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第三讲 情态动词和虚拟语气
专题二 动词强化篇
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情态动词具有一定的词义与另一动词构成谓语,表示一定的情感(如“惊讶、怀疑”等)、能力、允许、可能性等。虚拟语气是三种语气(另外两种:陈述语气和祈使语气)中的一种,表示一种主观愿望和假想虚拟的情况。
情态动词
1.情态动词的基本用法
情态动词
用法
例句
can/could
表示“能力”,意为“能,会”
Samuel, the tallest boy in our class,can easily reach the books on the top shelf.
Samuel是我们班最高的男孩,他能轻易地拿到书架顶层的书。
can/could
表示猜测,意为“可能”,用于否定句或疑问句中。can比could语气强
That can't be Mary—she is in London now.
那不可能是玛丽——她现在在伦敦。
can/could
表示客观可能性,意为“有时候会”,用于肯定句
Credit cards provide us with lots of convenience, but sometimes they can lead to problems.
信用卡给我们提供了许多方便,但有时候会带来一些问题。
can/could
用在疑问句中表示礼貌地请求,意为“能,可以”。 could可代替can, 语气更委婉
Can you tell us your recipe for happiness and a long life?
你能告诉我们你幸福和长寿的秘诀吗?
用于固定句式中:can't...too/enough“无论……也不过分”“越……越好”
I can't thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
我非常感谢你在我们不在家时对我儿子的帮助。
may/might
表示许可和请求,在疑问句中might比may的语气更委婉
Might/May I have a word with you? It won't take long.
我可以和你说句话吗?不会耽误很长时间。
may/might
表示猜测,意为“可能,或许”,通常用于肯定句和否定句中,
If you forgot to turn it off when you went away, you might burn down the house.
当你离开时如果忘记关掉它,你可能会把整个房子都烧毁。
用于固定句式:may/might as well+动词原形“不妨;倒不如……”
Since it is raining hard,you may/might as well stay here.
既然雨下得这么大,你倒不如待在这儿。
must
表示义务、必要性等,意为“必须”。其否定式mustn't 意为“禁止”
—Can't you stay a little longer?
——难道你不能再多待一会儿吗?
—It's getting late.I really must go now.My daughter is at home alone.
——时间不早了。现在我确实得走了。我的女儿独自一人在家。
must
表示猜测,意为“想必,一定”。常用于肯定句中
You must be Carol.You haven't changed a bit after all these years.
你肯定是卡罗尔。这么多年你一点都没变。
表示偏执,固执,意为“非得,偏要”
If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over.
如果你非要走,至少要等到暴风雨停了。
shall
用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示
Shall I tell Brett to come over straight after school tomorrow?
要我告诉Brett明天放学后直接过来吗?
用于第二、第三人称陈述句中,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁
One of our rules is that every student shall wear the school uniform while at school.
我们的规定之一就是每名学生在校期间都必须穿校服。
should
表示劝告或建议,意为“应该”
I don't think you should give up the opportunity to go to university which you have been dreaming about.
我认为你不应该放弃你一直以来梦想的上大学的机会。
表示推测、可能性或预期,意为“应该;可能”
He should be here on time—he started early enough.
他应该按时到这里的——他很早就出发了。
should
用于表示惊奇、失望、遗憾、愤怒等情绪,意为“竟然……;居然……”
It's strange that he should have taken the books without the owner's permission.
简直是太奇怪了,他竟然未得到其主人的允许就把这些书拿走了。
will/
would
表示意志或意愿。will指现在,would指过去
I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen.
我已再三告诉他戒烟,但是他就是不听。
表示习惯性的动作,意为“总是”,will指现在,would指过去
I still remember my happy childhood when my mother would take me to Disneyland at weekends.
我仍旧记得我快乐的童年,那时我妈妈经常在周末带我去迪士尼乐园。
will/
would
表示征求意见或提出请求,多用于第二人称的疑问句中。would比will的语气更委婉
Will/Would you please let me have a look at your new watch?
请让我看看你的新手表好吗?
need
need表示必要性,常用于疑问句和否定句中,needn't表示“不必”。need 作实义动词时,可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句中,有人称、数和时态的变化;其后可接名词、代词、带to的不定式或动名词作宾语
My room is in a mess, but I needn't clean it before I go out tonight.
我的房间里乱糟糟的,不过我今天晚上出门之前没必要打扫它。
Since you have known it already, we don't need to keep it a secret.
既然你已经知道了,我们就没有必要保密了。
dare
dare意为“敢,敢于”,主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中,后接动词原形。作实义动词时,在肯定句中通常接带to的不定式,在疑问句和否定句中,dare之后的to可省略
How dare you leave your home without your parents' permission?
在没有征得你父母同意的情况下你怎么敢离开家?
Most people hate Harry but they don't dare (to) say so.
大多数人讨厌哈里,但他们敢怒不敢言。
2.情态动词+have done
情态动词+have done
用法
例句
can/could have done
本来能够做某事而实际上没做
She didn't come to school yesterday.Can she have been ill?
她昨天没来学校,难道她生病了?
cannot/couldn't+have done
只用于否定句,表示对过去发生的动作的有把握推测,意为:过去不可能做某事
He cannot have forgotten it.
他不可能忘了那件事。
may/might have done
可用于肯定句或否定句,意为“大概已经”,表示对过去事实不大肯定的推测
I haven't seen her for weeks.
She may/might have gone on holiday.
我好几个星期没见到她了。她可能度假去了。
must have done
只用于肯定句,表示对过去发生的动作有把握猜测,意为:过去肯定做了某事
It must have rained last night,for the road is quite muddy.
昨晚一定下雨了,因为路很泥泞。
needn't have done
本不必做而做了
You needn't have taken a taxi here,for it was very near to my house.
你本来不必打车来这里的,因为这里离我家很近。
should not/ought not to have done
本不该做而做了
You shouldn't have told her the truth.
你本不该告诉她真相。
should/ought to have done
本该做,而实际上未做
You ought to have done this exercise more carefully.
你本该更仔细地做这个练习。
eq \a\vs4\al([对点演练])——选词填空/补全句子
1.(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)BMF is an indoor garden system.It can (must/can)be set up for a family.
2.(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)The loss of what travel offers would (would/need) be unacceptable in today's world.
3.(2024·全国甲卷)You should (would/should) feel satisfied at the end of a meal, but not too full.
4.Anita could (could/would) speak three languages before she was six.
5.If you don't want to go swimming, you may (may/must) as well stay at home.Actually, it is up to you to decide.
6.That restaurant can't (can't/mustn't) be very good.It's always empty.
7.You mustn't (mustn't/needn't) put anything on the shelves until the glue has set hard.
8.It's too late.I think he may have gone to bed .
太晚了,我想他或许已经睡了。
9.They left here early and should /ought to have arrived by now.
他们一早就离开了这里,现在应该到了。
10.The students are playing on the playground.They must have finished the homework .
学生们在操场上玩耍。他们一定已经完成了家庭作业。
虚拟语气
1.虚拟语气用于非真实条件句中
条件
从句谓语形式
主句谓语形式
例句
与现在事实相反
过去式(be动词用were)
would/should/could/need/might+动词原形
If I were you,I would seize the chance.
如果我是你,我就会抓住这个机会。
与过去事实相反
had+过
去分词
would/should/could/need/might+have+过去分词
If you had taken my advice,you wouldn't have failed.
如果你听了我的建议,你就不会失败。
与将来事实相反
①过去式
②should+动词原形
③were to+动词原形
would/should/could/need/might+动词原形
If he shouldn't come tomorrow,we would put off the meeting.
如果他明天不来,我们就推迟这个会议。
(1)if引导的非真实条件句中如果出现should,were或had,可以把if省略,把should,were或had提到句首,其他语序不变。
(2)当if条件句中主、从句表示的动作或行为所发生的时间不一致时,称为错综时间条件句,这时动词的形式应根据动词所指的时间进行调整。
(3)有时假设的情况并不用条件句表现出来,而是暗含在上下文中,比如通过without,or,otherwise,but for等词或短语来表示。
2.虚拟语气用在wish,if only,as if/though后的从句中
条件
从句谓语形式
例句
从句谓语动作与主句谓语动作同时发生
过去式(be动词用were)
If only/How I wish I were a flying bird!
我多希望我是一只会飞的鸟儿啊!
He looks as if he were an artist.
他看上去好像是一名艺术家。
从句谓语动作先于主句谓语动作发生
had+过去分词
If only I had seen the film!=How I wish I had seen the film!
我要是看过那部电影该多好啊!
She speaks English so fluently as if she had stayed in America for a long time.
她说英语如此流利,好像她在美国待过很长时间似的。
从句谓语动作后于主句谓语动作发生
would+动词原形
He learns English so hard as if he would go to the U.S.A.
他如此努力学习英语,就好像他要去美国似的。
3.虚拟语气用在主句含“坚持、命令、建议、要求”的名词性从句中
类别
名词性从句中谓语动词形式
一坚持:insist
should+动词原形(should可以省略)
二命令:order,command
四建议:advise,suggest,propose,recommend
四要求:require,request,demand,ask
例句
He suggested that we(should) start off early the next day.
他建议我们第二天早点出发。
His suggestion was that we(should) start off early the next day.
他的建议是我们第二天早点出发。
It was suggested that we(should) start off early the next day.
人们建议我们第二天早点出发。
suggest作“暗示,表明”讲,insist作“坚持说”讲,后面宾语从句的谓语动词不使用虚拟语气形式(should+动词原形),而使用陈述语气。
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
他脸上的微笑暗示着他对我们的工作很满意。
The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.
那个人坚持说他从来没有偷过钱。
4.虚拟语气用在“would rather+that从句”中
条件
从句谓语形式
例句
对现在或将来的虚拟
过去式(be用were)
I'd rather they didn't hear of the news.
我宁愿他们没有听到这个消息。
对过去的虚拟
had+过去分词
I'd rather I had not told him the bad news.
我宁愿没有告诉过他那个坏消息。
5.虚拟语气用在“It is(high)time+that从句”中
that从句谓语形式
例句
过去式或should+动词原形,且should不能省略
It is(high)time that you went/should go to school.
你们该去上学了。
eq \a\vs4\al([对点演练])——用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1.If I hadn't been faced with so many barriers,I wouldn't/couldn't/mightn't be (not,be) where I am.
2.If I hadn't seen (not,see) it with my own eyes,I wouldn't have believed it.
3.You missed the sightseeing, or we would/should/could/might
have had (have) a good time together.
4.Don't handle the vase as if it were (be)made of steel.
5.I wish I had been (be) at my sister's wedding last Tuesday,but I was on a business trip in New York then.
6.Jack is a great talker.It's high time that he should do/did (do)something instead of just talking.
课后微练
Ⅰ.语法单句练
1.(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Although they could never have met (meet), there are common themes in their works...
2.If we had caught (catch) the flight yesterday,we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.
3.(全国卷)—I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
—Oh,did you?You could have stayed (stay) with Barbara.
4.There is a good social life in the village,and I wish I had (have) a second chance to become more involved.
5.—Can't you stay a little longer?
—It's getting late. I really must go now. My daughter is home alone.
6.I needn't have worried before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are very friendly to me.
7.Maybe if I had studied (study)science, and not liberal arts then,I would be able to give you more help now.
8.(全国卷)—Are you coming to Jeff's party?
—I'm not sure. I might go (go) to the concert instead.
9.The workers were not better organized, otherwise they would have accomplished (accomplish) the task in half the time.
10.My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon,so he couldn't have attended (not attend) your lecture.
Ⅱ.语法写作练
1. If I were you ,I would have taken his advice that day.
如果我是你,那天我就会接受他的忠告了。
2.He was having a meeting, otherwise he would/should/
could/might have come over to help us .
他当时正在开会,否则他就来帮助我们了。
3.I feel so sick.I wish my mother hadn't forced me to
eat so much .
我感到好恶心。我真希望我妈妈没强迫我吃这么多。
4.My suggestion is that we (should) walk home instead
of taking a taxi .
我的建议是走着回家,不用坐出租车。
5.It is high time that we should begin/began the meeting .
到我们开会的时间了。
6.I can't promise anything , but I'll do what I can .
我不能许诺什么,但我会尽力而为。
Ⅲ.语法语篇练(用所给词的适当形式填空)
I have been wishing I 1. were (be) a bird flying freely in the clean sky.However, the earth is in a little danger now! People suffer more from the natural disasters, pollution, global warming and so on.If only we 2. could (can) walk in the clean and fresh air!What do you suggest that we 3. (should)do (do)to save our earth? Many things are out of order.It looks as if the world 4. ended (end).
It is high time that some effective measures 5. were taken/should be taken (take) to stop the damage to the earth.Otherwise, the earth 6. would /could/might be destroyed (destroy) by human beings.It is important and necessary that people 7. (should) spare (spare)no effort to make the environment cleaner and cleaner.There is a strong demand that these actions 8. (should)be carried (carry) out as soon as possible.It is generally believed that if people 9. had paid (pay) enough attention before, the environmental problems would not be so bad now.
I do wish that one day the earth 10. would/could/might become (become)as beautiful as the one before.
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