专题05 阅读理解之说明文15篇-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高二英语下学期期末真题分类汇编（北京专用）

专题05 阅读理解之说明文15篇 2023-2024学年北京期末真题 （23-24高二下·北京顺义·期末）Teachers were shocked when ChatGPT appeared a year ago. This AI chat robot can write clear, well-researched essays in response to given questions, forcing educators around the world to rethink their evaluation (测评) methods. A few countries brought back pen-and-paper exams, and some schools asked students to do their homework at school, after learning about a subject at home. There are risks, but some educators think that ChatGPT and other large language models(LLMs)can be powerful learning tools. They could help students by providing a personalized guiding that is available at any time and might be accessible to more students than human teachers would be. Or they could help teachers and students by making information that only exists in the textbooks much easier to find and understand. There are still probkems to be solved. Questions remain about whether LLMscan be made correct and reliable enough to be trusted as learning helpers. It’s too soon to know what their final effect on education will be, but more institutions (研究机构) need to explore ChatGPT’s advantages and dangers, and share what they are leaning, or their students might miss aut on a valuable tool. Despite the risks, educators should not avoid using LLMs. Rather, they need to teach students the chat robot’s strengths and weaknesses and support institutions’ efforts to improve the models for educatton-specific purposes. This could mean building task-specific versions of LLMs that harness their strengths in dialogue and summarization and reduce the risks of a chat robot providing students with inaccurate (不准确的) information or enabling them to cheat. Arizona State University (ASU), for example, developed a platform that enables its members to use LLM-powered chat robots. These robots are instructed to seek answers to users’questions in specific data sets, such as scientific papers or lecture notes. This approach not only makes use of the chat robot’s conversational power, but alsozreduces the chance of errors. As understanding of the LLMs’power and limitations increases, more university- wide plans will certainly appear. Using LLMs without considering their disadvantages will gain the opposite effect. For many educational purposes, error-prone (容易出错 的) tools damage students’ability to learn and cannot help students. But some institutions are trying to reduce the LLMs’weaknesses, even aiming to turn those into strengths by, for example, using them to improve students’critical-thinking skills. Educators must be brave to avoid missing a huge opportunity and careful to ensure that institutions everywhere use LLMs in a way that makes the world better, not worse. 1．What can we infer about ChatGPT from Paragraph 1? A．It is used in exams by some students. B．It is going to replace human teachers. C．It is especially popular among teachers. D．It improves educators’ evaluation methods. 2．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．LLMs’possible risks. B．LLMs’powerful tools. C．ILMs’leaning ability. D．LLMs’potential benefits. 3．What should students know when using LLMs? A．Their task-specific versions. B．Their strengths and weaknesses. C．Their problems and possible risks. D．Their models for education purposes. 4．What does the underlined word “harness” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Improve. B．Discover. C．Use. D．Test. 5．As for the future of LLMs, the writer is _________ A．confused B．hopeful C．unconcerned D．doubtful （23-24高二下·北京顺义·期末）A movie about rural soccer players focuses on teenage girls and seeks to inspire audiences to follow dreams. In late 2018, Fei Yu, a director from Sichuan Province, went into the poor villages of Yunnan Province in search of inspiration. During the journey, one idea attracted him as he watched children playing soccer in a village, which is located around 110 kilometers north of Lijiang. As a gentle wind swept-through the valley, Fei listened to the faraway sounds of horses and children and a clear image began to form in his mind — that a group of children playing soccer on the village roofs (屋顶). That image inspired the opening scene of Football on the Roof, and after taking home the special award in the films market project section of the 2023 China Golden Rooster and Hundred Fowers Film Festival, the film was on across the Chinese mainland on April 20. The film tells the journey of a teenage girl, Aime, who’s crazy about soccer. She has the hope that by advancing to the finals in a competition, her mother, who has left thefr rural hometown to work in a big city, might see her on television. Facing many challenges, she helps her elder sister and her classmates to start a soccer team and asks a fruit seller who used to be a soccer star to coach them. Her determination pays off as she is finally selected to join the team and takes part in an important match. During Fei Yu’s search for inspiration, he met a girl, who was eager to invite the director to her home, showed him around, and used a long wooden stick to pick fresh lemons off a tree as a treat. The director was deeply moved when he realized that the grl, who had been left in the care of a grandfather who’s continually busy with rural difficult tasks, longed to feel more connected to her parents working in a faraway city. She became the source for the female main characters in the movie. Traveling to many areas, from the cities of Lijiang and Kaiyuan, to Chuxiong, Fei Yu and his team chose around 10, 000 students in 203 schools before selecting all main characters. “The shoot has ended, but the young girl’s love for soccer has not. She has found a new direction to shoot for in life. This is very meaningful,” says Fei, adding that he hopes the audience will also find strength and courage to realize their dreams through the film. 1．Why did Fei Yu go into the village? A．To teach soccer. B．To help the poor girls. C．To achieve an award. D．To try to find inspiration. 2．According to the passage, what do we know about the film? A．Aime goes to the village near Lijiang. B．Aime isn’t chosen to join the soccer team finally. C．The film named Football on the Roof is successful. D．The film tells the journey of a boy’s passion about soccer. 3．Why did Aime hope to advance to the finals in a competition? A．To show her love for soccer. B．To leave the rural hometown. C．To be seen by her mother on TV. D．To be coached by a former soccer star. 4．When realizing the girl longed to feel more connected to her parents, Fei Yu felt________. A．touched B．interested C．inspired D．amazed 5．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．A Beneficial Stress B．A Heartwarming Goal C．A Wonderful Teamwork D．A Meaningful Competition （23-24高二下·北京海淀·期末）A theme at this year’s World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need to “accelerate breakthroughs in research and technology”. Some of this framing was motivated by the climate emergency, some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in various conversations, it seemed to be taken for granted that to address the world’s problems, scientific research needs to move faster. The WEF mindset resonates (产生共鸣) with the Silicon Valley dictate — usually credited to Mark Zuckerberg — to move fast and break things. But what if the thing being broken is science? Or public trust? The WEF meeting took place just a fortnight after Harvard University President Claudine Cay stepped down after complaints were made about her scholarship. Gay’s troubles came on the heels of the resignation of Stanford University President Mare Tessier-Lavigne, after an internal investigation concluded that his neuroscience research had “multiple problems”. In response. Gay requested corrections to several of her papers; Tessier-Lavigne requested retraction (撤回) of three of his. Although it may be impossible to determine just how widespread such problems really are, it’s hard to imagine that the spectacle of high-profile scholars correcting and retracting papers has not had a negative impact on public trust in science and perhaps in experts broadly. In recent years we’ve seen important papers, written by prominent scientists and published in prestigious journals, retracted because of questionable data or methods. In one interesting case, Frances H. Arnold of the California Institute of Technology, who shared the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, voluntarily retracted a paper when her lab was unable to replicate her results — but after the paper had been published. In an open apology, she stated that she was “a bit busy” when the paper was submitted and “did not do my job well”. Arnold’s honesty is admirable, but it raises a question: Are scholars at super competitive places really taking the time to do their work right? The problem is not unique to the U. S. In Europe, formal research assessments — which are used to allocate future funding — have for years judged academic departments largely on the quantity of their output. Due to the fact that the existing system has created a counterincentive to advancement in science, a reform is underway urging an emphasis on quality over quantity. Good science takes time. Nearly a century passed between biochemist Friedrich Miescher’s identification of the DNA molecule and suggestion that it might be involved in inheritance and the elucidation of its double-helix structure in the 1950s. And it took just about half a century for geologist and geophysicists to accept geophysicist Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental drift. There’s plenty of circumstantial evidence that scientists and other scholars are pushing results out far faster than they used to. Some of this growth is driven by more scientists and more co-authorship (papers, but it also suggests that the research world has prioritized quantity over quality. Researched may need to slow down — not speed up — if we are to produce knowledge worthy of trust. 1．What can we learn from the first three paragraphs? A．Tessier-Lavigne resigned from Sandford after Gay stepped down. B．Gay gave back her scholarships due to students’ complaints. C．Faster scientific development has led to climate change. D．Public trust in science may have already been shaken. 2．Why is the example of Frances H. Arnold mentioned in Paragraph 4? A．To question the works of Nobel Prize winners. B．To show the practice of paper retraction is common. C．To indicate even the influential scientists are in a rush. D．To highlight scientists’ quality of honesty in academia. 3．The underlined word “counterincentive” in Paragraph 5 refers to a (n) ______ factor. A．unfair B．indecisive C．discouraging D．irrational 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．The Danger of Fast Science B．The Battle between Quality and Quantity C．The Crisis among Top Scientists D．The Principle behind Research Assessments （23-24高二下·北京海淀·期末）Food packaging from around the world contains at least 68 “forever chemicals” that can seep into what we eat. a new study finds. And 61 of them are not even supposed to be used in such products. “It’s not clear why the latter chemicals, which are not on lists of those authorized for use in food containers, are in such packaging.” says the study’s author Birgit Geueke. The study focused on a class of chemicals called perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoronlkyl substances (PFASs), which are sometimes called “forever chemicals” because they don’t break down readily in the environment or in the body. That’s because their characteristic carbon-fluorine bond is one of the strongest in nature. For decades, these substances have been used in a wide range of consumer products, from cookware to pesticide s to cosmetics, because they are proof against water and grease. Geueke and her team found a mismatch between what they detected in actual products and a database of PFAS chemicals authorized for use in food packaging. About 140 PFASs are known to be used in food packaging, but only seven of the 68 chemicals in the study were on this list. Geueke says it’s unclear how or why the other 61 chemicals turned up. David Andrews, a chemist and toxicologist at a nonprofit environmental advocacy organization, suggests it’s possible that unknown impurities emerged during the manufacturing of the authorized chemicals or that the authorized PFASs degrade over time. This class of chemicals includes many long-chain molecules, and they can break into shorter chains that are simply different types of PFASs. PFASs have been found in human blood and breast milk, drinking water, soil and other startling places around the world. Exposure to some of the most studied PFASs has been associated with cancer. reproductive problems and lessened responses to vaccines. “There’s an incredible body of scientific evidence linking PFAS chemicals to health harm,” says Andrews. Many countries are evaluating restrictions of PFASs in food packaging. Chemical industry representatives have advocated for dealing with PFASs as individual chemicals. Before publishing the new study. Scientific American reached out to the American Chemistry Council (ACC), a chemistry industry trade association, about it, but the organization did not reply. On its dedicated PFAS webpage. ACC notes that “all PFASs are not the same. Each individual chemical has its own unique properties and uses.” Andrews and Geueke both say the presence of unknown PFASs in food packaging is good reason to regulate these chemicals as a single class—a position shared with many other scientific experts and environmental protection groups. There are more than 12,000 known PFASs, and scientists don’t know much about most of them. “Only some PFASs have ever been tested for toxicity,” Geueke says, and “there are probably other ways to produce food packaging.” 1．What can we learn about PFASs from the passage? A．They are able to resist water and grease. B．They last long and never break down. C．They contain the longest chemical bond. D．They are mainly used for food packaging. 2．Paragraph 3 is mainly about ______. A．the potential usage of the unknown impurities B．the authorization of food packaging chemicals C．the likely transforming process from PFASs into new chemicals D．the possible explanation for the presence of unauthorized PFASs 3．The words on the webpage in Paragraph 5 may show that ACC ______. A．has worked out ways to use PFASs safely in different products B．agrees with chemical industry representatives regarding PFASs C．has got the authoritative power in dealing with PFASs D．supports testing more unknown PFASs for toxicity 4．Which would Geueke probably agree with? A．Laws should be made to ban the use of PFASs. B．Food packaging alternatives should be explored. C．The chemicals in food packaging should be listed. D．Scientists should continue discovering new PFASs. （23-24高二下·北京石景山·期末）The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable business, but, unfortunately, full-sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage. The change in how coffee is grown from shade-grown production to full-sun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the world’s ecological balance. On a local level, the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the area’s birds and animals. The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other (物种) that depend on the trees’ flowers and fruits. Full-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many species are quickly dying out. On a more global level, the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee fields also threatens (威胁) human life. Medical research often makes use of the forests’ plant and animal life, and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases. In addition, new coffee-growing techniques are poisoning the water locally, and eventually the world’s groundwater. Both locally and globally, the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations (种植园) could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world’s climate, and studies show that loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming. Moreover, the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic (酸性的) soil conditions. It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology. But consumers do have a choice. They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee. 1．What can we learn about full-sun coffee production from Paragraph 4? A．It limits the spread of new growing techniques. B．It leads to air pollution and global warming. C．It slows down the loss of shade trees. D．It improves local soil conditions. 2．The purpose of the text is to ________. A．entertain B．advertise C．instruct D．persuade 3．Which of the following shows the organization of the passage? (CP: Central Point    P: Point     C: Conclusion) A． B． C． D． （23-24高二下·北京东城·期末）When climate activists glued themselves to the frame of a copy of The Last Supper at London’s Royal Academy of Arts, they received a fairly sympathetic hearing. “No painting is worth more than my six-month-old nephew’s life,” said a protester, criticizing the British government’s support of the fossil fuel industry during the urgent climate crisis. But when protesters threw tomato soup at Van Gogh’s Sunflowers, and mashed potatoes at Haystacks by Monet — the censure rose. “Absolutely absurd,” said the culture minister of France. “We have been deeply shaken by their risky endangerment,” read a statement from the International Council of Museums. The protesters are targeting works that are protected behind glass — at least for now — so actual damage has been minimal. And perhaps the anger greeting their acts proves their point: that people care more about the threatened destruction of a painting than the actual destruction of the planet. But as the attacks wear on, and their impact decreases, they risk changing into a joke. What’s especially misguided about the protests is their binary nature. “What is worth more, art or life?” a protester asked. Why choose? “It’s possible to blame both environmental vandalism (蓄意破坏) and cultural vandalism at the same time,” Mark Pasnik, chair of the Boston Art Commission, said. Art is not the problem here. In fact, contemporary artists are making quite effective works about the climate crisis, precisely using art as activism. Maya Lin’s Ghost Forest, a climate change memorial she created in a New York City park, is only one example. “I believe that art can help us imagine and map sustainable future scenarios (设想), and, in doing so, give people a way to see and hope for a different future,” Lin said. The climate activists are surely correct that the pace of reform is far too slow, as the planet burns and deadly storms intensify. But they casually dismiss the sincere efforts of millions of people working on the issue. It would be easier to respect the young protesters at Just Stop Oil, Last Generation, and the rest of the splash groups if they were to spend their time and energy on the unexciting but essential political work around climate change: legislation, regulation, and winning hearts and minds. Perhaps predictably, the debates caused by the protests have not been about climate change, but about the protests themselves. Given how little they’ve done to generate serious discussion or engage people to the cause, the art attacks seem less like vital acts of lawbreaking than mere theatre. 1．What does the underlined word “censure” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Approval. B．Criticism. C．Stress. D．Spirits. 2．Which idea can help explain climate activists’ action? A．The end justifies the means. B．Art speaks where words fail. C．The freedom of protest should be protected. D．Art matters in the fight against climate crisis. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．The solution to climate crisis lies in communication. B．Galleries should strengthen regulations like theatres. C．Climate activists should diversify their strategies. D．Art attacks are mainly about seeking attention. 4．The author writes the passage to ________. A．launch a campaign B．assess a debate C．propose a solution D．challenge a practice （23-24高二下·北京东城·期末）In a new study, researchers have unveiled interesting findings that link the consumption of refined carbohydrates-such as sugary snacks and highly processed foods-with changes in facial attractiveness. They found that individuals who consumed a high glycemic (血糖的) load breakfast were rated as less attractive than those who consumed a low one. 104 participants were asked to attend the study early in the morning on an empty stomach. Upon arrival, they were assigned to consume one of two types of breakfasts having the same caloric values: one high in refined carbohydrates and the other low. About two hours later, they were photographed under standardized conditions to ensure consistency in lighting, background, and positioning. A separate group of raters, who were carefully selected to minimize cultural bias (偏见), assessed the facial photographs, making judgments on overall attractiveness. To evaluate long-term dietary habits, the participants completed detailed dietary questionnaires concerning their consumption during breakfast, afternoon snacks, and between-meal snacks on the day before the study. This information was used to calculate the glycemic load and energy intake for these meals, providing a comprehensive picture of their usual refined carbohydrate consumption. The researchers found that participants who consumed a breakfast rich in refined carbohydrates were less attractive than those who consumed a low-glycemic breakfast. This effect was observed for both male and female participants. The researchers proposed that this could be related to the physiological effects of low blood sugar, such as changes in skin blood flow and colour, which occur following the consumption of high-glycemic foods. When examining long-term consumption of refined carbohydrates through glycemic load measures, the researchers found that a higher energy intake at breakfast was associated with increased attractiveness for both men and women, suggesting that foods high in fats and proteins, which do not lead to rapid glycemic responses, might contribute positively to perceived attractiveness. However, the effects of refined carbohydrate consumption on attractiveness varied depending on the specific meal and the gender of the participants. For example, while high energy intake at breakfast increased attractiveness across both genders, the glycemic load of afternoon snacks had opposite effects for men and women. Men with a higher glycemic load during their afternoon snack were perceived as more attractive, but for women, a lower glycemic load in this meal was associated with increased attractiveness. While the study includes some limitations, the findings serve as a strong reminder of the far-reaching impact of dietary choices. Further research is needed to understand the broader social implications of diet, which could provide valuable insights into the complex interplay between diet, biology, and social behaviour. 1．What are Paragraph 2 and 3 mainly about? A．The research purpose. B．The research methods. C．The research proposal. D．The research background. 2．What can we learn about the research findings? A．Sharp glycemic reactions might reduce attractiveness. B．Low blood sugar could impact attractiveness positively. C．Men were less affected by refined carbohydrate consumption. D．High energy intake at meals had inconsistent effects on women. 3．What is the purpose of the research? A．To explain a food preference. B．To illustrate a biological process. C．To present a dietary phenomenon. D．To explore a complex association. （23-24高二下·北京丰台·期末）. The violence of shaking from an earthquake is usually focused in the direction the quake is traveling. But a boomerang quake may spread the intense shaking across a wider zone. The new study, published today in the journal Nature Geoscience, is a major step toward clearing up the complex physics behind boomerang quakes and understanding their potential damage. The latest boomerang was recorded near the mid-ocean ridge in the Atlantic in 2016. By examining the position of the epicenter (震中) and the energy released by each shaking phase, Stephen Hicks, an earthquake seismologist at the Imperial College London and first author of the new study, identified what seemed to be two steps of the quake:The quake initially headed eastward, but then turned back west. “This was weird, ”he says. This second leg of the quake moved remarkably quickly, at so-called supershear speeds. The quake unzipped the surface at an estimated 11, 000 miles per hour—fast enough to dart from New York to London in 18. 5 minutes, so fast that it caused the geologic version of a sonic boom. How often does this happen?A boomerang quake at supershear speeds, as Hicks and his team observed in the Atlantic, may be a fairly rare type. But wider evidence of boomerang quakes is mounting. These back-tracking events have been studied in computer models as well as simulated in lab experiments. “The theory says that it’s there, but it’s quite difficult to see that [in the real world], ”says Hicks. The 2016 earthquake in Kumamoto also seems to have ruptured (破裂) in a similar process. For that event, the initial shake triggered two other quakes, one of which raced backward to partially overlap the initial break. Understanding when and why these boomerang events happen is vital to grappling with risks earthquakes present. “Studies like this help us understand how past earthquakes ruptured, how future earthquakes may rupture, and how that relates to the potential impact for faults (断层) near populated areas, ”says Hicks. These boomerangs maybe obscured by conventional approaches used to analyze quakes, which are based on an assumption that a quake rushes in one direction. “Naturally we’re not looking for it, we don’t expect it to exist,” Hicks says. Yet for earthquakes, it seems, complexities might be the norm rather than the exception. As Hicks puts it: “The more and more we look at earthquakes in more detail, of course we see stranger things.” 1．A boomerang earthquake differs from other quakes because ________. A．it moves at a super-fast speed B．it triggers several small quakes C．it releases immeasurable energy D．it shakes in two opposite directions 2．From the passage, we can learn that _________. A．the coming of the next boomerang can be predicted B．boomerangs are too complex to be fully understood C．boomerang events are commonplace in the real world D．common methods are reliable in analyzing boomerangs 3．What does the underlined phrase “grappling with” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．putting off B．coping with C．bringing about D．fighting against （23-24高二下·北京昌平·期末）Our planet has just seen its hottest month on record, with many places on fire or flooded. The likelihood of extreme weather keeps increasing—and people are noticing. However, not everyone notices or feels this threat to the same extent. Based on a representative sample of 1,071 survey respondents from across the UK, we found that people in rural areas showed higher degrees of place attachment than people living in cities, as we expected. However, we were surprised to see that the perceived threat of climate change in: most rural locations was lower. We had not expected that outcome, so we started to dig a little deeper for possible reasons. Rural people may be more resilient to change. Rural people may experience climate change like everyone else, but they may have better ways of coping with it than city residents because of their closer relationship with nature. This may have taught them to be more flexible in how they deal with change. After all, nature changes a lot and that could make them less worried about the major changes happening around them. People in rural areas may not be as aware of climate change as people in cities. Looking more closely, the effect is mostly down to education rather than whether people live in rural areas or not. Research shows that general levels of climate awareness in the UK are quite high. But this does not necessarily correspond to readiness for action or behavioural change. It is well documented, though, that rural inhabitants tend to have more conservative views, which could affect the way climate change is interpreted. Conservative views are often associated with less concern about the climate. People in rural areas may not experience climate change in the same wav as people in cities. This is because rural areas have higher levels of green space than urban areas. For example, you will feel the heat less when you are surrounded by trees. So, although we were surprised that the higher degree of place attachment in people living rurally did not necessarily lead to a higher perception of climate change threat, we can see there are good reasons for that. 1．What does the word “resilient” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Easy to adapt. B．Ready to illustrate. C．Difficult to notice. D．Willing to challenge. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Conservative views in rural areas lower the perception of climate change. B．Strong rural place attachment results in higher climate change awareness. C．Well-educated people are more likely to take actions for climate change. D．Rural people pay more attention to climate change than city residents. 3．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Who are to blame for climate change? B．How do people perceive climate change? C．Why is climate change perceived differently? D．What can people do to cope with climate change? （23-24高二下·北京昌平·期末）Kim found the prospect of learning a new language discouraging, especially as an adult. She saw spending dozens or hours a year on lessons with only slow progress on a new skill as out of reach. This was undoubtedly now Kim felt about her decades’ long ambition to learn Spanish. That all changed, however, when a popular language-learning app presented a more attractive approach: complete one lesson—just six or seven minutes long—every day in order to eventually become bilingual (双语的). This adds up to about 40 hours of study each year, but it is presented as a bite-size daily goal. Actually, this can be applied to almost any ambitious target. But how effective is it? For our study, we partnered with CTL, a nonprofit organization that provides free crisis consultation. All CTL volunteers are asked to complete 200 hours of crisis consultation within a year. We were curious if breaking down this goal could make it more approachable and increase actual working hours. We randomly assigned more than 9,000 CTL volunteers to receive e-mails for three months. One group was encouraged to hit the 200-hour mark with no actual goal breakdown. Two other groups, however, were given clear subgoals: we encouraged one to volunteer for four hours every week and the other to volunteer for eight hours every two weeks. Then we tracked how much time each group spent volunteering during our study. Both groups who were encouraged to focus on a smaller subgoal volunteered 7 to 8 percent more than their peers who were merely encouraged to hit their big goal. We also found suggestive evidence that the more flexible “eight hours every two weeks” framing led to more lasting benefits over time. Although volunteering declined each week during the study across all participants, this decline was slower in the “eight hours every two weeks” condition. It suggests that making modest goals flexible might encourage long-term perseverance. If so, after one year, becoming bilingual is at last within reach for Kim. 1．The author mentions Kim in the first paragraph mainly to ________. A．make a prediction B．introduce a topic C．present an assumption D．evaluate an argument 2．Why did the author and his team cooperate with CLT? A．To calculate the profits of the organization. B．To increase the actual hours of voluntary work. C．To evaluate the effectiveness of a goal-setting strategy. D．To improve the working skills of volunteers in consultation. 3．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．Analysis of the study. B．Process of the study. C．Findings of the study. D．Significance of the study. 4．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Making a fixed goal helps longer perseverance. B．Setting a bigger goal drives people to achieve more. C．Sticking to an ambitious goal contributes to success. D．Breaking down a bigger goal leads to better results. （23-24高二下·北京西城·期末）With its 1.2 million LED lights shining brightly against the Las Vegas night, the Las Vegas Sphere may well be the ultimate symbol of 2020s overuse. But that gigantic entertainment space is also something else: a symbol of the coming conflict between our climate goals and our seemingly insatiable (永不满足) appetite for stuff. In the 1990s, multicolor LED lights were invented to prevent climate disasters by greatly reducing the amount of electricity we use. After all, LED lights use 90 percent less energy and last around 18 times longer than incandescent bulbs (白炽灯). Yet the amount of electricity we consume for light globally is roughly the same today as it was in 2010. That’s partly because of population and economic growth in the developing world. But another big reason is that as technology has advanced, we’ve only grown more wasteful. There’s an economic term for this: the Jevons Paradox, named for the 19th-century English economist William Stanley Jevons, who noticed that as steam engines became ever more efficient, Britain’s appetite for coal increased rather than decreased. The logic of Jevons is that instead of banking the efficiency savings we make as technology advances, we go out and spend it. Today, you can see examples of the Paradox everywhere. When residents in England installed home insulation, their overall heating energy demand soon rebounded, ending up at about the same level as it was before: The residents had apparently chosen to turn up their thermostats (温控器) and live in warmer homes. The good news is that in some cases the efficiency gains are so great that even our insatiable appetite for new stuff cannot completely negate them. Today’s car engines require less fuel, even though Americans on average now drive longer distances in heavier cars. However, the bad news is that the Jevons Paradox seems to be hard-wired into us. There are few examples throughout history of people willingly consuming less energy, either for moral or environmental reasons. For some, the solution is obvious: Governments must do more to limit our energy use, perhaps through regulations or taxes. A global carbon tax would help — though the chances of establishing one remain slim. A more innovative answer comes from Rob West, founder and chief executive of Thunder Said Energy. Having spent years documenting the Jevons Paradox and finding it far more widespread than economists predicted, he thinks the best hope we have is to fight Jevons with Jevons. That means applying the idea that consumption increases as goods become cheaper and more efficient to our production of energy. In other words, the future lies not in rationing (定量供应) energy and hoping humans suddenly change their behavior, but in ensuring any energy we use is as green and attractive as possible. 1．Why does the author mention the Las Vegas Sphere? A．To highlight a space. B．To predict an ending. C．To provide a solution. D．To express a concern. 2．What does the underlined word “negate” in Paragraph 5 most probably mean? A．Put off. B．Break down. C．Push up. D．Wipe out. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．The Jevons Paradox requires more examples. B．Environmental awareness is hard-wired in humans. C．Energy consumption grows as technology advances. D．Efficiency gains guarantee the realization of climate goals. 4．Which of the following statements would Rob West most probably agree with? A．The solution is always to further energy efficiency. B．A global carbon tax has aided in limiting energy use. C．Humans are eager to change their consumption behavior. D．Economists have overestimated the effect of the Jevons Paradox. （23-24高二下·北京西城·期末）Our travels are not limited to physical time. We also experience mental time travel. We visit the past through our memories and then journey into the future by imagining what tomorrow or next year might bring. When we do so, we think of ourselves as we are now, remember who we once were and envision how we will be. A recent study explores how one particular brain region helps to knit together memories of the present and future selves. When people sustain an injury to this area, it leads to a damaged sense of identity. The region, called vmPFC, may produce a fundamental model of the person and place it in mental time. When the region does so, it may be the source of our sense of self. It’s also found that memories that reference the self are easier to recall. They benefit from what researchers have called a self-reference effect. In the study, the researchers used the self-reference effect to assess memories of present and future selves among people who had brain lesions (损伤) to the vmPFC． The scientists worked with people with vmPFC lesions, then compared them with a control group made up of people with injuries to other parts of the brain and healthy individuals. They were asked to list adjectives to describe themselves and a celebrity, both in the present and future. Later, they had to recall these same traits. It was discovered that people in the control group could recall more adjectives linked to themselves than adjectives linked to the celebrity. However, the participants with vmPFC lesions had little or no ability to recall references to the self, regardless of the context of time. Their identification of adjectives for celebrities was also comparatively weak. These findings are intriguing, for the study helps us understand how self-related memories depend on the function of the vmPFC． But what about our past selves? Previous studies asked people to consider their past selves, but there was no evidence of the self-reference effect. Our past selves seem foreign to us, as if they were individuals apart from us. One idea that scientists have put forward to understand this distinction is that perhaps we are not very kind in our judgments of our past selves. Instead we may be rather critical of our previous behavior, emotions and personal traits. We may use our past primarily to construct a more positive self-image in the present. Put another way, because we may recognize flaws (瑕疵) in our past self’s behavior, we tend to distance ourselves from the person we once were. Therefore, bringing the present and future into the spotlight is central to understanding the way our brain and thoughts shape our current selves. And with the research, we have a better idea about the way a small region within our brain is able to build and hold the core ability to maintain our identity. 1．From the passage, we can learn that ________. A．people with vmPFC lesions have a broken sense of identity B．vmPFC-injured people recall celebrities better than others do C．the self-reference effect plays a vital role in considering past self D．people tend to accept past self after realizing their previous faults 2．As for the findings of the recent study on vmPFC, the author is ________. A．critical B．doubtful C．approving D．unconcerned 3．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Testing Our Memories B．Creating Our Sense of Self C．The Power of Self-Reference Effect D．The Importance of Mental Time Travel 2023-2024学年北京期末真题 （22-23高二下·北京朝阳·期末）A theme at this year’s World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting in Switzerland was the perceived need to “speed up breakthroughs in research and technology” Some of this framing was motivated by the climate emergency; some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence (AI). In various conversations, it seems to be taken for granted that to address the world’s problems, scientific research needs to move faster and break things. But what if the thing being broken is science? Or public trust? In recent years, we’ve seen important papers written by well-known scientists and published in influential journals were retracted (召回) because of questionable data or methods. In one notable case, Frances H. Arnold, who shared the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, voluntarily retracted a paper when her lab was unable to replicate (复制) her results — but after the paper had been published. In an open apology, she stated that she was “a bit busy” when the paper was submitted and “did not do my job well”. Arnold’s honesty is admirable, but it raises a question; Are scholars at super competitive places such as Harvard, Stanford and Yale rushing to publish rather than taking the time to do their work right? It’s impossible to answer this question scientifically because there’s no scientific definition of “rushing”. But there’s little doubt that we live in a culture where academics at leading universities are under enormous pressure to produce results—and a lot of them—quickly. Formal research assessments have for years judged academic departments largely on the output quantity. The existing system has led to reduced motivation for excellence and innovation in academic research. A recent reform by academics within the field has urged for quality over quantity. Good science takes time. More than 50 years passed between the 1543 publication of Copernicus’s magnum opus (天体运行论), and the broad scientific acceptance of the heliocentric model of the universe. Nearly a century passed between biochemist Friedrich Miescher’s identification of the DNA and the clarification of its double-helix structure in the 1950s. And it took just about half a century for geologists and geophysicists to accept geophysicist Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental movement. Scientists and other scholars are pushing results out far faster than they used to. Consider the volume of academic papers being published these days. One recent study put the number at over seven million a year, compared with fewer than a million as recently as 1980. Another study found 265 academic authors—two thirds of whom were in the medical and life sciences—who published a paper every five days on average. Some of this growth is driven by more scientists and more co-authorship of papers, but the numbers also suggest that the research world has prioritized quantity over quality. Researchers may need to slow down—not speed up—if we are to produce trustworthy knowledge. 1．The author gives an example of Frances H. Arnold to show that ______. A．academic fields value honesty B．scientists lack time for research C．scholars tend to publish papers in a hurry D．laboratories fail to replicate scientific results 2．What can be inferred from the passage? A．AI and climate issues block research progress. B．Defining “rushing” boosts academic productivity. C．Identifying DNA is easier than clarifying its structure. D．Scholars have acknowledged the problem with academic evaluation. 3．According to the passage, what is the author’s opinion on scientific research? A．Research credibility is a top priority in science. B．More publications enhance researchers’ reputation. C．Studies in medical and life sciences are satisfactory. D．Co-authorship needs to be cancelled for reliable research. （22-23高二下·北京朝阳·期末）Most people will learn one or two languages in their lives, but Vaughn Smith speaks 24 languages, a hyperpolyglot— a rare individual who speaks more than 10 languages. However, scientists have largely ignored what’s going on inside the brains of polyglots—people who speak more than five languages— says Evelina Fedorenko, a cognitive (认知的) neuroscientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She adds,“ That’s partly because they account for only 1% of people globally, making it difficult to find enough participants for research.” In a new study led by Fedorenko, researchers looked inside the minds of polyglots like Smith to reveal how language-specific regions in their brains respond to hearing different languages. “This study will contribute to our understanding of how our brain learns languages,” she says. To gain insights into how polyglots process five or more languages, Fedorenko’s team scanned the brains of 25 polyglots. They used a brain imaging technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which measures blood flow in the brain, to map out these language networks. Inside the fMRI machine, the polyglots listened to a series of 16-second-long recordings in one of eight different languages. The eight languages included each participant’s native language, three others they learned later in life, and four unfamiliar languages. Two of the unfamiliar languages were closely related to the participant’s native language—for instance, Spanish for a native Italian speaker. The other two unfamiliar languages came from unrelated language families. The researchers found that when participants heard any of the eight languages, blood always rushed to the same brain regions. In other words, the participants’ brains appeared to use the same basic network as monolinguals (单语言者) to try to understand the sounds, regardless of which language they heard. Moreover, the activity in the brain’s language networks changed based on how well participants understood a language. The more familiar the language, the larger the response. Brain activity particularly was invigorated when participants heard unfamiliar languages that were closely related to ones they knew well. This might have happened as brain areas worked overtime to puzzle out the meanings based on similarities between the languages. There was one exception to the rule: When participants heard their native tongue, their language networks were actually quieter than when they heard other familiar languages. This trend held even when participants were fluent in their other familiar languages. That could be so because expertise reduces the amount of brain power needed for a task, the researchers note. While this study casts light on multilinguists’ brain activity, there are still unanswered questions. Notably, future research hopes to study people who learned multiple languages from infancy (婴儿期). Nevertheless, “this study could one day lead to better tools to help people relearn languages more easily after a stroke or brain damage.” Fedorenko says. 1．What is the main purpose of the first paragraph? A．To present a latest brain theory. B．To stress the significance of the study. C．To explain the research method. D．To provide the definitions of two terms. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．The brain processes native languages with much effort. B．Blood flow in the brain is unrelated to language familiarity. C．The brain uses the same areas to process multiple languages. D．Effective treatments for language disorders have been discovered. 3．What does the word “invigorated” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Evaluated. B．Activated. C．Affected. D．Reduced. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Impact of Language Familiarity on Brain B．Challenges in Studying Language Geniuses C．Secrets of Language Processing in Polyglots D．Edge of fMRI in Revealing Language Processing （22-23高二下·北京房山·期末）Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind to be both functional and beautiful. Why, then, is art still so widely considered to be “the easy subject” at school, insignificant to wider society, a waste of time and effort? Art can connect culture with commercial (商业的) products in a way that not many other things can; art generates money and holds significant emotional and cultural value within communities. When people attend a concert, they are paying for music, sure, maybe even hotel rooms, meals, and transport, but they also gain an incredible experience, a unique atmosphere and a memory that will go through the rest of their lives. People don’t just want material things anymore, they want to experience life—the arts are a perfect crossover (交迭) between culture and commerce. Furthermore, the arts can bring communities together, reducing loneliness and making people feel safer. Social relationships are created among individuals when they share their arts experiences through reflection and discussion, and their expression of common values through artworks in honour of events significant to a nation’s experience. The arts clearly have a pretty positive impact on physical and psychological health. It is found that people who frequent cultural places or participate in artistic events are more likely to gain good health compared to those who do not; more engagement with the arts is linked to a higher level of people’s well-being. The Royal Society of Public Health discovered that music and art, when used in hospitals, help to improve the conditions of patients by reducing stress, anxiety and blood pressure. Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their education: those engaged with drama have greater literary ability while others taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. Kids with preference for the arts have a greater chance of finding employment in the future. Participating in the arts is essential for child development; encouraging children to express themselves in constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life. Vital to human life, art is celebrated and used by nations across the world for various purposes. Life without art would be boring and dead still, for art is a part of what makes us human. 1．As for art products, which would the author agree with? A．Most people buy them for collection. B．Their prices may climb up as time passes. C．They differ from many other commercial products. D．They have cultural values rather than commercial values. 2．Kids who engage with the arts tend to ________. A．be more responsible adults when they grow up B．be more confident in exhibiting their learning skills C．have more opportunities to do creative jobs in the future D．have better learning performance and emotional development 3．What can we learn from this passage? A．Art products are more expensive. B．The arts can make people feel lonelier. C．Artistic activities can improve people’s health. D．The arts can help people become more beautiful. 4．What is the best title for this passage? A．Art Is Beneficial for Patients B．Art Wastes Time and Effort C．Art Can Prevent Heart Disease D．Art Is Important to Humankind 试卷第1页，共3页 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题05 阅读理解之说明文15篇 2023-2024学年北京期末真题 （23-24高二下·北京顺义·期末）Teachers were shocked when ChatGPT appeared a year ago. This AI chat robot can write clear, well-researched essays in response to given questions, forcing educators around the world to rethink their evaluation (测评) methods. A few countries brought back pen-and-paper exams, and some schools asked students to do their homework at school, after learning about a subject at home. There are risks, but some educators think that ChatGPT and other large language models(LLMs)can be powerful learning tools. They could help students by providing a personalized guiding that is available at any time and might be accessible to more students than human teachers would be. Or they could help teachers and students by making information that only exists in the textbooks much easier to find and understand. There are still probkems to be solved. Questions remain about whether LLMscan be made correct and reliable enough to be trusted as learning helpers. It’s too soon to know what their final effect on education will be, but more institutions (研究机构) need to explore ChatGPT’s advantages and dangers, and share what they are leaning, or their students might miss aut on a valuable tool. Despite the risks, educators should not avoid using LLMs. Rather, they need to teach students the chat robot’s strengths and weaknesses and support institutions’ efforts to improve the models for educatton-specific purposes. This could mean building task-specific versions of LLMs that harness their strengths in dialogue and summarization and reduce the risks of a chat robot providing students with inaccurate (不准确的) information or enabling them to cheat. Arizona State University (ASU), for example, developed a platform that enables its members to use LLM-powered chat robots. These robots are instructed to seek answers to users’questions in specific data sets, such as scientific papers or lecture notes. This approach not only makes use of the chat robot’s conversational power, but alsozreduces the chance of errors. As understanding of the LLMs’power and limitations increases, more university- wide plans will certainly appear. Using LLMs without considering their disadvantages will gain the opposite effect. For many educational purposes, error-prone (容易出错 的) tools damage students’ability to learn and cannot help students. But some institutions are trying to reduce the LLMs’weaknesses, even aiming to turn those into strengths by, for example, using them to improve students’critical-thinking skills. Educators must be brave to avoid missing a huge opportunity and careful to ensure that institutions everywhere use LLMs in a way that makes the world better, not worse. 1．What can we infer about ChatGPT from Paragraph 1? A．It is used in exams by some students. B．It is going to replace human teachers. C．It is especially popular among teachers. D．It improves educators’ evaluation methods. 2．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．LLMs’possible risks. B．LLMs’powerful tools. C．ILMs’leaning ability. D．LLMs’potential benefits. 3．What should students know when using LLMs? A．Their task-specific versions. B．Their strengths and weaknesses. C．Their problems and possible risks. D．Their models for education purposes. 4．What does the underlined word “harness” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Improve. B．Discover. C．Use. D．Test. 5．As for the future of LLMs, the writer is _________ A．confused B．hopeful C．unconcerned D．doubtful 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了ChatGPT等大型语言模型在教育领域的应用、潜在好处、存在的问题及如何利用好这些工具。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段的“This AI chat robot can write clear, well-researched essays in response to given questions, forcing educators around the world to rethink their evaluation (测评) methods. A few countries brought back pen-and-paper exams, and some schools asked students to do their homework at school, after learning about a subject at home.(这款人工智能聊天机器人可以针对给定的问题撰写清晰、经过充分研究的论文，迫使世界各地的教育工作者重新思考他们的评估方法。一些国家恢复了纸笔考试，一些学校要求学生在家学习一门学科后在学校做作业)”可知，一些国家恢复了笔试考试，一些学校要求学生在家里学习一门课程后在学校做作业，这表明一些学生可能在考试中使用ChatGPT。由此可推知，ChatGPT被一些学生用于考试。故选A。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段的“There are risks, but some educators think that ChatGPT and other large language models (LLMs) can be powerful learning tools.(虽然存在风险，但一些教育工作者认为ChatGPT和其他大型语言模型可以成为强大的学习工具)”以及全段可知，第二段主要介绍了ChatGPT等大型语言模型在教育领域的潜在好处，它们可以为学生提供个性化的指导，帮助教师和学生更容易地查找和理解教材上的信息。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段的“Despite the risks, educators should not avoid using LLMs. Rather, they need to teach students the chat robot’s strengths and weaknesses and support institutions’ efforts to improve the models for educatton-specific purposes.(尽管存在风险，但教育工作者不应避免使用LLM。相反，他们需要教学生聊天机器人的优缺点，并支持机构努力改进用于特定教育目的的模型)”可知，教育者需要教学生了解聊天机器人的优点和缺点，因此学生应该了解LLMs的优点和缺点。故选B。 4．词句猜测题。根据划线单词所在句子的“summarization and reduce the risks of a chat robot providing students with inaccurate (不准确的) information or enabling them to cheat(总结并降低聊天机器人为学生提供不准确信息或使他们作弊的风险)”可知，改进针对教育目的的模型就意味着可以利用他们的优势并总结并降低聊天机器人为学生提供不准确信息或使他们作弊的风险。所以划线单词harness的意思为“利用，使用”。故选C。 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Educators must be brave to avoid missing a huge opportunity and careful to ensure that institutions everywhere use LLMs in a way that makes the world better, not worse.(教育工作者必须勇于把握这一巨大的机遇，同时也要谨慎行事，确保各地的机构以一种使世界变得更好而非更糟的方式使用大型语言模型（LLMs）)”可推知，尽管作者提到了风险和挑战，但教育者必须勇敢，不要错过巨大的机会。由此可推知，这表明作者对于LLMs的是抱有希望的。故选B。 （23-24高二下·北京顺义·期末）A movie about rural soccer players focuses on teenage girls and seeks to inspire audiences to follow dreams. In late 2018, Fei Yu, a director from Sichuan Province, went into the poor villages of Yunnan Province in search of inspiration. During the journey, one idea attracted him as he watched children playing soccer in a village, which is located around 110 kilometers north of Lijiang. As a gentle wind swept-through the valley, Fei listened to the faraway sounds of horses and children and a clear image began to form in his mind — that a group of children playing soccer on the village roofs (屋顶). That image inspired the opening scene of Football on the Roof, and after taking home the special award in the films market project section of the 2023 China Golden Rooster and Hundred Fowers Film Festival, the film was on across the Chinese mainland on April 20. The film tells the journey of a teenage girl, Aime, who’s crazy about soccer. She has the hope that by advancing to the finals in a competition, her mother, who has left thefr rural hometown to work in a big city, might see her on television. Facing many challenges, she helps her elder sister and her classmates to start a soccer team and asks a fruit seller who used to be a soccer star to coach them. Her determination pays off as she is finally selected to join the team and takes part in an important match. During Fei Yu’s search for inspiration, he met a girl, who was eager to invite the director to her home, showed him around, and used a long wooden stick to pick fresh lemons off a tree as a treat. The director was deeply moved when he realized that the grl, who had been left in the care of a grandfather who’s continually busy with rural difficult tasks, longed to feel more connected to her parents working in a faraway city. She became the source for the female main characters in the movie. Traveling to many areas, from the cities of Lijiang and Kaiyuan, to Chuxiong, Fei Yu and his team chose around 10, 000 students in 203 schools before selecting all main characters. “The shoot has ended, but the young girl’s love for soccer has not. She has found a new direction to shoot for in life. This is very meaningful,” says Fei, adding that he hopes the audience will also find strength and courage to realize their dreams through the film. 1．Why did Fei Yu go into the village? A．To teach soccer. B．To help the poor girls. C．To achieve an award. D．To try to find inspiration. 2．According to the passage, what do we know about the film? A．Aime goes to the village near Lijiang. B．Aime isn’t chosen to join the soccer team finally. C．The film named Football on the Roof is successful. D．The film tells the journey of a boy’s passion about soccer. 3．Why did Aime hope to advance to the finals in a competition? A．To show her love for soccer. B．To leave the rural hometown. C．To be seen by her mother on TV. D．To be coached by a former soccer star. 4．When realizing the girl longed to feel more connected to her parents, Fei Yu felt________. A．touched B．interested C．inspired D．amazed 5．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．A Beneficial Stress B．A Heartwarming Goal C．A Wonderful Teamwork D．A Meaningful Competition 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．A 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一部关于农村足球少女的电影《屋顶足球》，这部电影讲述了一个对足球充满热情的少女的故事，旨在激励观众追求自己的梦想。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“In late 2018, Fei Yu, a director from Sichuan Province, went into the poor villages of Yunnan Province in search of inspiration.(2018年末，来自四川省的导演飞鱼走进云南省的贫困村庄，寻找灵感)”可知，飞鱼去村庄是为了寻找灵感。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“That image inspired the opening scene of Football on the Roof, and after taking home the special award in the films market project section of the 2023 China Golden Rooster and Hundred Fowers Film Festival, the film was on across the Chinese mainland on April 20.(这一画面启发了《屋顶足球》的开场，在获得2023年中国金鸡百花电影节电影市场项目单元特别奖后，这部电影于4月20日在中国大陆上映)”可知，电影《屋顶足球》荣获得2023年中国金鸡百花电影节电影市场项目单元特别奖，说明这部电影是成功的。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“She has the hope that by advancing to the finals in a competition, her mother, who has left the rural hometown to work in a big city, might see her on television.(她希望能在比赛中进入决赛，这样她那位离开农村家乡去大城市工作的母亲就可能在电视上看到她了)”可知，Aime希望能在比赛中进入决赛，这样她母亲就可能在电视上看到她了。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段“The director was deeply moved when he realized that the girl, who had been left in the care of a grandfather who’s continually busy with rural difficult tasks, longed to feel more connected to her parents working in a faraway city.(当导演意识到这个女孩被留在家乡，由一直忙于农村繁重工作的祖父照顾时，她渴望与在远方城市工作的父母有更多的联系，他深受感动)”可知，当飞鱼意识到这个女孩渴望与在远方城市工作的父母有更多的联系时，他深受感动。故选A项。 5．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“A movie about rural soccer players focuses on teenage girls and seeks to inspire audiences to follow dreams. (这部关于农村足球运动员的电影聚焦于十几岁的女孩，旨在激励观众追随梦想)”和最后一段中““The shoot has ended, but the young girl’s love for soccer has not. She has found a new direction to shoot for in life. This is very meaningful,” says Fei, adding that he hopes the audience will also find strength and courage to realize their dreams through the film.(“拍摄结束了，但小女孩对足球的热爱并没有结束。她找到了人生的新方向。这很有意义，”他补充说，他希望观众也能通过这部电影找到实现梦想的力量和勇气)”可知，文章介绍了一部关于农村足球少女的电影，这部电影讲述了一个对足球充满热情的少女的故事，她的目标是能在比赛中进入决赛，这样在远方工作的母亲就可能在电视上看到她。B项“一个温暖人心的目标”能够概括文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选B项。 （23-24高二下·北京海淀·期末）A theme at this year’s World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need to “accelerate breakthroughs in research and technology”. Some of this framing was motivated by the climate emergency, some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in various conversations, it seemed to be taken for granted that to address the world’s problems, scientific research needs to move faster. The WEF mindset resonates (产生共鸣) with the Silicon Valley dictate — usually credited to Mark Zuckerberg — to move fast and break things. But what if the thing being broken is science? Or public trust? The WEF meeting took place just a fortnight after Harvard University President Claudine Cay stepped down after complaints were made about her scholarship. Gay’s troubles came on the heels of the resignation of Stanford University President Mare Tessier-Lavigne, after an internal investigation concluded that his neuroscience research had “multiple problems”. In response. Gay requested corrections to several of her papers; Tessier-Lavigne requested retraction (撤回) of three of his. Although it may be impossible to determine just how widespread such problems really are, it’s hard to imagine that the spectacle of high-profile scholars correcting and retracting papers has not had a negative impact on public trust in science and perhaps in experts broadly. In recent years we’ve seen important papers, written by prominent scientists and published in prestigious journals, retracted because of questionable data or methods. In one interesting case, Frances H. Arnold of the California Institute of Technology, who shared the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, voluntarily retracted a paper when her lab was unable to replicate her results — but after the paper had been published. In an open apology, she stated that she was “a bit busy” when the paper was submitted and “did not do my job well”. Arnold’s honesty is admirable, but it raises a question: Are scholars at super competitive places really taking the time to do their work right? The problem is not unique to the U. S. In Europe, formal research assessments — which are used to allocate future funding — have for years judged academic departments largely on the quantity of their output. Due to the fact that the existing system has created a counterincentive to advancement in science, a reform is underway urging an emphasis on quality over quantity. Good science takes time. Nearly a century passed between biochemist Friedrich Miescher’s identification of the DNA molecule and suggestion that it might be involved in inheritance and the elucidation of its double-helix structure in the 1950s. And it took just about half a century for geologist and geophysicists to accept geophysicist Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental drift. There’s plenty of circumstantial evidence that scientists and other scholars are pushing results out far faster than they used to. Some of this growth is driven by more scientists and more co-authorship (papers, but it also suggests that the research world has prioritized quantity over quality. Researched may need to slow down — not speed up — if we are to produce knowledge worthy of trust. 1．What can we learn from the first three paragraphs? A．Tessier-Lavigne resigned from Sandford after Gay stepped down. B．Gay gave back her scholarships due to students’ complaints. C．Faster scientific development has led to climate change. D．Public trust in science may have already been shaken. 2．Why is the example of Frances H. Arnold mentioned in Paragraph 4? A．To question the works of Nobel Prize winners. B．To show the practice of paper retraction is common. C．To indicate even the influential scientists are in a rush. D．To highlight scientists’ quality of honesty in academia. 3．The underlined word “counterincentive” in Paragraph 5 refers to a (n) ______ factor. A．unfair B．indecisive C．discouraging D．irrational 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．The Danger of Fast Science B．The Battle between Quality and Quantity C．The Crisis among Top Scientists D．The Principle behind Research Assessments 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如今科学研究存在急于发表论文，过于注重数量导致了很多问题。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“Although it may be impossible to determine just how widespread such problems really are, it’s hard to imagine that the spectacle of high-profile scholars correcting and retracting papers has not had a negative impact on public trust in science and perhaps in experts broadly.(虽然可能无法确定这些问题到底有多普遍，但很难想象，高调的学者纠正和撤回论文的场面没有对公众对科学的信任产生负面影响，甚至可能对专家产生广泛的影响)”可知，公众对科学的信任可能已经动摇了。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“In recent years we’ve seen important papers, written by prominent scientists and published in prestigious journals, retracted because of questionable data or methods. In one interesting case, Frances H. Arnold of the California Institute of Technology, who shared the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, voluntarily retracted a paper when her lab was unable to replicate her results—but after the paper had been published. In an open apology, she stated that she was “a bit busy” when the paper was submitted and “did not do my job well”. Arnold’s honesty is admirable, but it raises a question: Are scholars at super competitive places really taking the time to do their work right?(近年来，我们看到一些由杰出科学家撰写并发表在知名期刊上的重要论文，因为数据或方法存在问题而被撤回。一个有趣的例子是，加州理工学院的Frances H. Arnold分享了2018年诺贝尔化学奖，当她的实验室无法复制她的结果时，她自愿撤回了一篇论文——但这篇论文已经发表了。在一次公开道歉中，她表示，提交论文时她“有点忙”，“没有做好我的工作”。Arnold的诚实令人钦佩，但这也提出了一个问题：在竞争激烈的大学里，学者们真的花时间做好自己的工作吗？)”可知，第四段提到了Frances H. Arnold的例子是为了表明即使是有影响力的科学家也很着急完成论文。故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“to advancement in science, a reform is underway urging an emphasis on quality over quantity”可知，正在进行重质量、轻数量的改革，说明现行制度对科学进步的作用令人沮丧。故划线词意思是“令人沮丧的”。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A theme at this year’s World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need to “accelerate breakthroughs in research and technology”. Some of this framing was motivated by the climate emergency, some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in various conversations, it seemed to be taken for granted that to address the world’s problems, scientific research needs to move faster.(今年世界经济论坛会议的一个主题是人们认为有必要“加速研究和技术的突破”。其中一些框架是由气候紧急情况推动的，另一些是由可生成人工智能带来的机遇和挑战推动的。然而，在各种对话中，人们似乎理所当然地认为，要解决世界上的问题，科学研究需要加快步伐)”结合文章主要说明了如今科学研究存在急于发表论文，过于注重数量导致了很多问题。可知，A选项“快速科学的危险”最符合文章标题。故选A。 （23-24高二下·北京海淀·期末）Food packaging from around the world contains at least 68 “forever chemicals” that can seep into what we eat. a new study finds. And 61 of them are not even supposed to be used in such products. “It’s not clear why the latter chemicals, which are not on lists of those authorized for use in food containers, are in such packaging.” says the study’s author Birgit Geueke. The study focused on a class of chemicals called perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoronlkyl substances (PFASs), which are sometimes called “forever chemicals” because they don’t break down readily in the environment or in the body. That’s because their characteristic carbon-fluorine bond is one of the strongest in nature. For decades, these substances have been used in a wide range of consumer products, from cookware to pesticide s to cosmetics, because they are proof against water and grease. Geueke and her team found a mismatch between what they detected in actual products and a database of PFAS chemicals authorized for use in food packaging. About 140 PFASs are known to be used in food packaging, but only seven of the 68 chemicals in the study were on this list. Geueke says it’s unclear how or why the other 61 chemicals turned up. David Andrews, a chemist and toxicologist at a nonprofit environmental advocacy organization, suggests it’s possible that unknown impurities emerged during the manufacturing of the authorized chemicals or that the authorized PFASs degrade over time. This class of chemicals includes many long-chain molecules, and they can break into shorter chains that are simply different types of PFASs. PFASs have been found in human blood and breast milk, drinking water, soil and other startling places around the world. Exposure to some of the most studied PFASs has been associated with cancer. reproductive problems and lessened responses to vaccines. “There’s an incredible body of scientific evidence linking PFAS chemicals to health harm,” says Andrews. Many countries are evaluating restrictions of PFASs in food packaging. Chemical industry representatives have advocated for dealing with PFASs as individual chemicals. Before publishing the new study. Scientific American reached out to the American Chemistry Council (ACC), a chemistry industry trade association, about it, but the organization did not reply. On its dedicated PFAS webpage. ACC notes that “all PFASs are not the same. Each individual chemical has its own unique properties and uses.” Andrews and Geueke both say the presence of unknown PFASs in food packaging is good reason to regulate these chemicals as a single class—a position shared with many other scientific experts and environmental protection groups. There are more than 12,000 known PFASs, and scientists don’t know much about most of them. “Only some PFASs have ever been tested for toxicity,” Geueke says, and “there are probably other ways to produce food packaging.” 1．What can we learn about PFASs from the passage? A．They are able to resist water and grease. B．They last long and never break down. C．They contain the longest chemical bond. D．They are mainly used for food packaging. 2．Paragraph 3 is mainly about ______. A．the potential usage of the unknown impurities B．the authorization of food packaging chemicals C．the likely transforming process from PFASs into new chemicals D．the possible explanation for the presence of unauthorized PFASs 3．The words on the webpage in Paragraph 5 may show that ACC ______. A．has worked out ways to use PFASs safely in different products B．agrees with chemical industry representatives regarding PFASs C．has got the authoritative power in dealing with PFASs D．supports testing more unknown PFASs for toxicity 4．Which would Geueke probably agree with? A．Laws should be made to ban the use of PFASs. B．Food packaging alternatives should be explored. C．The chemicals in food packaging should be listed. D．Scientists should continue discovering new PFASs. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了世界各地的食品包装中至少含有68种“永久化学物质”，它们会渗入我们所吃的食物中。一项新的研究发现。其中61种甚至不应该用于此类产品。对此科学家进行了研究。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“For decades, these substances have been used in a wide range of consumer products, from cookware to pesticide s to cosmetics, because they are proof against water and grease.(几十年来，这些物质被广泛应用于各种消费品中，从炊具到杀虫剂再到化妆品，因为它们可以防水和防油脂)”可知，PFASs能抵抗水和油脂。故选A。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Geueke and her team found a mismatch between what they detected in actual products and a database of PFAS chemicals authorized for use in food packaging. About 140 PFASs are known to be used in food packaging, but only seven of the 68 chemicals in the study were on this list. Geueke says it’s unclear how or why the other 61 chemicals turned up. David Andrews, a chemist and toxicologist at a nonprofit environmental advocacy organization, suggests it’s possible that unknown impurities emerged during the manufacturing of the authorized chemicals or that the authorized PFASs degrade over time. This class of chemicals includes many long-chain molecules, and they can break into shorter chains that are simply different types of PFASs.( Geueke和她的团队发现，他们在实际产品中检测到的PFAS化学物质与授权用于食品包装的PFAS化学物质数据库不匹配。已知约有140种全氟辛烷化合物用于食品包装，但研究中68种化学物质中只有7种在清单上。Geueke说，目前还不清楚其他61种化学物质是如何或为什么出现的。非营利环保组织的化学家和毒理学家戴维·安德鲁斯认为，可能是在生产授权化学品的过程中出现了未知的杂质，或者是授权的全氟辛醚随着时间的推移而降解。这类化学物质包括许多长链分子，它们可以分解成不同类型的PFASs的短链)”可知，第3段主要是关于存在未经授权的PFASs的可能解释。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Chemical industry representatives have advocated for dealing with PFASs as individual chemicals. Before publishing the new study. Scientific American reached out to the American Chemistry Council (ACC), a chemistry industry trade association, about it, but the organization did not reply. On its dedicated PFAS webpage. ACC notes that “all PFASs are not the same. Each individual chemical has its own unique properties and uses.”(化学工业代表主张将全氟辛烷磺酸作为单独的化学品来处理。在发表这项新研究之前。《科学美国人》联系了美国化学理事会。一家化学工业行业协会对此表示关注，但该组织没有回复。在其专用的PFAS网页，行政协调会上指出，“并非所有PFASs都是相同的。每种化学物质都有其独特的性质和用途。”)”可知，网页上第5段的文字可能表明，行政协调会同意化学工业代表对全氟辛烷磺酸的看法。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段““Only some PFASs have ever been tested for toxicity,” Geueke says, and “there are probably other ways to produce food packaging.”(Geueke说：“只有一些全氟辛烷磺酸被测试过毒性，可能还有其他生产食品包装的方法。”)”可知，Geueke认同应探索替代食品包装。故选B。 （23-24高二下·北京石景山·期末）The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable business, but, unfortunately, full-sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage. The change in how coffee is grown from shade-grown production to full-sun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the world’s ecological balance. On a local level, the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the area’s birds and animals. The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other (物种) that depend on the trees’ flowers and fruits. Full-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many species are quickly dying out. On a more global level, the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee fields also threatens (威胁) human life. Medical research often makes use of the forests’ plant and animal life, and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases. In addition, new coffee-growing techniques are poisoning the water locally, and eventually the world’s groundwater. Both locally and globally, the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations (种植园) could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world’s climate, and studies show that loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming. Moreover, the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic (酸性的) soil conditions. It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology. But consumers do have a choice. They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee. 1．What can we learn about full-sun coffee production from Paragraph 4? A．It limits the spread of new growing techniques. B．It leads to air pollution and global warming. C．It slows down the loss of shade trees. D．It improves local soil conditions. 2．The purpose of the text is to ________. A．entertain B．advertise C．instruct D．persuade 3．Which of the following shows the organization of the passage? (CP: Central Point    P: Point     C: Conclusion) A． B． C． D． 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了全日照的咖啡生产方式给环境和生态带来的种种危害，呼吁人们购买遮荫种植的咖啡。 1．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Both locally and globally, the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations (种植园) could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world’s climate, and studies show that loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming.(在当地和全球范围内，全日照咖啡种植园的持续扩张可能意味着雨林生态的破坏。遮荫树的减少已经导致世界气候的轻微变化，研究表明，供氧气的树木的减少也会导致空气污染和全球变暖)”可知，全日照咖啡的种植方式会导致空气污染和全球变暖。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But consumers do have a choice. They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.(但消费者确实有选择。只要有可能，他们可以购买遮荫种植的咖啡，尽管价格更高。地球和人类未来的健康肯定比一杯廉价的咖啡更有价值)”可推知，作者写作本文的目的是劝说人们购买遮荫种植的咖啡。故选D。 3．推理判断题。文章第一段“The change in how coffee is grown from shade-grown production to full-sun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the world’s ecological balance.(咖啡种植方式从遮荫生产转变为全日照生产，这危及了某些动物和鸟类的生存，甚至扰乱了世界的生态平衡)”提出中心论点，全日照的咖啡生产方式带来危害，第二段“On a local level, the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the area’s birds and animals.(在地方层面上，充足的阳光场对森林的破坏会影响该地区的鸟类和动物)”、第三段“On a more global level, the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee fields also threatens (威胁) human life.(在更全球化的层面上，为全日照咖啡田而破坏雨林也威胁着人类的生命)”以及第四段“Both locally and globally, the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology.(在当地和全球范围内，全日照咖啡种植园的持续扩张可能意味着雨林生态的破坏)”从不同层面展开说明，三段为并列关系，最后一段“It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology. (很明显，咖啡的种植方式会影响生活的许多方面，从当地环境到全球生态)”给出结论，所以A项能够体现文章的结构。故选A。 （23-24高二下·北京东城·期末）When climate activists glued themselves to the frame of a copy of The Last Supper at London’s Royal Academy of Arts, they received a fairly sympathetic hearing. “No painting is worth more than my six-month-old nephew’s life,” said a protester, criticizing the British government’s support of the fossil fuel industry during the urgent climate crisis. But when protesters threw tomato soup at Van Gogh’s Sunflowers, and mashed potatoes at Haystacks by Monet — the censure rose. “Absolutely absurd,” said the culture minister of France. “We have been deeply shaken by their risky endangerment,” read a statement from the International Council of Museums. The protesters are targeting works that are protected behind glass — at least for now — so actual damage has been minimal. And perhaps the anger greeting their acts proves their point: that people care more about the threatened destruction of a painting than the actual destruction of the planet. But as the attacks wear on, and their impact decreases, they risk changing into a joke. What’s especially misguided about the protests is their binary nature. “What is worth more, art or life?” a protester asked. Why choose? “It’s possible to blame both environmental vandalism (蓄意破坏) and cultural vandalism at the same time,” Mark Pasnik, chair of the Boston Art Commission, said. Art is not the problem here. In fact, contemporary artists are making quite effective works about the climate crisis, precisely using art as activism. Maya Lin’s Ghost Forest, a climate change memorial she created in a New York City park, is only one example. “I believe that art can help us imagine and map sustainable future scenarios (设想), and, in doing so, give people a way to see and hope for a different future,” Lin said. The climate activists are surely correct that the pace of reform is far too slow, as the planet burns and deadly storms intensify. But they casually dismiss the sincere efforts of millions of people working on the issue. It would be easier to respect the young protesters at Just Stop Oil, Last Generation, and the rest of the splash groups if they were to spend their time and energy on the unexciting but essential political work around climate change: legislation, regulation, and winning hearts and minds. Perhaps predictably, the debates caused by the protests have not been about climate change, but about the protests themselves. Given how little they’ve done to generate serious discussion or engage people to the cause, the art attacks seem less like vital acts of lawbreaking than mere theatre. 1．What does the underlined word “censure” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Approval. B．Criticism. C．Stress. D．Spirits. 2．Which idea can help explain climate activists’ action? A．The end justifies the means. B．Art speaks where words fail. C．The freedom of protest should be protected. D．Art matters in the fight against climate crisis. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．The solution to climate crisis lies in communication. B．Galleries should strengthen regulations like theatres. C．Climate activists should diversify their strategies. D．Art attacks are mainly about seeking attention. 4．The author writes the passage to ________. A．launch a campaign B．assess a debate C．propose a solution D．challenge a practice 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，讨论了气候活动家通过攻击艺术品来抗议气候变化的行为，以及这种行为的效果和影响。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段“But when protesters threw tomato soup at Van Gogh’s Sunflowers, and mashed potatoes at Haystacks by Monet — the censure rose(但当抗议者向梵高的《向日葵》扔番茄汤，向莫奈的《干草堆》扔土豆泥时，censure高涨)”可知，当抗议者向名画投掷食物时，引起了人们的强烈反应，这里“censure”指的是对这种行为的批评和指责，故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“And perhaps the anger greeting their acts proves their point: that people care more about the threatened destruction of a painting than the actual destruction of the planet.(也许人们对他们的行为感到愤怒，这证明了他们的观点：人们更关心画作受到威胁的破坏，而不是地球实际上的破坏)”可知，气候活动家的激进行为是为了证明他们的观点（即人们更关心艺术品的潜在破坏，而不是地球的实际破坏），这让普通群众对此感到愤怒，可得出气候活动家的行动表明了A项“为了正当目的可以不择手段”，故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given how little they’ve done to generate serious discussion or engage people to the cause, the art attacks seem less like vital acts of lawbreaking than mere theatre.(考虑到他们在引发严肃讨论或吸引人们关注这一事业方面所做的努力微乎其微，艺术攻击似乎更像是戏剧表演，而不是至关重要的违法行为)”可知，作者认为气候活动家的艺术攻击行为更像是为了吸引注意力，而不是为了真正解决气候危机，故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“When climate activists glued themselves to the frame of a copy of The Last Supper at London’s Royal Academy of Arts, they received a fairly sympathetic hearing. “No painting is worth more than my six-month-old nephew’s life,” said a protester, criticizing the British government’s support of the fossil fuel industry during the urgent climate crisis.(当气候活动人士将自己粘在伦敦皇家艺术学院一幅《最后的晚餐》复制品的框架上时，他们得到了相当同情的回应。“没有任何画作比我六个月大的侄子的生命更重要，”一名抗议者在批评英国政府在紧迫的气候危机中支持化石燃料产业时说)”、第二段“We have been deeply shaken by their risky endangerment(我们被他们的危险行为深深震惊了)”、第五段“In fact, contemporary artists are making quite effective works about the climate crisis, precisely using art as activism.(其实当代艺术家们正在用艺术作为行动主义的方式，创作出关于气候危机的相当有效的作品)”以及最后一段“Given how little they’ve done to generate serious discussion or engage people to the cause, the art attacks seem less like vital acts of lawbreaking than mere theatre.(考虑到他们在引发严肃讨论或吸引人们关注这一事业方面所做的努力微乎其微，艺术攻击似乎更像是戏剧表演，而不是至关重要的违法行为)”可知，本文讨论了气候活动家通过攻击艺术品来抗议气候变化的行为，以及这种行为的效果和影响，并对这种行为提出了质疑，认为他们应该采取更有效的方式来应对气候危机。因此，作者写这篇文章的目的是质疑和挑战这种实践，故选D项。 （23-24高二下·北京东城·期末）In a new study, researchers have unveiled interesting findings that link the consumption of refined carbohydrates-such as sugary snacks and highly processed foods-with changes in facial attractiveness. They found that individuals who consumed a high glycemic (血糖的) load breakfast were rated as less attractive than those who consumed a low one. 104 participants were asked to attend the study early in the morning on an empty stomach. Upon arrival, they were assigned to consume one of two types of breakfasts having the same caloric values: one high in refined carbohydrates and the other low. About two hours later, they were photographed under standardized conditions to ensure consistency in lighting, background, and positioning. A separate group of raters, who were carefully selected to minimize cultural bias (偏见), assessed the facial photographs, making judgments on overall attractiveness. To evaluate long-term dietary habits, the participants completed detailed dietary questionnaires concerning their consumption during breakfast, afternoon snacks, and between-meal snacks on the day before the study. This information was used to calculate the glycemic load and energy intake for these meals, providing a comprehensive picture of their usual refined carbohydrate consumption. The researchers found that participants who consumed a breakfast rich in refined carbohydrates were less attractive than those who consumed a low-glycemic breakfast. This effect was observed for both male and female participants. The researchers proposed that this could be related to the physiological effects of low blood sugar, such as changes in skin blood flow and colour, which occur following the consumption of high-glycemic foods. When examining long-term consumption of refined carbohydrates through glycemic load measures, the researchers found that a higher energy intake at breakfast was associated with increased attractiveness for both men and women, suggesting that foods high in fats and proteins, which do not lead to rapid glycemic responses, might contribute positively to perceived attractiveness. However, the effects of refined carbohydrate consumption on attractiveness varied depending on the specific meal and the gender of the participants. For example, while high energy intake at breakfast increased attractiveness across both genders, the glycemic load of afternoon snacks had opposite effects for men and women. Men with a higher glycemic load during their afternoon snack were perceived as more attractive, but for women, a lower glycemic load in this meal was associated with increased attractiveness. While the study includes some limitations, the findings serve as a strong reminder of the far-reaching impact of dietary choices. Further research is needed to understand the broader social implications of diet, which could provide valuable insights into the complex interplay between diet, biology, and social behaviour. 1．What are Paragraph 2 and 3 mainly about? A．The research purpose. B．The research methods. C．The research proposal. D．The research background. 2．What can we learn about the research findings? A．Sharp glycemic reactions might reduce attractiveness. B．Low blood sugar could impact attractiveness positively. C．Men were less affected by refined carbohydrate consumption. D．High energy intake at meals had inconsistent effects on women. 3．What is the purpose of the research? A．To explain a food preference. B．To illustrate a biological process. C．To present a dietary phenomenon. D．To explore a complex association. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项研究发现，摄入精制碳水化合物如甜食和高度加工食品会影响面部吸引力。 1．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Upon arrival, they were assigned to consume one of two types of breakfasts having the same caloric values: one high in refined carbohydrates and the other low.”（到达目的地后，他们被分配食用两种热量相同的早餐中的一种：一种是高精制碳水化合物早餐，另一种是低精制碳水化合物早餐。）以及第三段中“To evaluate long-term dietary habits, the participants completed detailed dietary questionnaires concerning their consumption during breakfast, afternoon snacks, and between-meal snacks on the day before the study.”（为了评估长期饮食习惯，参与者填写了详细的饮食调查问卷，内容涉及研究前一天早餐、下午点心和两餐之间点心的食用情况。）可知第二段和第三段主要说的是研究方法。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中“the researchers found that a higher energy intake at breakfast was associated with increased attractiveness for both men and women, suggesting that foods high in fats and proteins, which do not lead to rapid glycemic responses, might contribute positively to perceived attractiveness(研究人员发现早餐时摄入更多的能量与男性和女性的吸引力增加有关，这表明富含脂肪和蛋白质的食物，不会导致快速的血糖反应，可能对感知吸引力有积极的贡献)”可知，富含脂肪和蛋白质的食物，不会导致快速的血糖反应，可能对感知吸引力有积极的贡献，由此推知剧烈的血糖反应可能会降低吸引力。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第一段中“In a new study, researchers have unveiled interesting findings that link the consumption of refined carbohydrates-such as sugary snacks and highly processed foods-with changes in facial attractiveness. ”（在一项新的研究中，研究人员公布了一项有趣的发现，即精制碳水化合物的摄入与面部吸引力的变化有关。）可知，这个研究的目的是为了探索精制碳水化合物的摄入与面部吸引力的变化之间复杂的关联。故选D项。 （23-24高二下·北京丰台·期末）. The violence of shaking from an earthquake is usually focused in the direction the quake is traveling. But a boomerang quake may spread the intense shaking across a wider zone. The new study, published today in the journal Nature Geoscience, is a major step toward clearing up the complex physics behind boomerang quakes and understanding their potential damage. The latest boomerang was recorded near the mid-ocean ridge in the Atlantic in 2016. By examining the position of the epicenter (震中) and the energy released by each shaking phase, Stephen Hicks, an earthquake seismologist at the Imperial College London and first author of the new study, identified what seemed to be two steps of the quake:The quake initially headed eastward, but then turned back west. “This was weird, ”he says. This second leg of the quake moved remarkably quickly, at so-called supershear speeds. The quake unzipped the surface at an estimated 11, 000 miles per hour—fast enough to dart from New York to London in 18. 5 minutes, so fast that it caused the geologic version of a sonic boom. How often does this happen?A boomerang quake at supershear speeds, as Hicks and his team observed in the Atlantic, may be a fairly rare type. But wider evidence of boomerang quakes is mounting. These back-tracking events have been studied in computer models as well as simulated in lab experiments. “The theory says that it’s there, but it’s quite difficult to see that [in the real world], ”says Hicks. The 2016 earthquake in Kumamoto also seems to have ruptured (破裂) in a similar process. For that event, the initial shake triggered two other quakes, one of which raced backward to partially overlap the initial break. Understanding when and why these boomerang events happen is vital to grappling with risks earthquakes present. “Studies like this help us understand how past earthquakes ruptured, how future earthquakes may rupture, and how that relates to the potential impact for faults (断层) near populated areas, ”says Hicks. These boomerangs maybe obscured by conventional approaches used to analyze quakes, which are based on an assumption that a quake rushes in one direction. “Naturally we’re not looking for it, we don’t expect it to exist,” Hicks says. Yet for earthquakes, it seems, complexities might be the norm rather than the exception. As Hicks puts it: “The more and more we look at earthquakes in more detail, of course we see stranger things.” 1．A boomerang earthquake differs from other quakes because ________. A．it moves at a super-fast speed B．it triggers several small quakes C．it releases immeasurable energy D．it shakes in two opposite directions 2．From the passage, we can learn that _________. A．the coming of the next boomerang can be predicted B．boomerangs are too complex to be fully understood C．boomerang events are commonplace in the real world D．common methods are reliable in analyzing boomerangs 3．What does the underlined phrase “grappling with” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．putting off B．coping with C．bringing about D．fighting against 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“回旋镖地震”的研究进展和潜在危害。这种地震的特点是在传播过程中会改变方向，产生更广泛的强烈震动。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“The violence of shaking from an earthquake is usually focused in the direction the quake is traveling. But a boomerang quake may spread the intense shaking across a wider zone. (地震产生的强烈震动通常集中在地震传播的方向上。但回旋镖地震可能会将强烈的震动扩散到更大的区域。)”同时根据第二段中“By examining the position of the epicenter(震中)and the energy released by each shaking phase, Stephen Hicks, an earthquake seismologist at the Imperial College London and first author of the new study, identified what seemed to be two steps of the quake:The quake initially headed eastward, but then turned back west. (伦敦帝国理工学院(Imperial College London)的地震学家、这项新研究的第一作者斯蒂芬·希克斯(Stephen Hicks)通过研究震中的位置和每个震动阶段释放的能量，确定了地震的两个步骤：地震最初向东移动，但随后又向西转回。)”可知，一个回旋镖地震可能将强烈的震动传播到更广泛的区域，最新的回旋镖地震先向东移动，但随后又向西转回，因此回旋镖地震的震动方向会改变，先朝一个方向，然后转向相反的方向。因此，回旋镖地震与其他地震的主要区别在于它在两个相反的方向上震动。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Yet for earthquakes, it seems, complexities might be the norm rather than the exception. As Hicks puts it: “The more and more we look at earthquakes in more detail, of course we see stranger things.”(然而，对于地震来说，复杂性似乎是常态，而不是例外。正如希克斯所说：“我们对地震的观察越细致，当然就会看到更奇怪的东西。”)”可知，这表明回旋镖地震非常复杂，难以完全理解。故选B。 3．词义猜测题。根据划线词前面的内容“Understanding when and why these boomerang events happen is vital to…(了解这些“回旋镖地震”事件发生的时间和原因对于……)”以及划线词后面的内容“... risks earthquakes present.(……存在地震风险。)”以及后文中“Studies like this help us understand how past earthquakes ruptured, how future earthquakes may rupture, and how that relates to the potential impact for faults (断层) near populated areas(这样的研究帮助我们了解过去的地震是如何破裂的，未来的地震可能会如何破裂，以及这与人口稠密地区附近断层的潜在影响有何关系)”可知，研究回旋镖地震帮助我们了解过去的地震是如何破裂的，未来的地震可能会如何破裂，以及这与人口稠密地区附近断层的潜在影响有何关系即研究回旋镖地震能够有助于我们处理或者解决目前地震存在的危险。故划线词与B选项“coping with(处理，解决)”为同义词。故选B。 （23-24高二下·北京昌平·期末）Our planet has just seen its hottest month on record, with many places on fire or flooded. The likelihood of extreme weather keeps increasing—and people are noticing. However, not everyone notices or feels this threat to the same extent. Based on a representative sample of 1,071 survey respondents from across the UK, we found that people in rural areas showed higher degrees of place attachment than people living in cities, as we expected. However, we were surprised to see that the perceived threat of climate change in: most rural locations was lower. We had not expected that outcome, so we started to dig a little deeper for possible reasons. Rural people may be more resilient to change. Rural people may experience climate change like everyone else, but they may have better ways of coping with it than city residents because of their closer relationship with nature. This may have taught them to be more flexible in how they deal with change. After all, nature changes a lot and that could make them less worried about the major changes happening around them. People in rural areas may not be as aware of climate change as people in cities. Looking more closely, the effect is mostly down to education rather than whether people live in rural areas or not. Research shows that general levels of climate awareness in the UK are quite high. But this does not necessarily correspond to readiness for action or behavioural change. It is well documented, though, that rural inhabitants tend to have more conservative views, which could affect the way climate change is interpreted. Conservative views are often associated with less concern about the climate. People in rural areas may not experience climate change in the same wav as people in cities. This is because rural areas have higher levels of green space than urban areas. For example, you will feel the heat less when you are surrounded by trees. So, although we were surprised that the higher degree of place attachment in people living rurally did not necessarily lead to a higher perception of climate change threat, we can see there are good reasons for that. 1．What does the word “resilient” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Easy to adapt. B．Ready to illustrate. C．Difficult to notice. D．Willing to challenge. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Conservative views in rural areas lower the perception of climate change. B．Strong rural place attachment results in higher climate change awareness. C．Well-educated people are more likely to take actions for climate change. D．Rural people pay more attention to climate change than city residents. 3．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Who are to blame for climate change? B．How do people perceive climate change? C．Why is climate change perceived differently? D．What can people do to cope with climate change? 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了农村地区的人们相比于城市居民来说对气候变化的感知度较低，并分析了其中的原因。 1．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段“Rural people may experience climate change like everyone else, but they may have better ways of coping with it than city residents because of their closer relationship with nature.(农村人可能会像其他人一样经历气候变化，但他们可能比城市居民有更好的应对方式，因为他们与自然的关系更密切。)”可知，农村人可能更能适应气候变化，所以推断划线词的意思是“容易适应”。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“It is well documented, though, that rural inhabitants tend to have more conservative views, which could affect the way climate change is interpreted. Conservative views are often associated with less concern about the climate.(然而，有充分的证据表明，农村居民往往有更保守的观点，这可能会影响对气候变化的解释。保守的观点往往与不太关心气候联系在一起。)”可推知，农村地区的保守观点降低了人们对气候变化的感知度。故选A项。 3．主旨大意题。分析全文内容，结合第二段中“However, we were surprised to see that the perceived threat of climate change in: most rural locations was lower.(然而，我们惊讶地发现，大多数农村地区对气候变化威胁的感知程度较低)”可知，文章主要介绍了农村地区的人们相比于城市居民来说对气候变化的感知度较低，并分析了其中的原因，所以C选项“为什么人们对气候变化的看法不同？”适合用作文章标题。故选C项。 （23-24高二下·北京昌平·期末）Kim found the prospect of learning a new language discouraging, especially as an adult. She saw spending dozens or hours a year on lessons with only slow progress on a new skill as out of reach. This was undoubtedly now Kim felt about her decades’ long ambition to learn Spanish. That all changed, however, when a popular language-learning app presented a more attractive approach: complete one lesson—just six or seven minutes long—every day in order to eventually become bilingual (双语的). This adds up to about 40 hours of study each year, but it is presented as a bite-size daily goal. Actually, this can be applied to almost any ambitious target. But how effective is it? For our study, we partnered with CTL, a nonprofit organization that provides free crisis consultation. All CTL volunteers are asked to complete 200 hours of crisis consultation within a year. We were curious if breaking down this goal could make it more approachable and increase actual working hours. We randomly assigned more than 9,000 CTL volunteers to receive e-mails for three months. One group was encouraged to hit the 200-hour mark with no actual goal breakdown. Two other groups, however, were given clear subgoals: we encouraged one to volunteer for four hours every week and the other to volunteer for eight hours every two weeks. Then we tracked how much time each group spent volunteering during our study. Both groups who were encouraged to focus on a smaller subgoal volunteered 7 to 8 percent more than their peers who were merely encouraged to hit their big goal. We also found suggestive evidence that the more flexible “eight hours every two weeks” framing led to more lasting benefits over time. Although volunteering declined each week during the study across all participants, this decline was slower in the “eight hours every two weeks” condition. It suggests that making modest goals flexible might encourage long-term perseverance. If so, after one year, becoming bilingual is at last within reach for Kim. 1．The author mentions Kim in the first paragraph mainly to ________. A．make a prediction B．introduce a topic C．present an assumption D．evaluate an argument 2．Why did the author and his team cooperate with CLT? A．To calculate the profits of the organization. B．To increase the actual hours of voluntary work. C．To evaluate the effectiveness of a goal-setting strategy. D．To improve the working skills of volunteers in consultation. 3．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．Analysis of the study. B．Process of the study. C．Findings of the study. D．Significance of the study. 4．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Making a fixed goal helps longer perseverance. B．Setting a bigger goal drives people to achieve more. C．Sticking to an ambitious goal contributes to success. D．Breaking down a bigger goal leads to better results. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一个流行的语言学习应用程序通过把学习目标分解成小目标，来完成最后的学习任务。研究表明，将适度的目标变得灵活可能会鼓励长期的毅力。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Kim found the prospect of learning a new language discouraging, especially as an adult. She saw spending dozens or hours a year on lessons with only slow progress on a new skill as out of reach. This was undoubtedly now Kim felt about her decades’ long ambition to learn Spanish. That all changed, however, when a popular language-learning app presented a more attractive approach: complete one lesson—just six or seven minutes long—every day in order to eventually become bilingual (双语的).( Kim发现学习一门新语言的前景令人沮丧，尤其是作为一个成年人。她认为，一年花几十个或几个小时上一门新技能的课，而在这门新技能上只有缓慢的进步是遥不可及的。这无疑是金现在对她几十年来学习西班牙语的夙愿的感受。然而，这一切都改变了，当一个流行的语言学习应用程序提出了一个更有吸引力的方法：为了最终成为双语，每天完成一节课——只要六到七分钟)”可知，作者在第一段提到Kim主要是为了引入话题。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“For our study, we partnered with CTL, a nonprofit organization that provides free crisis consultation. All CTL volunteers are asked to complete 200 hours of crisis consultation within a year. We were curious if breaking down this goal could make it more approachable and increase actual working hours.(在我们的研究中，我们与CTL合作，这是一个提供免费危机咨询的非营利组织。所有CTL志愿者都被要求在一年内完成200小时的危机咨询。我们很好奇，打破这个目标是否能让它更容易实现，并增加实际工作时间)”可知，作者和他的团队与CLT合作是为了评估目标设定策略的有效性。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。根据第三段“We randomly assigned more than 9,000 CTL volunteers to receive e-mails for three months. One group was encouraged to hit the 200-hour mark with no actual goal breakdown. Two other groups, however, were given clear subgoals: we encouraged one to volunteer for four hours every week and the other to volunteer for eight hours every two weeks. Then we tracked how much time each group spent volunteering during our study.(我们随机分配了9000多名CTL志愿者，在三个月内接收电子邮件。其中一组被鼓励在没有实际目标分解的情况下达到200小时的目标。然而，另外两组被赋予了明确的子目标：我们鼓励一组每周做4小时的志愿者，另一组每两周做8小时的志愿者。然后我们追踪了每一组在研究期间做志愿者的时间)”可知，第三段的主要内容是研究过程。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Both groups who were encouraged to focus on a smaller subgoal volunteered 7 to 8 percent more than their peers who were merely encouraged to hit their big goal. We also found suggestive evidence that the more flexible “eight hours every two weeks” framing led to more lasting benefits over time. Although volunteering declined each week during the study across all participants, this decline was slower in the “eight hours every two weeks” condition. It suggests that making modest goals flexible might encourage long-term perseverance.(两组被鼓励专注于小目标的志愿者比那些只被鼓励实现大目标的同龄人多出7%到8%。我们还发现，随着时间的推移，更灵活的“每两周八小时”框架能带来更持久的好处。尽管在研究期间，所有参与者的志愿活动每周都在减少，但在“每两周8小时”的情况下，这种下降速度较慢。研究表明，将适度的目标变得灵活可能会鼓励长期的毅力)”可知，作者想告诉我们把更大的目标分解会带来更好的结果。故选D。 （23-24高二下·北京西城·期末）With its 1.2 million LED lights shining brightly against the Las Vegas night, the Las Vegas Sphere may well be the ultimate symbol of 2020s overuse. But that gigantic entertainment space is also something else: a symbol of the coming conflict between our climate goals and our seemingly insatiable (永不满足) appetite for stuff. In the 1990s, multicolor LED lights were invented to prevent climate disasters by greatly reducing the amount of electricity we use. After all, LED lights use 90 percent less energy and last around 18 times longer than incandescent bulbs (白炽灯). Yet the amount of electricity we consume for light globally is roughly the same today as it was in 2010. That’s partly because of population and economic growth in the developing world. But another big reason is that as technology has advanced, we’ve only grown more wasteful. There’s an economic term for this: the Jevons Paradox, named for the 19th-century English economist William Stanley Jevons, who noticed that as steam engines became ever more efficient, Britain’s appetite for coal increased rather than decreased. The logic of Jevons is that instead of banking the efficiency savings we make as technology advances, we go out and spend it. Today, you can see examples of the Paradox everywhere. When residents in England installed home insulation, their overall heating energy demand soon rebounded, ending up at about the same level as it was before: The residents had apparently chosen to turn up their thermostats (温控器) and live in warmer homes. The good news is that in some cases the efficiency gains are so great that even our insatiable appetite for new stuff cannot completely negate them. Today’s car engines require less fuel, even though Americans on average now drive longer distances in heavier cars. However, the bad news is that the Jevons Paradox seems to be hard-wired into us. There are few examples throughout history of people willingly consuming less energy, either for moral or environmental reasons. For some, the solution is obvious: Governments must do more to limit our energy use, perhaps through regulations or taxes. A global carbon tax would help — though the chances of establishing one remain slim. A more innovative answer comes from Rob West, founder and chief executive of Thunder Said Energy. Having spent years documenting the Jevons Paradox and finding it far more widespread than economists predicted, he thinks the best hope we have is to fight Jevons with Jevons. That means applying the idea that consumption increases as goods become cheaper and more efficient to our production of energy. In other words, the future lies not in rationing (定量供应) energy and hoping humans suddenly change their behavior, but in ensuring any energy we use is as green and attractive as possible. 1．Why does the author mention the Las Vegas Sphere? A．To highlight a space. B．To predict an ending. C．To provide a solution. D．To express a concern. 2．What does the underlined word “negate” in Paragraph 5 most probably mean? A．Put off. B．Break down. C．Push up. D．Wipe out. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．The Jevons Paradox requires more examples. B．Environmental awareness is hard-wired in humans. C．Energy consumption grows as technology advances. D．Efficiency gains guarantee the realization of climate goals. 4．Which of the following statements would Rob West most probably agree with? A．The solution is always to further energy efficiency. B．A global carbon tax has aided in limiting energy use. C．Humans are eager to change their consumption behavior. D．Economists have overestimated the effect of the Jevons Paradox. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文探讨了随着技术进步而出现的能源浪费现象，特别是所谓的“杰文斯悖论”，即随着能源使用效率的提高，人们并未因此减少能源消耗，反而因为商品变得更加便宜和高效而增加了消费。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“With its 1.2 million LED lights shining brightly against the Las Vegas night, the Las Vegas Sphere may well be the ultimate symbol of 2020s overuse. But that gigantic entertainment space is also something else: a symbol of the coming conflict between our climate goals and our seemingly insatiable (永不满足) appetite for stuff. (120万盏LED灯在拉斯维加斯的夜空下闪闪发光，拉斯维加斯球体很可能是本世纪20年代过度使用的终极象征。但这个巨大的娱乐空间也有别的含义：它象征着我们的气候目标与我们似乎无法满足的物质欲望之间即将发生的冲突)”可知，拉斯维加斯球体是2020年代过度使用的终极象征，同时也是我们气候目标与我们似乎永不满足的物质欲望之间即将发生的冲突的象征。因此，作者提到拉斯维加斯球体是为了表达一种担忧。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文的句子“Today’s car engines require less fuel, even though Americans on average now drive longer distances in heavier cars. However, the bad news is that the Jevons Paradox seems to be hard-wired into us. There are few examples throughout history of people willingly consuming less energy, either for moral or environmental reasons. (今天的汽车发动机需要更少的燃料，尽管美国人现在平均驾驶更重的汽车行驶更远的距离。然而，坏消息是，杰文斯悖论似乎与我们根深蒂固。纵观历史，人们出于道德或环境原因愿意减少能源消耗的例子很少)”可知，在某些情况下，效率的提高是如此之大，即使我们对新事物的贪得无厌的胃口也不能完全否定它们。因此，划线词与D选项“Wipe out(勾销，去除)”意思接近。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“There’s an economic term for this: the Jevons Paradox, named for the 19th-century English economist William Stanley Jevons, who noticed that as steam engines became ever more efficient, Britain’s appetite for coal increased rather than decreased. The logic of Jevons is that instead of banking the efficiency savings we make as technology advances, we go out and spend it. (对此有一个经济学术语：杰文斯悖论(Jevons Paradox)，以19世纪英国经济学家威廉·斯坦利·杰文斯(William Stanley Jevons)的名字命名。他注意到，随着蒸汽机的效率越来越高，英国对煤炭的需求非但没有减少，反而增加了。杰文斯的逻辑是，我们不是把随着技术进步而节省下来的效率存起来，而是走出去花掉)”可知，随着技术的进步，能源消耗实际上在增长，而不是减少。特别是提到了杰文斯悖论（Jevons Paradox），即随着蒸汽机等技术的效率提高，能源消耗并没有减少，反而因为商品变得更加便宜和高效而增加了。因此，我们可以得出结论，能源消耗随着技术的进步而增长。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“A more innovative answer comes from Rob West, founder and chief executive of Thunder Said Energy. Having spent years documenting the Jevons Paradox and finding it far more widespread than economists predicted, he thinks the best hope we have is to fight Jevons with Jevons. That means applying the idea that consumption increases as goods become cheaper and more efficient to our production of energy. In other words, the future lies not in rationing (定量供应) energy and hoping humans suddenly change their behavior, but in ensuring any energy we use is as green and attractive as possible. (来自Thunder Said Energy的创始人兼首席执行官罗布·韦斯特（Rob West）给出了一个更具创新性的答案。他花了几年的时间来记录杰文斯悖论（Jevons Paradox），并发现这个悖论比经济学家预测的要普遍得多。他认为，我们最好的希望就是用杰文斯悖论来对抗杰文斯悖论。这意味着，随着商品变得更加便宜和高效，消费也会增加，我们将这种思想应用到能源生产中。换句话说，未来不在于对能源进行配给，并希望人类突然改变他们的行为，而在于确保我们使用的任何能源都尽可能地绿色和吸引人)”可知，Rob West认为对抗杰文斯悖论的最好希望是用杰文斯悖论本身来对抗它，这意味着应用商品变得更便宜和更高效时消费增加的观念到我们的能源生产上。这意味着未来的出路不在于定量供应能源和寄望于人类突然改变行为，而在于确保我们使用的任何能源都尽可能环保和吸引人。因此，他认为提高能源效率是解决问题的关键。故选A。 （23-24高二下·北京西城·期末）Our travels are not limited to physical time. We also experience mental time travel. We visit the past through our memories and then journey into the future by imagining what tomorrow or next year might bring. When we do so, we think of ourselves as we are now, remember who we once were and envision how we will be. A recent study explores how one particular brain region helps to knit together memories of the present and future selves. When people sustain an injury to this area, it leads to a damaged sense of identity. The region, called vmPFC, may produce a fundamental model of the person and place it in mental time. When the region does so, it may be the source of our sense of self. It’s also found that memories that reference the self are easier to recall. They benefit from what researchers have called a self-reference effect. In the study, the researchers used the self-reference effect to assess memories of present and future selves among people who had brain lesions (损伤) to the vmPFC． The scientists worked with people with vmPFC lesions, then compared them with a control group made up of people with injuries to other parts of the brain and healthy individuals. They were asked to list adjectives to describe themselves and a celebrity, both in the present and future. Later, they had to recall these same traits. It was discovered that people in the control group could recall more adjectives linked to themselves than adjectives linked to the celebrity. However, the participants with vmPFC lesions had little or no ability to recall references to the self, regardless of the context of time. Their identification of adjectives for celebrities was also comparatively weak. These findings are intriguing, for the study helps us understand how self-related memories depend on the function of the vmPFC． But what about our past selves? Previous studies asked people to consider their past selves, but there was no evidence of the self-reference effect. Our past selves seem foreign to us, as if they were individuals apart from us. One idea that scientists have put forward to understand this distinction is that perhaps we are not very kind in our judgments of our past selves. Instead we may be rather critical of our previous behavior, emotions and personal traits. We may use our past primarily to construct a more positive self-image in the present. Put another way, because we may recognize flaws (瑕疵) in our past self’s behavior, we tend to distance ourselves from the person we once were. Therefore, bringing the present and future into the spotlight is central to understanding the way our brain and thoughts shape our current selves. And with the research, we have a better idea about the way a small region within our brain is able to build and hold the core ability to maintain our identity. 1．From the passage, we can learn that ________. A．people with vmPFC lesions have a broken sense of identity B．vmPFC-injured people recall celebrities better than others do C．the self-reference effect plays a vital role in considering past self D．people tend to accept past self after realizing their previous faults 2．As for the findings of the recent study on vmPFC, the author is ________. A．critical B．doubtful C．approving D．unconcerned 3．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Testing Our Memories B．Creating Our Sense of Self C．The Power of Self-Reference Effect D．The Importance of Mental Time Travel 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了大脑中的一个特定区域（vmPFC）如何帮助我们将现在的记忆与未来的自我记忆结合起来，从而维持我们的身份感。这项研究发现加深了我们对大脑如何塑造和维持我们当前身份的理解。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“ It was discovered that people in the control group could recall more adjectives linked to themselves than adjectives linked to the celebrity. However, the participants with vmPFC lesions had little or no ability to recall references to the self, regardless of the context of time. Their identification of adjectives for celebrities was also comparatively weak. (研究发现，对照组的人能回忆起更多与自身相关的形容词，而不是与名人相关的形容词。然而，vmPFC损伤的参与者几乎无法回忆起与自身相关的引用，无论时间背景如何。他们对名人的形容词识别能力也相对较弱。)”可知，当人们在这个区域（vmPFC）受伤时，他们几乎无法回忆起与自身相关的引用，无论时间背景如何会导致身份感的受损。这与选项A的描述“people with vmPFC lesions have a broken sense of identity (vmPFC损伤的人失去了身份感)”相符。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“These findings are intriguing, for the study helps us understand how self-related memories depend on the function of the vmPFC. (这些发现很有趣，因为这项研究帮助我们理解自我相关的记忆是如何依赖于vmPFC的功能的。)”可知，作者认为这些发现很有趣，因为这项研究帮助我们理解自我相关记忆如何依赖于vmPFC的功能，这说明作者对于vmPFC研究的发现持肯定态度。因此，作者对于vmPFC研究的发现持赞成态度。C选项“approving(支持的)”与作者态度相一致。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章主要讨论了vmPFC区域如何帮助我们将现在的记忆与未来的自我记忆结合起来，以维持我们的身份感。B选项“Creating Our Sense of Self(创造我们的自我意识)”最能概括文章的主旨，符合文章标题。故选B。 2023-2024学年北京期末真题 （22-23高二下·北京朝阳·期末）A theme at this year’s World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting in Switzerland was the perceived need to “speed up breakthroughs in research and technology” Some of this framing was motivated by the climate emergency; some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence (AI). In various conversations, it seems to be taken for granted that to address the world’s problems, scientific research needs to move faster and break things. But what if the thing being broken is science? Or public trust? In recent years, we’ve seen important papers written by well-known scientists and published in influential journals were retracted (召回) because of questionable data or methods. In one notable case, Frances H. Arnold, who shared the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, voluntarily retracted a paper when her lab was unable to replicate (复制) her results — but after the paper had been published. In an open apology, she stated that she was “a bit busy” when the paper was submitted and “did not do my job well”. Arnold’s honesty is admirable, but it raises a question; Are scholars at super competitive places such as Harvard, Stanford and Yale rushing to publish rather than taking the time to do their work right? It’s impossible to answer this question scientifically because there’s no scientific definition of “rushing”. But there’s little doubt that we live in a culture where academics at leading universities are under enormous pressure to produce results—and a lot of them—quickly. Formal research assessments have for years judged academic departments largely on the output quantity. The existing system has led to reduced motivation for excellence and innovation in academic research. A recent reform by academics within the field has urged for quality over quantity. Good science takes time. More than 50 years passed between the 1543 publication of Copernicus’s magnum opus (天体运行论), and the broad scientific acceptance of the heliocentric model of the universe. Nearly a century passed between biochemist Friedrich Miescher’s identification of the DNA and the clarification of its double-helix structure in the 1950s. And it took just about half a century for geologists and geophysicists to accept geophysicist Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental movement. Scientists and other scholars are pushing results out far faster than they used to. Consider the volume of academic papers being published these days. One recent study put the number at over seven million a year, compared with fewer than a million as recently as 1980. Another study found 265 academic authors—two thirds of whom were in the medical and life sciences—who published a paper every five days on average. Some of this growth is driven by more scientists and more co-authorship of papers, but the numbers also suggest that the research world has prioritized quantity over quality. Researchers may need to slow down—not speed up—if we are to produce trustworthy knowledge. 1．The author gives an example of Frances H. Arnold to show that ______. A．academic fields value honesty B．scientists lack time for research C．scholars tend to publish papers in a hurry D．laboratories fail to replicate scientific results 2．What can be inferred from the passage? A．AI and climate issues block research progress. B．Defining “rushing” boosts academic productivity. C．Identifying DNA is easier than clarifying its structure. D．Scholars have acknowledged the problem with academic evaluation. 3．According to the passage, what is the author’s opinion on scientific research? A．Research credibility is a top priority in science. B．More publications enhance researchers’ reputation. C．Studies in medical and life sciences are satisfactory. D．Co-authorship needs to be cancelled for reliable research. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如今科学研究存在急于发表论文，过于注重数量导致了很多问题。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Arnold’s honesty is admirable, but it raises a question; Are scholars at super competitive places such as Harvard, Stanford and Yale rushing to publish rather than taking the time to do their work right?(Arnold的诚实令人钦佩，但这也引发了一个问题；哈佛、斯坦福和耶鲁等竞争激烈的大学的学者们是不是急于发表论文，而不是花时间做好自己的工作？)”可知，作者以Frances H. Arnold为例，说明学者往往急于发表论文。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“Formal research assessments have for years judged academic departments largely on the output quantity. The existing system has led to reduced motivation for excellence and innovation in academic research. A recent reform by academics within the field has urged for quality over quantity.(多年来，正式的研究评估主要是根据产出数量来判断学术部门。现有的体制导致学术研究追求卓越和创新的动力减弱。该领域的学者最近进行了一项改革，呼吁重质轻量)”可知，学者们已经承认了学术评估的问题。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Some of this growth is driven by more scientists and more co-authorship of papers, but the numbers also suggest that the research world has prioritized quantity over quality. Researchers may need to slow down—not speed up—if we are to produce trustworthy knowledge.(这一增长部分是由更多的科学家和更多的论文合著者推动的，但这些数字也表明，研究界更看重数量而不是质量。如果我们想要获得值得信赖的知识，研究人员可能需要放慢速度，而不是加快速度)”可知，作者对科学研究的看法是研究可信度是科学领域的头等大事。故选A。 （22-23高二下·北京朝阳·期末）Most people will learn one or two languages in their lives, but Vaughn Smith speaks 24 languages, a hyperpolyglot— a rare individual who speaks more than 10 languages. However, scientists have largely ignored what’s going on inside the brains of polyglots—people who speak more than five languages— says Evelina Fedorenko, a cognitive (认知的) neuroscientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She adds,“ That’s partly because they account for only 1% of people globally, making it difficult to find enough participants for research.” In a new study led by Fedorenko, researchers looked inside the minds of polyglots like Smith to reveal how language-specific regions in their brains respond to hearing different languages. “This study will contribute to our understanding of how our brain learns languages,” she says. To gain insights into how polyglots process five or more languages, Fedorenko’s team scanned the brains of 25 polyglots. They used a brain imaging technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which measures blood flow in the brain, to map out these language networks. Inside the fMRI machine, the polyglots listened to a series of 16-second-long recordings in one of eight different languages. The eight languages included each participant’s native language, three others they learned later in life, and four unfamiliar languages. Two of the unfamiliar languages were closely related to the participant’s native language—for instance, Spanish for a native Italian speaker. The other two unfamiliar languages came from unrelated language families. The researchers found that when participants heard any of the eight languages, blood always rushed to the same brain regions. In other words, the participants’ brains appeared to use the same basic network as monolinguals (单语言者) to try to understand the sounds, regardless of which language they heard. Moreover, the activity in the brain’s language networks changed based on how well participants understood a language. The more familiar the language, the larger the response. Brain activity particularly was invigorated when participants heard unfamiliar languages that were closely related to ones they knew well. This might have happened as brain areas worked overtime to puzzle out the meanings based on similarities between the languages. There was one exception to the rule: When participants heard their native tongue, their language networks were actually quieter than when they heard other familiar languages. This trend held even when participants were fluent in their other familiar languages. That could be so because expertise reduces the amount of brain power needed for a task, the researchers note. While this study casts light on multilinguists’ brain activity, there are still unanswered questions. Notably, future research hopes to study people who learned multiple languages from infancy (婴儿期). Nevertheless, “this study could one day lead to better tools to help people relearn languages more easily after a stroke or brain damage.” Fedorenko says. 1．What is the main purpose of the first paragraph? A．To present a latest brain theory. B．To stress the significance of the study. C．To explain the research method. D．To provide the definitions of two terms. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．The brain processes native languages with much effort. B．Blood flow in the brain is unrelated to language familiarity. C．The brain uses the same areas to process multiple languages. D．Effective treatments for language disorders have been discovered. 3．What does the word “invigorated” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Evaluated. B．Activated. C．Affected. D．Reduced. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Impact of Language Familiarity on Brain B．Challenges in Studying Language Geniuses C．Secrets of Language Processing in Polyglots D．Edge of fMRI in Revealing Language Processing 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文属于说明文。文章通过介绍一项关于多语言者大脑活动的研究，旨在向公众普及认知神经科学领域的最新发现，解释多语言者如何处理和理解不同语言的科学原理，以及这项研究对理解大脑语言学习机制的贡献。 1．推理判断题。由文章第一段“Most people will learn one or two languages in their lives, but Vaughn Smith speaks 24 languages, a hyperpolyglot— a rare individual who speaks more than 10 languages. However, scientists have largely ignored what’s going on inside the brains of polyglots—people who speak more than five languages— says Evelina Fedorenko, a cognitive (认知的) neuroscientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She adds,“ That’s partly because they account for only 1% of people globally, making it difficult to find enough participants for research.” In a new study led by Fedorenko, researchers looked inside the minds of polyglots like Smith to reveal how language-specific regions in their brains respond to hearing different languages. “This study will contribute to our understanding of how our brain learns languages,” she says. (大多数人在一生中会学习一到两种语言，但沃恩·史密斯会说24种语言，他是一个精通多种语言的人——很少有人会说10种以上的语言。麻省理工学院的认知神经科学家Evelina Fedorenko说，然而，科学家们在很大程度上忽视了多语言者——会说五种以上语言的人——大脑内部发生的事情。她补充说：“部分原因是他们只占全球人口的1%，因此很难找到足够的参与者进行研究。”在费多连科领导的一项新研究中，研究人员观察了像史密斯这样的通晓多种语言的人的大脑内部，以揭示他们大脑中特定语言区域对听到不同语言的反应。她说：“这项研究将有助于我们理解大脑是如何学习语言的。”)”可知，它首先提到了多数人只会学习一到两种语言，然后介绍了超多语言者Vaughn Smith的情况，并指出科学家们对于这类人群大脑内部运作情况的研究很少，最后通过Evelina Fedorenko的话强调了新研究将有助于我们理解大脑是如何学习语言的。因此，第一段的主要目的是强调这项研究的意义。故选B。 2．推理判断题。由文章第三段中“The researchers found that when participants heard any of the eight languages, blood always rushed to the same brain regions. (研究人员发现，当参与者听到八种语言中的任何一种时，血液总是涌向相同的大脑区域。)”可知，无论听到哪一种语言，参与者的大脑总是有血液涌向相同的区域，即大脑使用相同的区域来处理多种语言。故选C。 3．词句猜测题。由文章第三段中“Moreover, the activity in the brain’s language networks changed based on how well participants understood a language. The more familiar the language, the larger the response. (此外，大脑语言网络的活动根据参与者对语言的理解程度而变化。语言越熟悉，反应就越大。)”和“when participants heard unfamiliar languages that were closely related to ones they knew well. (当参与者听到与他们熟悉的语言密切相关的不熟悉的语言时)”可知，当参与者听到与他们熟悉的语言密切相关的陌生语言时，他们的大脑活动尤其活跃。因此，invigorated在此处意为“激活”。A. Evaluated评估；B. Activated激活；C. Affected影响；D. Reduced减少。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“ In a new study led by Fedorenko, researchers looked inside the minds of polyglots like Smith to reveal how language-specific regions in their brains respond to hearing different languages. “This study will contribute to our understanding of how our brain learns languages,” she says. (在费多连科领导的一项新研究中，研究人员观察了像史密斯这样的通晓多种语言的人的大脑内部，以揭示他们大脑中特定语言区域对听到不同语言的反应。她说：“这项研究将有助于我们理解大脑是如何学习语言的。”)”可知，文章主要通过研究，揭示了多语言者处理多种语言的秘密。因此，最合适的标题是“Secrets of Language Processing in Polyglots (多语言者语言处理的秘密)”。故选C。 （22-23高二下·北京房山·期末）Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind to be both functional and beautiful. Why, then, is art still so widely considered to be “the easy subject” at school, insignificant to wider society, a waste of time and effort? Art can connect culture with commercial (商业的) products in a way that not many other things can; art generates money and holds significant emotional and cultural value within communities. When people attend a concert, they are paying for music, sure, maybe even hotel rooms, meals, and transport, but they also gain an incredible experience, a unique atmosphere and a memory that will go through the rest of their lives. People don’t just want material things anymore, they want to experience life—the arts are a perfect crossover (交迭) between culture and commerce. Furthermore, the arts can bring communities together, reducing loneliness and making people feel safer. Social relationships are created among individuals when they share their arts experiences through reflection and discussion, and their expression of common values through artworks in honour of events significant to a nation’s experience. The arts clearly have a pretty positive impact on physical and psychological health. It is found that people who frequent cultural places or participate in artistic events are more likely to gain good health compared to those who do not; more engagement with the arts is linked to a higher level of people’s well-being. The Royal Society of Public Health discovered that music and art, when used in hospitals, help to improve the conditions of patients by reducing stress, anxiety and blood pressure. Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their education: those engaged with drama have greater literary ability while others taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. Kids with preference for the arts have a greater chance of finding employment in the future. Participating in the arts is essential for child development; encouraging children to express themselves in constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life. Vital to human life, art is celebrated and used by nations across the world for various purposes. Life without art would be boring and dead still, for art is a part of what makes us human. 1．As for art products, which would the author agree with? A．Most people buy them for collection. B．Their prices may climb up as time passes. C．They differ from many other commercial products. D．They have cultural values rather than commercial values. 2．Kids who engage with the arts tend to ________. A．be more responsible adults when they grow up B．be more confident in exhibiting their learning skills C．have more opportunities to do creative jobs in the future D．have better learning performance and emotional development 3．What can we learn from this passage? A．Art products are more expensive. B．The arts can make people feel lonelier. C．Artistic activities can improve people’s health. D．The arts can help people become more beautiful. 4．What is the best title for this passage? A．Art Is Beneficial for Patients B．Art Wastes Time and Effort C．Art Can Prevent Heart Disease D．Art Is Important to Humankind 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要从艺术与文化、商业的交融、社区凝聚力、身心健康以及教育成就等方面，全面阐述了艺术的重要性和积极影响。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Art can connect culture with commercial (商业的) products in a way that not many other things can; art generates money and holds significant emotional and cultural value within communities.(艺术可以把文化和商业产品联系起来，这是其他很多东西做不到的。艺术能赚钱，并在社区中拥有重要的情感和文化价值。)”以及“People don’t just want material things anymore, they want to experience life—the arts are a perfect crossover (交迭) between culture and commerce.(人们不再只是想要物质上的东西，他们想要体验生活——艺术是文化和商业之间的完美交迭。)”可知，作者认为艺术作品和其他商业产品不一样，艺术作品将文化和产品联系在一起，使文化和商业之间的完美交迭。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their education: those engaged with drama have greater literary ability while others taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. (参与艺术的孩子在他们的教育中取得更大的成就:那些参与戏剧的孩子有更大的文学能力，而其他参加音乐实践的孩子在数学和语言方面表现出更大的技能。)”以及“Participating in the arts is essential for child development; encouraging children to express themselves in constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life.(参与艺术活动对儿童发展至关重要;鼓励孩子以建设性的方式表达自己可以帮助他们在以后的生活中形成健康的情绪反应。)”可知，参与艺术的孩子未来会在学业上有更好的表现，并且拥有健康的情绪反应。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“The arts clearly have a pretty positive impact on physical and psychological health. It is found that people who frequent cultural places or participate in artistic events are more likely to gain good health compared to those who do not; more engagement with the arts is linked to a higher level of people’s well-being. (艺术显然对身心健康有相当积极的影响。研究发现，经常去文化场所或参加艺术活动的人比不这样做的人更有可能获得良好的健康；更多地参与艺术与人们的更高水平的福祉有关。)”可知，艺术对人们的身心健康有着积极的影响，也就是说艺术可以改善人们的健康。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind to be both functional and beautiful. Why, then, is art still so widely considered to be “the easy subject” at school, insignificant to wider society, a waste of time and effort?(艺术无处不在。任何公共空间都是由艺术头脑精心设计的，既实用又美观。那么，为什么艺术仍然被广泛认为是学校里的“轻松科目”，对更广泛的社会来说无足轻重，是浪费时间和精力呢？)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要从艺术与文化、商业的交融、社区凝聚力、身心健康以及教育成就等方面，全面阐述了艺术的重要性和积极影响。故选D。 试卷第1页，共3页 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$