串讲01 单元语法知识点梳理【考点串讲PPT】-2024-2025学年高二下学期期末考点大串讲（沪教版2020选择性必修第三册）

高二下英语期末复习 沪教版2020 选择性必修第三册 Unit 1-4 Unit 1 Across the globe 动词时态语态 时态 现在进行时的结构 主语 + + +其他 现在进行时 am/is/are v-ing 现在进行时的用法 point 1 Hurry up, kids! The school bus is waiting for us. Listen to the two girls by the window. What language are they speaking? 表示说话时正在进行的动作或状态 now 现在 at the/this moment 此刻 at present 目前 look/listen,be quiet, It's ...o'clock point 2 The workers are building a new factory. Teenagers are damaging their health because they play computer games too much. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻不一定正在进行。 these days this week/month/year point 3 I am going on a trip soon. There is coming the bus. 表示计划或安排将要发生。（现在进行时表将来） 常用于短暂性动词： go, come, begin, start, leave, arrive, return, take off point 4 She is always handing in homework on time. He is always forgetting something. 表达说话者出乎意料赞扬、同情、不满、好奇等感情 always, forever, constantly, continually, all the time... point 5 Our study is becoing more interesting. The leaves are turning red. get, become, turn等词的现在进行时可表示“逐渐，越来越” 现在进行时的结构 主语 + + +其他 过去进行时 was/were v-ing point 1 What were you doing at ten o'clock last night. I was watchting TV from 7：00 pm. to 8:00 pm. yesterday. She was cooking at that time. We were discussing the plan the whole morning yesterday. 表示过去某一刻正在进行的动作，或过去某一阶段内一直进行的动作。 at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at ten o'clock yesterday, from...to... yesterday... point 2 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle yesterday. When you phoned yesterday, I was playing computer games. 表示一个过去的动作正在进行，另一个过去的动作发生了，常与when和while引导的状语从句连用。 主句+ when+主语+谓语动词+其他 while+主语+谓语动词+其他 持续性或短暂性 持续性 I was doing my homework ______ my mom came in. I was doing my homework __________ my mom was cooking. when when/while point 3 He was continually asking questions. The two brothers were frequently quarreling. She was always coming home late. 表示过去反复出现的或习惯性的动作，或强调赞赏、厌恶、生气、好奇等感情色彩，不强调动作正在进行。 常与always, frequently, continually, constantly, forever等词连用 point 4 We were leaving very early so we packeed the night before. He told me he was starting tomorrow. 表示过去将要发生的动作 come, go, start, leave, arrive, return, work, look forward to... point 5 I was hoping you could lend me your computer. I was wondering if you could help me the problem. 展示客气、礼貌或用来表示故事情境。 hope, want, wonder等词 现在完成时的结构 主语 + + +其他 现在完成时 have/has v-ed point 1 When I first met Mary I didn't like him, but I have changed my mind. I have finished my work. Let's go shopping now. 表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个不明确的过去时间，但现在已经完成，且结果去现在仍有影响。 过去 现在 将来 already 次数 yet before recently by this time lately ever never so far in the past/last years 已经 还，仍然 最近 最近 从不 在过去的三年里 从前 到这个时候 曾经 到目前为止 point 2 John has lived in England for ten years. I have traveled to most of the cities in China since five years ago. 表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态且可能继续延续下去，这是只能用表示延续意义的的动词，常与for，since（ever sinece,since then 等） 过去 现在 将来 The couple have married for 3 years. The couple have been married for 3 years. The old man has died since his son was 10 years. The old man has been dead since his son was 10 years. × √ × √ buy borrow finish leave close open die join fall asleep marry fall ill put on have keep be over be away be closed be open be dead be in/be a/an be asleep be married be ill have on/wear have/has been to have/has gone to have/has been in 去过 去了 在某地待了多久（可以和for+时间段连用） point 3 This is the first time that I have been to London. It'll be the first time that I've spoken in public. 特殊句型 It/This/That is/will be the first/second...time that +从句（现完） 过去完成时的结构 主语 + + +其他 过去完成时 had v-ed point 1 When I arrived there, he had left. The film had begun when we got to the cinema yesterday. 表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即“过去的过去”。 过去 现在 将来 by, before, when等引导的短语或从句，如by that time, by the end of..., before..., when I got to the station等 He had learned English for 3 years before he came here. point 2 I had meant to come, but it rained I had intended to come to the party, but I was so busy. 表示一个打算而未做的事情 hope, think, w, mean, expected, intend... point 2 Scarcely had the game started when it began to rain. I had hardly arrived at the station when the train left. =Hardly had I arrived at the station when the train left. 特殊句型 句型一：Hardly/Scarcely had...when... No sooner had...than... when, than从句常用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时 It was ten years since we had met last time. It is ten years since we met last time. 句型二：It was 时间段 since 从句，since从句之后用过去完成时 It was thw third time that he had made the same mistake. 句型三：This/That/It was the first/second... time that+从句（过完） 过去将来时的结构 主语 + + +其他 过去将来时 would/should v-ed He said he would go to the north for the holiday. I told her I should/would return the book in a few days. 现在 过去 将来 常与过去将来时连用的时间状语： three days later 三天之后 the next week 第二周 the following day 第二天 过去将来时的其他表达方式 I thought it was going to rain. He told me he was going to learn another foreign language. （1）“was/were going to+动词原形”，表达过去曾经打算或假话将要做的事情或过去的客观迹象表明要发生的动作。 过去将来时的其他表达方式 He said he was to finish the work in a week. We were to do whatever they told us to do. （2）“was/were to+动词原形”，表示过去的按计划或安排将在某个过去将来时间发生的动作。 过去将来时的其他表达方式 We were about to go into the cinema when Mary appeared. I was just about to ask you the same thing. （3）“was/were about to+动词原形”，表示过去即将要发生的动作 过去将来时的其他表达方式 David was leaving for Hawaii a few hours later. （4）“was/were doing”，表示过去将来时，用于几个表示位移的动词，如leave, come, go, arrive等，表示过去预计要发生的动作。 将来进行时的结构 主语 + + +其他 将来进行时 will/shall +be+v-ing I'm not really sure waht I will be doing in ten years from now. I feel so excited! At this time tomorrow morning I will be flying to Shangha. 常与将来进行时连用的时间状语： by then 到那时 at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow明天/后天的这个时间 at nine o'clock net Monday 在下周一九点 from 10:00 to 11:00 tomorrow.the day after tomorrow 明天/后天从10点到11点 现在完成进行时的结构 主语 + + +其他 现在完成进行时 have/has been+v-ing She has been saying that twenty times. 现在完成时的用法 We have been looking for you for an hour. （动作刚停止） She has been teaching English since she graduated.（动作可能还在继续） （1）表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作，可能刚刚停止，也可能还在继续进行，对现在有影响。 现在完成时的用法 She has been saying that twenty times. He has been calling on her several times this week. （2）表示从过去某时到说话时为止一直不停重复的动作，常带有赞美、厌烦等感情色彩。 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别： I have been thinking it over. I have thought it over. （1）现在完成进行时强调动作的延续性，有时表示临时性质 现在完成时强调某个刚刚完成的动作，或某个过去的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果，也可以表示延续性。 我一直在考虑这件事。 我已经考虑完成这件事了。 I have known her for a long time. （2）一些静态动词往往用现在完成进行时，如lie, sit, rain, wait, stand等。而一些状态动词、感官动词或情感动词如see, feel, know, love等，不可用于现在完成进行时，但可以用于现在完成时。 我认识她很久了。 I have been reading this book three times. I have read this book three times. （3）现在完成进行时可以表示反复的不间断的动作，不能同具体数词或表示次数的词连用，表示反复的单可能有间断的动作。 (×) ( √ ) I have been waiting for you for two hours. I have waited for you for two hours. （4）现在完成进行时有时含有感情色彩，而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙。 （可能表示不满） （说明一个事实） 语态 主动语态与被动语态的转换 主动语态：Rowling wrote Harry Potter. 被动语态：Harry Potter was wrote by Rowling. （主语）（谓语） （宾语） （主语） （谓语） （状语） （1）主语+谓语+宾语 The government supported the research. 政府支持这项研究。 变为被动句时，将宾语变为被动语态中的主语。 The research was supported by the government. （2）主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 My uncle bought me a new computer. 将间接宾语变为被动句的主语，直接宾语的位置不变 把直接宾语变为被动句的主语，间接宾语前面加上介词to或for I was bought a new computer by my uncle. A new computer was bought for me by my uncle. She told me when the project would start. 她告诉我工程什么时候开始。 当直接宾语时从句时，直接宾语不能变成被动语态的主语。 I was told when the project would start. When the project would start was told to me. ( √ ) (×) （3）主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾补 People call this team a cheerleading squad. 人们把这个队叫作啦啦队。 将宾语变为被动句的主语，宾语补足语的位置不变，也自然成为主语补足语。 This team is called a cheerleading squad. I saw a stranger enter the hall. 在主动句中，使役动词have, make, let 以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear feel, observe等后面接不定式作宾语补足语时，不带to，但变成被动句时，需加上to。 A stranger was seen to enter the hall. （4）含有be going to do和be to do等结构的主动句变被动句 We are going to discuss the problem at the meeting. be going to---be going to be done be to do---be to be done The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting. They are to show this new film on TV next week. This new film is to be shown on TV next week. （5）含有宾语从句的主动句变被动句 We know that he is the best dentist in the town. 通常用it作被动句的形式主语，谓语改为be done结构，宾语从句保留不变，也就自然成了主语从句。 It is known to us that he is the best dentist in the town. It is said that... It is reported that... It is believed that... It is thought that... It is well known that... 用it作形式主语的被动语态句型还有： 据说...... 据报道...... 人们相信...... 人们认为...... 众所周知...... （6）谓语为动词短语的主动句变为被动句 They have put off the meeting till next Saturday. 有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，相当于一个及物动词，这种结构也可以有被动语态，但不能把动词与其后的介词或副词拆开。 The meeting has been put off till next Saturday. （7）双重被动结构 They asked as to discuss the problem at once. 句中谓语动词和其后的不定式均为被动结构，句子的主语既是谓语动词动作的承受者，同时又是不定式动作的承受者。 We were asked to discuss the problem at once. The problem was asked to be discussed at once. （1）一般现在时的被动语态 We often clean the house. 主语+am/is/are+过去分词 The house is often cleaned by us. 不同时态的被动语态 （2）一般过去时的被动语态 A thief stole my wallet last night. 主语+was/were+过去分词 My wallet was stolen by a thief last night. （3）一般将来时的被动语态 His company and fans will soon abandon him. 主语+will/shall be+过去分词 He will soon be abandoned by his company and fans. （4）过去将来时的被动语态 She hoped that the company would give her a more suitable job. 主语+would/should+be+过去分词 主语+was/were to be+过去分词 She hoped that she would be given a more suitable job. （5）现在进行时的被动语态 The worker is repairing the machine. 主语+am/is/are+being+过去分词 The machine is being repaired by the worker. （6）过去进行时的被动语态 The worker was repairing the machine at this time yesterday.. 主语+was/were+being+过去分词 The machine was being repaired by the worker at this time yesterday. （7）现在完成时的被动语态 We have finished all the tasks. 主语+have/has+been+过去分词 All the tasks has been finished by us. （8）过去完成时的被动语态 She said that people had never used this airport. 主语+had+been+过去分词 She said that this airport had never been used. （9）将来完成时的被动语态 We will have finish the design by the end of this week. 主语+shall/will+have +been+过去分词 The design will have been finished by the end of this week. Unit 2 Things that matter 定语从句 定语从句是在复合句中起定语作用, 修饰某一名词或代词的从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。 引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词(that, which, who, whom, whose等)和关系副词(where, when, why等)。 －关系代词引导的定语从句 The Attributive Clause (1) He who never reaches the Great Wall is not a true man. 先行词 引导词 定语从句 限定性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。 70 A five-year-old boy could speak two foreign languages, which surprised all the people present. Which 引导的非限制性定语从句 主句和从句中间用逗号分开 非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解，一般与主句用逗号隔开。 * 切记：that 不引导非限制形定语从句 71 The book is very interesting. It is written by J.K. Rowling. The book which/that is written by J.K. Rowling is very interesting. 72 Tom is my friend. He is studying in the classroom. Tom who is studying in the classroom is my best friend. 73 They are talking with the man. Do you know the man? Do you know the man (who/whom) they are talking with? He is a popular singer. His songs are very popular among young students. He is a popular singer whose songs are very popular among young students. 75 The headteacher will talk to those students whose homework hasn’t been done. The headteacher will talk to the students. Their homework hasn’t been done. The headteacher will talk to those students the homework of whom hasn’t been done. whose+名词= the +名词+of whom/which The girl lives in the house. The windows of the house face south. The girl lives in the house whose windows face south. The girl lives in the house, the windows of which face south. 关系代词引导定语从句用法 1 PART ONE 指代内容 所作成分 是否可省略 that which who whom whose 关系代词的用法 人；物 物 人 人 (人/物)的 主语,宾语 主语,宾语 主语,宾语 宾语 定语 作宾语可省 作宾语可省 作宾语可省 可省 不可省 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. (2) He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers.   (3) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.   (4) The film (which) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 1. which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾 语，作宾语时常可省略。 2 PART TWO (1) Where is the man (that/whom) I saw this morning? (2) The person (that/whom) you introduced to me is very kind.   (3) The season that/which comes after spring is summer.   (4) Yesterday I received a letter that/which came from Australia.   2. that指人时，相当于who或whom； 指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。 1 PART ONE (1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. (2) A person who steals things is called a thief. 3. who指人，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）。 (1) The man (whom/who) I talked to is Mr. Li. (2) The man to whom I talked is Mr. Li. 4. whom指人，作宾语 (作宾语可省略，如 介词提前则不能省) 5. whose在定语从句中作定语，与后面的名词为所属关系。whose既可指人，也可指物。 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I talked with the man whose house was destroyed in the flood. (3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. (4) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? 关系代词的一些特殊情况 2 PART TWO 关系代词 用法 1. 先行词为all， everything，nothing， something，anything，little，much等不定代词 2. 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰 3. 先行词既有人又有物 4. 先行词被all，every，no，some，any，little， much，the only，the very，the last，just，right 等修饰 5. 先行词是who或which引导的主句中 先行词是one，ones，anybody，anyone，all， none，those等 一般用that 而不用which 一般用who 不用that 1. that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换，但在下列情况下，一般用that而不用which。 ① I am sure she has something that you can borrow. 我肯定她有你可以借的东西。 ② Do you have anything that you don't understand? 你有什么不明白的吗？ （1）先行词为all,everything,nothing,something, anything,little,much等不定代词 Attention ① This is the first book (that) he has read. 这是他读的第一本书。 ② This is the best film (that) I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 （2）先行词被序数词或最高级修饰 （3）先行词既有人又有物 ① They talked about the persons and things that they remembered. 他们谈论他们记得的人和事。 ② Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 你看那人和他的驴，正走在街上。 （4）先行词被all，every，no，some，any， little，much，the only，the very，the last，just， right等修饰。 ① I've read all the books that are written by him. 他写的书我都读过了。 ② This is the very book that belongs to him. 这正是他的书。 （5）先行词是who或which引导的主句中。 ① Who is the girl that drove the car? 开车的女孩是谁？ ② Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最适合我？ 2. 当先行词是one，ones，anybody，anyone，all，none，those等, 指人时一般用who不用that。 ① Those who want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school. 那些想去看电影的人将在学校门口等着。 ② Anyone who breaks the laws should be punished. 任何违反法律的人都应该受到惩罚。 ③ I've told all who will attend the meeting. 我已经通知所有与会人员。 关系代词 as 引导的定语从句 1、as可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。 He married her, as was natural. He is honest, as we can see. 2、as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。意为“正如、正像”。 As is known to all, China is a developing country. He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. *as we can see, as can be seen, as we all know, as is known to all, as is mentioned above, as is often the case, as is reported in the newpaper, as you can remember, as is shown in the chart… … 针对训练 1. When we weren't playing on the court which was next to our building, we were watching a game on TV. 2. Paul's favourite player was a guy who played for the Charlotte Hornets. 3. Paul was someone who worked really hard for the team. 4. He didn't know he'd soon get the chance that he'd been waiting for. 5. They were playing The Bears, a team whose record was perfect. Read the sentences. Circle the relative pronouns and underline the relative clauses. Complete the sentences with relative pronouns. 1. Have you found the keys ______________ you lost? 2. We stayed at a hotel ________________ Tom recommended to us. 3. The people ___________ work in the office are very friendly. 4. What's the name of the man ______ car you borrowed? 5. The man ___________ I was sitting next to on the plane talked all the time. that/which that/which who/that whose who/that Circle the relative pronouns that can be left out. 目录 目录 CONTENTS 能力提高 Exercise：1.用适当的关系词填空。 1. Now they were driving by the houses _________ Andy had described. 2. Help is needed for families ________ homes were destroyed in the earthquake. 3. My sister ________ is a nurse came home for a few days. 4. It was an island ________ name I have forgotten. which/that whose who/that whose 1 The woman is a teacher. 2 The woman lives next door. The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 1 The nurse is kind. 2 The nurse looks after my sister. The nurse who/that looks after my sister is kind. Exercise：2.合并下列句子。 1 Kevin is reading a book. 2 The book is too difficult for him. Kevin is reading a book which/that is too difficult for him. 1 I have a friend. 2 He likes listening to classical music. I have a friend who/that likes listening to classical music. 1 Many people were afraid to swim in the sea. 2 They saw the film Jaws. Many people who/that saw the film Jaws were afraid to swim in the sea. 1 It is about a big white shark. 2 It attacks swimmers. It is about a big white shark which/that attacks swimmers. Unit 3 Mind and body 分词 一.分词的分类 现 在 分 词 主动形式 被动形式 一般式 完成式 过去分词 doing having done being done having been done done 二、分词的功能 做定语、状语、宾补 1.作定语 现在分词 surprising news令人惊讶 的消息 running boy正在奔跑的 男孩 过去分词 locked door被锁上的门 changed matter变化了的物质 表示主动 表示被动 表示进行 表示完成 试比较： 注：单个分词做定语放在名词之前 正在沸腾的水 煮开过的水 正在飘落的树叶 落下的树叶 boiling water boiled water falling leaves fallen leaves 令人激动的消息 被激动的人们 exciting news excited people The book, written in 1975, tells of the experiences of a businessman. I found a tree growing on the bank of the river. 注：分词短语做定语，要放在所修饰名词之后 （过去分词短语做后置定语） （现在分词短语做后置定语） = The book, which was written in 1975, tells of the experiences of a businessman. = I found a tree which was growing on the bank of the river. . 练习一：重写下列句子，用分词短语做后置定语 1. I really regretted the hours that were wasted on computer games. 2. His stories which usually talks about net love, are popular with the youth. I really regretted the hours wasted on computer games. His stories which usually talking net love, are popular with the youth. 3. The Internet has changed the world. It is now used by millions of people. The Internet, now used by millions of people, has changed the world. 4.You can’t take away these magazines. These magazines belong to our school library. You can’t take away these magazines belonging to our school library. 5.Mobile phones help people communicate. They are sold all over the world. Mobile phones, sold all over the world, help people communicate. 2. 作宾补 We found him waiting to meet us at the school gate. We rushed there and found the task finished. He left me thinking about the matter alone in the room. They wanted to make the plan known to the public. 现在分词做宾补，表示主动或正在进行的动作 过去分词做宾补，表示被动或业已完成的动作 注：与分词搭配做宾补的常见动词有： see, hear, watch, feel, observe, notice, find, make, get, keep, leave, catch, have等 练习二: 用分词做宾补填空 If you want the job ________ (do) in the time, you have to hurry. When I put my hand on his chest, I could feel his heart still ______ (beat). When the exam was over, I felt a great weight _______ (take) off my mind. It was very hot that day. They had the electric fan ________ (blow) all day long. Workers in the factories have their hearing ________ (harm) by the great noises. done beating taken blowing harmed 3. 作状语 表示时间。可转换为when, while等引导的时间状语从句 Seen from the top of the hill, the temple looks more beautiful Passing his room, I saw him reading =When it is seen from the top of the hill, …… =While I was passing his room, …….. 表示条件，可转换为if, once, unless等引导的条件状语从句 If turning to the south, you will find a high building. Given another hour, I can also work out the problem. Unless invited to speak, you should keep silence at the meeting. Unless making your effort, you won’t succeed. If you turn to the south, you …… If I was given another hour, I can also ……. Unless you are invited to speak, you …… Unless you make your effort, you ……. 表示原因， 可转换为as, because, since等引导的原因状语从句。 Greatly moved by the film, they all cried. Thinking that all children like toys, we often provide our children with these things. Because they were greatly moved by the film, ……. As we think that all children like toys, we…. 表示让步，可转换为though, although或even though/even if等引导的让步状语从句 Although exhausted by the climb, we continued our journey. Failing in the exam, he didn’t lose heart. Although we were exhausted by the climb, we……. Even though he failed in the exam, he didn’t, ……. 表示结果、方式或伴随状况等。 He began to cry as if bitten by a snake. The teacher stood there surrounded by the students. Her husband died, leaving her with 5 children. They stood there watching the game. 典型试题例析 Generally speaking, when _______ according to the direction, the drug has no side effect. A. taken B. taking C. to take D. to be taken 典型试题例析 European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world. A. makes B. making C. made D. to make 三、分词做状语要注意逻辑主语一致 Watching him coming over, her face turned red. Considered as a kind of building material, we think wood is not strong. × × Watching him coming over, she turned red. Considered as a kind od building material, wood is not strong. 典型试题例析 Faced with a bill for ＄ 10,000,________. A. John has taken an extra job B. the boss has given john an extra job C. an extra job has been taken D. an extra job has been given to John 四、分词否定形式、被动式及完成式 Not having completed the programmer, they have to stay for another two weeks. Having been separated from other countries for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. 典型试题例析 ______ him before, she didn’t know he was her uncle, who returned from Japan last week . A. Not seeing B. Haven’t seen C. Having not seen D. Not having seen 小结 分词作定语 分词作补语 分词作状语 Unit 4 Words 不定式作主语和表语 Introduction 动词不定式的基本结构式是to do , 其中的do代表动词的原形， do可以是任何其他的动词，因为动词do是不固定的，所以我们把它称为动词不定式，它的否定形式是“not to do”。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。动词不定式不能单独作谓语，可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语等。如： To be a doctor is hard. (不定式作主语) His work is to drive a car. (不定式作表语) I want to tell you a story. (不定式作宾语) She was the last student to leave the classroom.(不定式作定语) Tell him to leave here next week.(不定式作补语) 动词不定式作主语 01 节标题页? 126 1. 动词不定式作主语，表示具体的、一次性的或者表示将来含义的动作，且谓语动词常用单数。如： To be calm in danger is very important/significant. To win the game is possible. To see is to believe. To work with him is a great pleasure. 动词不定式作主语 01 目录 目录 CONTENTS 127 01 2. 动词不定式短语作主语时，为了保持句子平衡，往往用it作形式主语，而将动词不定式短语置于句末。如： It is important to learn English well. It would be a waste of time to argue with him. 其常见句型如下： 动词不定式作主语 目录 目录 CONTENTS 128 1. It＋is＋名词＋to do sth It’s our duty to protect the natural environment. 2. It took sb some time/money＋to do sth It took us three hours to finish the report. 3. It＋be＋形容词＋for/of sb＋to do sth It’s very generous of you to donate us a large sum of money. It is necessary for children to form good habits at an early age. 4. It seems/appears)＋形容词＋to do sth It seemed impossible to catch up with them in 20 minutes. 01 动词不定式作主语 目录 目录 CONTENTS 129 练习：用 it 做形式主语改写下面句子 (1) To speak French well isn’t an easy job.  (2) To improve our teaching method is very important. (3) To work with her is a great pleasure.  (4) To look up every new word would be a waste of time. It isn’t an easy job to speak French. It is very important to improve our teaching method. It is a great pleasure to work with her. It would be a waste of time to look up every new word . 动词不定式作主语 01 130 01 3. “特殊疑问词 + 不定式” 构成的不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。如： Where to camp hasn’t been decided. How to protect the endangered species is a question. 动词不定式作主语 目录 目录 CONTENTS 131 不定式作主语，谓语动词的数 To play basketball ______(be) great. 如果两个或两个以上的不定式作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。 To improve people’s life and to speed up socialist construction ______ (be) our two important tasks. When and where to stop ________________________ (not decide) yet. What to do and where to do ___________________________ (not decide) yet. is are hasn’t been decided haven’t been decided 132 1. It’s bad for your eyes ________ (play) computer games too much. 2. His ambition is _____________ (become) a successful scientist when he graduates. 3. ___________ (enjoy) the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smartphones. 4. What we can do is ____________ (ensure) that all students have access to a healthy diet. 5. It’s really kind of him ________ (let) us use his swimming pool. to play to become To enjoy (to) ensure to let Practice 02 1. 动词不定式作表语，用于解释和说明主语的具体内容，主语通常是一些有内涵的名词，如：ambition, goal, idea, intention, plan, purpose, wish 等表示目的、打算、计划的词语。 例句： Her ambition is to become an doctor. His duty is to look after the elderly. 动词不定式作表语和作主语的位置可以互换。 My dream is to be an engineeer.＝To be an engineer is my dream. 动词不定式作表语 目录 目录 CONTENTS 134 02 2. 系动词，如be、seem、appear、prove、turn out后面常接不定式作表语，表语若是“to be+...”的形式，通常可以省略to be。 例如： He seems (to be) depressed.＝He appears (to be) depressed. The plan proves (to be) successful.＝The plan turns out (to be) successful. 动词不定式作表语 目录 目录 CONTENTS 135 不过有些系动词，例如sound、smell、taste、feel、become等，通常不可以接不定式作表语。 练习：判断正误。 It smells to be fragrant. The magazine seems available. The fruit tastes to be sweet. F T F 动词不定式作表语 02 136 02 3. “特殊疑问词 + 不定式”作be动词的表语。例如： The question is how to help them out. 4. 主句中有实义动词 do 的某种形式时，作表语的动词不定式通常要省略to 。例如： What you should do is (to) let in some fresh air. All I want to do now is (to) have a good sleep. 动词不定式作表语 目录 目录 CONTENTS 137 小结 动词不定式可以作主语。动词不定式作主语时，谓语动词往往用_________。 动词不定式作表语，常常放在 ___________ 的后面。常用的系动词：________________________________________ 等。 用作形式主语或形式宾语用 _____，而真正的主语或宾语——动词不定式短语放在后面。 单数 系动词 seem, prove, be, turn out，appear，remain it 同步作业 139 Practice ① It is wrong for you_____(skip)breakfast. ②Although_____is a hard task to protect our environment, we can't help but go ahead. ③It took the doctor about half an hour_____ (examine) the eyes of thebaby. ④ It was foolish_____ him to endanger his life in that way. ⑤It is difficult_____him to live on such a small salary. to skip;it;to examine;of;for 1. It took me only a few minutes _________ (have) breakfast.  2. To do morning exercises every day _____ (be) good for your health. 3. _____ will take the workers 3 years to build the building. 4. He will choose _______ (go) to college after high school. 5. It’s important _____ us to learn English well. 6. It’s kind _____ you to clean the blackboard. to have is It to go for of ①Our plan is ______________________________. 我们的计划是下周完成这项工作。 ②My American teacher ________________________. 我的美国老师即将离开中国。 ③A great deal is ______________. 还有许多事要做。 ④The thing for us to do is _________________________. 我们要做的事情就是要接受挑战。 to finish the work next week is to leave China soon yet to do to accept the challenge 1.You know，my goal is ___________ (lose) 150 pounds in the coming year. 2.The boy was _____________ (blame)for what he had done. 3.One of the most damaging things a parent could do was ___________ (punish) their children for poor marks. 4.The purpose of education is _____________ (develop) a fine personality in children. 5.You appear ___________________ (travel) to quite a lot of places around the world. to lose to blame to punish to develop to have travelled 不定式时态和语态 Unit 2 Cherishing Friendship I am glad to see you. He has decided to give her some money. 表示的动作通常与谓语所表示的动作或状态同时或者几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。 I am very glad to be working with you. He pretended to be working hard when his boss passed him. 表示的动作通常与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。 He happened to have seen the film before. The novel is believed to have been translated into Chinese. 不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动作或状态之前。 主动语态 to do 被动语态 to be done It is an honor for me to be invited to attend the meeting. Everyone likes the hero to be praised. 形 式 主 动 被 动 一般式 进行式 完成式 完成进行式 to do to have done to be doing to have been doing to be done to have been done e.g. The question is very difficult to answer. The problem is difficult to deal with. 1. 主语 + be + adj. + to do 能用于此句型的形容词有: difficult, easy, comfortable, fit, hard, pleasant, tiresome (使人疲劳的), interesting, nice, heavy, dangerous, light, important, etc. The box is light enough to carry. The river water is warm enough to swim in. 2. 主语 + be + adj. + enough + to do The books seemed too heavy to carry. The ice is too thin to skate on. 3. 主语 + be + too + adj. + to do 动词不定式的否定形式 否定式:not/never+to do 各种形式否定式都在to前加not或never。例如： The lawyer listened with full attention, trying not to miss any point. 律师全神贯注地听着，不想遗漏任何要点。 Tell them not to throw waste paper on the ground. 叫他们不要把废纸扔在地上。 不定式综合训练 1.He asked me to help him repair his radio, but I don’t know ___. to do it B. how to C. what to do it D. how to do 2. His voice made me _____ terrible. To feel B. feel C. feels D. felt 3. My parents told me ____ people when they are in trouble. never laugh at B. not to laugh at don’t laugh at D. not laugh at 4. It’s bad manners ____ rude to people. to be B. are C. be D. to being 5. It’s interesting _____ us to take part in the games. A. of B. to C. for D. at 6.The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ___ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make 7.I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ___ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects 8.Paul doesn’t have to be made ____. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 9. I would love ___ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone 10.Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears ________everything. to tell B.to be told C. to be telling D.to have been told Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ______whether they will enjoy A. to see B.to be seen C. seeing D. seen 12. Charles Babbage is generally considered _____the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 13. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _______ to carry all the way home. A. much too heavy B. too much heavy C. heavy too much D. too heavy much 14. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 15. Little Jim should love _____ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking 16.There are five pairs ___,but I'm at a loss which to buy  A. to be chosen   B. to choose from  C. to choose  D. for choosing 17.____late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm.  A. To sleep  B. Sleeping  C. Sleep  D. Having sleep 18.With a lot of difficult problems ____,the newly-elected president is having a hard time A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled 19.She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role___in making the earth a better place to live. A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing 20.In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are trying ___their products more competitive. A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made With a lot of homework ______ (finish), the sleepy boy can’t go to sleep as he wishes. 2. — Can the project be finished as planned? —Sure, ______ (get) it completed in time, we’ll work two more hours a day. 3. He went to the bookstore to buy his favorite novel, only ______ (tell) that it had been sold out. to be told to finish to get 4. I sent you 2000 dollars today, the rest ______ (follow) in a year. 5.—Is Bob still performing? —I’m afraid not. He is said ______ (leave) the stage already as he has become an official. 6. All these gifts must be mailed immediately ______ (receive) in time for Christmas. to follow to have left to be received 7. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for 3 hours just ______ (have) a look at the sports stars. 8. ______ (find) more about university courses, call(920) 7463789. 9. Mr. Smith argued that the little boy was not the one ______ (blame). to have To find out to blame 10. ______(catch) the early train, you need to get up early. 11. As the twentieth century came to a close, the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting ______(use). 12. He hurried to the booking office only______ (tell) that all the tickets had been sold out. To catch to be used to be told 13. When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there ______ (train) to fly a plane. 14. The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported ______ (break) the world record in the 110-metre hurdle race. 15. —The last one ______ (arrive) pays the meal. — Agreed! to be trained to have broken to arrive 16. There is nothing more I can try ______ (persuade) you to do so, so what I can do is say “good luck”. 17. The students in front of me talked so loudly that I had to struggle ______ (hear). 18. – Did the book give the information you needed? –Yes. But ______(find) it, I had to read the entire book. to persuade to be heard to find 22. The mail is very important, so it is supposed ______ (send) as soon as possible. 23. The play ______ (produce) next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture. 24. All of them try to use the power of the workstation ______ (present) information in a more effective way. to be sent to be produced to present 25. Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it ______ (recycle). 26. Schools across China are expected to hire 50, 000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, ______ (help) reduce unemployment pressure. 27. The children all turned ______ (look) at the famous actress as she entered the classroom. to look to be recycled to help 28. We are invited to a party ______ (hold) in our club next Friday. 29. ______ (complete) the work in time, all the workers were working at weekends. 30. ______ (be) honest, the pay isn’t attractive enough, though the job itself is quite interesting. to be held To complete To be 31. With the world changing fast, we have something new ______ (deal) with all by ourselves every day. 32. There are many talented actors out there just waiting ______ (discover). 33. We were astonished ______ (find) the temple still in its original condition. to deal to be discovered to find 34. With Mother’s Day coming closer, I have taken some money out of the bank ______ (buy) presents for my mum. 35. I have a lot of writings ______ (complete) before the end of this term. 36. His first book ______ (publish) next month is based on a true story. to complete to buy to be published 37. In my people’s opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant ______ (deal) with. 38. Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one ______ (repair) first is the library. 39. Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier ______ (break) into small pieces. to deal to be repaired to break 40. The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable ______ (hold). 41. The ability ______ (express) an idea is as important as the idea itself. 42. Simon made a big bamboo box _____(keep) the sick bird till it could fly. to express to hold to keep 43. If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city ______ (cheer) by their enthusiastic supporters. 44. More TV programs, according to government officials, will be produced ______ (raise) people’s concern over food safety. 45. Birds’ singing is sometimes a warning to other birds ______ (stay) away. to be cheered to raise to stay 46. Having finished her project, she was invited by the school ______ (speak) to the new students. 47. This machine is very easy ______(operate). Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes. 48. The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy ______ (watch) anything that happened to be on. to speak to operate to watch 49. George returned after the war, only ______ (tell) that his wife had left him. 50. Tom took a taxi to the airport, only ______ (find) his plane high up in the sky. 51. We’re having a meeting in half an hour. The decision ______ (make) at the meeting will influence the future of our company. to find to be told to be made 52. Volunteering gives you a chance ______ (change) lives, including your own. 53. I stopped the car ______ (take) a short break as I was feeling tired. 54. The engine just won’t start. Something seems ______ (go) wrong with it. to have gone to take to change There are still many problems ______ (handle) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon. ______ (free) ourselves from the physical and mental tensions, we each need deep thought and inner quietness. 57. ______ (solve) the difficult physics problem, I have turned to Mr. White several times. To solve To free to be handled 58. —I hope to take the computer course. —Good idea. ______ (get) more information, visit this website. 59. Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only ______ (find) it didn't fit. 60. Group activities will be organized after class ______ (help) children develop team spirit. to help to find To get 61. ______ (make) it easier to get in touch with us, you’d better keep this card at hand. 62. Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online ______ (save) their valuable time. 63. I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train ______(catch). to catch To make to save 64. During the Mid- Autumn Festival, family members often gather together ______ (share) a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes. 65. I didn’t mean ______ (eat) anything but that kind of snack looked so good that I couldn’t help ______ (try) it. 66. Travelling is really good for the health of old people. But it remains ______ (see) whether they like it. to share to eat to be seen trying 67. ______ (enjoy) the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones. 68. ______ (help) us prepare for the exam, the teacher suggested reading through our notes. 69. It is so necessary for people ______ (master) some knowledge of first aid. To enjoy To help to master $$