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第二讲 非谓语动词
专题二 动词强化篇
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解题技法先知
[第一步] 分析句子结构,确定作非谓语
分析句子结构,所给提示词是动词时,若句中已有谓语动词,又不是作并列谓语动词或从句谓语动词时,则要考虑填非谓语动词。
[第二步] 根据所作句子成分,确定用何种非谓语
(1)提示词与逻辑主语表主动关系时常用动词ing形式;
(2)提示词与逻辑主语是被动关系时常用动词ed形式;
(3)提示词在句中作目的状语和意料之外的结果时常用动词不定式。
高考典例印证
(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Two years later, a sixmetertall pavilion, ________ (inspire) by The Peony Pavilion, was built at the Firs Garden, just ten minutes' walk from Shakespeare's birthplace.
[第一步] 分析句子结构,确定作非谓语
分析句子可知,本句是一个简单句,主语是pavilion,谓语是was built。此处的inspire应是非谓语动词。
[第二步] 根据所作句子成分,确定用何种非谓语
分析所作句子成分,空处考查inspire与主语之间构成动宾关系,表示“受到启发”。因此,应使用过去分词。
[自主解答] inspired
[No.1] 非谓语动词的形式
种类
时态
主动
被动
主语
宾语
宾补
表语
定语
状语
动词不定式
一般式
to do
to be
done
√
√
√
√
√
√
进行式
to be doing
×
完成式
to have done
to have
been done
动名词
一般式
doing
being done
√
√
√
√
完成式
having done
having been done
分词
现在分词
一般式
doing
being done
√
√
√
√
完成式
having done
having been done
√
√
√
√
过去分词
一般式
√
√
√
√
[No.2] 非谓语动词的句法功能
非谓语动词作状语
1.动词不定式作状语
用法
例句
作目的状语,有时动词不定式前可加in order 或so as,但so as to 不能用于句首。
(2024·全国甲卷)For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter.
例如,大多数动物都有不同的叫声,并依此求助、驱赶危险动物或寻求庇护等。
作结果状语,常用于:only to do,enough to do,too...to do,so/such...as to do。
We hurried to the station,only to be told that the train had left.
我们急匆匆地赶到车站,结果被告知火车已经开走了。
作原因状语,表示喜、怒、哀、乐等情绪的形容词,如anxious,happy,frightened,surprised,amazed,glad,puzzled等,后接不定式作状语,表原因。
...visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed to find the connection between the two great writers.
……游客们穿过故居花园时,常常惊讶于这两位伟大作家之间的联系。
在“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”结构中,不定式的主动形式表被动意义,作方式状语。该结构中常用的形容词有:easy,hard,important,impossible,interesting,pleasant,difficult,comfortable,beautiful等。
The chair looks rather hard,but in fact it is very comfortable to sit on.
这把椅子看上去很硬,但实际上坐上去很舒服。
2.分词作状语
分词作状语时,其逻辑主语是句子的主语,一般在句中作时间、原因、结果、方式、条件、伴随、让步等状语。
用法
例句
动词ing形式作状语,与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
More highways have been built in China,making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
中国已经修建了更多的公路,这让人们的出行变得更容易。(作结果状语)
动词ed的形式作状语,分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
Used with care,one tin will last for six weeks.
如果小心使用,一罐可以用六个星期。(作条件状语)
1.某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化,这些过去分词既不表示被动,也不表示完成,而表示一种状态,如lost(迷路的),seated(坐着的),hidden(隐瞒的),lost/absorbed in(沉溺于),dressed in(穿着……的),tired of(对……感到厌倦的)等。
2.独立成分(也叫作悬垂分词或无依着分词)作状语,其形式不受上下文逻辑主语的影响。常用的有considering...(鉴于;考虑到),judging by/from...(从……来看;依据……来判断),supposing that...(假定……),providing that...(假定……),given...(考虑到……),provided that...(如果……)
eq \a\vs4\al([对点演练])——用所给动词的正确形式填空
1.(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)These sepals open on warm days to give (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air.
2.(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)“Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says, “I will do anything to help (help) an animal. That's my job.”
3.(2024·1月浙江卷)Second,it can improve your focus and concentration, making (make) it easier to stay engaged in class.
4.(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷) Recalling (recall) watching a Chinese opera version of Shakespeare's play Richard Ⅲ in Shanghai and meeting Chinese actors who came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of The Peony Pavilion, Edmondson said,...
5.(2023·全国乙卷) Having visited (visit) several times over the last 10 years, I was amazed by the coexistence of old and new.
6.(2023·全国乙卷) To make (make) some of my landscape shots, I have traveled up to four hours away to shoot within a 10minute time frame.
7.(2023·全国乙卷)James Barry (1789—1865) was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed (dress) as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine.
8.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting (result) in a more accurate estimate.
9.(2023·全国甲卷)“There was once a town in the heart of America, where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings,” her fable begins, borrowing (borrow) some familiar words from many ageold fables.
非谓语动词作定语
1.动词不定式作定语
用法
例句
动词不定式to do作定语表示将来的动作;动词不定式to be done作定语表将来被动的动作。
The problem to be discussed at the meeting is very important.
会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。
动词不定式修饰序数词、最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词,且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。
He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.
他总是第一个到校,最后一个离校。
被修饰词是抽象名词时,常用动词不定式作定语。该类名词有:ability,chance,idea,hope,wish,fact,promise,attempt,way等。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
2.分词作定语
(1)及物动词分词形式作定语
形式
用法
例句
动词ing形式
被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为逻辑上的主动关系,动词ing形式表示被修饰词的特征。
I have never seen a more moving movie.
我从未看过如此动人的电影。
beingdone
被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表示动作正在进行。
The houses being built are for the teachers.
正在建的那些房子是为老师们建的。
done
被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系,表示动作已经完成或表状态。
“Things lost never come again!”
I couldn't help talking to myself.
我不禁自言自语道:“失去的东西不会再回来!”
(2)不及物动词分词形式作定语
形式
用法
示例
动词ing形式
表示动作正在进行
eq \a\vs4\al([对点演练])——用所给动词的正确形式填空
1.(2024·1月浙江卷)There are things you can do to ease (ease) this problem.
2.(2023·全国乙卷)...it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout,with the city keeping its carefully built (build)system of ring roads.
3.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Cycling is the most economical, sustainable and fun way to explore (explore) the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights.
4.(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)We see scenes of children learning (learn) to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations.
5.(2023·全国乙卷)There has been a rise in the number of students applying (apply) for food courses at UK universities and colleges.
6.(2023·全国乙卷)Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive (receive) a medical degree.
非谓语动词作补语
1.动词不定式作补语
用法
例句
有些动词或动词短语后接动词不定式作宾语补足语,即“动词(短语)+宾语+to do”,如advise,want,allow,permit,persuade,remind,invite,depend on,call on等。
We were tasked to draw or paint something that impressed us most.
我们的任务是画一些给我们留下最深刻印象的东西。
常用动词不定式作主语补足语的句型有:Sb./Sth.be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought +to do/to have done/to be done/to be doing/to have been done。
He is said to have been cheated in the street.
据说他在大街上被骗了。
2.分词作补语
现在分词作宾语补足语时,句中的宾语与宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系;过去分词作宾语补足语时,表被动和完成,宾语补足语与宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.
他们用电脑保持交通畅通。(the traffic 与run是逻辑上的主谓关系)
3.感官动词和短语(see,watch,observe,notice,look at,hear,listen to,feel)后面的宾语补足语常见的有三种非谓语动词形式(do/doing/done)。do 表主动和完成(被动句中to还原),doing表主动或正在进行,done 表被动或完成。
As I got closer,I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.
当我走近时,我看见他的腿在空中乱踢,呼吸沉重。
4.表“使,让”的动词make/have/get/keep/leave+宾语+补语
Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her plane left.
在飞机起飞前一个小时,克莱尔把行李进行了安检。
5.with/without的复合结构:with/without+名词+doing(主动、进行)/done(被动、完成)/to do(主动、将来)。
Without anyone noticing,I stole into the room.
没有人注意到,我偷偷溜进了房间。
eq \a\vs4\al([对点演练])——用所给动词的正确形式填空
1.(2024·1月浙江卷)...had a spare key sent (send) to me with just enough time to get back in before the actors arrived.
2.(2024·1月浙江卷)Before choosing to study online, consider whether you're a selfmotivated learner and if the material seems interesting enough to keep you going (go).
3.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷) With over 2,500 bikes stored (store) in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you.
4.I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph taken (take).
非谓语动作作主语、表语和宾语
1.非谓语动词中能作主语的有动名词和动词不定式
(1)动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性的动作,动词不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作。
Dancing and skating are my hobbies, and I also like to read short stories.
跳舞和溜冰是我的爱好,同时我也喜欢读短篇小说。
To complete the programme needs much effort.
为了完成这个项目需要付出很多的努力。
(2)it作形式主语,代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动名词。常见句型有:It is/was no use/good doing sth.; It is/was useless doing sth.; It's a waste of time doing sth.; It's+形容词+for/of sb.+to do sth.等。
It was important for us to live a lowcarbon life.
过低碳生活对我们来说很重要。
It is no good coming before that.
在那之前来没有用。
2.非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和动词不定式。注意现在分词作表语,意为“令人感到……的”,而过去分词作表语,意为“本身感到……的”。
Please describe a dog that is frightening.
请描述一只令人害怕的狗。
Please describe a dog that is frightened.
请描述一只惊恐的狗。
My dream is to enter Beijing University.
我的梦想是考入北京大学。
3.非谓语动词中能作宾语的有动名词和动词不定式
(1)只能跟动词ing形式作宾语的动词(短语)
①喜欢考虑不避免(enjoy,consider,escape,avoid)
②不禁放弃太冒险(cannot help,give up,risk)
③感激承认很值得(appreciate,admit,worth)
④介意想象莫推延(mind,imagine,delay,put off)
⑤允许完成是期望(allow/permit,finish,look forward to)
⑥建议继续勤操练(suggest,go on,practise)
⑦致力原谅要坚持(be devoted to,excuse,insist on)
⑧继续成功不错过(keep on,succeed in,miss)
Please let me know if you could come. Looking forward to your joining.
请告诉我你是否能来。期待您的加入。
The thief kept running to avoid being caught by the police.
小偷不停地跑以避免被警察抓住。
(2)只能跟动词不定式作宾语的动词(短语)
①三个希望两答应(hope,wish,expect,agree,promise)
②两个要求莫拒绝(demand,ask,refuse)
③设法学会做决定(manage,learn,decide/determine)
④不要假装在选择(pretend,choose/select)
⑤打算提出俩计划(intend,offer,plan,mean)
⑥申请失败负担起(apply,fail,afford)
⑦准备愿望又碰巧(prepare,desire,happen)
⑧此外threaten,can't wait to do sth.等也要用动词不定式作宾语
Even if I am busy with my lessons, I have managed to find time to hang out with my friends.
即使我正忙着上课,我还是设法抽出时间和朋友们出去玩。
It's typical of him to complain about/of the working conditions, but he didn't intend to resign.
他经常抱怨工作条件,但他并不打算辞职。
1.动词want,need,require作“需要”讲时,其后要用动词ing形式的主动形式或动词不定式的被动形式作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。
2.既可跟动词ing形式又可跟动词不定式的动词和短语但意义上不相同的有:remember,forget,regret,stop,go on,mean,start,begin,try等。
eq \b\lc\{\rc\ (\a\vs4\al\co1(forget/remember to do sth.忘记/记得去做某事,forget/remember doing sth.忘记/记得做了某事))
eq \b\lc\{\rc\ (\a\vs4\al\co1(regret to do sth.对要做某事感到遗憾,regret doing sth.后悔做了某事))
eq \b\lc\{\rc\ (\a\vs4\al\co1(try to do sth.尽力去做某事,try doing sth.尝试做某事))
eq \b\lc\{\rc\ (\a\vs4\al\co1(mean to do sth.想要/打算做某事,mean doing sth.意味着做……))
I meant to go,but my father would not allow me to.
我想去,但是我的父亲不让我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.
提高工资意味着增加购买力。
eq \a\vs4\al([对点演练])——用所给动词的正确形式填空
1.(2024·1月浙江卷)Over the last two years,some supermarkets started selling (sell) chicken or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions(份).
2.(2024·1月浙江卷)If your supermarket sells loose produce,then buying (buy) smaller quantities is easier.
3.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)If people are similar and tend to make (make) the same errors, then their errors won't cancel each other out.
4.(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)It's been an honor to watch (watch) the panda programme develop and to see the pandas settle into their new home.
5.(2023·全国甲卷)Psychology research suggests waiting (wait) for things actually makes us happier in the long run.
课后微练
Ⅰ.语法单句练
1.(2024·北京卷)I realised that by trying something new, I can have fun — even if it means stepping (step) out of my comfort zone.
2.(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)With so many online posts featuring (feature) the same places, it's easy to feel like you're missing out.
3.(2024·1月浙江卷) Having (have) a poor sense of direction,Eva found it impossible to get around in such a huge building.
4.(2024·北京卷)They then tested my singing (sing) skills and asked what role I wanted to play.
5.(2024·北京卷) Slowing (slow) down can contribute significantly to personal growth.
6.(2023·全国乙卷)As a photographer,I have spent the last two years recording (record)everything I discovered.
7.(2023·全国甲卷)Behind the simple style, however, is a serious message intended (intend) for everyone.
8.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Shanghai may be the recognized (recognize) home of the soup dumpling but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring ancient canal town of Nanxiang as xiao long bao's birthplace.
9.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Nanxiang aside, the best xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them to be lifted (lift) out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of their contents.
10.(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)Henry ran one hundred metres, jumped over a 1.2metre fence, and held out his arms to catch the falling (fall) child.
11.(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Daily assignments not completed (complete) during class will get a zero.
12.(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)He pushed a chair onto the balcony, and climbed up to see (see) them.
Ⅱ.语法写作练
1.I remembered locking the door before I left the classroom,but forgot to turn off the lights.
离开教室之前,我没有忘记锁门,但是忘了关灯。
2. The confused look on children's faces suggested that they hadn't understood my idea.
孩子脸上困惑的表情暗示他们没有理解我的想法。
3.He can't attend the meeting being held at present because he is preparing for the coming test.
他在准备即将来临的考试,因此不能去参加正在举行的会议。
4. In order to finish our work ahead of time,we often asked more people to help us.
为了提前完成工作,我们经常会请求很多人来帮助我们。
5.It's a great pleasure to talk with you .
和你交谈是一种很大的乐趣。
6.My job is teaching you English .
我的工作是教你们英语。
Ⅲ.语法语篇练(用所给词的适当形式填空)
1. Standing (stand) at the window of an expensive shop was a young woman 2. dressed (dress) in blue jeans.She went in and asked 3. to see (see) a dress that was in the window.The assistant 4. serving (serve) her did not like the way she was dressed and told her the dress was sold in advance.The woman walked out of the shop angrily.
5. Deciding/Having decided (decide) to punish the assistant,the woman returned to the shop the following morning dressed in a fur coat,with a handbag in her hand.6. Finding (find)the rude assistant,she asked for the same dress.Not realizing who she was,he was eager 7. to serve (serve) her this time.With great difficulty,he climbed into the shop window to get the dress.
Seeing this,the woman said that she didn't like it.She enjoyed herself by 8. making (make) the assistant bring almost everything in the window before finally buying the dress she had at first asked for.She was very 9. pleased (please) with what she had done.10. Taking (take) the dress,she left the shop.
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