专题05 阅读理解之说明文（优选上海名校真题）（上海专用）-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高一英语下学期期末真题分类汇编

学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________ 专题05 阅读理解之说明文（优选上海名校真题） (23-24高一下·上海交大附中·期末) The clothes we choose to wear serve as an access to our cultural heritage, societal standing, and personal inclinations. Let us embark on a captivating journey through the myriad (迷宫) of clothing across various cultures. In Western realms, a leisure attitude towards attire dominates daily life. Informal ensembles (全套服装) featuring jeans, T-shirts, and sneakers reign supreme, embodying a principal of comfort and ease. The blend of casual and laid-back styles in Western fashion reflects a society that values practicality and self-expression. This approach to clothing allows individuals to effortlessly stay in comfort with personal style, creating a harmonious balance between ease and individuality in their everyday wardrobes. Conversely, traditional attire in Asian emphasizes formality and conservatism. For instance, in Japan, where the ceremonial kimonos dominate special events or festivities, featuring intricate designs and vibrant hues, a rich cultural legacy woven into the fabric. India’s sarees mirror a vibrant mosaic influenced by regional traditions and ceremonial customs. The timeless elegance of sarees draping women in a swath of fabric represents a tapestry of colors and patterns that narrate stories of female individuality hidden under the nationwide cover. In some Middle Eastern countries like Saudi Arabia, women gracefully envelop themselves in abayas, long black robes that enshroud their forms entirely. This strict dress code, steeped in the rules of religious faith and cultural morals, conveys values of female modesty and respect for males. Traditional attire for Middle Eastern men includes garments such as thobes or dishdashas, which are long, loose-fitting robes typically worn with a head covering. These garments are not only practical for the region’s climate but also reflect the wearer’s background, social status, and personal preferences. Across diverse African residences, clothing emerges as a canvas for expressing cultural underpinnings and heritage. The vibrant hues and intricate patterns decorating traditional garments like dashiki s or kaftans resonate with the boundless creativity and diversity inherent in African cultures. In native communities, attire transcends its utilitarian purpose, emerging as a channel to nature and spirituality. At its essence, clothing transcends me re fabric and stitches; it embodies our cultural ethos, traditions, and identities. Delving into the diverse sartorial landscapes across cultures enables us to embrace and celebrate the tapestry of our shared global community in all its richness and diversity. 1．What account for Westerners’ leisure attitude towards dressing? A．respect for authority and formality B．justification of staying different C．pressure from busy daily routines D．emphasis of practicality and personality 2．How do traditional garments like kimonos and sarees reflect the cultural values of Asian countries? A．They reflect traditionalism and hidden individuality B．They reveal the challenge to expression of personality C．They show the denial female charm on a social scale D．They represent the refusal of sticking to formality 3．What’s the difference in dress code for women and men in Middle Eastern countries like Saudi Arabia? A．Women wear long clothes for warmth while men do this to protect against sunshine B．Women wear loose clothes for the sake of comfortableness while men seldom do this C．Women cover themselves to show humility while men do this to show status D．Women envelop themselves to stay elegant while men do this to be handsome 4．Which of the following piece of clothes best represents a typical African one? A． B． C． D． 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了不同国家的传统服饰以及其背后所蕴含的文化价值。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The blend of casual and laid-back styles in Western fashion reflects a society that values practicality and self-expression.(西方时尚中休闲与随意风格的融合，反映了一个重视实用性和自我表达的社会)”可知，西方人对穿着的休闲态度是因为强调实用性和个性。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Conversely, traditional attire in Asian emphasizes formality and conservatism...The timeless elegance of sarees draping women in a swath of fabric represents a tapestry of colors and patterns that narrate stories of female individuality hidden under the nationwide cover(相反，亚洲的传统服饰强调正式和保守。……纱丽将女性裹在一大片织物上，这种永恒的优雅代表了一幅色彩和图案的挂毯，讲述了隐藏在全国范围内的女性个性故事。)”可知，像和服和莎丽这样的传统服装反映了亚洲国家的传统主义和隐藏的个性。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“In some Middle Eastern countries like Saudi Arabia, women gracefully envelop themselves in abayas, long black robes that enshroud their forms entirely. This strict dress code, steeped in the rules of religious faith and cultural morals, conveys values of female modesty and respect for males. Traditional attire for Middle Eastern men includes garments such as thobes or dishdashas, which are long, loose-fitting robes typically worn with a head covering. These garments are not only practical for the region’s climate but also reflect the wearer’s background, social status, and personal preferences(在一些中东国家，如沙特阿拉伯，女性优雅地身着长袍，这种黑色的长袍完全包裹着她们的身体。这种严格的着装规定深受宗教信仰和文化道德的影响，传达了女性的谦逊和对男性的尊重。中东男性的传统服饰包括长袍或迪什达沙，这是一种长而宽松的袍子，通常搭配头巾。这些服装不仅适合该地区的气候，还反映了穿着者的背景、社会地位和个人喜好)”可知，在沙特阿拉伯等中东国家，女性和男性的着装规范的不同之处在于：女性为了表示谦卑而遮盖自己，而男性则是为了显示地位。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Across diverse African residences, clothing emerges as a canvas for expressing cultural underpinnings and heritage. The vibrant hues and intricate patterns decorating traditional garments like dashiki s or kaftans resonate with the boundless creativity and diversity inherent in African cultures(在非洲各地的住宅中，服装成为表达文化基础和遗产的画布。装饰传统服装如达西基裙或长袍的鲜艳色彩和复杂图案，与非洲文化中固有的无限创造力和多样性产生共鸣)”可知，非洲的传统服饰色彩鲜艳，图案复杂，因此选项B最能代表典型的非洲服饰。故选B。 (23-24高一下·上海交大附中·期末) In the quest for radiant and youthful skin, many people turn to cosmetic products and treatments. However, nature provides us with a bounty of ingredients that can work wonders for our skin without the need for harsh chemicals or invasive procedures. Incorporating food-based ingredients into your skincare routine can be a delicious and effective way to nourish and pamper your skin. Milk is not just a staple in our diets; it also has skincare benefits. Rich in proteins and lipids (油脂), milk helps the skin retain water, keeping it moist and supple, if drunk regularly. However, you can’s add milk into homemade face masks for a hydrating boost, because it might cause skin allergy (过敏) due to the rich nutrition which can’t be absorbed by skin. Olive oil, a Mediterranean staple, is not only great for cooking but also for moisturizing the skin, making the it silky and smooth. While olive oil is an excellent moisturizer, it’s best to use products containing olive oil on the arms and legs rather than the face to avoid clogging pores. Grapes are not only a delicious snack but also a mild source of antioxidants, providing anti-aging protection by combating free radicals (自由基) which can cause damage to the skin. Adding grapes to your diet or skincare routine can help promote a more youthful complexion. Papaya, thanks to its enzyme papain, can help to dissolve pore-blocking debris and slough off dead skin cells, revealing a smoother and brighter complexion. However, individuals with sensitive skin or a papaya allergy should proceed with caution. Strawberries are not just sweet and juicy; they can also help calm redness. The antioxidants in strawberries work to even out skin tone and improve the overall texture of the skin, making it appear more uniform and clear. However, individuals with berry allergies should steer clear of strawberry-based products. Honey helps to lock in moisture and alleviate dry patches, leaving the skin soft and hydrated. However, those with acne-prone skin should use honey-based products sparingly, as they may be too rich and potentially pore-clogging. Therefore, use honey in moderation and choose products with lighter formulas. Tangerines are packed with fruit acids that help exfoliate (去屑) the skin, promoting a smoother and more radiant complexion. Skincare products containing citrus ingredients can help slough off dead skin cells and reveal a fresh layer of skin underneath. Incorporating these food-based ingredients into your skincare routine can provide numerous benefits for your skin, from hydration and exfoliation to antioxidant protection and anti-aging benefits. By harnessing the power of nature’s bounty, you can achieve healthy, glowing skin without the need for harsh chemicals or invasive treatments. So next time you’re in the kitchen, consider reaching for these natural ingredients to nourish and pamper your skin from the inside out. Your skin will thank you for it! 1．To keep skin moist, we can resort to some natural products except __________. A．milk B．olive oil C．honey D．tangerine 2．For an berry-allergic old lady with sensitive skin condition, you’d better recommend __________ to be involved in her diet and daily skincare to help her preserve youth. A．milk B．papaya C．grapes D．strawberries 3．The passage can probably be targeted at ____________________. A．owners of fruit shops who wants to promote sales B．customers in supermarket who are searching for fruits C．women who wants to become beautiful and healthy D．chefs who are particular about food ingredients 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何利用食物成分改善皮肤护理效果，包括牛奶保湿、橄榄油滋润、葡萄抗氧化、木瓜去角质、草莓舒缓红肿、蜂蜜保湿和橘子去屑，强调天然成分的优势和健康护肤的重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据表格第一行的“Rich in proteins and lipids (油脂), milk helps the skin retain water, keeping it moist and supple, if drunk regularly. (牛奶富含蛋白质和脂质，如果经常饮用，可以帮助皮肤保持水分，保持皮肤湿润和柔软。)”和表格第二行的“While olive oil is an excellent moisturizer, it’s best to use products containing olive oil on the arms and legs rather than the face to avoid clogging pores.(虽然橄榄油是一种极好的保湿剂，但最好将含有橄榄油的产品用在胳膊和腿上，而不是脸上，以避免堵塞毛孔。)”和表格第六行的“Honey helps to lock in moisture and alleviate dry patches, leaving the skin soft and hydrated.(蜂蜜有助于锁住水分，缓解皮肤干燥，使皮肤柔软、水润。)”和表格第七行的“Tangerines are packed with fruit acids that help exfoliate the skin, promoting a smoother and more radiant complexion.(橘子富含果酸，可以帮助皮肤去角质，促进皮肤更光滑、更有光泽。含有柑橘类成分的护肤品可以帮助去除死皮细胞，让皮肤下面呈现出一层新鲜的皮肤。)”可知， 文中提到了橘子的去角质特性，因为它含有果酸，可以使皮肤更光滑、更有光泽。然而，与牛奶、橄榄油和蜂蜜相比，橘子通常不专门用于保湿目的，而牛奶、橄榄油和蜂蜜则以其对皮肤的保湿和补水功效而闻名。因此，橘子不适合用于保持皮肤水分。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据表格第一行的“However, you can’s add milk into homemade face masks for a hydrating boost, because it might cause skin allergy due to the rich nutrition which can’t be absorbed by skin.(然而，你不能在自制的面膜中加入牛奶来补水，因为它可能会导致皮肤过敏，因为丰富的营养不能被皮肤吸收。) ”和表格第四行的“However, individuals with sensitive skin or a papaya allergy should proceed with caution.(然而，皮肤敏感或对木瓜过敏的人应该谨慎行事。) ”和表格第五行的“However, individuals with berry allergies should steer clear of strawberry-based products.(然而，对浆果过敏的人应该避开草莓类产品。) ”可知，牛奶、木瓜和草莓对于一个对浆果过敏、皮肤敏感的老太太来说都不合适，再由表格第三行的“Grapes are not only a delicious snack but also a mild source of antioxidants, providing anti-aging protection by combating free radicals which can cause damage to the skin. Adding grapes to your diet or skincare routine can help promote a more youthful complexion.(葡萄不仅是一种美味的零食，也是一种温和的抗氧化剂来源，通过对抗自由基提供抗衰老保护，自由基会对皮肤造成损害。在你的饮食或护肤中加入葡萄可以帮助你拥有更年轻的肤色。) ”可知，葡萄可以添加到她的饮食和日常护肤中，帮助她保持年轻。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第一段的“In the quest for radiant and youthful skin, many people turn to cosmetic products and treatments. However, nature provides us with a bounty of ingredients that can work wonders for our skin without the need for harsh chemicals or invasive procedures. Incorporating food-based ingredients into your skincare routine can be a delicious and effective way to nourish and pamper your skin.(为了获得容光焕发和年轻的皮肤，许多人转向化妆品和治疗。然而，大自然为我们提供了大量的成分，可以为我们的皮肤创造奇迹，而不需要刺激性的化学物质或侵入性的程序。在日常护肤中加入食物成分是一种既美味又有效的滋养和呵护皮肤的方法。)”和最后一段的“Incorporating these food-based ingredients into your skincare routine can provide numerous benefits for your skin, from hydration and exfoliation to antioxidant protection and anti-aging benefits. By harnessing the power of nature’s bounty, you can achieve healthy, glowing skin without the need for harsh chemicals or invasive treatments. So next time you’re in the kitchen, consider reaching for these natural ingredients to nourish and pamper your skin from the inside out. Your skin will thank you for it!(将这些食物成分加入你的护肤程序中可以为你的皮肤提供许多好处，从补水和去角质到抗氧化保护和抗衰老。利用大自然的恩赐，你可以获得健康、容光焕发的皮肤，而不需要刺激性的化学物质或侵入性的治疗。所以下次你在厨房的时候，考虑使用这些天然成分，从内到外滋养和呵护你的皮肤。你的皮肤会感谢你的！)”可知，从牛奶、橄榄油、葡萄、木瓜、草莓、蜂蜜和橘子等食品中提取的天然护肤成分对皮肤补水、抗衰老、去角质和整体皮肤健康的好处，目标受众可能对自然的方法感兴趣，而不是诉诸刺激性化学物质或侵入性治疗，因此这篇文章针对的是那些想要变得美丽和健康的女性。故选C。 (23-24高一下·上海建平中学·期末) To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore, we must turn to a more subtle theory than “Monkey see, monkey do”. Look at it from the child’s point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do. There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to achieve his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a screaming is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults award some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves. In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wished to avoid. If the pupil wants to be good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players. Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success. 1．According to the passage, to teach a child to learn something, parents should _________. A．follow the theory of imitation B．set a good example for the child to copy C．simplify each action shown to the child D．view from the child’s perspective 2．Which of the following situation will lead a child to seek for a model? A．The child is blamed by parents for his/her wrongdoing. B．The child is in trouble and cannot figure out an approach. C．The child encounters a professional who can get the right result. D．The child comes up with a solution to an issue. 3．It can be inferred that children usually imitate people _________. A．whose actions are consistent with theirs B．who enjoy a high social status C．whose talent and skill are extraordinary D．whom they want to be shaped into 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．The factors determining children’s imitation. B．The significance of learning by imitation. C．The way children choose models. D．The reason for parenting by imitation. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章指出，孩子并非盲目模仿，而是有选择地学习。他们倾向于模仿能带来正确结果的权威或专家，考虑社会接受度，并选择模仿看起来不错的人物。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Look at it from the child’s point of view. (从孩子的角度看问题)”可知，要教孩子学东西，父母应该站在孩子的角度看问题。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do. (现在他处在一个新的环境中，缺乏现成的回应。他正在寻求一种能达到某种目的的回应。如果他对这种情况缺乏现成的回应，无法推理出该怎么做，他会观察一个似乎能够得到正确结果的榜样。孩子们会寻找权威或专家来告诉他们该怎么做)”可知，当孩子遇到困难，想不出办法时，他就会寻找一个榜样。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wished to avoid. (在寻找试验回应时，学习者并不是随机选择榜样的。他模仿那些看起来不错的人，而不是模仿那些他希望避免其社会地位的人)”可推知，孩子选择模仿他们想要被塑造成的人。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中“Look at it from the child’s point of view. (从孩子的角度看问题)”、第三段中“There is a second element at work in this situation. (在这种情况下，还有第二个因素在起作用)”和第四段中“In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. (在寻找试验回应时，学习者并不是随机选择榜样的)”可知，文章指出传统的“模仿学习”观点过于简化，实际上孩子不会盲目模仿所有行为，为此向读者介绍了决定儿童模仿行为的因素，包括他们倾向于模仿能带来正确结果的权威或专家，考虑社会接受度，并选择模仿看起来不错的人物。故选A项。 (23-24高一下·上海复旦附中·期末) Buying organic (有机的) food may not always be better for the planet or for human health than cheaper options grown with artificial pesticides, according to researchers. There tend to be more birds and bees on organic farms but the benefits may be cancelled out because they produce an average of 19 to 25 perent less food per acre than conventional farms. This means that more land is needed to produce the same amount of food, and land being changed for agriculture is one of the greatest threats to wildlife, researchers at the University of British Columbia said. Organic farms tend to use less energy and produce lower emissions, but “when lower organic yields are taken into account, greenhouse gas emissions might actually be higher under organic management.” The authors of the study, published in Science Advances, said: “We don’t know whether organic agriculture provides any benefits for biodiversity if lower organic yields are taken into account.” Organic farms tend to cause less nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of water systems, but the lower yields could mean that nitrogen loss per unit of food produced is higher than on conventional farms. The authors argued that in countries such as Canada, where pesticide regulations are strict and diets are rich in micronutrients, the health benefits of choosing organic might be marginal. They said organically grown food probably contained slightly more micronutrients but it was not clear whether this provided “any actual health benefits to consumers”. The team analyzed organic crop farming across 17 criteria including yield, impact on climate change, farmer livelihood and consumer health. “Organic is often proposed as a good solution to current environmental and food scarcity problems, but we found that the costs and benefits will vary heavily depending on the context,” Verena Seufert, one of the authors, said. They concluded that organic farming is not the only solution to providing a sustainable source of food for an ever-growing global population, but does have an important role to play. “We need to stop the perception of organic and conventional agriculture as two ends of the spectrum. Instead, consumers should demand better practices for both so that we can achieve the world’s food needs in a sustainable way,” Ms. Seufert said. The study, which involved a review of the scientific literature on the environmental and economic performance of organic farms, also found that they were highly dependent on animal manure (排泄物) from conventional farms and added: “It is not clear whether we would have enough organic fertilizers to feed everyone in the world with organic food” Organic food is more expensive and “therefore less accessible to consumers with low income, they said. 1．What does the study find about organic farms? A．They are less than efficient. B．They rely on wildlife species. C．They used to produce added emission. D．They use high-quality pesticides. 2．The word “marginal” (in paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to __________. A．irregular B．unlimited C．unimportant D．irrelevant 3．What can be inferred from the passage about organic agriculture? A．Its benefits are yet to be confirmed by review of scientific literature. B．It is perceived as reaching the end of its development like conventional agriculture. C．It is regarded as the opposite of conventional agriculture. D．Its drawbacks outweigh the benefits it yields in most cases. 4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Organic Farming: Balancing Costs and Benefits B．Organic Farming: Winner in Sustainable Agriculture C．Organic Farming: A Cost-Effective Path to a Healthier Planet D．Organic Farming: The Answer to Global Food Scarcity 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了有机食品的优点以及其缺点。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“There tend to be more birds and bees on organic farms but the benefits may be cancelled out because they produce an average of 19 to 25 per cent less food per acre than conventional farms. This means that more land is needed to produce the same amount of food, and land being changed for agriculture is one of the greatest threats to wildlife, researchers at the University of British Columbia said.(有机农场往往有更多的鸟类和蜜蜂，但这些好处可能会被抵消，因为它们每英亩生产的食物平均比传统农场少19%至25%。英属哥伦比亚大学的研究人员说，这意味着需要更多的土地来生产同样数量的食物，而土地被改变为农业是对野生动物的最大威胁之一)”可知，研究发现有机农场效率不高。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词后句“They said organically grown food probably contained slightly more micronutrients but it was not clear whether this provided “any actual health benefits to consumers”.(他们表示，有机食品可能含有更少量的微量元素，但尚不清楚这是否“对消费者的健康有任何实际好处”)”可知，选择有机食品对健康的好处可能微乎其微的。所以marginal为“微小的，不重要的”之意。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段““We need to stop the perception of organic and conventional agriculture as two ends of the spectrum. Instead, consumers should demand better practices for both so that we can achieve the world’s food needs in a sustainable way,” Ms. Seufert said.(“我们需要停止认为有机农业和传统农业是两个极端。相反，消费者应该要求两方面都采取更好的做法，这样我们才能以可持续的方式满足世界粮食需求，”苏弗特女士说)”可推断，有机农业被认为是传统农业的对立面。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Buying organic (有机的) food may not always be better for the planet or for human health than cheaper options grown with artificial pesticides, according to researchers.(研究人员称，购买有机食品可能并不总是比使用人工杀虫剂种植的廉价食品对地球或人类健康更好)”结合文章主要介绍了有机食品的优点以及其缺点。故A选项“有机农业：平衡代价和好处”最符合文章标题。故选A。 (23-24高一下·上海华一附中·期末) States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states. The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases. The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid. Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited States’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.” The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to. Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state. Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.” 1．The Supreme Court decision Thursday will ______. A．better businesses’ relations with states B．put most online businesses in a dilemma C．make more online shoppers pay sales tax D．force some states to cut sales tax 2．It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions ______. A．have led to the dominance of e-commerce B．have cost consumers a lot over the years C．were widely criticized by online purchasers D．were considered unfavorable by states 3．According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has ______. A．hindered economic development B．brought prosperity to the country C．harmed fair market competition D．boosted growth in states revenue 4．In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author ______. A．gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences B．describes the long and complicated process of its making C．presents its main points with conflicting views on them D．cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国最高法院一项允许各州对更多在线购物收取销售税的决定，分析了其背景、影响以及各方反应。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.(根据最高法院周四的一项裁决，各州将能够强制更多的人在网上购物时缴纳销售税，这将使购物者的钱包更轻，但对各州来说是一个巨大的财政胜利)”可知，最高法院周四的裁决将使更多网购者支付销售税。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually.(最高法院星期四的意见推翻了两项已有数十年历史的裁决，各州表示，这两项裁决每年造成数十亿美元的收入损失)”以及第三段的“The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.(法院推翻的案件称，如果一家企业将客户的购买品运往一个没有实体存在的州，如仓库或办公室，则该企业不必为该州征收销售税。如果没有向客户收取销售税，他们通常有责任自己向州政府支付，但大多数客户没有意识到他们欠了这笔税，很少有人支付)”可知，被推翻的决定导致州政府每年损失数十亿美元的收入，由此可推知，推翻的案件被认为是不利于州政府的。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段的“Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited States’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”(肯尼迪写道，该规则“限制了各国寻求长期繁荣的能力，并阻止了市场参与者在公平的竞争环境中竞争。”)”可知，肯尼迪认为实体存在规则限制了州寻求长期繁荣的能力，并阻碍了市场参与者在公平竞争环境中的竞争，即妨碍了经济发展。故选C。 4．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章首先陈述了最高法院的这一裁决及其对消费者和州政府的影响（即更多网购需缴纳销售税，州政府收入增加），然后在后续段落中讨论了该裁决对不同商家群体（如大型连锁店、纯在线零售商、小型企业）的可能影响，由此可推知，在处理最高法院星期四的裁决时，作者对其进行了真实的描述并讨论了其后果。故选A。 (23-24高一下·上海华二附中·期末) Many scientists are making greater effort to study ocean currents (洋流) for the moment. Most do it using satellites and other high-tech equipment. However, ocean expert Curtis Esmeyer does it in a special way — by studying movements of random floating garbage. A scientist with many years' experience, he started this type of research in the early 1990s when he heard about hundreds of athletic shoes washing up on the shores of the northwest coast of the United States. There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear. Esmeyer found out in his researches that the shoes — about 60,000 in total — fell into the ocean in a shipping accident. He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back. As expected, the company told him that they didn't. Esmeyer realized this could be a great experiment. If he learned when and where the shoes went into the water and tracked where they landed, he could learn a lot about the patterns of ocean currents. The Pacific Northwest is one of the world's best areas for beachcombing (海滩搜寻) because winds and currents join here, and as a result, there is a group of serious beachcombers in the area. Esmeyer got to know a lot of them and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed. In a year he collected reliable information on 1,600 shoes. With this data, he and a colleague were able to test and improve a computer program designed to model ocean currents, and publish the findings of their study. As the result of his work, Esmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean. He has even started an association of beachcombers and ocean experts, with 500 subscribers from West Africa to New Zealand. They have recorded all lost objects ranging from potatoes to golf gloves. 1．The underlined phrase swap meets in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______. A．repair rooms B．trading fairs C．business talks D．group meetings 2．Esmeyer phoned the shoe company to find out ______. A．what caused the shipping accident B．when and where the shoes went missing C．whether it was all right to use their shoes D．how much they lost in the shipping accident 3．Esmeyer is most famous for ______. A．traveling widely the coastal cities of the world B．making records for any lost objects on the sea C．running a global currents research association D．phoning about any doubtful objects on the sea 4．What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage? A．To call people's attention to ocean pollution. B．To warn people of shipping safety in the ocean. C．To explain a unique way of studying ocean currents. D．To give advice on how to search for lost objects on the beach. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述海洋专家Curtis Ebbesmeyer通过一种特殊的方式来研究洋流,即通过追踪随机漂浮垃圾的运动轨迹来研究洋流。 1．词义猜测题，根据第一段划线句下文“to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear.(以试图匹配左右鞋子来出售或穿着)”可推断，有这么多的鞋，人们设立了旧物交换会尝试匹配的左、右鞋出售或穿着。可知swap meets意为贸易交换所。故选B。 2．细节理解题，根据第二段的“He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back. As expected, the company told him that they didn't. Esmeyer realized this could be a great experiment.(他打电话给鞋业公司，问他们是否想要回鞋子。不出所料，该公司告诉他，他们不要。埃斯迈耶意识到这可能是一个伟大的实验)”可知，Ebbesmeye打电话的目的是为了确定自己是否有权使用这些鞋子。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“As the result of his work, Esmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean. He has even started an association of beachcombers and ocean experts, with 500 subscribers from West Africa to New Zealand. They have recorded all lost objects ranging from potatoes to golf gloves.(由于他的工作成果，埃斯迈耶已经成为著名的科学家，会有人打电话询问在海洋中发现的任何不寻常的漂浮物。他甚至成立了一个由海滩拾荒者和海洋专家组成的协会，从西非到新西兰，已有500名会员。他们记录了从土豆到高尔夫手套的所有失物)”可知，Ebbesmeyer已经成为一位知名科学家，一旦发现海上有不寻常的漂浮物时，人们都会打电话咨询他，故选D。 4．推理判断题，根据第一段“Many scientists are making greater effort to study ocean currents(洋流) for the moment. Most do it using satellites and other high-tech equipment. However, ocean expert Curtis Esmeyer does it in a special way --- by studying movements of random floating garbage.(现在科学家们正在努力研究洋流。大多数人使用卫星和其他高科技设备。然而,海洋专家Curtis Ebbesmeyer一采用种特殊的方式来研究洋流,即通过追踪随机漂浮垃圾的运动轨迹来研究洋流)”可知,作者写这篇文章的目的是阐述一种特殊的研究海洋洋流的方式。故选C。 (23-24高一下·上海建平中学·期末) Is Light Dairy Better? There are always two choices on the shelf when we reach for the milk, cheese or yoghurt: normal or light. Less fat is better, right? But what about the goodness that can be found in dairy — Is it all there in the reduced-fat version? Five experts from various fields were asked if light dairy products were better for our health. Here are their detailed responses.Caryl Nowson, Nutritionist Switching from full-fat dairy products to low-fat reduces energy intake, thereby preventing weight gain as well as reducing saturated fat (饱和脂肪) intake. Consumption of saturated fat raises cholesterol (胆固醇) levels in the blood, which increases the risk of heart disease. So reducing saturated fat intake can assist in reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke.Malcolm Riley, Epidemiologist Light dairy products are great for people who want to lower their fat intake. They contain most of the nutritional benefits that can be found in full-fat dairy foods, despite containing 25 percent to 100 percent less fat than their regular dairy food equivalents. However, it is important to note that light dairy foods may be higher in some other nutrients, such as sugar. It always pays to read the nutrition tag and the ingredients list carefully.Nicholas Fuller, Obesity Researcher Both full-fat and low-fat dairy foods have the same benefits for our heart health. The most important thing is that a person includes dairy products in their diet, or suitable dairy-free alternatives that are calcium-enriched (富含钙质的), such as soy. Until we know for sure the effect of full-fat versus low-fat dairy on our weight and waistlines, people should stick with low-fat products as part of their daily eating plan.Evangeline Mantzioris, Food Scientist A recent study which followed people for 22 years found no negative link between heart health and dairy consumption — whether it is full-fat or low-fat dairy. So currently the evidence suggests that light dairy makes no difference in terms of our risk of heart disease and early death. For those who seek to manage their weight, the difference in energy intake may have a significant impact on their success.Robyn Delbridge, Dietitian Light dairy foods are not necessarily better than full-fat dairy foods. Overall, evidence supports the conclusion that dairy foods, regardless of fat content, involve a low risk of the potential harmful effects of high blood pressure. Fermented (发酵的) dairy such as yoghurt and cheese may be beneficial for heart health. The choice of full-fat versus that of low-fat foods should be made based on your whole diet pattern. 1．According to the article, ________ out of the five experts believed that light dairy products were better for our health. A．one B．two C．three D．four 2．According to the article, ________ and ________ hold contrary opinions about the relationship between dairy products and heart health. A．Caryl Nowson ... Nicholas Fuller B．Nicholas Fuller ... Robyn Delbridge C．Caryl Nowson ... Evangeline Mantzioris D．Malcolm Riley ... Evangeline Mantzioris 3．What can we infer from the article? A．Nicholas Fuller recommended that we eat more soy than dairy. B．Evangeline Mantzioris suggested that dieters stay away from full-fat foods. C．Robyn Delbridge believed that people cannot benefit from full-fat products. D．Malcolm Riley believed that all kinds of low-fat dairy products could help people stay fit. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章就轻乳制品是否对我们的健康更好让来自不同领域的五位专家陈述自己观点。 1．细节理解题。由Caryl Nowson, Nutritionist中“Switching from full-fat dairy products to low-fat reduces energy intake, thereby preventing weight gain as well as reducing saturated fat (饱和脂肪) intake. (从全脂乳制品转向低脂乳制品可以减少能量摄入，从而防止体重增加并减少饱和脂肪摄入。)”以及Malcolm Riley, Epidemiologist中“Light dairy products are great for people who want to lower their fat intake. They contain most of the nutritional benefits that can be found in full-fat dairy foods, despite containing 25 percent to 100 percent less fat than their regular dairy food equivalents. However, it is important to note that light dairy foods may be higher in some other nutrients, such as sugar. It always pays to read the nutrition tag and the ingredients list carefully.(轻质乳制品非常适合那些想减少脂肪摄入的人。它们含有全脂乳制品中的大部分营养价值，尽管其脂肪含量比普通乳制品低25%至100%。然而，值得注意的是，轻质乳制品可能含有更多的其他营养素，如糖。仔细阅读营养标签和配料表总是值得的。)”以及其他第三个专家内容可知，只有Caryl Nowson和Malcolm Riley相信轻质乳制品对我们的健康更好。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。由Caryl Nowson, Nutritionist中“Switching from full-fat dairy products to low-fat reduces energy intake, thereby preventing weight gain as well as reducing saturated fat (饱和脂肪) intake. Consumption of saturated fat raises cholesterol (胆固醇) levels in the blood, which increases the risk of heart disease. So reducing saturated fat intake can assist in reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke.(从全脂乳制品转向低脂乳制品可以减少能量摄入，从而防止体重增加并减少饱和脂肪摄入。摄入饱和脂肪会提高血液中的胆固醇水平，从而增加患心脏病的风险。因此，减少饱和脂肪的摄入有助于降低患心脏病和中风的风险。)”和Evangeline Mantzioris, Food Scientist中“A recent study which followed people for 22 years found no negative link between heart health and dairy consumption — whether it is full-fat or low-fat dairy. So currently the evidence suggests that light dairy makes no difference in terms of our risk of heart disease and early death. For those who seek to manage their weight, the difference in energy intake may have a significant impact on their success.(最近一项对人们进行了22年跟踪调查的研究发现，心脏健康与乳制品消费之间没有负面联系，无论是全脂还是低脂乳制品。因此，目前的证据表明，轻度乳制品对我们患心脏病和早逝的风险没有影响。对于那些试图控制体重的人来说，能量摄入的差异可能会对他们的成功产生重大影响。)”可知，Caryl Nowson与Evangeline Mantzioris对乳制品与心脏健康的关系持相反意见。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。由Evangeline Mantzioris, Food Scientist中“For those who seek to manage their weight, the difference in energy intake may have a significant impact on their success.(对于那些试图控制体重的人来说，能量摄入的差异可能会对他们的成功产生重大影响。)”可知，Evangeline Mantzoris建议节食者远离全脂食物。故选B项。 (23-24高一下·上海七宝中学·期末) A secretive facial recognition program “could announce the end of public anonymity (匿名),” said Kashmir Hill in The New York Times. While police departments have used facial recognition tools for years, they’ve been limited to searching government-provided images, for example driver’s license photos. Now an app called Clearview AI can remove images of faces “from across the internet”—including social media sites like Facebook and Twitter, employment sites, even Venmo—gathering a database of more than 3 billion photos. “Until now, technology that readily identifies everyone based on his or her face has been forbidden because of its invasion of privacy.” Clearview licenses its technology to more than 600 law implementation agencies. New York City passed on the app after a 90-day test, worried about potential misuse. Clearview’s investors “predict that its app will eventually be available to the public.” Soon, “searching someone by face could become as easy as Googling a name.” We’ve been building toward this moment for a long time, said Adrian Chen in The California Sunday Magazine. In the late 1800s, the French police officer Alphonse Bertillon devised the first “method for identifying criminals based on their physical features,” using 11 physical measurements. But scale changes everything. The Department of Homeland Security plans to scan “97 percent of all passengers on outgoing international flights.” And the technology has been improved and commercialized to the point where you can search a database and buy scans for as little as “40 cents an image if you opt for Amazon’s facial recognition software plan.” All this has already led to growing fears about facial recognition, said Janosch Delcker and Cristiano Lima in Politico.com, but “efforts to check its spread are hitting a wall of resistance on both sides of the Atlantic.” A two-party push to limit the government’s use of facial recognition has been delayed in Congress. The European Union (EU) is discussing a five-year temporary ban, but European privacy rules contain “a broad carve-out for public authorities.” And authorities are using it: London’s police just last week enabled live facial recognition for cameras across the city. Even if some bans on the technology succeed, said Bruce Schneier in The New York Times, we’re still building an “observation society.” Facial recognition is just one identification technology among many. An entirely unregulated data industry is already creating “descriptions of who we are and what our interests are” by tracking our movements, purchases, and interactions. “We are being identified without our knowledge, and society needs rules about when that is permissible.” 1．So far Clearview’s customers are ______. A．investors of AI apps B．social media sites C．small groups of private users D．government departments 2．By “But scale changes everything.” (paragraph 2), the author means that ______. A．facial identification technology has gone far beyond its original purpose B．people should be scanned through more available physical measurements C．border security inspection has brought commercialization of identification software D．widespread cheap images are becoming a drawback for facial recognition technology 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Rules concerning anti-invasion of privacy are practicable around the world. B．Facial recognition technology is too irresistible to set aside for governments. C．Efforts to stop misuse of facial identification have achieved an initial success. D．Prohibition on identification technology has gained support from governments. 4．Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A．Facial recognition is under control B．Get your facial identification ready C．Your face is now public property D．Establish a larger face database 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的应用程序Clearview最终会向公众开放，通过这程序能很快根据一张脸搜索出一个人，这个程序引起了很多方面的关注和担忧。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“ Clearview licenses its technology to more than 600 law implementation agencies.” “”Clearview将其技术授权给600多个法律执行机构”以及New York City passed on the app after a 90-day test, worried about potential misuse. Clearview’s investors “predict that its app will eventually be available to the public.” 纽约市在90天的测试后通过了这款应用，担心它可能会被滥用。Clearview的投资者“预计它的应用程序最终将向公众开放”。可知，到目前为止，Clearview的客户都是政府部门。故选D项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段中The Department of Homeland Security plans to scan “97 percent of all passengers on outgoing international flights.” And the technology has been improved and commercialized to the point where you can search a database and buy scans for as little as “40 cents an image if you opt for Amazon’s facial recognition software plan.” 国土安全部计划扫描“97%的所有出境国际航班的乘客”。这项技术已经得到了改进和商业化，你可以搜索数据库，购买扫描结果，只要“选择亚马逊的面部识别软件计划，只需40美分一张图片”。根据山下文语境可以判断出作者说But scale changes everything.（但是规模改变了一切。）的意思是面部识别技术已经远远超出了它最初的目的。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中A two-party push to limit the government’s use of facial recognition has been delayed in Congress. The European Union (EU) is discussing a five-year temporary ban, but European privacy rules contain “a broad carve-out for public authorities.” And authorities are using it: London’s police just last week enabled live facial recognition for cameras across the city. 两党努力限制政府使用面部识别在国会被推迟。欧盟（EU）正在讨论一项为期五年的临时禁令，但欧洲隐私规则包含了“对公共当局的广泛划分”。当局正在使用它：伦敦警方上周刚刚在全市范围内启用了摄像头实时面部识别功能。由此判断出，面部识别技术实在是太不可抗拒了以至于政府无法将其搁置一旁。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中A secretive facial recognition program “could announce the end of public anonymity (匿名),” said Kashmir Hill in The New York Times. 据《纽约时报》报道，Kashmir Hill表示，一项秘密的面部识别程序“可能会宣布公众匿名制的终结”。以及Clearview’s investors “predict that its app will eventually be available to the public.” Soon, “searching someone by face could become as easy as Googling a name.” Clearview的投资者“预计它的应用程序最终将向公众开放”。很快，“通过脸搜索一个人就可以像谷歌一个名字一样简单。”再通读全文，可知，本文主要介绍了一项新的应用程序Clearview最终会向公众开放，通过这程序能很快根据一张脸搜索出一个人，因此选项C“你的脸现在是公共财产”为短文最佳标题。故选C项。 (22-23高一下·上海交大附中·期末) Scholars have long debated how and when the Renaissance began. One thing, however, that most scholars agree upon is the significance of this historical period as an evolutionary movement toward individualism in art and thought. Although there is no historical agreement on the exact time order of events leading to the Renaissance, many historians agree that visionaries of the fifteenth century had a sense of belonging to a movement far greater than themselves and so far-reaching as to supersede the artistic and literary forms of the classical era. This phenomenon produced the Renaissance, a period when art, literature, language, and philosophy found new and extraordinary interpretations in the hands of the Humanists. Humanists believed in the importance of the humanities or “human letters”. Eventually, intellectuals of this period became aware of man’s inner potential. The fourteenth century Italian poet Petrarch characterized the early stage of this movement as the New Age. In fact, it was his term, “Rinascita”, which comes from the Latin “renasci”, to be reborn, that eventually led to the term Renaissance that we use today. Petrarch believed that the end of classical antiquity and the beginning of a thousand years of darkness, which he characterized as “the Dark Ages”, came with the destruction of the Roman Empire by invasions in 476 A．D．The awakening from this period was a time of rebirth, which he distinguished as the New Age. Petrarch’s view limited the Rinascita to the comeback of Latin and Greek classics from antiquity based on translations of ancient text. Most significant was his belief that the pagans (异教徒) of antiquity were much inspired by the pursuit of arts and literature in an effort to reach the highest potential of perfection on earth. This belief led to a new sense of individualism and enlightenment that characterized the age of the Renaissance as one that was against the old beliefs that man’s earthly life was merely a function of the social order. From the fourteenth century through the early seventeenth century, this new individualism grew steadily in Western European culture with a motivation fed by man’s desire to define and evaluate the essential values between men of antiquity and the emerging modern man. Not only did artists and writers turn to classical culture for inspiration, they set new goals. They explored the relationship between ancient cultures and their own cultures, and by doing so, they discovered a new vision of human life, of man as a glorious creature capable of developing his mind and body to reach his fullest potential toward perfection. 1．The word “supersede” (in paragraph 1) most probably means ________. A．keep pace with B．make full use of C．give rise to D．take the place of 2．Which of the following shows the correct time order (from far to near) of the three periods? A．the Dark Ages, the Renaissance, the Roman Empire B．the Renaissance, the Roman Empire, the Dark Ages C．the Roman Empire, the Dark Ages, the Renaissance D．the Dark Ages, the Roman Empire, the Renaissance 3．Why is Petrarch mentioned in the passage? A．He coined the term “Renaissance”, which has been in use for over 700 years. B．His belief in personal perfection was the fundamental idea of the Renaissance. C．His prediction of the comeback of Latin and Greek classics inspired many artists. D．He translated ancient texts to Latin and Greek, leading to the start of the Renaissance. 4．What can be concluded about artists and writers during period of the Renaissance? A．They failed to realize their own fullest potential. B．They developed their own cultures from ancient ones. C．They went beyond the classics with a new individualism. D．They did nothing more than recapture the glory of the ancients. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了文艺复兴时代的特点和意义，以及该时期的知识分子思想的觉醒。 1．词句猜测题。根据该单词下一句“This phenomenon produced the Renaissance, a period when art, literature, language, and philosophy found new and extraordinary interpretations in the hands of the Humanists.(这一现象产生了文艺复兴时期，在这个时期，艺术、文学、语言和哲学在人文主义者的手中找到了新的、非凡的解释)”可知，这场运动的影响非常深远，艺术、文学、语言和哲学都有了全新的解释。由此判断，这场运动取代了之前古典时期的艺术和文学形式。选项A“keep pace with (和……一致)”；选项B“make full use of (充分利用)”；选项C“give rise to (导致)”；选项D“take the place of (取代)”。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Petrarch believed that the end of classical antiquity and the beginning of a thousand years of darkness, which he characterized as “the Dark Ages”, came with the destruction of the Roman Empire by invasions in 476 A.D. The awakening from this period was a time of rebirth, which he distinguished as the New Age. Petrarch’s view limited the Rinascita to the comeback of Latin and Greek classics from antiquity based on translations of ancient text. Most significant was his belief that the pagans (异教徒) of antiquity were much inspired by the pursuit of arts and literature in an effort to reach the highest potential of perfection on earth. This belief led to a new sense of individualism and enlightenment that characterized the age of the Renaissance as one that was against the old beliefs that man’s earthly life was merely a function of the social order. (Petrarch认为，随着公元476年罗马帝国被入侵摧毁，古典古代的终结和千年黑暗的开始（他称之为“黑暗时代”）随之而来。从这一时期开始的觉醒是一个重生的时期，他将其称为新时代。Petrarch的观点将“复兴”限制在以古代文本翻译为基础的拉丁语和希腊语经典的回归上。最重要的是他相信古代的异教徒受到了对艺术和文学的追求的启发，努力达到地球上完美的最高潜力。这种信念导致了一种新的个人主义和启蒙思想，这是文艺复兴时代的特征，它与认为人类的世俗生活只是社会秩序的一个功能的旧信仰相抵触)”可知，罗马帝国后为黑暗时代，然后为文艺复兴时代。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The fourteenth century Italian poet Petrarch characterized the early stage of this movement as the New Age. In fact, it was his term, “Rinascita”, which comes from the Latin “renasci”, to be reborn, that eventually led to the term Renaissance that we use today.(14世纪意大利诗人Petrarch将这一运动的早期阶段称为“新时代”。事实上，正是他的术语“Rinascita”，来自拉丁语“renasci”，意思是重生，最终导致了我们今天使用的“文艺复兴”一词)”以及第三段“Petrarch’s view limited the Rinascita to the comeback of Latin and Greek classics from antiquity based on translations of ancient text. Most significant was his belief that the pagans (异教徒) of antiquity were much inspired by the pursuit of arts and literature in an effort to reach the highest potential of perfection on earth. This belief led to a new sense of individualism and enlightenment that characterized the age of the Renaissance as one that was against the old beliefs that man’s earthly life was merely a function of the social order.(Petrarch的观点将“复兴”限制在以古代文本翻译为基础的拉丁语和希腊语经典的回归上。最重要的是他相信古代的异教徒受到了对艺术和文学的追求的启发，努力达到地球上完美的最高潜力。这种信念导致了一种新的个人主义和启蒙思想，这是文艺复兴时代的特征，它与认为人类的世俗生活只是社会秩序的一个功能的旧信仰相抵触)”可推知，文章之所以提到Petrarch是因为Petrarch的观点导致了一种新的个人主义和启蒙思想，而这正是文艺复兴时代的特征，它与认为人类的世俗生活只是社会秩序的一个功能的旧信仰相抵触。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Not only did artists and writers turn to classical culture for inspiration, they set new goals. They explored the relationship between ancient cultures and their own cultures, and by doing so, they discovered a new vision of human life, of man as a glorious creature capable of developing his mind and body to reach his fullest potential toward perfection.(艺术家和作家不仅从古典文化中寻找灵感，而且还设定了新的目标。他们探索了古代文化和他们自己的文化之间的关系，通过这样做，他们发现了人类生活的新愿景，即人类是一种璀璨的生物，能够发展他的思想和身体，以充分发挥他的潜力，走向完美)”可推知，文艺复兴时代的艺术家们和作家们从古典文化中寻求灵感，同时又超越了古典并最终成就了完美的自我。故选C。 (23-24高一下·上海世外中学·期末) The largest-ever study of the link between city walkability and high blood pressure has been held up as evidence of the “invisible value of urban design” in improving long-term health outcomes, say researchers. The study of around 430,000 people aged between 38 and 73 and living in 22 UK cities found significant associations between the increased walkability of a neighborhood, lower blood pressure and reduced risk of high blood pressure among its residents. The outcomes remained consistent even after adjustments for socio-demographic (社会人口统计学), lifestyle and changing physical environment factors, though the protective effects were particularly pronounced among participants aged between 50 and 60, women, and those residing in higher density and poor neighborhoods. The paper was published in the International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health this week. With high blood pressure a major risk factor for chronic (慢性的) and particularly heart diseases, researchers at the University of Hong Kong and Oxford University said the findings demonstrated the need to take notice of the health-influencing factor in urban design. “With the increasing pace of urbanization and demographic shifts towards an ageing population, we become more likely to suffer from chronic diseases,” said Dr. Chinmoy Sarkar, an assistant professor at the Healthy High Density Cities Lab of the University of Hong Kong and lead author of the study. “The action taken to improve public health must consider the invisible value of urban planning and design. “We are spending billions of pounds in preventing and curing heart diseases — if we are able to invest in creating healthy cities through small changes in the design of our neighborhoods to make them more activity-friendly and walkable, then probably, we will have significant savings in future healthcare expenses.” To measure a neighborhood’s activity-promoting potential, researchers developed a set of index of walkability containing relevant urban elements, including residential and retail (零售) density, public transport, street-level movement, and distance to attractive destinations. Poorly designed spaces generally reduced walking and physical activity, promoting the lifestyles of long time sitting down and not moving; and were harmful to social interactions, and as such associated with poorer mental and physical health. Because walkability was “based on the underlying design of the city”, said Sarkar, cities could be modified or designed to encourage it. “Such investments in healthy design are likely to bring in long-term gains as they are enduring and common.” 1．By considering “invisible value of urban design”, people can _______. A．reduce the ageing population B．slow down the pace of urbanization C．promote activity-friendly and walkable cities D．invest in preventing and curing heart diseases 2．What can be inferred from the passage? A．A set of index is essential to ensure that urban design promotes walkability. B．Walkable cities can lower blood pressure and the risk of high blood pressure. C．Chronic diseases are becoming common due to people’s neglect of their health. D．Middle-aged women living in poor areas are less likely to benefit from increased walkability. 3．All of the following are the undesirable consequences of poorly-designed neighborhoods EXCEPT _______. A．failing health B．unhealthy lifestyle C．fewer social interactions D．fewer neighborhoods 4．According to Dr. Chinmoy Sarkar, _______. A．cities should encourage the residents to engage in social interactions B．the design of our neighborhoods should meet people’s needs for retail density C．money invested in creating healthy cities is money saved in future healthcare expenses D．chronic diseases will be common because of our lifestyle and the physical environment 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了研究发现社区步行能力提高、血压降低和居民高血压风险降低之间存在显著关联，因此我们必须考虑城市规划和设计的无形价值，促进城市的活动友好性和可步行性。 1．细节理解题。根据倒数第四段中的“we are able to invest in creating healthy cities through small changes in the design of our neighborhoods to make them more activity-friendly and walkable”可知，我们能够通过小区设计上的微小改变来投资建设健康的城市，使其更便于活动和步行，由此可知，通过考虑城市设计的无形价值，人们可以促进城市的活动友好性和可步行性，故C项正确。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“found significant associations between the increased walkability of a neighborhood, lower blood pressure and reduced risk of high blood pressure among its residents.”可知，研究发现社区步行能力提高、血压降低和居民高血压风险降低之间存在显著关联，由此可知，适宜步行的城市可以降低血压和患高血压的风险，故B项正确。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Poorly designed spaces generally reduced walking and physical activity, promoting the lifestyles of long time sitting down and not moving; and were harmful to social interactions, and as such associated with poorer mental and physical health.”可知，设计不当的空间通常会减少步行和体力活动，促进长时间坐着不动的生活方式；对社会交往有害，因此与较差的身心健康有关，由此可知，设计糟糕的社区的不良后果包括健康状况不佳、不健康的生活方式以及较少的社会交往，而没有提到较少的社区，故D项正确。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Because walkability was based on the underlying design of the city , said Sarkar, cities could be modified or designed to encourage it. Such investments in healthy design are likely to bring in long-term gains ”可知，Sarkar说，由于步行能力是基于城市的基础设计，城市可以被修改或设计来鼓励步行能力，这类对健康设计的投资很可能带来长期收益，言外之意，他认为投资于创建健康城市的资金是节省在未来医疗费用上的资金，故C项正确。 【点睛】本篇第4题难度较大，抓住Chinmoy Sarkar在文中说的话是关键，根据最后一段中的“Because walkability was based on the underlying design of the city , said Sarkar, cities could be modified or designed to encourage it. Such investments in healthy design are likely to bring in long-term gains ”可知，Sarkar说，由于步行能力是基于城市的基础设计，城市可以被修改或设计来鼓励步行能力，这类对健康设计的投资很可能带来长期收益，上文又说适宜步行的城市可以降低血压和患高血压的风险，由此可知，他认为投资于创建健康城市的资金是节省在未来医疗费用上的资金，故C项正确。 (23-24高一下·上海格致中学·期末) Huge health care bills, long emergency-room waits and the inability to find a primary care physician just scratch the surface of the problems that patients face daily. Primary care should be the backbone of any health care system. Countries with appropriate primary care resources score highly when it comes to health outcomes and cost. The U.S. takes the opposite approach by emphasizing the specialist rather than the primary care physician. A recent study analyzed the providers who treat Medicare beneficiaries (老年医保受惠人). The startling finding was that the average Medicare patient saw a total of seven doctors—two primary care physicians and five specialists—in a given year. Contrary to popular belief, the more physicians taking care of you don’t guarantee better care. Actually, increasing fragmentation of care results in a corresponding rise in cost and medical errors. How did we let primary care slip so far? The key is how doctors are paid. Most physicians are paid whenever they perform a medical service. The more a physician does, regardless of quality or outcome, the better he’s reimbursed (返还费用). Moreover, the amount a physician receives leans heavily toward medical or surgical procedures. A specialist who performs a procedure in a 30-minute visit can be paid three times more than a primary care physician using that same 30 minutes to discuss a patient’s disease. Combining this fact with annual government threats to indiscriminately (任意地) cut reimbursements, physicians are faced with no choice but to increase quantity to boost income. Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or to cash-only practices, further contributing to the decline of primary care. Medical students are not blind to this scenario. They see how heavily the reimbursement deck is stacked against primary care. The recent numbers show that since 1997, newly graduated U. S. medical students who choose primary care as a career have declined by 50%. This trend results I emergency rooms being overwhelmed with patients without regular doctors. How do we fix this problem? It starts with reforming the physician reimbursement system. Remove the pressure for primary care physicians to squeeze in more patients per hour, and reward them for optimally (最佳的) managing their diseases and practicing evidence-based medicine. Make primary care more attractive to medical students by forgiving students loans for those who choose primary care as a career and reconciling the marked difference between specialist and primary care physician salaries. We’re at a point where primary care is needed more than ever. Within a few years, the first wave of the 76 million Baby Boomers will become eligible for Medicare. Patients older than 85, who need chronic care most, will rise by 50% this decade. Who will be there to treat them? 1．We learn from the passage that people tend to believe that ________. A．the more costly the medicine, the more effective the cure B．seeing more doctors may result in more diagnostic errors C．visiting the same doctor on a regular basis ensures good health D．the more doctors a patient sees, the better 2．Faced with the government threats to cut reimbursements indiscriminately, primary care physicians have to ________. A．increase their income by working overtime B．improve their expertise and service C．see more patients at the expense of quality D．make various deals with specialists 3．What suggestion does the author give in order to provide better health care? A．Bridge the salary gap between specialist and primary care physicians. B．Extend primary care to patients with chronic diseases. C．Recruit more medical students by offering them loans. D．Reduce the tuition of students who choose primary care as their major. 4．The best title for this passage is ________. A．The Health Care in Trouble B．The Imbalance System C．The Declining Number of Doctors D．The Ever-rising Health Care Costs 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述初级保健应是任何卫生保健系统的支柱，而美国却强调专科医生而不是初级保健医生，以至于初级保健滑落，并给出了具体原因和针对这一问题的对策。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段“The startling finding was that the average Medicare patient saw a total of seven doctors—two primary care physicians and five specialists—in a given year. Contrary to popular belief, the more physicians taking care of you don’t guarantee better care. (令人吃惊的发现是，医保病人平均每年看7位医生——2位初级保健医生和5位专科医生。与普遍的看法相反，更多的医生照顾你并不能保证更好的护理)”可推断普遍的看法是病人看的医生越多越好，故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“How did we let primary care slip so far? The key is how doctors are paid. Most physicians are paid whenever they perform a medical service. The more a physician does, regardless of quality or outcome, the better he’s reimbursed (返还费用). Moreover, the amount a physician receives leans heavily toward medical or surgical procedures. A specialist who performs a procedure in a 30-minute visit can be paid three times more than a primary care physician using that same 30 minutes to discuss a patient’s disease. Combining this fact with annual government threats to indiscriminately (任意地) cut reimbursements, physicians are faced with no choice but to increase quantity to boost income. (我们怎么会让初级保健滑落到如此地步?关键是医生的薪酬。大多数医生在提供医疗服务时获得报酬。医生做得越多，无论质量或结果如何，他得到的补偿就越多。此外，医生的收入很大程度上依赖于医疗或外科手术。一位专家在30分钟内完成一项手术，其收入是一位初级保健医生在30分钟内讨论病人病情的三倍。再加上政府每年都威胁任意地地削减报销，医生们别无选择，只能增加数量来增加收入。)”可知，面对政府不加选择地削减报销的威胁，初级保健医生不得不以牺牲质量为代价看更多的病人，故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“It starts with reforming the physician reimbursement system. Remove the pressure for primary care physicians to squeeze in more patients per hour, and reward them for optimally (最佳的) managing their diseases and practicing evidence-based medicine. Make primary care more attractive to medical students by forgiving students loans for those who choose primary care as a career and reconciling the marked difference between specialist and primary care physician salaries. (首先要改革医生报销制度。消除初级保健医生每小时挤进更多病人的压力，并奖励他们对疾病的最佳管理和循证医学的实践。通过减免那些选择初级保健作为职业的学生贷款，调和专科医生和初级保健医生之间的显著差异，使初级保健对医学生更具吸引力)”可知为了提供更好的医疗保健，作者建议调和专科医生和初级保健医生之间的显著差异，也就是工资差距，故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其第一段和第二段“Huge health care bills, long emergency-room waits and the inability to find a primary care physician just scratch the surface of the problems that patients face daily. Primary care should be the backbone of any health care system. Countries with appropriate primary care resources score highly when it comes to health outcomes and cost. The U.S. takes the opposite approach by emphasizing the specialist rather than the primary care physician. (巨额的医疗费用、急诊室的长时间等待以及找不到初级保健医生，这些都只是患者每天面临的问题的皮毛。初级保健应是任何卫生保健系统的支柱。在卫生结果和费用方面，拥有适当初级保健资源的国家得分很高。美国采取了相反的方法，强调专科医生而不是初级保健医生。)”可知本文主要讲述初级保健应是任何卫生保健系统的支柱，而美国却强调专科医生而不是初级保健医生，导致初级保健下滑，也就是保健系统的不平衡，所以B选项“不平衡的系统”符合文章题意，故选B。 (23-24高一下·上海延安中学·期末) Most damagingly, anger weakens a person’s ability to think clearly and keep control over his behaviour. The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger. Not everyone experiences anger in the same way; what angers one person may amuse another. The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces. In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated. We no longer regard duels (决斗) as an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one person’s awareness of insulting behaviour on the part of another. Anger can be identified in the brain, where the electrical activity changes. Under most conditions EEG (脑电图) measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left prefrontal (额叶前部) areas. Behaviourally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition (意向) that most of us possess most of the time. But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren’t balanced and, as a result of this, we’re likely to react. And our behavioural response to anger is different from our response to other emotions, whether positive or negative. Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour: we move closer to people we like. Most negative emotions, in contrast, are associated with avoidance behaviour: we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious. But anger is an exception to this pattern. The angrier we are, the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger. This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as of offensive anger: the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger. This approach-and-confront behaviour is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry (不对称) of EEG activity. Interestingly, this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy (同感) towards the individual who is bringing forth the angry response. In defensive anger, in contrast, the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring situation. 1．The “duels” example in Paragraph 2 proves that the expression of anger ________. A．usually has a biological basis B．varies among people C．is socially and culturally shaped D．influences one’s thinking and evaluation 2．What changes can be found in an angry brain? A．Balanced electrical activity can be spotted. B．Unbalanced patterns are found in prefrontal areas. C．Electrical activity corresponds to one’s behaviour. D．Electrical activity agrees with one’s disposition. 3．Which of the following is typical of offensive anger? A．Approaching the source of anger. B．Trying to control what is disliked. C．Moving away from what is disliked. D．Feeling helpless in the face of anger. 4．What is the key message of the last paragraph? A．How anger differs from other emotions. B．How anger relates to other emotions. C．Behavioural responses to anger. D．Behavioural patterns of anger. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了愤怒的危害和人在愤怒时脑电波的活动，并且最后详细阐述了进攻性愤怒和防守型愤怒的表现形式。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段中“The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces. In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated. We no longer regard duels (决斗) as an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one person’s awareness of insulting behaviour on the part of another. ”（愤怒的具体表达方式也因生物和文化因素而因人而异。在当代文化中，愤怒的肢体表达通常被认为对社会太有害，不能容忍。我们不再使用决斗来表达愤怒，是因为人们意识到这是对他人的侮辱行为。）可推断出，愤怒的表现形式受社会和文化的影响。所以C项“is socially and culturally shaped”（是社会和文化塑造的）符合题意。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren’t balanced and, as a result of this, we’re likely to react. ”（但当我们生气时，左右前额叶区域的脑电图显示不平衡，因此，我们很可能会做出反应。）可知，人在生气的时候，大脑的额叶前部区域发现不平衡的图案。所以B项“Unbalanced patterns are found in prefrontal areas. ”（不平衡模式出现在前额叶区域。）符合题意。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中“The angrier we are, the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger. This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger: the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger. ”（我们越生气，就越有可能朝着我们愤怒的目标前进。这与心理学家所说的攻击性愤怒是一致的：愤怒的人靠得更近，是为了影响和控制引起他愤怒的人或情况。）可知，进攻性愤怒的特点是：我们越生气，就越想接近激怒我们的那个生气对象。所以A项“Approaching the source of anger. ”（接近愤怒的源头。）符合题意。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。文章最后一段主要说明了offensive anger（进攻性生气）和defensive anger（防御性生气）两种不同的生气形式。所以D项“ Behavioural patterns of anger”（愤怒的行为模式。）符合题意。故选D项。 试卷第30页，共31页 试卷第31页，共31页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________ 专题05 阅读理解之说明文（优选上海名校真题） (23-24高一下·上海交大附中·期末) The clothes we choose to wear serve as an access to our cultural heritage, societal standing, and personal inclinations. Let us embark on a captivating journey through the myriad (迷宫) of clothing across various cultures. In Western realms, a leisure attitude towards attire dominates daily life. Informal ensembles (全套服装) featuring jeans, T-shirts, and sneakers reign supreme, embodying a principal of comfort and ease. The blend of casual and laid-back styles in Western fashion reflects a society that values practicality and self-expression. This approach to clothing allows individuals to effortlessly stay in comfort with personal style, creating a harmonious balance between ease and individuality in their everyday wardrobes. Conversely, traditional attire in Asian emphasizes formality and conservatism. For instance, in Japan, where the ceremonial kimonos dominate special events or festivities, featuring intricate designs and vibrant hues, a rich cultural legacy woven into the fabric. India’s sarees mirror a vibrant mosaic influenced by regional traditions and ceremonial customs. The timeless elegance of sarees draping women in a swath of fabric represents a tapestry of colors and patterns that narrate stories of female individuality hidden under the nationwide cover. In some Middle Eastern countries like Saudi Arabia, women gracefully envelop themselves in abayas, long black robes that enshroud their forms entirely. This strict dress code, steeped in the rules of religious faith and cultural morals, conveys values of female modesty and respect for males. Traditional attire for Middle Eastern men includes garments such as thobes or dishdashas, which are long, loose-fitting robes typically worn with a head covering. These garments are not only practical for the region’s climate but also reflect the wearer’s background, social status, and personal preferences. Across diverse African residences, clothing emerges as a canvas for expressing cultural underpinnings and heritage. The vibrant hues and intricate patterns decorating traditional garments like dashiki s or kaftans resonate with the boundless creativity and diversity inherent in African cultures. In native communities, attire transcends its utilitarian purpose, emerging as a channel to nature and spirituality. At its essence, clothing transcends me re fabric and stitches; it embodies our cultural ethos, traditions, and identities. Delving into the diverse sartorial landscapes across cultures enables us to embrace and celebrate the tapestry of our shared global community in all its richness and diversity. 1．What account for Westerners’ leisure attitude towards dressing? A．respect for authority and formality B．justification of staying different C．pressure from busy daily routines D．emphasis of practicality and personality 2．How do traditional garments like kimonos and sarees reflect the cultural values of Asian countries? A．They reflect traditionalism and hidden individuality B．They reveal the challenge to expression of personality C．They show the denial female charm on a social scale D．They represent the refusal of sticking to formality 3．What’s the difference in dress code for women and men in Middle Eastern countries like Saudi Arabia? A．Women wear long clothes for warmth while men do this to protect against sunshine B．Women wear loose clothes for the sake of comfortableness while men seldom do this C．Women cover themselves to show humility while men do this to show status D．Women envelop themselves to stay elegant while men do this to be handsome 4．Which of the following piece of clothes best represents a typical African one? A． B． C． D． (23-24高一下·上海交大附中·期末) In the quest for radiant and youthful skin, many people turn to cosmetic products and treatments. However, nature provides us with a bounty of ingredients that can work wonders for our skin without the need for harsh chemicals or invasive procedures. Incorporating food-based ingredients into your skincare routine can be a delicious and effective way to nourish and pamper your skin. Milk is not just a staple in our diets; it also has skincare benefits. Rich in proteins and lipids (油脂), milk helps the skin retain water, keeping it moist and supple, if drunk regularly. However, you can’s add milk into homemade face masks for a hydrating boost, because it might cause skin allergy (过敏) due to the rich nutrition which can’t be absorbed by skin. Olive oil, a Mediterranean staple, is not only great for cooking but also for moisturizing the skin, making the it silky and smooth. While olive oil is an excellent moisturizer, it’s best to use products containing olive oil on the arms and legs rather than the face to avoid clogging pores. Grapes are not only a delicious snack but also a mild source of antioxidants, providing anti-aging protection by combating free radicals (自由基) which can cause damage to the skin. Adding grapes to your diet or skincare routine can help promote a more youthful complexion. Papaya, thanks to its enzyme papain, can help to dissolve pore-blocking debris and slough off dead skin cells, revealing a smoother and brighter complexion. However, individuals with sensitive skin or a papaya allergy should proceed with caution. Strawberries are not just sweet and juicy; they can also help calm redness. The antioxidants in strawberries work to even out skin tone and improve the overall texture of the skin, making it appear more uniform and clear. However, individuals with berry allergies should steer clear of strawberry-based products. Honey helps to lock in moisture and alleviate dry patches, leaving the skin soft and hydrated. However, those with acne-prone skin should use honey-based products sparingly, as they may be too rich and potentially pore-clogging. Therefore, use honey in moderation and choose products with lighter formulas. Tangerines are packed with fruit acids that help exfoliate (去屑) the skin, promoting a smoother and more radiant complexion. Skincare products containing citrus ingredients can help slough off dead skin cells and reveal a fresh layer of skin underneath. Incorporating these food-based ingredients into your skincare routine can provide numerous benefits for your skin, from hydration and exfoliation to antioxidant protection and anti-aging benefits. By harnessing the power of nature’s bounty, you can achieve healthy, glowing skin without the need for harsh chemicals or invasive treatments. So next time you’re in the kitchen, consider reaching for these natural ingredients to nourish and pamper your skin from the inside out. Your skin will thank you for it! 1．To keep skin moist, we can resort to some natural products except __________. A．milk B．olive oil C．honey D．tangerine 2．For an berry-allergic old lady with sensitive skin condition, you’d better recommend __________ to be involved in her diet and daily skincare to help her preserve youth. A．milk B．papaya C．grapes D．strawberries 3．The passage can probably be targeted at ____________________. A．owners of fruit shops who wants to promote sales B．customers in supermarket who are searching for fruits C．women who wants to become beautiful and healthy D．chefs who are particular about food ingredients (23-24高一下·上海建平中学·期末) To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore, we must turn to a more subtle theory than “Monkey see, monkey do”. Look at it from the child’s point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do. There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to achieve his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a screaming is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults award some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves. In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wished to avoid. If the pupil wants to be good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players. Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success. 1．According to the passage, to teach a child to learn something, parents should _________. A．follow the theory of imitation B．set a good example for the child to copy C．simplify each action shown to the child D．view from the child’s perspective 2．Which of the following situation will lead a child to seek for a model? A．The child is blamed by parents for his/her wrongdoing. B．The child is in trouble and cannot figure out an approach. C．The child encounters a professional who can get the right result. D．The child comes up with a solution to an issue. 3．It can be inferred that children usually imitate people _________. A．whose actions are consistent with theirs B．who enjoy a high social status C．whose talent and skill are extraordinary D．whom they want to be shaped into 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．The factors determining children’s imitation. B．The significance of learning by imitation. C．The way children choose models. D．The reason for parenting by imitation. (23-24高一下·上海复旦附中·期末) Buying organic (有机的) food may not always be better for the planet or for human health than cheaper options grown with artificial pesticides, according to researchers. There tend to be more birds and bees on organic farms but the benefits may be cancelled out because they produce an average of 19 to 25 perent less food per acre than conventional farms. This means that more land is needed to produce the same amount of food, and land being changed for agriculture is one of the greatest threats to wildlife, researchers at the University of British Columbia said. Organic farms tend to use less energy and produce lower emissions, but “when lower organic yields are taken into account, greenhouse gas emissions might actually be higher under organic management.” The authors of the study, published in Science Advances, said: “We don’t know whether organic agriculture provides any benefits for biodiversity if lower organic yields are taken into account.” Organic farms tend to cause less nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of water systems, but the lower yields could mean that nitrogen loss per unit of food produced is higher than on conventional farms. The authors argued that in countries such as Canada, where pesticide regulations are strict and diets are rich in micronutrients, the health benefits of choosing organic might be marginal. They said organically grown food probably contained slightly more micronutrients but it was not clear whether this provided “any actual health benefits to consumers”. The team analyzed organic crop farming across 17 criteria including yield, impact on climate change, farmer livelihood and consumer health. “Organic is often proposed as a good solution to current environmental and food scarcity problems, but we found that the costs and benefits will vary heavily depending on the context,” Verena Seufert, one of the authors, said. They concluded that organic farming is not the only solution to providing a sustainable source of food for an ever-growing global population, but does have an important role to play. “We need to stop the perception of organic and conventional agriculture as two ends of the spectrum. Instead, consumers should demand better practices for both so that we can achieve the world’s food needs in a sustainable way,” Ms. Seufert said. The study, which involved a review of the scientific literature on the environmental and economic performance of organic farms, also found that they were highly dependent on animal manure (排泄物) from conventional farms and added: “It is not clear whether we would have enough organic fertilizers to feed everyone in the world with organic food” Organic food is more expensive and “therefore less accessible to consumers with low income, they said. 1．What does the study find about organic farms? A．They are less than efficient. B．They rely on wildlife species. C．They used to produce added emission. D．They use high-quality pesticides. 2．The word “marginal” (in paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to __________. A．irregular B．unlimited C．unimportant D．irrelevant 3．What can be inferred from the passage about organic agriculture? A．Its benefits are yet to be confirmed by review of scientific literature. B．It is perceived as reaching the end of its development like conventional agriculture. C．It is regarded as the opposite of conventional agriculture. D．Its drawbacks outweigh the benefits it yields in most cases. 4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Organic Farming: Balancing Costs and Benefits B．Organic Farming: Winner in Sustainable Agriculture C．Organic Farming: A Cost-Effective Path to a Healthier Planet D．Organic Farming: The Answer to Global Food Scarcity (23-24高一下·上海华一附中·期末) States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states. The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases. The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid. Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited States’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.” The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to. Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state. Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.” 1．The Supreme Court decision Thursday will ______. A．better businesses’ relations with states B．put most online businesses in a dilemma C．make more online shoppers pay sales tax D．force some states to cut sales tax 2．It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions ______. A．have led to the dominance of e-commerce B．have cost consumers a lot over the years C．were widely criticized by online purchasers D．were considered unfavorable by states 3．According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has ______. A．hindered economic development B．brought prosperity to the country C．harmed fair market competition D．boosted growth in states revenue 4．In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author ______. A．gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences B．describes the long and complicated process of its making C．presents its main points with conflicting views on them D．cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications (23-24高一下·上海华二附中·期末) Many scientists are making greater effort to study ocean currents (洋流) for the moment. Most do it using satellites and other high-tech equipment. However, ocean expert Curtis Esmeyer does it in a special way — by studying movements of random floating garbage. A scientist with many years' experience, he started this type of research in the early 1990s when he heard about hundreds of athletic shoes washing up on the shores of the northwest coast of the United States. There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear. Esmeyer found out in his researches that the shoes — about 60,000 in total — fell into the ocean in a shipping accident. He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back. As expected, the company told him that they didn't. Esmeyer realized this could be a great experiment. If he learned when and where the shoes went into the water and tracked where they landed, he could learn a lot about the patterns of ocean currents. The Pacific Northwest is one of the world's best areas for beachcombing (海滩搜寻) because winds and currents join here, and as a result, there is a group of serious beachcombers in the area. Esmeyer got to know a lot of them and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed. In a year he collected reliable information on 1,600 shoes. With this data, he and a colleague were able to test and improve a computer program designed to model ocean currents, and publish the findings of their study. As the result of his work, Esmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean. He has even started an association of beachcombers and ocean experts, with 500 subscribers from West Africa to New Zealand. They have recorded all lost objects ranging from potatoes to golf gloves. 1．The underlined phrase swap meets in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______. A．repair rooms B．trading fairs C．business talks D．group meetings 2．Esmeyer phoned the shoe company to find out ______. A．what caused the shipping accident B．when and where the shoes went missing C．whether it was all right to use their shoes D．how much they lost in the shipping accident 3．Esmeyer is most famous for ______. A．traveling widely the coastal cities of the world B．making records for any lost objects on the sea C．running a global currents research association D．phoning about any doubtful objects on the sea 4．What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage? A．To call people's attention to ocean pollution. B．To warn people of shipping safety in the ocean. C．To explain a unique way of studying ocean currents. D．To give advice on how to search for lost objects on the beach. (23-24高一下·上海建平中学·期末) Is Light Dairy Better? There are always two choices on the shelf when we reach for the milk, cheese or yoghurt: normal or light. Less fat is better, right? But what about the goodness that can be found in dairy — Is it all there in the reduced-fat version? Five experts from various fields were asked if light dairy products were better for our health. Here are their detailed responses.Caryl Nowson, Nutritionist Switching from full-fat dairy products to low-fat reduces energy intake, thereby preventing weight gain as well as reducing saturated fat (饱和脂肪) intake. Consumption of saturated fat raises cholesterol (胆固醇) levels in the blood, which increases the risk of heart disease. So reducing saturated fat intake can assist in reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke.Malcolm Riley, Epidemiologist Light dairy products are great for people who want to lower their fat intake. They contain most of the nutritional benefits that can be found in full-fat dairy foods, despite containing 25 percent to 100 percent less fat than their regular dairy food equivalents. However, it is important to note that light dairy foods may be higher in some other nutrients, such as sugar. It always pays to read the nutrition tag and the ingredients list carefully.Nicholas Fuller, Obesity Researcher Both full-fat and low-fat dairy foods have the same benefits for our heart health. The most important thing is that a person includes dairy products in their diet, or suitable dairy-free alternatives that are calcium-enriched (富含钙质的), such as soy. Until we know for sure the effect of full-fat versus low-fat dairy on our weight and waistlines, people should stick with low-fat products as part of their daily eating plan.Evangeline Mantzioris, Food Scientist A recent study which followed people for 22 years found no negative link between heart health and dairy consumption — whether it is full-fat or low-fat dairy. So currently the evidence suggests that light dairy makes no difference in terms of our risk of heart disease and early death. For those who seek to manage their weight, the difference in energy intake may have a significant impact on their success.Robyn Delbridge, Dietitian Light dairy foods are not necessarily better than full-fat dairy foods. Overall, evidence supports the conclusion that dairy foods, regardless of fat content, involve a low risk of the potential harmful effects of high blood pressure. Fermented (发酵的) dairy such as yoghurt and cheese may be beneficial for heart health. The choice of full-fat versus that of low-fat foods should be made based on your whole diet pattern. 1．According to the article, ________ out of the five experts believed that light dairy products were better for our health. A．one B．two C．three D．four 2．According to the article, ________ and ________ hold contrary opinions about the relationship between dairy products and heart health. A．Caryl Nowson ... Nicholas Fuller B．Nicholas Fuller ... Robyn Delbridge C．Caryl Nowson ... Evangeline Mantzioris D．Malcolm Riley ... Evangeline Mantzioris 3．What can we infer from the article? A．Nicholas Fuller recommended that we eat more soy than dairy. B．Evangeline Mantzioris suggested that dieters stay away from full-fat foods. C．Robyn Delbridge believed that people cannot benefit from full-fat products. D．Malcolm Riley believed that all kinds of low-fat dairy products could help people stay fit. (23-24高一下·上海七宝中学·期末) A secretive facial recognition program “could announce the end of public anonymity (匿名),” said Kashmir Hill in The New York Times. While police departments have used facial recognition tools for years, they’ve been limited to searching government-provided images, for example driver’s license photos. Now an app called Clearview AI can remove images of faces “from across the internet”—including social media sites like Facebook and Twitter, employment sites, even Venmo—gathering a database of more than 3 billion photos. “Until now, technology that readily identifies everyone based on his or her face has been forbidden because of its invasion of privacy.” Clearview licenses its technology to more than 600 law implementation agencies. New York City passed on the app after a 90-day test, worried about potential misuse. Clearview’s investors “predict that its app will eventually be available to the public.” Soon, “searching someone by face could become as easy as Googling a name.” We’ve been building toward this moment for a long time, said Adrian Chen in The California Sunday Magazine. In the late 1800s, the French police officer Alphonse Bertillon devised the first “method for identifying criminals based on their physical features,” using 11 physical measurements. But scale changes everything. The Department of Homeland Security plans to scan “97 percent of all passengers on outgoing international flights.” And the technology has been improved and commercialized to the point where you can search a database and buy scans for as little as “40 cents an image if you opt for Amazon’s facial recognition software plan.” All this has already led to growing fears about facial recognition, said Janosch Delcker and Cristiano Lima in Politico.com, but “efforts to check its spread are hitting a wall of resistance on both sides of the Atlantic.” A two-party push to limit the government’s use of facial recognition has been delayed in Congress. The European Union (EU) is discussing a five-year temporary ban, but European privacy rules contain “a broad carve-out for public authorities.” And authorities are using it: London’s police just last week enabled live facial recognition for cameras across the city. Even if some bans on the technology succeed, said Bruce Schneier in The New York Times, we’re still building an “observation society.” Facial recognition is just one identification technology among many. An entirely unregulated data industry is already creating “descriptions of who we are and what our interests are” by tracking our movements, purchases, and interactions. “We are being identified without our knowledge, and society needs rules about when that is permissible.” 1．So far Clearview’s customers are ______. A．investors of AI apps B．social media sites C．small groups of private users D．government departments 2．By “But scale changes everything.” (paragraph 2), the author means that ______. A．facial identification technology has gone far beyond its original purpose B．people should be scanned through more available physical measurements C．border security inspection has brought commercialization of identification software D．widespread cheap images are becoming a drawback for facial recognition technology 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Rules concerning anti-invasion of privacy are practicable around the world. B．Facial recognition technology is too irresistible to set aside for governments. C．Efforts to stop misuse of facial identification have achieved an initial success. D．Prohibition on identification technology has gained support from governments. 4．Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A．Facial recognition is under control B．Get your facial identification ready C．Your face is now public property D．Establish a larger face database (22-23高一下·上海交大附中·期末) Scholars have long debated how and when the Renaissance began. One thing, however, that most scholars agree upon is the significance of this historical period as an evolutionary movement toward individualism in art and thought. Although there is no historical agreement on the exact time order of events leading to the Renaissance, many historians agree that visionaries of the fifteenth century had a sense of belonging to a movement far greater than themselves and so far-reaching as to supersede the artistic and literary forms of the classical era. This phenomenon produced the Renaissance, a period when art, literature, language, and philosophy found new and extraordinary interpretations in the hands of the Humanists. Humanists believed in the importance of the humanities or “human letters”. Eventually, intellectuals of this period became aware of man’s inner potential. The fourteenth century Italian poet Petrarch characterized the early stage of this movement as the New Age. In fact, it was his term, “Rinascita”, which comes from the Latin “renasci”, to be reborn, that eventually led to the term Renaissance that we use today. Petrarch believed that the end of classical antiquity and the beginning of a thousand years of darkness, which he characterized as “the Dark Ages”, came with the destruction of the Roman Empire by invasions in 476 A．D．The awakening from this period was a time of rebirth, which he distinguished as the New Age. Petrarch’s view limited the Rinascita to the comeback of Latin and Greek classics from antiquity based on translations of ancient text. Most significant was his belief that the pagans (异教徒) of antiquity were much inspired by the pursuit of arts and literature in an effort to reach the highest potential of perfection on earth. This belief led to a new sense of individualism and enlightenment that characterized the age of the Renaissance as one that was against the old beliefs that man’s earthly life was merely a function of the social order. From the fourteenth century through the early seventeenth century, this new individualism grew steadily in Western European culture with a motivation fed by man’s desire to define and evaluate the essential values between men of antiquity and the emerging modern man. Not only did artists and writers turn to classical culture for inspiration, they set new goals. They explored the relationship between ancient cultures and their own cultures, and by doing so, they discovered a new vision of human life, of man as a glorious creature capable of developing his mind and body to reach his fullest potential toward perfection. 1．The word “supersede” (in paragraph 1) most probably means ________. A．keep pace with B．make full use of C．give rise to D．take the place of 2．Which of the following shows the correct time order (from far to near) of the three periods? A．the Dark Ages, the Renaissance, the Roman Empire B．the Renaissance, the Roman Empire, the Dark Ages C．the Roman Empire, the Dark Ages, the Renaissance D．the Dark Ages, the Roman Empire, the Renaissance 3．Why is Petrarch mentioned in the passage? A．He coined the term “Renaissance”, which has been in use for over 700 years. B．His belief in personal perfection was the fundamental idea of the Renaissance. C．His prediction of the comeback of Latin and Greek classics inspired many artists. D．He translated ancient texts to Latin and Greek, leading to the start of the Renaissance. 4．What can be concluded about artists and writers during period of the Renaissance? A．They failed to realize their own fullest potential. B．They developed their own cultures from ancient ones. C．They went beyond the classics with a new individualism. D．They did nothing more than recapture the glory of the ancients. (23-24高一下·上海世外中学·期末) The largest-ever study of the link between city walkability and high blood pressure has been held up as evidence of the “invisible value of urban design” in improving long-term health outcomes, say researchers. The study of around 430,000 people aged between 38 and 73 and living in 22 UK cities found significant associations between the increased walkability of a neighborhood, lower blood pressure and reduced risk of high blood pressure among its residents. The outcomes remained consistent even after adjustments for socio-demographic (社会人口统计学), lifestyle and changing physical environment factors, though the protective effects were particularly pronounced among participants aged between 50 and 60, women, and those residing in higher density and poor neighborhoods. The paper was published in the International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health this week. With high blood pressure a major risk factor for chronic (慢性的) and particularly heart diseases, researchers at the University of Hong Kong and Oxford University said the findings demonstrated the need to take notice of the health-influencing factor in urban design. “With the increasing pace of urbanization and demographic shifts towards an ageing population, we become more likely to suffer from chronic diseases,” said Dr. Chinmoy Sarkar, an assistant professor at the Healthy High Density Cities Lab of the University of Hong Kong and lead author of the study. “The action taken to improve public health must consider the invisible value of urban planning and design. “We are spending billions of pounds in preventing and curing heart diseases — if we are able to invest in creating healthy cities through small changes in the design of our neighborhoods to make them more activity-friendly and walkable, then probably, we will have significant savings in future healthcare expenses.” To measure a neighborhood’s activity-promoting potential, researchers developed a set of index of walkability containing relevant urban elements, including residential and retail (零售) density, public transport, street-level movement, and distance to attractive destinations. Poorly designed spaces generally reduced walking and physical activity, promoting the lifestyles of long time sitting down and not moving; and were harmful to social interactions, and as such associated with poorer mental and physical health. Because walkability was “based on the underlying design of the city”, said Sarkar, cities could be modified or designed to encourage it. “Such investments in healthy design are likely to bring in long-term gains as they are enduring and common.” 1．By considering “invisible value of urban design”, people can _______. A．reduce the ageing population B．slow down the pace of urbanization C．promote activity-friendly and walkable cities D．invest in preventing and curing heart diseases 2．What can be inferred from the passage? A．A set of index is essential to ensure that urban design promotes walkability. B．Walkable cities can lower blood pressure and the risk of high blood pressure. C．Chronic diseases are becoming common due to people’s neglect of their health. D．Middle-aged women living in poor areas are less likely to benefit from increased walkability. 3．All of the following are the undesirable consequences of poorly-designed neighborhoods EXCEPT _______. A．failing health B．unhealthy lifestyle C．fewer social interactions D．fewer neighborhoods 4．According to Dr. Chinmoy Sarkar, _______. A．cities should encourage the residents to engage in social interactions B．the design of our neighborhoods should meet people’s needs for retail density C．money invested in creating healthy cities is money saved in future healthcare expenses D．chronic diseases will be common because of our lifestyle and the physical environment (23-24高一下·上海格致中学·期末) Huge health care bills, long emergency-room waits and the inability to find a primary care physician just scratch the surface of the problems that patients face daily. Primary care should be the backbone of any health care system. Countries with appropriate primary care resources score highly when it comes to health outcomes and cost. The U.S. takes the opposite approach by emphasizing the specialist rather than the primary care physician. A recent study analyzed the providers who treat Medicare beneficiaries (老年医保受惠人). The startling finding was that the average Medicare patient saw a total of seven doctors—two primary care physicians and five specialists—in a given year. Contrary to popular belief, the more physicians taking care of you don’t guarantee better care. Actually, increasing fragmentation of care results in a corresponding rise in cost and medical errors. How did we let primary care slip so far? The key is how doctors are paid. Most physicians are paid whenever they perform a medical service. The more a physician does, regardless of quality or outcome, the better he’s reimbursed (返还费用). Moreover, the amount a physician receives leans heavily toward medical or surgical procedures. A specialist who performs a procedure in a 30-minute visit can be paid three times more than a primary care physician using that same 30 minutes to discuss a patient’s disease. Combining this fact with annual government threats to indiscriminately (任意地) cut reimbursements, physicians are faced with no choice but to increase quantity to boost income. Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or to cash-only practices, further contributing to the decline of primary care. Medical students are not blind to this scenario. They see how heavily the reimbursement deck is stacked against primary care. The recent numbers show that since 1997, newly graduated U. S. medical students who choose primary care as a career have declined by 50%. This trend results I emergency rooms being overwhelmed with patients without regular doctors. How do we fix this problem? It starts with reforming the physician reimbursement system. Remove the pressure for primary care physicians to squeeze in more patients per hour, and reward them for optimally (最佳的) managing their diseases and practicing evidence-based medicine. Make primary care more attractive to medical students by forgiving students loans for those who choose primary care as a career and reconciling the marked difference between specialist and primary care physician salaries. We’re at a point where primary care is needed more than ever. Within a few years, the first wave of the 76 million Baby Boomers will become eligible for Medicare. Patients older than 85, who need chronic care most, will rise by 50% this decade. Who will be there to treat them? 1．We learn from the passage that people tend to believe that ________. A．the more costly the medicine, the more effective the cure B．seeing more doctors may result in more diagnostic errors C．visiting the same doctor on a regular basis ensures good health D．the more doctors a patient sees, the better 2．Faced with the government threats to cut reimbursements indiscriminately, primary care physicians have to ________. A．increase their income by working overtime B．improve their expertise and service C．see more patients at the expense of quality D．make various deals with specialists 3．What suggestion does the author give in order to provide better health care? A．Bridge the salary gap between specialist and primary care physicians. B．Extend primary care to patients with chronic diseases. C．Recruit more medical students by offering them loans. D．Reduce the tuition of students who choose primary care as their major. 4．The best title for this passage is ________. A．The Health Care in Trouble B．The Imbalance System C．The Declining Number of Doctors D．The Ever-rising Health Care Costs (23-24高一下·上海延安中学·期末) Most damagingly, anger weakens a person’s ability to think clearly and keep control over his behaviour. The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger. Not everyone experiences anger in the same way; what angers one person may amuse another. The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces. In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated. We no longer regard duels (决斗) as an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one person’s awareness of insulting behaviour on the part of another. Anger can be identified in the brain, where the electrical activity changes. Under most conditions EEG (脑电图) measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left prefrontal (额叶前部) areas. Behaviourally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition (意向) that most of us possess most of the time. But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren’t balanced and, as a result of this, we’re likely to react. And our behavioural response to anger is different from our response to other emotions, whether positive or negative. Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour: we move closer to people we like. Most negative emotions, in contrast, are associated with avoidance behaviour: we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious. But anger is an exception to this pattern. The angrier we are, the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger. This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as of offensive anger: the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger. This approach-and-confront behaviour is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry (不对称) of EEG activity. Interestingly, this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy (同感) towards the individual who is bringing forth the angry response. In defensive anger, in contrast, the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring situation. 1．The “duels” example in Paragraph 2 proves that the expression of anger ________. A．usually has a biological basis B．varies among people C．is socially and culturally shaped D．influences one’s thinking and evaluation 2．What changes can be found in an angry brain? A．Balanced electrical activity can be spotted. B．Unbalanced patterns are found in prefrontal areas. C．Electrical activity corresponds to one’s behaviour. D．Electrical activity agrees with one’s disposition. 3．Which of the following is typical of offensive anger? A．Approaching the source of anger. B．Trying to control what is disliked. C．Moving away from what is disliked. D．Feeling helpless in the face of anger. 4．What is the key message of the last paragraph? A．How anger differs from other emotions. B．How anger relates to other emotions. C．Behavioural responses to anger. D．Behavioural patterns of anger. 试卷第18页，共19页 试卷第19页，共19页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$