内容正文:
The Infinitive as the Attributive and adverbial(动词不定式作定语、状语)
一.definition of infinitives:
不定式是动词的一种非限定形式,由 “to + 动词原形” 构成,没有人称和数的变化,在句中不能独立作谓语。
但不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等。
例句:
I am glad to see you. 我很高兴见到你。
He has decided to give her some money. 他已决定给她一些钱。
二.不定式的时态:
一般式:to do(表示的动作通常与谓语所表示的动作或状态同时或者几乎同时发生,或是在它之后发生)
进行式:to be doing(表示的动作通常与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生)
完成式:to have done(不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动作或状态之前)
例句:
1.I am very glad to be working with you. 我很高兴能和你一起工作。
2.He pretended to be working hard when his boss passed him. 当老板经过时,他假装在努力工作。
3.He happened to have seen the film before. 他碰巧以前看过这部电影。
4.The novel is believed to have been translated into Chinese. 人们认为这部小说已被翻译成中文。
三.不定式的语态:
主动语态:to do
被动语态:to be done
例句:It is an honor for me to be invited to attend the meeting. 我很荣幸被邀请参加这次会议。
Everyone likes the hero to be praised. 每个人都希望这位英雄受到表扬。
四.The Infinitive as the Attributive(动词不定式用作定语)
只能用动词不定式做定语的情况:
1.当修饰的名词是ability(能力), ambition(雄心), attempt(尝试), way(方法),chance(机会), opportunity(机会)courage(勇气), desire(渴望), decision(决定), determination(决心),plan(计划),effort(努力) , promise(允诺), right(权利),wish(愿望)等(一些表示企图、努力、愿望、打算、能力等意义的名词)。
例:Please make an effort to catch the bus. 请努力赶上公共汽车。
He made a promise to come here on time tomorrow. 他承诺明天准时来这里。
(1) ability(能力)
the ability to solve complex problems解决复杂问题的能力
(2) ambition(雄心)
the ambition to become a world leader成为世界领袖的雄心
(3) attempt(尝试)
an attempt to break the world record打破世界纪录的尝试
(4) way(方法)
a way to reduce carbon emissions减少碳排放的方法
(5) chance(机会)
the chance to study abroad出国留学的机会
(6) opportunity(机会)
an opportunity to meet the CEO与CEO见面的机会
(7) courage(勇气)
the courage to speak the truth说出真相的勇气
(8) desire(渴望)
a desire to explore the unknown探索未知的渴望
(9) decision(决定)
a decision to quit the job辞职的决定
(10) determination(决心)
the determination to finish the marathon完成马拉松的决心
(11) plan(计划)
a plan to build a new hospital建造新医院的计划
(12) effort(努力)
the effort to achieve work-life balance实现工作与生活平衡的努力
(13) promise(允诺)
a promise to donate to charity向慈善机构捐款的承诺
(14) right(权利)
the right to express opinions freely自由表达观点的权利
(15) wish(愿望)
a wish to travel around the world环游世界的愿望
2.不定式作定语,修饰the first, the last, the third等最高级修饰时。
例:The newspaper reporter was the last to walk out of the cave. 那位报社记者是最后一个走出山洞的。
This is the third question to be discussed. 这是要讨论的第三个问题。
3.当定语表示未来的还没做的动作时。
The letter to be written is to my father. 这封要写的信是给我父亲的。
The matter to be discussed is important. 要讨论的这件事很重要。
4.something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词常用不定式作后置定语。
例:Do you have something to eat? 你有什么吃的东西吗?
五.The Infinitive as the adverbial(动词不定式用作状语)
1. 目的状语:
He came here to attend an important meeting. 他来这里参加一个重要会议。
He laid down his life to save the child. 他为救孩子献出了生命。
He shouted and waved in order to be noticed. 他大声呼喊并挥手,以便被注意到。
I'll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it. 我会记下他的电话号码,以免忘记。
(有时为了强调或突出这种目的,也可以用in order (not) to do,和so as (not) to do结构(so as to do不可以置于句首)。)
2. 结果状语:
例:She was so angry as to be unable to speak. 她气得说不出话来。
The boy is old enough to take care of himself. 这个男孩足够大了,可以照顾自己了。
He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left. 他匆匆赶到车站,结果却发现火车已经离开了。
I'm too tired to stay up longer. 我太累了,不能再熬夜了。
(不定式作结果状语常用于以下句型结构:① so/such… as to do ② enough to do ③ only to do (常表示意外的或事与愿违的结果) ④ too … to do)
3. 原因状语:
例:I'm glad to see you. 见到你我很高兴。
Sam was very surprised to hear the news. 萨姆听到这个消息非常惊讶。
I was a fool not to listen to you at that time.那时没听你的话,我真是个傻瓜。
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