UNIT 1 SCIENCE FICTION 高考真题练（同步练习）-【学而思·PPT课件分层练习】2024-2025学年高二英语选择性必修第四册（人教版2019）

高考真题练 阅读理解 A (2023浙江1月,C) A machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel's former national debating champion. Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it:“There's never a stage at which the system knows what it's talking about.” What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines. A computer works with symbols. Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another. But it does not specify what those symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, also work with symbols. But for humans, meaning is everything. When we communicate, we communicate meaning. What matters is not just the outside of a string of symbols, but the inside too, not just how they are arranged but what they mean. Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social conventions and social relations. It is this that distinguishes humans from machines. And that's why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial intelligence. 1.Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph? 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 A.To explain the use of a software program. B.To show the cleverness of Project Debater. C.To introduce the designer of Project Debater. D.To emphasize the fairness of the competition. 2.What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to? A.Arguments.　B.Doubts.　C.Errors.　D.Differences. 3.What is Project Debater unable to do according to Hammond? A.Create rules.　　B.Comprehend meaning. C.Talk fluently.　　D.Identify difficult words. 4.What can we learn from the last paragraph? A.Social interaction is key to understanding symbols. B.The human brain has potential yet to be developed. C.Ancient philosophers set good examples for debaters. D.Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future. 高考词汇站 派生词汇 1.perform v.做;执行;运转→　　　　 v.做得比……好,超过  2.weak adj.(能力)弱的;无力的→　　　　 n.弱点,缺点,不足  3.relevant adj.紧密相关的;切题的→　　　　 adj.无关紧要的;不相关的  4.intelligent adj.聪明的→　　　　 n.智能;智力;智慧  B (2023北京,D) What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it's challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life—called ALife for short—is the systematic attempt to spell out life's fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field's doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything,” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what's the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’” As much as many ALifers hate emphasising their research's applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamoured by a concept called open-ended evolution(演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth's biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life's endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Compared with the developments of AI, advances in ALife are harder to recognise. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept—life itself—is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn't help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled(混乱的) progression is a striking parallel(平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth's biosphere. Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generate novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren't in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 5.Regarding Alan Smith's defence of ALife, the author is 　　　.  A.supportive　B.puzzled　C.unconcerned　D.doubtful 6.What does the word “enamoured” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A.Shocked.　B.Protected.　C.Attracted.　D.Challenged. 7.What can we learn from this passage? A.ALife holds the key to human future. B.ALife and AI share a common feature. C.AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D.AI speeds up the process of human evolution. 8.Which would be the best title for the passage? A.Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out? B.Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too? C.Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day? D.Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too? 高考词汇站 派生/合成词汇 1.convince v.使确信;使相信→　　　　 adj.令人信服的;有说服力的→　　　　 adv.令人信服地;有说服力地  2.declare v.公布;宣告→　　　　n.公告;宣告  3.complain v.抱怨,埋怨→　　　　n.抱怨,埋怨,控诉  4.exist v.存在→　　　　 n.存在  5.invent v.发明,创造→　　　　 adj.有创意的,有发明才能的  6.dismiss v.不予考虑,摒弃;开除→　　　　 n.不予考虑,摒弃;否定;开除  7.avoid v.避免;防止→　　　　 adj.可以避免的→　　　　 adj.无法避免的  8.doubt n.& v.怀疑;不相信→　　　　 adj.不确定的;怀疑的  9.so-called adj.　　　  10.payoff n.　　　  熟词生义 11.mirror v.　　　  答案与分层梯度式解析 高考真题练 A ◎语篇解读　本文为说明文。文章主要通过介绍一个击败以色列前国家辩论冠军的软件程序“Project Debater”以及它明显的缺陷——无法理解意义,说明了社会交往才是理解意义的关键所在。 1.B　根据第一段中“Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel's former national debating champion.”可知Project Debater可以打败人类对手,甚至包括以色列前国家辩论冠军Noa Ovadia,此处显示出它的聪明程度。 2.C　根据第二段中“This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem.”可知,作者表明这可能会导致人类不会犯的错误,而这些错误无疑会被消除。因此Such wrinkles指的是上文中的“the kinds of errors”。 3.B　根据第三段中“But it does not specify what those symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant.”可知,Project Debater并没有具体说明那些符号的意思,事实上对计算机来说,意义是无关紧要的。所以Project Debater不能理解意义。 4.A　根据最后一段中“Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads.”可知,意义是通过社会互动的过程产生的,而不是计算过程,这些互动过程塑造了我们头脑中符号的内容,这也是人类区别于计算机的不同之处。 【高考词汇站】　1.outperform　2.weakness　3.irrelevant 4.intelligence 长难句 原句1　What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines. 分析　What Hammond is referring to为主语从句,what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines为宾语从句。 译文　Hammond指的是意义的问题,而意义是区分最不聪明的人类和最聪明的机器的核心。 原句2　And that's why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial intelligence. 分析　why引导表语从句,however引导让步状语从句,第二个that引导定语从句。 译文　那就是为什么,无论Project Debater看起来多么令人惊讶,始于苏格拉底和孔子的传统不会以人工智能结束。 B ◎语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工生命及其发展。 5.A　推理判断题。根据第三段的“the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs(创造人工生命的尝试可能会有实际的回报)”和最后一段中的“the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable(人工生命的崛起将被证明是不可避免的)”可知关于Alan Smith对人工生命的辩护,作者表示支持。故选A。 6.C　词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句句意“人工智能可能被认为是人工生命的表亲,因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫开放式演化的概念　　　”可知,人工智能和人工生命有共同之处,结合人工智能的特点可知这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫开放式演化的概念吸引,所以画线词意为“吸引”。故选C。  7.B　推理判断题。根据第三段的“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamoured by a concept called open-ended evolution.”可知,ALife和AI有共同的特点。故选B。 8.D　主旨大意题。分析四个选项可知,A、B两项的重心在AI,文中只在第四段提到了AI,其目的是辅助说明人工生命(ALife);C项重心在于人工生命能否被定义,该信息只在第四段出现,是人工生命领域的特点,不是文章主旨。A、B、C三项均可排除,故D项“生命在进化。创造人工生命的尝试也能进化吗?”是最合适的标题。故选D。 学科思维 　　英语中,有一些阅读的难度较大,较难从文中直接获取解题线索,在考场上遇到这种情况时,可以采用排除法,瞄准选项中比较容易排除的信息,快速定位排除。 【高考词汇站】　1.convincing;convincingly 2.declaration　3.complaint　4.existence　5.inventive 6.dismissal　7.avoidable;unavoidable　8.doubtful　9.所谓的　10.回报,报偿　11.反映 长难句 原句　Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. 分析　so-called ALifers是these practitioners的同位语,think是谓语,that引导宾语从句,making life是动名词短语作主语,to really understand what life is 是不定式作后置定语,修饰way,what 引导宾语从句。 译文　这些从业者中的许多人,即所谓的ALifers,认为以某种方式创造生命是真正理解生命是什么的最可靠方法。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$