内容正文:
第一讲 动词的时态、语态和主谓一致
第三节 主谓一致
专题二 动词强化篇
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主谓一致是指句子的谓语动词和其主语在人称和数上必须保持一致,该语法常与动词时态一起考查。主谓一致一般遵循三个原则:语法一致原则、意义一致原则或就近一致原则。
一、主谓一致三原则
1.语法一致
主语和谓语通常是从语法形式上取得一致,即主语是单数形式,谓语动词也采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语动词也采取复数形式。
用法
例句
主语是单数,谓语动词用单数;主语是复数,谓语动词用复数。
The results of the research are to be published soon.
研究结果不久将发表。
复合不定代词 someone, anyone,everyone,nobody/no one,something, anything, everything,nothing等作主语,谓语动词用单数。
If anyone sees Lisa, ask her to call me.
如果有人看到莉萨,请她给我打个电话。
Nothing is more important in my life than health.
在我的生活中,没有什么比健康更重要的。
each of+(名词复数them/us/you)作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,但“we,you,they 或名词复数+each”作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
Each of the students has an apple.
这些学生每人有一个苹果。(不定代词 Each 作主语)
The students each have an apple.
这些学生每人有一个苹果。(The students 作主语,each作同位语)
代词 all 作主语:若指人,谓语动词用复数;若指事物或现象,谓语动词通常用单数。
All are equal before the law.
法律面前,人人平等。
All is well that ends well.
结局好一切都好。
动词不定式、动词ing形式或从句作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。
Having to change trains is a small inconvenience.
不得不换乘火车有一点儿不便。
Many a page in this book is missing.
这本书缺了许多页。
The whole nation is in deep sorrow.
整个国家沉浸在悲痛之中。
2.意义一致
意义一致是指谓语动词与主语的一致取决于主语所表达的意义。若主语形式上为复数,而意义上是单数,动词要用单数;若主语形式上为单数,而意义上为复数,则动词要用复数。
用法
例句
表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、度量、容量、温度等的复数名词作主语通常看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式。
Twenty years has passed since we left school.
我们离开学校已经20年了。
Ten thousand dollars is a lot of money.
一万美元是一大笔钱。
集合名词family,class,crowd,team,government,company,group等作主语时,如果强调整体,谓语动词用单数;如果强调个体,谓语动词用复数。
My family is a big one.
我家是个大家庭。
My family are all fond of sports.
我们全家人都喜欢体育。
单复数同形的名词作主语时,谓语动词根据其表示的单复数而定。此类名词有:
means方法,手段,crossroads十字路口,works工厂,series系列,sheep羊,species种类,deer鹿等。
Each means has been tried to solve the problem,but none is effective.
解决这个问题的每一种方法都试过,但没有一种有效。
There are various means of communicating with a stranger.
同陌生人交流有很多种不同的方法。
形式为单数但意义为复数概念的police,cattle等作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
The police have not made any arrest.
警方未逮捕任何人。
表示一类人的the poor/ rich/dead/injured/wounded等和“the+姓氏复数”作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
The rich are to help the poor.
富人应该帮助穷人。
The Greens are going to London.
格林一家要去伦敦。
表示某国人的总称的the Chinese,the British,the Irish等作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
The Chinese are hardworking.
中国人民是勤劳的。
诸如maths,physics, politics,news 等以“s”结尾却表示单数或不可数概念的名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
Physics is my favorite subject.
物理是我最喜欢的科目。
Bad news has wings.
坏事传千里。
3.就近一致
用法
例句
由or,either...or,nor,neither...nor,not only...but also,not...but连接的并列主语,通常按照就近原则。
Either his friends or his brother is wrong.
不是他的朋友们错了,就是他的哥哥错了。
Not only I but also Jane and Mary are tired of having examinations one after another.
不仅我而且简和玛丽都讨厌一个接一个的考试。
“There+be”遵循就近一致的原则。
There is a book,a pen and a pencil on the desk.
书桌上有一本书、一支钢笔和一支铅笔。
There are some books,a pen and a pencil on the desk.
书桌上有一些书、一支钢笔和一支铅笔。
当主语后面接由as well as,as much as,including,in addition to,more than,no less than,rather than,with,together with等构成的词组时,其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定。
The students,as well as the teacher like the paintings.
学生和老师都喜欢这些画。
The teacher,together with his students is going to have a picnic this weekend.
学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊。
The famous musician,as well as his students,was invited to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2023 Wu Han Flower Expo.
那位著名的音乐家还有他的学生们被邀请参加2023年武汉花卉展的开幕式表演。
二、主谓一致的几个注意点
1.并列主语的主谓一致
用法
例句
两个单数可数名词或不可数名词用and连接,表示两个不同的概念时,谓语动词用复数。
Tom and Jack are close friends.
汤姆和杰克是亲密的朋友。
Steam and ice are different forms of water.
蒸汽和冰是水的不同形式。
两个单数可数名词用and连接,表示同一人、同一物或同一个概念,或表示不可分割的整体时,谓语动词仍用单数。
The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.
那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。
被every,each,many a,no等限定词修饰的可数名词由and连接时,谓语动词仍用单数。
Many a teacher and(many a) student has seen the film.
许多老师和学生都看过这部电影。
一个单数可数名词或不可数名词被几个用and连接的并列形容词所修饰时,可以指一件事或几件事,这种名词作主语,要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式。
Simple and plain living is a fine quality.
生活简朴是一种优良的品质。
English and American literature are appealing to her.
她对英国文学和美国文学很感兴趣。
由and连接的两个what 从句作主语时,要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式。
What he says and does do not agree.
他言行不一致。
What he says and does does not concern me.
他的言行与我无关。
2.“数词与量词+名词”作主语时的主谓一致
用法
例句
“分数/百分数+of短语”作主语,这时谓语动词的数要依 of短语中名词的数而定。
Two fifths of the land in that district is covered with trees and grass.
该地区五分之二的土地被树木和草所覆盖。
Eightynine percent of smokers are male.
89%的吸烟者是男性。
由“kind/form/type/
sort/series/...+of+名词”作主语时,其谓语动词形式取决于of前的这些词的单复数形式。
This type of buses is now on show.
=Buses of this kind are now on show.
现在正展出这种类型的公共汽车。
a quantity of/quantities of后既可接复数名词,亦可接不可数名词,谓语动词的单复数取决于quantity的形式,quantity用单数,谓语动词用单数;quantities用复数,谓语动词用复数。
There is a large quantity of milk.
这里有很多牛奶。
Great quantities of fish were caught on the high seas.
在公海上捕到了大量的鱼。
a number of+名词复数+谓语动词的复数形式(许多);
the number of+名词复数+谓语动词的单数形式(……的数量)。
A number of students are from the south.
不少学生来自南方。
The number of students from the north is small.
来自北方的学生人数很少。
eq \a\vs4\al([对点演练])——用所给动词的正确形式填空
1.(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Some of the things that Tang was writing about were (be) also Shakespeare's concerns.
2.(2023·全国甲卷)It was full of ideas that were (be) new to me,so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book.
3.(2023·全国乙卷)Being at the right place at the right time is (be) decisive in any style of photography.
4.(2023·全国乙卷)The remarkable development of this city,which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, means (mean) there is always something new to discover here,and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years.
5.(2022·1月浙江卷)But Cobb and others are (be) now questioning that idea-pushing conferences to provide more chances to participate remotely,and changing their personal behavior to do their part in dealing with the climate change crisis.
6.(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were (be) previously unprotected.
课后微练
Ⅰ.语法单句练
1.(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Two years later, a sixmetertall pavilion,inspired by The Peony Pavilion, was built (build) at the Firs Garden, just ten minutes' walk from Shakespeare's birthplace.
2.(2024·北京卷)When we slow down, we create space to reflect on our thoughts and emotions, which helps us identify important areas of our lives and gives (give) us the opportunity to make right choices.
3.(2024·北京卷)On April 5, 2024, John Tinniswood was named (name) the world's oldest living man.
4.(2023·全国甲卷)In 1975, grizzlies were listed (list) under the Endangered Species Act.
5.(2023·全国乙卷)Having visited several times over the last 10 years,I was amazed (amaze) by the coexistence of old and new,and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing.
6.(2023·1月浙江卷)The large siheyuan of these highranking officials and wealthy businessmen often featured (feature)beautifully carved and painted roof beams and pillars(柱子).
7.(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)Henry was fixing (fix) his car when he heard the screams.
8.(2022·全国甲卷)In the last five years, Cao has walked (walk) through 34 countries in six continents,and in 2016,he reached the top of Kilimanjaro,Africa's highest mountain.
9.(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are rising (rise) sharply now.
10.(2021·浙江卷)It doesn't impress like George Washington's plantation on the Potomac,but Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield,Illinois, has proved/proven (prove)irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.
Ⅱ.语法写作练
1.Look at the timetable.Hurry up! Flight 4026 takes off at 18:20 .
看看时间表。快点儿吧!4026航班将在18:20起飞。
2.Large quantities of populated water are poured into the lake .
大量污水被倾倒入湖泊(quantities)。
3.Twofifths of the country is covered with green trees .
这个国家的五分之二的国土被森林所覆盖。
4.What the young man likes and wants to do is playing video games at home .
这位年轻人所喜欢的及想做的事就是在家打电脑游戏。
5.The musician,along with his band members has given ten performances in the last three months.
在过去的三个月里,这位音乐家和他的乐队成员们已经进行了十场演出。
6. Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.
听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了片刻的放松。
Ⅲ.语法语篇练(用所给动词的适当形式填空)
I used to think there 1. were (be) few tasks more difficult than picking out birthday presents for my friends.Since my husband and I don't have much extra money, expensive gifts are out, and the household(家庭的)goods on sale at KMart 2. are (be)not the kinds of presents they'd enjoy getting.
But birthday shopping 3. has become (become) simpler since I found that everybody really 4. likes (like)toys.Up to now,my favorites of the whole toy collection 5. have been (be)the rubber stamp sets.One of them 6. contains (contain)funny pictures of parts of faces:eyes, ears,noses, and so on.With it, anyone 7. becomes (become) a cartoonist,creating silly faces to decorate all kinds of things.
Once a friend 8. was sent (send)flying saucers that fly into the air when you pull their strings.There 9. are (be)now saucers all over the roof of her apartment building, and her neighbors have no idea where the saucers 10. came (come)from.
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