阅读理解：理科实验--科普说明文研究性课件 -2025届高三下学期英语二轮复习专项

large vocabulary long and complicated sentences abstract concepts new topics Why is the expository writing difficult？ 考情分析 考情分析 年份 话题 2024年I卷篇 现代生物采样数据的科学性 2023年I卷D篇 “群体智慧”效应 2023年II卷D篇 城市中的自然场所有益健康 2022年I卷D篇 人类语音的发展与饮食的关系 2022年6月浙江卷C篇 适度的努力和良好的情绪有利于提升工作效率 2022年1月浙江卷C篇 健康女性患失智症的可能性 高考真题阅读理解说明文·研究报考类 浅析科普说明文之 研究报告类 说明文 科普说明文“阅读理解4步提升法” 第一步：确定语篇类型 第二步：梳理语篇结构 第三步：确定题目与语篇结构的联系 第四步：运用解题策略答题 (2023 年新高考I卷D篇 ) On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. Step 1：确定语篇类型 2023年全国卷D篇 本文主要介绍了对“群体智慧”效应的一项新研究。这项新研究发现，当大的估算群体被分成小组做估算时，其估算的平均值比同样数量的独立个体的估算结果更准确。 本文是一篇事理阐释类说明文，属于研究报告。 Step 2：梳理语篇结构 Para 1 Para 2 Para 3 Para 4 What is the main idea of each paragraph? Step 2：梳理语篇结构 Para 1 Para 2 Para 3 Para 4 What is the main idea of each paragraph? 引言 原理 新研究 后续研究 Introduction The underlying logic A new study A follow-up study People tend to make diverse errors when estimating. When these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out. The average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate Smaller discussion groups produce more accurate estimates than independent individuals. What group members did during their discussions to achieve this accuracy. Step 3：确定题目与语篇结构的联系 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? 主旨大意题(段落大意题)，定位第二段 33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ______. 事实细节题，定位第三段 34. What did the follow-up study focus on? 事实细节题，定位第四段 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? 观点态度题，定位第四段 分析题目类型，定位文章段落 Step 2：梳理语篇结构 Para 1 Para 2 Para 3 Para 4 What is the main idea of each paragraph? Introduction The underlying logic A new study A follow-up study People tend to make diverse errors when estimating. When these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out. The average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate Smaller discussiojn groups produce more accurate estimates than independent individuals. What group members did during their discussions to achieve this accuracy. Q32: 第二段主旨大意 Q33: 新的研究发现 Q34: 后续研究聚焦点 Q35: 作者对研究的态度 题目命在语篇结构的主线上 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. 注意:当文章或段落没有明显的主题句时，需要根据文中叙述的事实或提供的线索进行概括总结，以理解其主旨大意 解题策略：归纳总结大意法 关注信号词，分析句际关系 Step 4：运用解题策略答题 33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ______. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. ② ③ 注意:表转折关系的词有：but, however, nevertheless, yet, though…. 解题策略：定位比对法 关注信号词，分析段际关系 34. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 解题策略：定位比对法 同义替换表达 解题策略：借助词汇色彩推断态度 积累观点态度词，明确作者观点态度 研究报告 研究方法(method) 研究结果(result) 评价/局限/展望/启示(evaluation/limitation/expectation/implication) 研究背景(background) 原理/机制(logic/mechanism) 研究过程(procedure) 研究应用(application) 研究报告类说明文 (2023 年新高考I卷D篇 ) On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 研究结果 研究原理 研究结果 研究结果 研究评价 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? 主旨大意题 33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ______.事实细节题 34. What did the follow-up study focus on?事实细节题 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? 观点态度题 说明对象 研究报告 研究结果 研究方法 结论阐述 专家评议 主旨大意最佳标题 细节理解/推断 细节理解/推断 情感态度 细节理解/推断 说明方法 具体（Specific) 概括(General) 研究报告类说明文语篇结构及命题方式 更多模板亮亮图文旗舰店：https://liangliangtuwen.tmall.com 17 （2022新高考ⅠD）人类语音的发展 ②More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. 结果 32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on? A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Development. ③They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds. ④The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. ⑤Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. 结 论 阐述 33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A.They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B.They could not open and close their lips easily. C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough. For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were tired out to measure their peak (最大值的) cardiovascular(心血管) capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts. 方法 28. Why did the researchers ask the women to do bicycle exercise? A. To predict their maximum heart rate. B. To assess their cardiovascular capacity. C. To change their habit of working out. D. To detect their potential health problems. The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia (失智症) in later life — and if they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women. 结果 30. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A . More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia. B . Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise. C . Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia. D . Biking Improves Women's Cardiovascular Fitness. (2022年1月浙江卷C篇)健康女性患失智症的可能性 熟悉科普说明文 “阅读理解4步提升法” 第一步：确定语篇类型 第二步：梳理语篇结构 第三步：确定题目与语篇结构的联系 第四步：运用解题策略答题 Summary 研究报告语篇结构 及命题方式 研究结果 研究方法 结论阐述 专家评议 主旨大意最佳标题 细节理解/推断 细节理解/推断 情感态度 细节理解/推断 说明方法 （2022新高考ⅠD）Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 结果 结 论 阐述 专 家 评 议 32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on? 33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? 35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? 题目设置紧扣说明对象 （浙江2022年1月C） The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia (失智症) in later life — and if they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women. Lead researcher Dr Helena Hörder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said: “These findings are exciting because it’s possible that improving people’s cardiovascular (心血管的) fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.” For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were tired out to measure their peak (最大值的) cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts. A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level with a capacity of 120 watts or higher, while 92 women were in the medium fitness category. A total of 59 were of low fitness level, with a peak workload of 80 watts or less, or having their tests stopped because of health problems. These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time, 44 of the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness. “However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association,” said Hörder. “More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important.” She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were from Sweden, so the results might not be applicable to other groups. 方法 结论 专家 评议 结果 30. Which of the following is the best title for the text? 28. Why did the researchers ask the women to do bicycle exercise? 29. What do we know about Dr Hörder’s study? 题目设置紧扣说明对象 $$