阅读理解专项训练：段落主旨大意题 全文主旨题 最佳标题题 课件-2025届高三下学期英语二轮复习专项

专题三 阅读理解--- ①段落主旨大意、②全文主旨大意、③最佳标题 阅读B篇选材：社会文化或新现象/新问题 高考基本按段落顺序命题, 1~2段对应一个题目, 可先串联题干关键词,预估文章大意, 同时留意一下选项重叠的关键词。 2024新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B篇选项,很多词汇与兽医、动物相关,猜测Farber的工作和兽医相关。 B篇人物/事物类记叙文/新闻类 把握写作结构: 记叙文: 顺序或倒叙 →意外结局或哲理性结尾 新闻类: 标题句/段首句即主题句 其他: 首段引入现象/话题,主体段介绍结果或提出疑问;尾段总结、展望前景、评论或提出建议。 如涉及写作目的题,正确选项一定与主旨相关 ①时间点:具体年月日、时间状语从句,表时间先后顺序的衔接词(如上文第二段中的加方框部分) ②特殊点:表转折的but、 however、 although、 actually等词后的内容;表因果的词如so前后的内容、表褒贬感情色彩的形容词、副词或动词或短语(涉及观点态度/人物特征题,如上文第1小题) ③加汉语注释的词:加注释的词汇有时会在选项中出现 ④关注干扰项特征:张冠李戴、偷梁换柱、推断过度、以偏概全、无中生有、颠倒是非 考法解析 5 常见设问方式 ①What is the first paragraph mainly about? ②What does paragraph ... mainly talk about? ③What is the main idea of the first paragraph? 段落大意题 依段落结构定段意 干扰项 1.2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·D第1~2段　 　　On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. 　　This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. 解析 这种效应利用了人们在犯错时，错误并非总是一致的事实。有些人倾向于高估，而有些人则倾向于低估。当足够多的这类错误被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而得出一个更准确的估计。如果人们相似且倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误就不会相互抵消。用更专业的术语来说，群体智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。无论出于何种原因，如果人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。 群体智慧 (wisdom of crowds): 指的是在特定条件下，群体决策比个体决策更准确、更聪明的现象。 误差抵消: 高估和低估的个体错误在平均过程中相互抵消，使得最终结果更接近真实值。 独立性 (independent): 个体估计之间没有关联或依赖关系，每个人的估计都是独立做出的。 相关性/依赖性 (correlated/dependent): 个体估计之间存在关联或相互影响，例如受到相同信息源或群体意见的影响。 总结: 这段解释了群体智慧效应的原理，即通过平均大量独立个体的估计来提高准确性。关键在于个体估计的独立性，如果个体估计之间存在相关性或依赖性，群体智慧的准确性就会下降。 What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 重点词/ 课标新 增词 illustrate [̍ɪləstreɪt] vt.说明;解释;加插图于 派生词/ 合成词 ①statistician [̩stætɪ̍stɪʃn] n.统计学家;统计员(statistic+ -ian)　②correlated [̍kɔːrəleɪtɪd] adj. (有)相互关系的 课标新 增词的 派生词 ①overestimate [̩əʊvər̍estɪmeɪt] vt.& n.高估(over+estimate)　②underestimate [̩ʌndər̍estɪmeɪt] vt.& n.低估(under+estimate)　③estimation [̩estɪ̍meɪʃn] n.估计;估算(estimate+-ion) 语块 ①capitalize on充分利用　②cancel out抵消;相互抵消　③for whatever reasons无论何种原因 ④in more technical terms用更专业的术语说 2.2022·新高考Ⅰ卷·D第4~5段　体裁:说明文　主题语境:人与社会——语言发展 　　The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. 　　Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. 支撑性证据 B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process. 段落大意题。第五段中的“在过去几千年里,‘f’和‘v’的使用显著增加,但是这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然找不到。”与上文提到的研究结果一致。通过本段第一句话中的“also confirmed”以及最后一句中的still可知本段主要是关于研究结果的证据。故选A。 解析 3.The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. 分析:本句主干是① 结构, that when crowds were further divided into ... an equal number of independent individuals是由that引导的② ,其中when引导的时间状语从句中又包含that引导的③ ,修饰先行词④ 。 主系表 表语从句 定语从句 groups 翻译:该研究的关键发现是:当大的群体被进一步分成较小的群体,并被允许讨论时, ⑤ . 。 这些群体估算的平均值比同等数量的独立个体估 算的平均值更准确 常见设问方式 ①What is the text mainly about? ②What is the main idea of the text? ③What is mainly talked about in the text? 全文主旨题 3.2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·C　体裁:说明文　主题语境:人与自然——现代技术 We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However , most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also , there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover , having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition , there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 2.Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions from transporting plants from soil to salad. 试分析:主干是① , where it’s eaten 引导定语从句,修饰先行词② 。  试翻译:此外,在同一楼内的这一系统(从种植到食用)意味着蔬菜从土壤到沙拉过程中的零排放。 having a system in the same building means zero emissions building 积累 重点词 ①innovative [̍ɪnəveɪtɪv] adj.创新的;革新的;采用新观念的 ②automated [̍ɔːtəmeɪtɪd] adj.自动化的 派生词/ 合成词 ①sustainable→sustainability n.可持续性　②single-use adj.一次性的(single+use) 熟词生义 ①cover vt.走完(一段路程)　②solid adj.可靠的　③monitor vt.监控,监测 语块 ①when it comes to说到……　②fresh greens新鲜青菜　 ③live out实践,践行 ④be passionate about热衷于　⑤zero emissions零排放 常见设问方式 Which is/What/Which of the following can be the most suitable title for the text? 最佳标题题 或缩小！ 融合标题4特征 关注记叙文标题4特点 4.2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·B　体裁:记叙文　主题语境:人与自我——学校生活 　　Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. 项目发起人、项目初衷 　　Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new. 不喜欢、排斥→愿意尝试 　 　Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. 项目课程内容和活动 　　Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says. 项目效果:饮食习惯的改变 　　She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”结论:项目的其他收益 Para. 1:介绍该项目发起人、项目目的和初衷; Para. 2:介绍学生的居住环境以及他们对食物和自然环境的初始态度; Para. 3:介绍项目课程和活动; Para. 4:介绍项目效果; Para. 5:结论段:项目的其他收益,提升了学生的兴趣,同时也有助于他们的情绪稳定。 school garden program What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape 串联各段大意可知, 本文主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo发起Urban Sprouts项目,带领学生种植蔬菜的故事,对学生们影响深远。因此C项“蔬菜种植爱好者”适合作为本文标题。注意全文高频词汇是program(即种菜项目)。 积累 重点词 ①literally [̍lɪtərəli] adv.确实地,字面上地　②initially [ɪ̍nɪʃəli] adv.最初地,起初地　③weed v.除草;拔草n.杂草 派生词/ 合成词 evaluation [ɪ̩vælju̍eɪʃən] n.评估,评价(evaluate+-ion) 熟词 生义 ①tough adj.艰苦的;棘手的　②start v.发起;创办 语块 ①turn off使厌烦;使失去兴趣　②go beyond超过;超出　③have a calming effect on对……有镇静作用 ④environmental awareness环保意识　⑤emotional control issue情绪调控问题 熟词生义积累 37 猜测障碍词 重点词 innovative adj. ① . . odd adj. ② . . automated adj. ③ . indication n.④ . 创新的;革新的; 采用新观念的 奇怪的; 奇数的 自动化的 指示;迹象 派生 词/合 成词 defend+-sive →defensive adj. ⑤ 。 single+use→ single-use adj. ⑥ . effective+-ness →effectiveness n. ⑦ . muscle+ relaxing→ muscle-relaxing adj. ⑧ . 熟词 生义 condition 熟义: n.状态;状况 生义: n. ⑨ . solid 熟义: n.固体 生义: adj. ⑩ . 存有戒心的 一次性的 效力,效果 放松肌肉的 疾病;健康状况 可靠的 语块 have the last laugh . . live out 。 cancel out . capitalize on . 笑到最后,取得 最后胜利 实践,践行 抵消;相互抵消 充分利用 长难句分析 41 分析长难句的能力　 1.He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine—combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. 试分析:主干为:① . ,是主系表结构。now practicing “holistic” medicine为现在分词短语作后置定语修饰② ;破折号后的现在分词短语“combining ... with ...”作后置定语修饰“holistic” medicine。  试翻译:他是正在实行“整体”医学的少数美国兽医之一,③ . 。 He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians American veterinarians 这种医学 将传统的西方疗法与针灸、按摩疗法和草药结合起来 文本语法填空 Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more ① (convention) veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago ② he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but ③ (find) little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, ④ ancient Chinese practice, and was ⑤ (amaze) that he improved after two or three treatments. ⑥ worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after ⑦ (study) the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets. conventional when found an amazed What studying $$