (p8) 此后，他渐渐闻名于世，被誉为第二个艾萨克·牛顿。 【例句】 The weather gradually improved. 天气逐渐好转。 18. come to power （开始）掌权；上台 考频：★☆☆ Circumstances changed in 1933, when Hitler came to power in Germany. (P8) 1933年，希特勒在德国上台，形势发生了变化。 【拓展】 be in power 执政，掌权 beyond/out of one’s power 力所不能及的 【例句】 But he has come to power in difficult circumstances. 但是他是在艰难的情况下上台的。 Clearly, you don’t want to make an enemy of someone who will be in power for a while. 显然，你不会想和一个暂时还在当权的人作对。 Finishing the task in just one day is out of my power. 仅在一天之内就完成这个任务是我力所不能及的。 19.consequence /ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/ n. 结果，后果 考频：★★☆ As a consequence, he had to flee Germany. (P8) 因此，他不得不逃离德国。 【拓展】 as a consequence = in consequence 结果，因此 take/suffer/face the consequences (of sth) 承担……的后果 consequent adj. 作为结果的，随之而来的 consequently adv. 结果，因此 【例句】 He suffered much in consequence. 结果他遭受了很大的损失。 He was prepared to face the consequences. 他准备承担后果。 They had children and were consequently tied to the school vacations. 他们有几个孩子，因此被学校假期束缚住了。 20. take up a position 担任；任职 考频：★☆☆ After spending time in Europe, he finally took up a position as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, USA. (P8) 在欧洲度过一段时间后，他终于在美国普林斯顿高等研究院谋得研究员一职。 【拓展】 take up 接受；开始从事；占据（时间或空间） 【例句】 I won’t take up any more of your time. 我不会再占用你的时间了。 He left a career in teaching to take up a position with the Arts Council. 他放弃了教学工作，到艺术委员会任职。 He left to take up a new position with another company. 他走了，在另一家公司谋得了一个新职位。 21. encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntə(r)/ vt. 偶然碰到；遇到 n. 邂逅；遭遇 考频：★☆☆ In fact, Einstein often encountered people on the street who would stop him to help explain things. (p9) 事实上，爱因斯坦经常遇到有人当街拦住他，请他解释各种事物。 【例句】 She was the most remarkable woman he had ever encountered. 她是他所见到过的最出色的女性。 His first encounter with Wilson was back in 1989. 他第一次遇到威尔逊是早在 1989 年。 22.sum /sʌm/ vi. 总结；概括 n. 金额；款项；总数；总和 考频：★☆☆ Use your notes to write your introduction and sum up how you feel about this person. (P9) 在你的笔记上写下你的介绍并总结你对这个人的感觉。 【拓展】 sum up 总结；概括 to sum up 概括地说 in sum 总之；总而言之 【例句】 The sum of all the angles of a triangle is 180 degrees. 一个三角形的所有角度之和是180度。 To sum up, there are three main ways of tackling the problem. 概括起来说，这一问题主要有三种解决办法。 In sum, talent is not so important as working hard in either study or daily work. 总之，无论是在学习中或是在日常工作中，天赋并不像努力工作那么重要。 23. Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered. (P3) 随后，该药物试用于疟疾患者，其中大多数人康复了。 【名师点津】 本句是一个含有非限制性定语从句的复合句。主句是the medicine was tested on malaria patients。第二个逗号后面是“不定代词+of+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。 【例句】 He planted two trees last year, both of which are growing well. 他去年种了两棵树，长得都很好。 He has three daughters, all of whom went abroad for further education. 他有三个女儿，她们都出国深造了。 24. Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize, she said, “The honour is not just mine.” (P3) 获悉自己被授予诺贝尔奖时，她说：“这份荣誉不仅仅属于我。” 【名师点津】 在本句中，she said, ...是主句，that引导的句子作hearing的宾语。Upon hearing...是“upon+动词-ing形式”构成介词短语，在句中作时间状语。upon还可换为介词on，表示“一件事情紧接着另一件事情发生”。这种用法常见于正式文体中，根据语境可翻译为“当……时；一……就……”。 【拓展】 有时也可用“upon/on+名词”形式表达相同的意思。 【例句】 Upon hearing that he had won the lottery, the man laughed heartily. 当知道自己中彩票时，这个男人开怀大笑。 On his return from his vacation, he began writing his first novel. 他一休假回来，就开始写他的第一部小说。 25. 状语从句省略 考频：★★★ While (she was) waiting at the bus stop, she met the famous professor. 在公交车站等车时，她遇到了那位著名的教授。 (1)状语从句省略的条件：状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致或是代词it且状语从句谓语中含有be动词。 (2)if构成的其他固定省略形式： if any如果有的话 if necessary如果有必要的话 if so如果是这样的话 if ever如果曾经有的话 if not如果不这样的话 26.find＋宾语＋宾语补足语 考频：★★★ Einstein, who was Jewish, found the doors of academic institutions closed to him. 爱因斯坦是犹太人，他发现学术机构的大门对他关闭了。 “find＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构形式归纳： (1)find＋宾语＋ (2)find＋it＋形容词/名词＋to do(it是形式宾语，to do是真正的宾语) Even the best writers sometimes find themselves lost for words. 即使最好的作家有时候也会发现自己表达不出来。 单元语法： 非限制性定语从句 基本用法： (1) 非限制性定语从句和它的先行词之间是比较松散的关系。在口语中有停顿，在书写中常用逗号隔开。 Tom came to the party in patched jeans, which surprised the other guests for they were all wearing evening suits. 汤姆穿着打补丁的牛仔裤来参加了宴会，这把其他客人都惊到了，因为他们穿的都是晚礼服。 (2) 非限制性定语从句的引导词通常是who, whom, whose和which等wh-词，不用that和why来引导非限制性定语从句。如果表原因，要用for which来替代why引导的从句。 The sailor’s daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a patient smile. 那个水手的女儿耐心地冲着我微笑，她的名字叫安。 (3) 关系副词where和when也能引导非限制性定语从句。 I’m seeing the manager tomorrow, when he will be back from New York. 我明天要去见经理，他明天要从纽约回来。 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别 Aspect Restrictive Relative Clause Non-restrictive Relative Clause 形式上 主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿。 与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。 功能上 用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清。 用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。 翻译上 翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，如： He is the student whose leg was broken. 他就是那个一只腿骨折了的学生。 从句与主句分开翻译，如： I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。 含义上 I have a brother who is a police. 我有一个当警察的哥哥。（哥哥不止一个） I have a brother, who is a police. 我有个哥哥，他是个警察。（只有一个哥哥） 先行词 只能是名词或代词 可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子 引导词 that, why, which, who, whom, whose有时可以省略 which, who, whom, whose, when, where一律不省略 非限制性定语从句中as和which的用法： (1) 用于非限制性定语从句时，可以指代整个主句的内容，as和which可以换用。 He left her, as/which was strange. 他离开了她，这很奇怪。 (2) as引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句可置于句首，句中和句尾。 As everyone knows, Tom is good at English. 大家都知道，汤姆擅长英语。 (3) 非限制性定语从句中谓语为被动时，常用as作主语。如as is said/known/ announced /reported/mentioned/expected/disused等。 As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China. 众所周知，台湾是中国的一部分。 (4) as引导非限制性定语从句，有“正如”的含义，如下列句式：as has been said above, as anybody can see, as we had expected, as (it) appears等。 Things are not always as they appear. 事情并不总是像表面那样。 (5) which引导非限制定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句只能置于句尾。 The decision was postponed, which was exactly what he wanted. 决定被推迟了，这正是他想要的。 (6) which引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句中的一个词（先行词）时，从句置于先行词后，可在句中或句尾。 The football match, which I watched yesterday, is very interesting. 我昨天看的那场足球赛很有趣。 (7) which引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句的谓语可带有宾语，有的还带宾语补足语。 Water changes into steam, which is known to be a physical change. 水变成蒸汽，这是众所周知的物理变化。 (8) which引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句意思可与主句相反。 He can write a letter in English, which I cannot. 他会用英语写信，而我不会。 状语从句的省略 （1）单句语法填空 ①She decided to go back to college to advance her career and to be able to better support her family while __________ (do) something she loves: nursing. ②When not __________ (allow) to sleep, lab rats die within a month. ③It sounds like something is wrong with the car's engine.If __________,we'd better take it to the garage immediately. （2）完成句子 劳动的时候，我意识到炎炎烈日下在农田中劳作是多么地艰难。 _____________________I realized how hard it was to work in the fields under a hot sun. （3）练能力：句式升级 (普通表达)I feel especially pleased while I am walking in the spring rain. ④(高级表达)I feel especially pleased ____________________ in the spring rain. (省略句) 考点1：conclusion 的用法 [考向] 固定搭配+词性转换 ①When the group discussion is nearing its end, make sure to conclude it ___________ important points. ② ___________conclusion, I like everything in spring, especially the feelings bathed in the rain and sunshine. ③We will have a further discussion before we draw___________ final conclusion. 考点2： circumstance的用法[考向] 固定搭配+词性转换 ①__________ the circumstances, it seemed better not to tell him about the accident. ②Whether or not you qualify for a loan will depend on your financial___________ (circumstance)． 考点3： consequence的用法[考向] 固定搭配+词性转换 ①I wonder if parents should always tell the truth no matter the___________(consequence)． ②As __________consequence, children become so reliant on their parents that they have no independent thought or creative ideas. ③Drunk driving has been banned.___________(consequent), the traffic accidents are decreasing. 考点4： acknowledge的用法 [考向] 固定搭配+词性转换 ① Her years of hard work have finally ___________(acknowledge) after a customer nominated (提名) her to be Cheshire's Woman Of The Year. ②Generally__________(acknowledge) as the finest poet in the country, he still lives a low­profile life. ③Professor Hawking is acknowledged _________one of the world's greatest physicists. ④He acknowledged __________(defeat) publicly by his friend in the game, which made us surprised. 考点5：insist的用法[考向] insist固定搭配+词性转换 ①He insisted ___________finding a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. ②Although Tom insisted that he ___________(hand) in his homework yesterday, Mr Wang still insisted he (do) it again. 考点6：commit的用法 [考向] commit固定搭配+词性转换 ①He was a good man who___________ was (commit) to his family as well as to his work. ②He is determined to commit____________(he) to the cause of education. ③If you are serious about our relationship, you should make a___________ (commit)． 考点7：passion的用法 [考向] 固定搭配+词性转换 ①He has a passion __________ Chinese literature, which dates back to his youth. ②Though she has been teaching English for twenty years, she is still ___________(passion) about teaching. 考点8： find＋宾语＋宾语补足语的用法[考向] find＋宾语+宾补 ①When Tom found himself ___________(take) to an unknown village, he was quite frightened. ②Suddenly, Anne found herself ___________(walk) in the direction of the railway station. ③That's why she often finds herself___________ (help) when she meets with some challenges. 知识导图记忆 I.词形变化填空(用括号内所给词的适当形式填空)(每小题2分，共10分) 1. to education，he every minute to studying and teaching, so his finally paid off.(commit) 2．I that he didn’t tell us the truth，that is to say，I came to the that he lied.(conclude) 3．The has made achievements in .(scientific) 4．Through my great efforts，I obtained an qualification at the Chinese of Science.(academy) 5．As you know， is my main major at university，and as a consequence，I memorize many parties and .(politician) II.单词拼写(根据汉语提示或首字母提示写单词)(每小题2分，共20分) 1．My favorite hobby is reading books and newspapers，which has become a v part of my daily routine. 2．Though all his friends blamed him，he i that he had done nothing wrong. 3．I wondered who made this decision and how they drew their (结论)． 4．While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on (后果) under stress，their responses to risk turn out to be different. 5．I have to your generous assistance whenever I am in trouble. 6．If you don’t insist on what you are doing，under no circumstances will you what you desire. 7．We should develop students’ ability to (分析) and solve problems. 8．I hold the strong belief that I won’t be (打败) in the contest. 9． (创建) in 1898，Peking University enjoys a good reputation worldwide. 10．It was by chance that I (遇到) my former classmate on the street the other day. Ⅲ.经典句型仿写(每小题3分，共12分) 1．我要推荐你去西安旅行，那里有很多名胜古迹。(定语从句)(应用文之推荐信) I will recommend you to visit Xi’an， . 2．你会交到一些好朋友，他们大多数也喜欢打乒乓球。(“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句) You will make some good friends， . 3．一听到这个消息，他难以抑制心中的兴奋，高兴地跳了起来。(upon doing...)(读后续写之兴奋心理描写) ，he was unable to control his excitement and jumped with joy. 4．对于约翰来说，通过制作和卖爆米花来帮助伯纳德过更好的生活是一种莫大的荣幸。(honour，it作形式主语)(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，读后续写) John to help Bernard to live a better life by making and selling popcorn. IV. 语篇填空(每小题1.5分，共30分) A Zu Chongzhi was a famous and remarkable mathematician and scientist in ancient China. He lived in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. When he was young, he had 1 broad range of interests, such as 2 (nature) science and philosophy. And he was interested in mathematics, astronomy and machinery. The achievement Zu Chongzhi made in the calculation (计算) of the value of pi has been 3 (international) acknowledged. Liu Hui, a mathematician in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, proposed a way 4 (work) out the value of pi—the cyclotomic method (割圆术). Based on the earlier research, Zu Chongzhi came to the conclusion that the value of pi falls between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927 after more than 1,000 5 (time) of calculation. He also 6 (put) forward the viewpoint that the approximate value of pi is 355/113, which is called “milü”. It boosted the calculation of pi to a new phase. It was more than 1,000 years before the Western mathematicians calculated the same value. Thus the value of pi is also called “zulü” 7 memory of him. Besides the achievement in mathematics, he wrote the book Zhui Shu, 8 gathered his accomplishments in mathematics and 9 (take) as a teaching material during the Tang Dynasty. And he also made a great 10 (contribute) to astronomy and machinery. B 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容或括号内所给词的恰当形式填空。 When he was a little boy, Christopher Cockerell once noticed his mother turning the wheel of her sewing machine with her hand. “Won't it work quickly if a machine 11 (turn) the wheel for you?” he asked. “I suppose it will,” said his mother, without paying any attention to him. Christopher knew she always had a lot of work and that she was 12 stubborn that he could hardly do anything to change 13 (she)mind. But he wanted to help. In his bedroom there was a toy steam engine 14 (buy) by his father as a gift to him. “I will make better use of it,” little Christopher said to himself. So, when his mother was not using her sewing machine, he decided to fix the toy steam engine onto it. When he finished 15 (do) it, he was quite pleased, thinking his mother would like it. “Very clever,” his mother said when she saw it. But then she sat down and went on turning the wheel 16 hand. “I 17 (work) like this for too many years,” she explained. Christopher felt very 18 (disappoint). He couldn't understand his mother's 19 (behave). This taught Christopher a lesson, 20 made him depressed for several days. It is what anyone who tries to improve anything has to learn: many people don't like new ideas. 18 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$