专题06 阅读理解之议论文10篇-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高一英语下学期期末真题分类汇编（北京专用）

专题06 阅读理解之议论文10篇 2023-2024学年北京期末真题 （23-24高一下·北京石景山·期末）The practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past. With the coming of new technologies like computers and smartphones, writing by hand has become something of a nostalgic (怀旧的) skill. However, while today’s educators are using more and more technology in their teaching, many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful — both in school and in life. Virginia Berninger, professor of educational psychology at the University of Washington, says it’s important to continue teaching handwriting and help children acquire the skill of writing by hand. Berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that looked at the ability of students to complete various writing tasks — both on a computer and by hand. The study, published last year, found that when writing with a pen and paper, participants wrote longer essays and more complete sentences and had a faster word production rate. In a more recent study, Berninger looked at what role spelling plays in a student’s writing skills and found that how well children spell is tied to how well they can write. “Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active, which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas,” Berninger said. “Spelling helps students translate ideas into words in their mind first and then to transcribe (转换) those words in the mind into written symbols on paper or keyboard and screen,” the study said. “Seeing the words in the “mind’s eye” helps children not only to turn their ideas into words,” says Berninger, “but also to find out spelling mistakes when they write the words down and to correct them over time.” “In our computer age, some people believe that we don’t have to teach spelling because we have spell checks,” she said. “But until a child has a functional spelling ability of about a fifth grade level, they won’t have the knowledge to choose the correct spelling among the options given by the computer.” 1．What makes writing by hand a thing of the past? A．The importance of writing by hand. B．The lack of practice in handwriting. C．The use of new technologies like computers and smartphones. D．The belief that handwriting skills are unnecessary for success. 2．Which of the following best shows the role of spelling? A．Spelling improves one’s long-run memory of words. B．Spelling ability is closely connected to writing ability. C．Spelling benefits the translation from words into ideas. D．Spelling slows down finding right words to express ideas. 3．What does the underlined expression “mind’s eye” in Paragraph 5 mean? A．Wind. B．Spirit. C．Imagination. D．Picture. 4．What conclusion could be drawn from the passage? A．Handwriting still has a place in today’s classrooms. B．Spell checks can take the place of spelling teaching. C．Computers can help people with their choice of words. D．Functional spelling ability develops fast in the fifth grade. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了手写技能在现代教育中的地位，以及拼写能力对于写作技能的重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past. With the coming of new technologies like computers and smartphones, writing by hand has become something of a nostalgic skill.”（学生无休止地从黑板上抄写字母和句子的做法已经成为过去。随着计算机和智能手机等新技术的出现，手写已经成为一种怀旧的技能。）可知，新技术如计算机和智能手机的出现使得手写成为过去。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In a more recent study, Berninger looked at what role spelling plays in a student’s writing skills and found that how well children spell is tied to how well they can write.”（在最近的一项研究中，Berninger研究了拼写在学生写作技能中的作用，并发现孩子们的拼写能力与他们的写作水平密切相关。）可知，拼写能力与写作能力密切相关，这最好地体现了拼写的作用。故选B项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第五段中“Spelling helps students translate ideas into words in their mind first and then to transcribe (转换) those words in the mind into written symbols on paper or keyboard and screen.”（拼写有助于学生首先将想法转化为脑海中的单词，然后将脑海中的单词转录为纸上、键盘上或屏幕上的书面符号。）以及“‘Seeing the words in the “mind’s eye” helps children not only to turn their ideas into words, but also to find out spelling mistakes when they write the words down and to correct them over time.’”（“在‘心灵之眼’中看到单词不仅有助于孩子们将想法转化为单词，还有助于他们在写下单词时发现拼写错误，并随着时间的推移进行更正。”）可知，mind’s eye指的是孩子们在脑海中想象单词的过程，即想象力（Imagination）。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段中“However, while today’s educators are using more and more technology in their teaching, many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful — both in school and in life.”（然而，尽管今天的教育者在教学中使用了越来越多的技术，但许多人认为基本的手写技能对于学生在学校和生活中的成功仍然是必要的。）以及后文对手写技能和拼写能力的讨论，可知文章主要讨论了手写技能在现代教育中的地位，由此推知，手写技能在今天的课堂上仍然有一席之地。故选A项。 （23-24高一下·北京顺义·期末）In a recent interview with the CEO of Norges Bank Investment Management, Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla, said artificial intelligence (AI) (人工智能) may become smarter than any human by the end of next year. It is true that AI achievements over the past 18 months, including video generation tools and chat robots, have made the development of AI faster. The Financial Times reported that Musk actually announced last year that humans would  “fully”  achieve general artificial intelligence by 2029. Musk has long been supportive of AI development, believing it is so powerful that it can beat the most capable human in any field. Despite its rapid development, AI needs policy, resources and technological support. Yet its use in many fields now does not have this kind of support.  Cooperation (合作) among countries is also needed for AI development, but current international cooperation depends on many national causes, blocking the smooth development of AI. At the same time, AI development is also limited by some cultural causes, such as ChatGPT’s answers being more in line with the Western environment, which means the development of AI with a single national power may increase the imbalance of global AI development. All these call for exact connection between capital and the market, and a full range of international cooperation for AI  development. The fast development of AI in recent years has reduced production costs and improved production efficiency (效率), opening the door to new business forms in various areas. Despite bringing in efficiency, the use of artificial intelligence is also filled with risks. The technology continues to increase the difficulty in dealing with the problems concerning various laws, leading to calls for the sound law system applicable to this new technology. According to experts, the power used by human brains is much lower than the power lost to artificial intelligence operation, and there is still a gap between the levels of artificial intelligence and human intelligence. However, from a long-term viewpoint, they believe that artificial intelligence, which now has many shortcomings compared with the human brain, may eventually better human intelligence supported by algorithms (算法) and data, depending on how some software develops. The time of artificial intelligence is a time of risks and opportunities, and the uncertainty brought by this technology to human society may be far greater than the certainty. 1．How does the writer raise the subject of AI? A．By listing human achievements. B．By using the words of Elon Musk. C．By showing video generation tools. D．By providing specific data in the past. 2．According to the writer, which of the following is the risk of using AI? A．The loss of cultural traditions. B．The pollution of the environment. C．The reduction of production efficiency. D．The difficulty of dealing with law problems. 3．What does the underlined word  “shortcomings” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Weaknesses. B．Mistakes. C．Benefits. D．Qualities. 4．What is the writer’s attitude towards AI development? A．Surprised. B．Supportive. C．Worried. D．Frightened. 5．What can we learn from this passage? A．We should call on people to stop using AI. B．There are many possibilities for the development of AI. C．The opinion of Elon Musk is the same as most people’s ideas. D．Many countries have caught the opportunity to buy AI chat robots. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C 5．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者陈述人工智能发展的现状以及陈述自己的看法，即给人工智能人类社会带来的不确定性可能远远大于确定性。 1．推理判断题。由文章第一段“In a recent interview with the CEO of Norges Bank Investment Management, Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla, said artificial intelligence (AI) (人工智能) may become smarter than any human by the end of next year.(特斯拉首席执行官埃隆·马斯克在最近接受挪威银行投资管理公司首席执行官采访时表示，到明年年底，人工智能（AI）可能会变得比任何人都聪明。)”可知，作者用埃隆·马斯克的话提出了人工智能的话题。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。由文章第四段中“Despite bringing in efficiency, the use of artificial intelligence is also filled with risks. The technology continues to increase the difficulty in dealing with the problems concerning various laws, leading to calls for the sound law system applicable to this new technology.(尽管带来了效率，但人工智能的使用也充满了风险。这项技术继续增加了处理各种法律问题的难度，导致人们呼吁建立适用于这项新技术的健全法律体系。)”可知，处理法律问题的困难是使用人工智能的风险之一。故选D项。 3．词句猜测题。由划线词上文“According to experts, the power used by human brains is much lower than the power lost to artificial intelligence operation, and there is still a gap between the levels of artificial intelligence and human intelligence.(据专家介绍，人脑消耗功率远低于人工智能运行时所损耗功率，人工智能要达到人类智能水平尚存差距。)”可知，与人脑相比，人工智能目前存在一些缺点和不足之处；结合“However, from a long-term viewpoint, they believe that artificial intelligence, which now has many shortcomings compared with the human brain, may eventually better human intelligence supported by algorithms (算法) and data, depending on how some software develops.(然而，从长远来看，他们认为，与人脑相比，人工智能现在有许多shortcomings，但最终可能会在算法和数据的支持下胜过人类智能，这取决于一些软件的开发方式。)”中的“However”可知，专家们认为，尽管与人脑相比，人工智能现在有许多缺点和不足之处，但是从长远来看，在算法、数据不断加持下或最终超越人类智能；shortcomings意为“缺点，不足之处”，与weaknesses意思一致。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。由文章第三段“Despite its rapid development, AI needs policy, resources and technological support. Yet its use in many fields now does not have this kind of support.(尽管人工智能发展迅速，但它需要政策、资源和技术支持。然而，它在许多领域的使用现在没有这种支持。)”、第四段“Despite bringing in efficiency, the use of artificial intelligence is also filled with risks. (尽管提高了效率，但使用人工智能也充满了风险。)”和最后一段“The time of artificial intelligence is a time of risks and opportunities, and the uncertainty brought by this technology to human society may be far greater than the certainty.(人工智能时代是一个充满风险和机遇的时代，这项技术给人类社会带来的不确定性可能远远大于确定性。)”可知，作者对人工智能的发展充满担心。故选C项。 5．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“The time of artificial intelligence is a time of risks and opportunities, and the uncertainty brought by this technology to human society may be far greater than the certainty.(人工智能时代是一个充满风险和机遇的时代，这项技术给人类社会带来的不确定性可能远远大于确定性。)”以及上文可知，人工智能的发展有很多可能性，因为它有很多的不确定性。故选B项。 （23-24高一下·北京丰台·期末）A Perspective article published in Nature this week says that AI systems pose a further risk: that researchers envision such tools as possessed of superhuman abilities when it comes to objectivity, productivity and understanding complex concepts. Scientists planning to use AI “must evaluate these risks now, while AI applications are still nascent (未成熟的), because they will be much more difficult to address if AI tools become deeply embedded in the research pipeline”, write co-authors Lisa Messeri and Molly Crockett. In this article, Messeri and Crockett put together a picture of the ways in which scientists see AI systems as enhancing human capabilities. In one ‘vision’, which they call AI as Oracle, researchers see AI tools as able to tirelessly read and digest scientific papers, and so survey the scientific literature more exhaustively than people can. In both Oracle and another vision, called AI as Arbiter, systems are perceived as evaluating scientific findings more objectively than do people, because they are less likely to cherry-pick the literature to support a desired hypothesis or to show favouritism in peer review. In a third vision, AI as Quant, AI tools seem to surpass the limits of the human mind in analyzing vast and complex data. In the fourth, AI as Surrogate, AI tools simulate (模拟) data that are too difficult or complex to obtain. Informed by anthropology and cognitive science, Messeri and Crockett predict risks that arise from these visions. One is the illusion of explanatory depth, in which people relying on another person — or, in this case, an algorithm — for knowledge have a tendency to mistake that knowledge for their own and think their understanding is deeper than it actually is. Another risk is that research becomes skewed towards studying the kinds of thing that AI systems can test — the researchers call this the illusion of exploratory breadth. For example, in social science, the vision of AI as Surrogate could encourage experiments involving human behaviors that can be simulated by an AI — and discourage those on behaviors that cannot, such as anything that requires being embodied physically. There’s also the illusion of objectivity, in which researchers see AI systems as representing all possible viewpoints or not having a viewpoint. In fact, these tools reflect only the viewpoints found in the data they have been trained on, and are known to adopt the biases (偏见) found in those data. “There’s a risk that we forget that there are certain questions we just can’t answer about human beings using AI tools,” says Crockett. The illusion of objectivity is particularly worrying given the benefits of including diverse viewpoints in research. If you’re a scientist planning to use AI, you can reduce these dangers through a number of strategies. One is to map your proposed use to one of the visions, and consider which traps you are most likely to fall into. Another approach is to be deliberate about how you use AI. Deploying AI tools to save time on something your team already has expertise in is less risky than using them to provide expertise you just don’t have, says Crockett. 1．According to Paragraph 2, which might scientists agree with? A．Human intelligence can’t be overshadowed in analyzing data. B．Prejudice has been ruled out by AI tools in scientific evaluation. C．Studies with desired hypothesis are usually favored in peer review. D．AI can conduct a relatively thorough overview of the prior research. 2．What does the underlined word “skewed” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Declining. B．Partial. C．Dynamic. D．Irrelevant. 3．What can we learn from this passage? A．Relying on AI to fill gaps in the team’s knowledge is much preferable. B．AI isn’t limited to the outlook and biases present within its training data. C．Instant actions must be taken to rate AI’s risks before it is fully integrated into research. D．Users counting heavily on AI tend to underestimate their insight of a concept. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．A Call for Considered Use of AI in Science B．The Unseen Biases of AI in Social Science C．AI’s Role in Enhancing Human Expertise D．How AI Is Shaping Scientific Discovery 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要讨论了人工智能在科学研究中的应用可能带来的风险，包括对人工智能超人能力的错觉，以及由此产生的研究偏向和客观性幻象。作者呼吁科学家人工智能工具尚处于初级阶段时评估并应对这些风险，提出通过识别使用人工智能的潜在陷阱和有意识地应用人工智能来减少危险的策略。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“In one ‘vision’, which they call AI as Oracle, researchers see AI tools as able to tirelessly read and digest scientific papers, and so survey the scientific literature more exhaustively than people can. (在一个“愿景”中，他们将人工智能称为甲骨文，研究人员认为人工智能工具能够不知疲倦地阅读和消化科学论文，因此比人类更详尽地调查科学文献。)”以及“In a third vision, AI as Quant, AI tools seem to surpass the limits of the human mind in analyzing vast and complex data. In the fourth, AI as Surrogate, AI tools simulate (模拟) data that are too difficult or complex to obtain. (在第三种愿景中，AI as Quant，人工智能工具在分析庞大而复杂的数据方面似乎超越了人类思维的极限。在第四个中，人工智能作为替代物，人工智能工具模拟太难或太复杂而无法获得的数据。)”可知，人工智能工具可以更详尽地调查科学文献，分析庞大而复杂的数据，并模拟太难或太复杂而无法获得的数据，由此可推知，科学家可能同意的观点是人工智能能够对先前的研究进行相对全面的概述。故选D项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第四段“Another risk is that research becomes skewed towards studying the kinds of thing that AI systems can test—the researchers call this the illusion of exploratory breadth. (另一个风险是，研究对于研究人工智能系统可以测试的东西变得skewed——研究人员称之为探索广度的错觉。)”可知，研究可能会偏向于人工智能系统能够测试的类型的事物，推测划线单词表示“偏向的”，与Partial意义相近。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第一段“Scientists planning to use AI “must evaluate these risks now, while AI applications are still nascent (未成熟的), because they will be much more difficult to address if AI tools become deeply embedded in the research pipeline”, write co-authors Lisa Messeri and Molly Crockett. (合著者Lisa Messeri和Molly Crockett写道，计划使用人工智能的科学家“现在必须评估这些风险，而人工智能应用仍处于萌芽阶段，因为如果人工智能工具深深嵌入研究管道中，它们将更难解决”。)”可知，在人工智能完全融入研究之前，必须立即采取行动对其风险进行评估。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Scientists planning to use AI “must evaluate these risks now, while AI applications are still nascent (未成熟的), because they will be much more difficult to address if AI tools become deeply embedded in the research pipeline”, write co-authors Lisa Messeri and Molly Crockett. (合著者Lisa Messeri和Molly Crockett写道，计划使用人工智能的科学家“现在必须评估这些风险，而人工智能应用仍处于萌芽阶段，因为如果人工智能工具深深嵌入研究管道中，它们将更难解决”)”、最后一段“If you’re a scientist planning to use AI, you can reduce these dangers through a number of strategies. One is to map your proposed use to one of the visions, and consider which traps you are most likely to fall into. Another approach is to be deliberate about how you use AI. Deploying AI tools to save time on something your team already has expertise in is less risky than using them to provide expertise you just don’t have, says Crockett. (如果你是一名计划使用人工智能的科学家，你可以通过多种策略来减少这些危险。一种是将你提议的用途映射到其中一个愿景，并考虑你最有可能陷入哪些陷阱。另一种方法是慎重考虑如何使用人工智能。Crockett说，部署人工智能工具来节省团队已经拥有的专业知识的时间，比使用它们来提供你没有的专业知识风险更小。)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要讨论了人工智能在科学领域的应用可能带来的风险，包括对人工智能能力的过度信任，以及这种信任可能导致的误解和偏斜，呼吁科学家在人工智能工具尚未完全融入研究流程之前，对其潜在风险进行评估，所以“呼吁在科学中经过慎重考虑使用人工智能”适合作为文章标题。故选A项。 （23-24高一下·北京海淀·期末）I get that parents worry about screen time. But speaking as a researcher studying the effects of screen-based experiences, screens can be a great tool for reading. Digital books give children unique opportunities to learn and improve skills through literacy apps. To that end, I am one of many researchers in this field who believe that digital reading should not be considered screen time in the traditional sense. With the large number of educational technological products that lack research and good design, the million-dollar question is: What makes a digital story good for children’s learning? Over the past 20 years, researchers have identified specific design features and reading situations that make some digital books more educational than others. First, it’s crucial that digital books offer high-quality personalized reading experiences. With books that have AI-based text generators and a more open-ended design, children become multimedia creators, co-writers and co-illustrators of their own story universe. Second, digital books can significantly enhance the parent-child reading experience. The questions embedded (嵌入的) in digital books should model and expand what the parent might ask, and through this modeling, enhance the quality of parents’ talk around the book. But as much as I support digital reading, the commercial turn in the development of ed tech worries me, particularly in relation to profit-driven design and misuse of children’s data. Like some social media, subscription libraries turn kids’ attention into a commodity (商品) through automatic book recommendations. These books are often tied to advertising clicks and exhibit low literary quality in their stories. Furthermore, there’s often no content oversight, allowing anyone to become a publisher, which can lead to the creation of biased or data-gathering materials targeting children. Generative AI has expanded content creation possibilities but also raised concerns about quality. In this regard, digital books, like all ed tech, need strict quality checks and improved collaboration between researchers and developers. Anyway, the digital reading format has opened an exciting new research frontier. This includes using real-time data that teachers and other professionals can use to individualize how children learn to read. AI can be a good partner in supporting adults’ choice of texts, prompts and reading activities for children, provided it is trained with diverse data and valid reading models. As researchers’ calls for evidence-based children’s ed tech are being heard by governments and funders, I hope the past two decades of e-book research can deliver the advantages of digital books to all children. Like it or not, I hope you’ll see that, at least for reading, screens can be an amazing tool to teach your child to read. 1．What is the author’s attitude towards counting digital reading as screen time? A．Supportive. B．Neutral. C．Cautious. D．Disapproving. 2．According to the passage, digital books contribute to ______. A．more open-ended questions B．quality parent-child interaction C．personalized design features D．changes in kids’ reading habits 3．What are the major threats to digital reading? A．Profit-driven design and data misuse. B．The strict checks on the content. C．The great number of advertisements. D．Low literary quality but high prices. 4．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To highlight the risks of screen time. B．To introduce some advances in ed tech. C．To offer another view on digital reading. D．To present the benefits of reading online. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了数字阅读对于儿童学习的影响，指出数字书籍可以提供个性化的阅读体验并增强亲子阅读质量，但同时也担忧教育技术发展中的商业化倾向。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Digital books give children unique opportunities to learn and improve skills through literacy apps. To that end, I am one of many researchers in this field who believe that digital reading should not be considered screen time in the traditional sense.”（数字图书通过识字应用程序为孩子们提供了独特的学习和提高技能的机会。为此，我是该领域许多研究人员之一，我们认为数字阅读不应被视为传统意义上的屏幕时间。）可知，作者不赞成把数字阅读算作屏幕时间。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Second, digital books can significantly enhance the parent-child reading experience. The questions embedded (嵌入的) in digital books should model and expand what the parent might ask, and through this modeling, enhance the quality of parents’ talk around the book.”（第二，数字图书可以显著提升亲子阅读体验。电子书中嵌入的问题应该模拟和扩展父母可能会问的问题，并通过这种建模，提高父母围绕着书谈话的质量。）可知，数字图书有助于提升亲子互动的质量。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“But as much as I support digital reading, the commercial turn in the development of ed tech worries me, particularly in relation to profit-driven design and misuse of children’s data.”（尽管我非常支持数字阅读，但教育技术发展中的商业转向让我感到担忧，特别是与利润驱动的设计和滥用儿童数据有关。）可知，利润驱动的设计和数据滥用是数字阅读面临的主要威胁。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其结合第一段中“I get that parents worry about screen time. But speaking as a researcher studying the effects of screen-based experiences, screens can be a great tool for reading. Digital books give children unique opportunities to learn and improve skills through literacy apps. To that end, I am one of many researchers in this field who believe that digital reading should not be considered screen time in the traditional sense.”（我理解家长们对屏幕时间的担忧。但作为一名研究屏幕体验影响的研究者，屏幕可以成为阅读的一个很好的工具。数字图书通过识字应用程序为孩子们提供了独特的学习和提高技能的机会。为此，我是该领域许多研究人员之一，我们认为数字阅读不应被视为传统意义上的屏幕时间。）和最后一段中“Anyway, the digital reading format has opened an exciting new research frontier. This includes using real-time data that teachers and other professionals can use to individualize how children learn to read.”（无论如何，数字阅读格式已经打开了一个令人兴奋的新研究前沿。这包括使用实时数据，教师和其他专业人员可以使用这些数据来个性化儿童学习阅读的方式。）可知，本文的目的是介绍作者对数字阅读的不同看法，他认为数字阅读有其优势，不应被视为传统意义上的屏幕时间。故选C项。 （23-24高一下·北京昌平·期末）Some environmentalists claim that attempts to create a recycling economy for plastics are sure to fail, but the arguments can be not true. In 1980, Disney World in Orlando. Florida, started to work on a new way to generate power for the theme park, cutting its use of oil, the price of which had increased. The Solid Waste Energy Conversion Plant took rubbish, including plastic, and used a method called pyrolysis (热解) to turn it into burnable gases. It opened in 1982, but closed a year later, as the cost of running it went up. Today, environmentalists are mentioning the Disney story to damage the reputation of a set of new technologies, well known as advanced recycling, which take plastic waste and turn it back into brand new plastic. Their argument is false. The failure of Disney’s plant had more to do with a later fall in oil prices than technological or environmental problems. Pyrolysis has improved a lot since the 1980s. And in any case, Disney’s plant was designed to produce fuel, which isn’t classed as advanced recycling. As we report “the incredible new tech that can recycle all plastics forever”, advanced recycling is a game changer that could help to solve the global plastics crisis. It has the possibility to take millions of tonnes of thrown-away plastic, most of which ends up in landfill or the environment, and turn it back into a clean, fresh version by breaking it down to its molecular constituents (分子成分). The goal is a recycling economy. In this case, there is no longer any need to make “virgin” plastic from oil. It isn’t a magic recipe. There are problems around such plants generating toxic (有毒的) waste, their energy use and the continuation of traditional plastics ahead of newer, greener alternatives (替代物). Environmentalists are right to argue that we would be better off gradually getting rid of plastics altogether. But practical considerations mean they aren’t going away any time soon, and most advanced recycling technologies are better for the environment than the alternatives. There is a serious discussion to be had around advanced recycling, not least whether it should be factored into an upcoming global agreement on plastic pollution. Let’s just make sure it is based on the facts, not Disney stories. 1．As for refusing the new tech with the Disney story, the author is . A．worried B．disapproving C．uncertain D．unconcerned 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Plastics would be soon stopped using. B．Plants with new tech don’t produce toxic waste. C．The new tech features recycling all plastics. D．Disney’s plant turned plastic waste into new plastic. 3．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To argue for advanced recycling. B．To stress benefits of reducing plastics. C．To present failure of recycling economy. D．To discuss the problems of reusing waste. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章的主旨是支持先进塑料回收技术并强调其在解决全球塑料危机方面的重要性。作者指出先进塑料回收技术有可能将大量被丢弃的塑料废物转化为全新、清洁的塑料，并探讨了这一技术的环境益处。文章还提及了对环境的影响和未来发展方向，最终呼吁基于事实进行关于先进塑料回收技术的讨论。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Today, environmentalists are mentioning the Disney story to damage the reputation of a set of new technologies, well known as advanced recycling, which take plastic waste and turn it back into brand new plastic.( 今天，环保人士提到迪士尼的故事，试图败坏一套出名的先进回收的新技术的声誉，该技术将塑料废物转化为全新的塑料)” 和第四段中“Their argument is false.( 他们的论点是错误的)”可推知，文章中提到环保主义者引用迪士尼故事来破坏新技术的声誉，作者指出这种论点是错误的，表明作者对拒绝新技术是持不赞同的态度。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段中“As we report “the incredible new tech that can recycle all plastics forever”, advanced recycling is a game changer that could help to solve the global plastics crisis. It has the possibility to take millions of tonnes of thrown-away plastic, most of which ends up in landfill or the environment, and turn it back into a clean, fresh version(正如我们报道的“可以永远循环利用所有塑料的令人难以置信的新技术”，先进回收是一个能够有助于解决全球塑料危机的游戏变革。它有可能将数百万吨被丢弃的塑料，其中大部分最终被填埋或污染环境，转化为干净、全新的塑料版本) ”可知，本文章中提到新技术有可能将数百万吨被丢弃的塑料废物转化为全新的、干净的版本，这意味着新技术可以回收所有的塑料。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。通读全文并结合第四段中“As we report “the incredible new tech that can recycle all plastics forever”, advanced recycling is a game changer that could help to solve the global plastics crisis. It has the possibility to take millions of tonnes of thrown-away plastic, most of which ends up in landfill or the environment, and turn it back into a clean, fresh version by breaking it down to its molecular constituents (分子成分). The goal is a recycling economy. In this case, there is no longer any need to make “virgin” plastic from oil.(正如我们报道的“不可思议的新技术，可以永远回收所有塑料”，先进的回收是一个游戏规则改变者，可以帮助解决全球塑料危机。它有可能将数百万吨的废弃塑料(其中大部分最终被填埋或丢弃在环境中)分解成分子成分，将其转化为干净、新鲜的塑料。目标是循环经济。在这种情况下，不再需要从石油中制造“原始”塑料)”可知，文章主要论证先进回收技术有望解决全球塑料危机，并探讨了先进回收技术的重要性和环境益处，因此文章主张采用先进回收技术。故选A项。 2022-2023学年北京期末真题 （22-23高一下·北京东城·期末）Will chatbots that can generate fascinating articles destroy education as we know it? New York City’s Department of Education recently banned (禁止) the use of ChatGPT. “While the tool may be able to provide quick and easy answers to questions,” says the official statement, “it does not build critical-thinking skills, which are necessary for academic and lifelong success.” Banning such use of technology from the classroom is a nearsighted response. Instead, we must find a way forward in which such technologies combine well with, rather than replace, student thinking. Banning ChatGPT is impossible in practice. Students will find ways around the ban, which will cause a further defensive response from teachers and administrators, and so on. It’s hard to believe that a close race between those digital natives and their educators will end in a decisive victory for the latter. In fact, chatbots may well speed up a trend (趋向) toward valuing critical thinking. In a world where computers can fluently answer any question, students need to get much better at deciding what questions to ask and how to fact-check the answers the program generates. So how do we encourage young people to use their minds when real thinking is so hard to tell apart from its simulacrum (假象)? Teachers, of course, will still want to watch students taking old-fashioned, in-person, no-chatbot-allowed exams to check that they do not cheat. But we must also figure out how to do something new: how to use tools like GPT to inspire deeper thinking. GPT often generates text that is fluent and “reasonable” — but wrong. So using it requires the same mental heavy lifting that writing does: forming an opinion, creating an outline, picking which points to explain and which to drop, and looking for supporting facts. GPT can help with those tasks, but it can’t put them all together. Writing a good essay still requires lots of human thought and work. Indeed, writing is thinking, and good writing is good thinking. One approach is to focus on the process as much as the result. For instance, teachers might require four drafts of an essay. After all, as John McPhee, the famous writer, said, “the central nature of the process is revision.” Each draft gets feedback from the teacher, from peers or even from a chatbot. Then the students produce the next draft, and so on. Will AI one day outperform human beings in thinking? Maybe, but for now, we must think for ourselves. Like any tool, GPT is an enemy of thinking only if we fail to find ways to make it our partner. 1．How does the author feel about the ban? A．Understandable. B．Irresponsible. C．Unwise. D．Necessary. 2．Why is it impossible to ban ChatGPT in practice? A．Because students are digitally fluent. B．Because schools will defend the ban. C．Because ChatGPT will keep developing. D．Because people treasure critical thinking. 3．How does the author explain his idea in Paragraph 6? A．By quoting others. B．By presenting facts.C．By giving examples. D．By showing similarities. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Is GPT a process or a result? B．Will GPT outperform students? C．Why Chatbots become a new trend? D．How can Chatbots serve education? 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。针对纽约市教育部门最近禁止使用ChatGPT的事件，作者进行了分析和讨论，并认为禁止在课堂上使用这种技术是一种目光短浅的反应，使用ChatGPT依然需要人类进行理性思维和判断，甚至对人类的批判思考能力有更高的要求，我们应该学会很好地利用这种技术而不是禁止它。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段“Banning such use of technology from the classroom is a nearsighted response. Instead, we must find a way forward in which such technologies combine well with, rather than replace, student thinking.(禁止在课堂上使用这种技术是一种目光短浅的反应。相反，我们必须找到一条前进的道路，让这些技术与学生的思维很好地结合在一起，而不是取代学生的思维。)”可知，作者认为这一禁令很不明智。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“Students will find ways around the ban, which will cause a further defensive response from teachers and administrators, and so on.(学生们会找到绕开禁令的方法，这将引起教师和管理人员进一步的防御性反应，等等。)”可知，不可能在实践中禁止ChatGPT是因为学生们对数字技术很精通。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第六段最后五句“GPT often generates text that is fluent and “reasonable” — but wrong. So using it requires the same mental heavy lifting that writing does: forming an opinion, creating an outline, picking which points to explain and which to drop, and looking for supporting facts. GPT can help with those tasks, but it can’t put them all together. Writing a good essay still requires lots of human thought and work. Indeed, writing is thinking, and good writing is good thinking.(GPT通常生成流畅且“合理”的文本，但却是错误的。因此，使用它需要和写作一样的脑力劳动：形成观点，创建大纲，选择要解释哪些要点，哪些要点要放弃，寻找支持事实。GPT可以帮助完成这些任务，但它不能把它们放在一起。写一篇好文章仍然需要很多人的思考和工作。的确，写作就是思考，好的写作就是好的思考。)”可知，作者通过陈述事实来解释他的观点。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Will chatbots that can generate fascinating articles destroy education as we know it?(聊天机器人是否会像我们所知道的那样摧毁教育？)”和最后一段“Will AI one day outperform human beings in thinking? Maybe, but for now, we must think for ourselves. Like any tool, GPT is an enemy of thinking only if we fail to find ways to make it our partner.(人工智能有一天会超越人类的思维能力吗？也许吧，但现在，我们必须为自己考虑。像任何工具一样，只有当我们找不到方法让它成为我们的伙伴时，GPT才是思考的敌人。)”可知，文章主要是讲人工智能是否有一天会超越人类的思维能力从而摧毁教育。故选B。 （22-23高一下·北京朝阳·期末）Would you turn down the chance to become a smart cookie? We’ve been longing for quick fixes that could increase our intelligence (智力). Today, people’s hopes lie in brain training apps as a speedy “digital pill”. The more you play, the smarter you will get—or so some apps tell us. But is this digital-shortcut all that it seems to be? The use of games for serious purposes has become widespread with the development of the Internet and smartphones. Brain training apps are typical, frequently featured by Apple and Google’s app stores. Many of such apps say that they are backed by “science”. Even if there were agreement around what makes general intelligence, the idea that increasing it would be as simple as practising a few mini-games every day goes against our current discovery about thinking and learning. Several major studies, surveying users across a wide variety of apps, have found that they have little to no effect on users’ performance. A 2021 study by researchers discovered brain training has no significant effect on cognitive (认知的) functioning in the “real world”. The positive effects reported are limited to the very specific mini-games and tasks, such as memorizing lists of words or numbers, or performing mental calculation (心算). So, if your job or your calling in life needs summing quickly or remembering all your friends’ phone numbers, these apps will do. But if you are expecting them to improve your ability to write a novel or form a complex (复杂的) spreadsheet, you have to look elsewhere. Yet, despite the fact that they hardly work, brain training apps play a leading role, partly because they are regarded to be scientific and partly because users think they are fun. As a co-creator of one of the most popular forms of gamification (游戏化) noted, what is especially disappointing about these apps is that they just aren’t that fun—at least, not compared with the various thoughtful board games and video games coming out every day. Puzzle video games, such as Baba Is You and detective games like Return of the Obra Dinn, see players apply their skill at reasoning, memory and concentration in a far more challenging and engaging (吸引人的) way. If you aren’t into games, simply go for a walk or learn how to dance. They are likely to be more effective than a brain training app in sharpening your mind. These activities might not lead to an increased IQ, but they are sure to engage your brain deeply while having fun—something I can by no means say of brain training apps. 1．Which of the following would the author probably agree with? A．Brain training apps are backed by science. B．Creativity can be improved with brain training apps. C．Gamification has little to do with increasing intelligence. D．Increasing IQ is as simple as practising a few mini-games every day. 2．According to the passage, brain training apps are still popular because ________. A．they turn mental exercises into quick games B．they are considered both scientific and interesting C．they are more effective in shaping our minds than other games D．they have significant effects on the cognitive functioning in the “real world” 3．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．A Smart Cookie or Not? B．There’s No App for That C．What will Games Lead Us to? D．A Digital Pill for Intelligence 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章提出观点称许多人认为借助一些游戏程序能够提高智力，但作者不这样认为，他通过呈现一些研究结果等信息佐证他的观点。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“Even if there were agreement around what makes general intelligence, the idea that increasing it would be as simple as practising a few mini-games every day goes against our current discovery about thinking and learning. (即使人们对一般智力的形成达成了一致，但增加一般智力只需每天练习几个小游戏就可以了，这一想法与我们目前关于思考和学习的发现背道而驰。)”可知，作者认为称每天练习小游戏能够提升智力是不准确的，即可推测，作者不赞同通过游戏化能够增加智力这一说法。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“Yet, despite the fact that they hardly work, brain training apps play a leading role, partly because they are regarded to be scientific and partly because users think they are fun. (然而，尽管大脑训练应用程序几乎不起作用，但它们发挥着主导作用，部分原因是因为它们被认为是科学的，部分原因在于用户认为它们很有趣。)”可知，这些程序流行的原因是用户认为它们有趣且科学。故选B项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第一段二三句“We’ve been longing for quick fixes that could increase our intelligence (智力). Today, people’s hopes lie in brain training apps as a speedy “digital pill”. (我们一直渴望快速解决问题，以提高我们的智力。今天，人们的希望寄托于作为一种快速的“数字药丸”的大脑训练应用程序们上。)”可推测，本文探讨的核心在于这些“数字药丸”；根据用于引出下文的第一段最后一句“But is this digital-shortcut all that it seems to be? (但是，这条数字捷径看起来就是这样吗？)”可知，作者对这些“数字药丸”有没有效果表示存疑；而最后一段一二句“If you aren’t into games, simply go for a walk or learn how to dance. They are likely to be more effective than a brain training app in sharpening your mind. (如果你不喜欢游戏，那就去散步或学习跳舞。它们可能能比大脑训练应用程序更有效地磨砺你的头脑。)”指出作者最终得出结论，没有app类的“数字药丸”对提升智力有效，这是本文的标题。故选B项。 （22-23高一下·北京石景山·期末）The first time I heard about my classmates engaging with social media was in the fourth grade. A lot of my friends and classmates had excitedly jumped onto platforms like Instagram at such a young age. On the other hand, I hesitated. I only knew the basics, but was foreign to some words on social media. All throughout middle school, I stuck with the same thinking. And now, as a freshman in college, I am looking back and wondering why I, unlike my classmates, have never been naturally interested in social media. Scanning Instagram, you ought to find dozens of pictures of people in beautiful countries, taking part in exciting activities, and spending time with friends and family, among many other things. The thought of doing this has never related to me. I respect and understand those who do believe using social media allows them to express themselves and share aspects of their lives with others. However, I have never had any interest in doing the same. In my eyes, when not shared with others, family gatherings and friend get-togethers are just as meaningful, if not more so. Most people have experienced feeling insecure (不安全) and unconfident on social media. Images that are changed represent unrealistic beauty standards that can only be obtained through dangerous ways. Even without using social media, I knew that using apps like Instagram and Facebook would make me embarrassed about all the aspects that make me a unique individual. I’ve never wanted to look at a post on social media and immediately compare myself and my life. I constantly observe my classmates getting easily distracted (使分心) by social media.While trying to complete their homework, they have a powerful urge to open up Instagram or Facebook to see if there are any new messages. With homework and after-class activities consuming the majority of my day, I cannot wait to finish every task on my to-do list, so I can finally spend time with my family or have some time for myself to relax from my busy day. 1．What can we know from the first two paragraphs? A．Social media are popular in schools. B．Young pupils suffer from social media. C．The author has no access to social media. D．Social media contribute to students’ study. 2．From paragraph 3, we can know that ________. A．students get easily distracted by social media B．pictures of people taking part in exciting activities are not real C．family gatherings are not meaningful if not shared with others D．the author never shares aspects of his lives with others on social media 3．Why do people using social media might feel insecure? A．They post their images on social media. B．They follow other people’s beauty standards totally. C．Social media change the way they look at themselves. D．Social media encourage them to be a unique individual. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．A to-do list can stop people using social media. B．Social media can waste people’s valuable time. C．Spending time with family always enjoys first priority. D．Students pay more attention to social media than to study. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要从作者对自己不喜欢社交媒体的这一心理的反思入手，针对社交媒体对当下人们的影响进行思考和论述。 1．推理判断题。文章前两段讲述了作者身边的人及作者本人对社交媒体平台的态度，结合第一段前两句“The first time I heard about my classmates engaging with social media was in the fourth grade. A lot of my friends and classmates had excitedly jumped onto platforms like Instagram at such a young age.(我第一次听说同学们使用社交媒体是在四年级的时候。我的很多朋友和同学在很小的时候就兴奋地登上了Instagram这样的平台)”可知，在四年级的时候，作者的朋友和同学就纷纷参与到社交媒体平台，由此可推知，社交媒体很受学生欢迎。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The thought of doing this has never related to me. I respect and understand those who do believe using social media allows them to express themselves and share aspects of their lives with others. However, I have never had any interest in doing the same. In my eyes, when not shared with others, family gatherings and friend get-togethers are just as meaningful, if not more so. (我从来没想过要这么做。我尊重并理解那些相信使用社交媒体可以让他们表达自己并与他人分享生活的人。然而，我从来没有兴趣做同样的事情。在我看来，家庭聚会和朋友聚会在不与人分享的情况下，同样有意义，甚至更有意义)”可知，作者从来没有在社交媒体上分享自己与朋友和家人共度时光的照片。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Most people have experienced feeling insecure and unconfident on social media.   Images that are changed represent unrealistic beauty standards that can only be obtained through dangerous ways.   Even without using social media, I knew that using apps like Instagram and Facebook would make me embarrassed about all the aspects that make me a unique individual. I’ve never wanted to look at a post on social media and immediately compare myself and my life.(大多数人在社交媒体上都有过不安全感和缺乏自信的经历。被改变的照片代表着不切实际的美丽标准，只有通过危险的方式才能获得。即使不使用社交媒体，我也知道使用Instagram和Facebook等应用程序会让我在所有方面都感到尴尬，而这些方面却会让我成为一个独一无二的人。我从来都不想在看到社交媒体上的帖子后，立即将自己和自己的生活与其进行比较)”可知，社交媒体平台上的图片等内容可能是经过编辑的，一些美丽标准是不容易实现的。且这些社交媒体容易让人产生对比心理，阅读者往往将博主的生活和自己的生活进行对比，使自己对自己的看法产生变化，而作者不同于他人，作者是不想这样去对比的。由此可推知，使用社交媒体的人之所以会感到不安全是因为社交媒体使人们之间产生对比，改变了人们看待自己的方式。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段前两句“I constantly observe my classmates getting easily distracted by social media. While trying to complete their homework, they have a powerful urge to open up Instagram or Facebook to see if there are any new messages.(我经常观察到我的同学很容易被社交媒体分心。在努力完成家庭作业的同时，他们有一种强烈的冲动，想打开Instagram或Facebook，看看是否有新消息)”可知，社交媒体会影响完成作业的进度，使得人们浪费宝贵的时间去关注社交动态。故选B项。 2021-2022学年北京期末真题 （21-22高一下·北京昌平·期末）Recently, environmentalists have encouraged us to buy local food. This reduces “food miles”, that is, the distance food travels to get from the producer to the seller. They reason that the higher the food miles, the more carbon emissions (碳排放). Buying local food, therefore, has a lower carbon footprint and is more environmentally friendly. However, the real story is not as simple as that. If our aim is to reduce carbon emissions, we must look at the whole farming process, not just transportation. According to a 2008 study, only 11% of carbon emissions in the food production process result from transportation, and only 4% came from the final delivery of the product from the producer to the seller. In fact, imported food often has a lower carbon footprint than locally grown food. Take apples, for example. In autumn, when apples are harvested, the best option for British people is to buy British apples. However, the apples we buy in winter or spring have been kept refrigerated for months, and this uses up a lot of energy. In spring, therefore, it is more energy-saving to import them from New Zealand, where they are in season. Heating also uses a lot of energy, which is why growing tomatoes in heated greenhouses in the UK is less environmentally friendly than importing them from Spain, where the tomatoes grow well in the local climate. We must also take into account the type of transport. Transporting food by air creates about 50 times more emissions than shipping it. However, only a small number of goods are flown to foreign countries, and these are usually high value, perishable (易腐烂的) goods which we cannot produce locally, such as seafood and out-of-season berries. Even then, these foods may not have a higher carbon footprint than locally grown food. For example, beans flown in from Kenya are grown in sunny fields using human labour and natural fertilisers (肥料), unlikein Britain, where we use oil-based fertilisers and machinery. Therefore, the total carbon footprint is still lower. It’s also worth remembering that a product’s journey does not end at the supermarket. The distance customers travel to buy their food, and the kind of transport they use will also add to its carbon footprint. So driving a long way to shop for food will wipe out any environmental benefits of buying locally grown produce. Recently, some supermarkets have been trying to raise awareness of food miles by labelling (标记) foods with stickers that show it has been imported by air. But the message this gives is too simple. Lots of different factors contribute to a food’s carbon footprint besides the distance it has travelled. 1．What can we learn about “food miles”? A．It influences how people deliver and transport food. B．It will increase if people are encouraged to buy local food. C．It is the key factor contributing to a food’s carbon emissions. D．It shows how far the food goes from farmland to supermarkets. 2．The author will probably agree that _______. A．transporting food by air is the most energy-saving type of shipping B．storing local food creates more carbon emissions than importing food C．human labour and natural fertilisers can increase the carbon footprint D．growing out-of-season food takes less energy than importing food in season 3．What is the author’s attitude towards cutting food miles to reduce carbon emissions? A．Supportive. B．Negative. C．Confused. D．Doubtful. 4．What is the best title of the passage? A．Food miles: Is buying local food always better? B．Carbon emissions: How to grow food in a greener way? C．Transportation: Is delivering food creates carbon footprint? D．Carbon footprint: What does importing food bring to environment? 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要对“减少食物里程以减少碳排放”这一观点进行了讨论，作者认为，要想减少碳排放，不仅仅是减少食物里程，而是着眼于整个农业过程，考虑多方面因素。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“This reduces “food miles”, that is, the distance food travels to get from the producer to the seller. (这减少了“食物里程”，即食物从生产者到销售者的距离。)”可知，“食物里程”指食物从生产者到销售者的距离，由此可知，“食物里程”显示了食物从农田到超市有多远。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段第四句“However, the apples we buy in winter or spring have been kept refrigerated for months, and this uses up a lot of energy. In spring, therefore, it is more energy-saving to import them from New Zealand, where they are in season. (然而，我们在冬天或春天买的苹果已经冷藏了几个月，这消耗了很多能量。因此，在春季，从新西兰进口苹果更节能，因为新西兰正是盛产苹果的季节。)”可知，作者列举苹果的例子告诉我们，储存当地的食物会消耗更多能量，产生更多的碳排放，相比之下，进口食物更节能，由此可知，作者可能会同意储存当地食物比进口食物产生更多的碳排放。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“Recently, environmentalists have encouraged us to buy local food. This reduces “food miles”, that is, the distance food travels to get from the producer to the seller. (最近，环保主义者鼓励我们购买当地食物。这减少了“食物里程”，即食物从生产者到销售者的距离。)”可知，文章第一段表明环保主义者认为减少食物里程可以减少碳排放；根据第二段第一句“However, the real story is not as simple as that. If our aim is to reduce carbon emissions, we must look at the whole farming process, not just transportation. (然而，真实的故事并没有那么简单。如果我们的目标是减少碳排放，我们必须着眼于整个农业过程，而不仅仅是运输。)”和第三段第一句“In fact, imported food often has a lower carbon footprint than locally grown food. (事实上，进口食品的碳足迹通常低于当地种植的食品。)”可知，作者在下文否定了环保主义者的观点，作者认为要想减少碳排放，必须着眼于整个农业过程，而不仅仅是运输，有时，进口食品的碳足迹通常低于当地种植的食品，由此可推断出，作者对减少食物里程以减少碳排放持否定态度。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句“Recently, environmentalists have encouraged us to buy local food. This reduces “food miles”, that is, the distance food travels to get from the producer to the seller. (最近，环保主义者鼓励我们购买当地食物。这减少了“食物里程”，即食物从生产者到销售者的距离。)”第二段第一句“However, the real story is not as simple as that. If our aim is to reduce carbon emissions, we must look at the whole farming process, not just transportation. (然而，真实的故事并没有那么简单。如果我们的目标是减少碳排放，我们必须着眼于整个农业过程，而不仅仅是运输。)”可知，文章主要对“减少食物里程以减少碳排放”这一观点进行了讨论，作者认为，要想减少碳排放，不仅仅是减少食物里程，而是着眼于整个农业过程，考虑多方面因素，并举例告诉我们有时当地的储存食物比进口食物产生更多的碳排放，A选项“Food miles: Is buying local food always better? (食物里程：买当地食物总是更好吗？)”能够概括文章要讨论的话题。故选A项。 （21-22高一下·北京·期末）I watch documentaries, not movies. I read history books, not fiction. I use every free moment to accomplish one of the tasks on my never-ending checklist, and I am completely filled with thoughts of productivity. An hour sleeping is an hour wasted. And like the rest of 21st century America, I like it. But this fixation on productivity is increasingly destroying character and transforming men into robots. New York Times columnist David Brooks warned American University students of this cultural decline in a speech. “We cut off all things spiritual and emotional in a competitive urge to stand out”, he said, “The pressure to succeed professionally, to acquire skills, to do the things you need to do to succeed in an information age economy really became the overwhelming(难以应付的)pressures, and it sort of weakens the thinking about character and morality.” Many students happily go to college, viewing it as a next step on their rise to professional achievement. Forcing as many success-building activities into their schedules as they can, they enjoy keeping busy with little sleep. “Today’s outstanding kids are likely to spend their afternoons and weekends shuttling from one skill-improving activity to the next,” Brooks wrote in an article, “We fear failure more than we desire success.” A century ago, college was about character building. Today, our characters are in decline. We are experts on economics, material things and professional skills. We fail to discuss and understand relationships, emotions and all things spiritual. Philosopher Karl Popper divided the world into two categories: Clocks and Clouds. Clock problems are those that can be taken apart, examined and solved through deductive reasoning(演绎推理). Clouds cannot be taken apart. Cloud problems represent whole systems that need to be understood in a different way. “When we have a Cloud problem, we try to turn it into a Clock problem,” Brooks said. And in a reason-centered culture, adding titles to one’s resume becomes a trend. At American University, 85 percent of seniors (and 89 percent of business majors) graduate with at least one practical experience which is often helpful to a student’s future career, but can sometimes draw focus away from academics. To prevent the death of man’s character, Brooks urges rediscovering our human natures through falling in love. And by love he means love for a task, job, or another person. “Synchronicity is key to happiness,” he said. Rather than crazily increasing our long lists of accomplishments, we need to lose ourselves in what we do, and success will come on its own. 1．From Paragraph 1, we can learn that people ________. A．are controlled by time B．are eager to achieve C．are changing their characters D．are keen on reading books more 2．What is the author’s attitude towards colleges that existed a century ago? A．Tolerant. B．Uncertain. C．Approving. D．Curious. 3．The last paragraph mainly tells us that ________. A．success comes from devotion to work B．the focus on human natures counts C．more work contributes to happiness D．love is more important than focus 4．The purpose of this passage is to ________. A．criticize students’ desire for achievements B．stress the importance of productivity C．warn about the pressure to seek success D．bring awareness to character building 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了过分关注效能、追求成功会使得人们对于性格和精神层面的关注减少，最后在文末呼吁人们应该关注性格或精神层面的发展。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“But this fixation on productivity is increasingly destroying character and transforming men into robots.(但是对生产效率的痴迷会越来越摧毁人们的性格，且将人逐渐变成了机器人)”可知，人们总想产出更多的东西，完成更多的任务，做出更过的东西。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“A century ago, college was about character building. Today, our characters are in decline.(一个世纪以前，上大学是为了塑造品格。如今，我们的品格在下降)”可知，作者对以前的大学是认可的，赞同的。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“To prevent the death of man’s character, Brooks urges rediscovering our human natures through falling in love. And by love he means love for a task, job, or another person. “Synchronicity is key to happiness,” he said. Rather than crazily increasing our long lists of accomplishments, we need to lose ourselves in what we do, and success will come on its own.(为了预防人格的消亡，Brooks竭力主张通过爱来重新发现我们人类的天性。并且他所说的爱是指对任务，工作或者别人的爱。“同步性是幸福的关键。”他说。我们需要专注于我们的工作，而不是疯狂地增加我们的成就清单，那么成功会自然而然的到来)”可知，最后一段主要告诉我们成功来自于我们对工作的投入和热爱。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“But this fixation on productivity is increasingly destroying character and transforming men into robots.(但是对生产效率的痴迷会越来越摧毁人们的性格，且将人逐渐变成了机器人)”可知，手段提出现在人们存在的问题——我了追求效率而忽视了性格或精神层面的东西；以及最后一段段首“To prevent the death of man’s character, Brooks urges rediscovering our human natures through falling in love.(为了预防人格的消亡，Brooks竭力主张通过爱来重新发现我们人类的天性)”可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是为了唤起人们对于性格培养的关注。故选D。 试卷第1页，共3页 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题06 阅读理解之议论文10篇 2023-2024学年北京期末真题 （23-24高一下·北京石景山·期末）The practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past. With the coming of new technologies like computers and smartphones, writing by hand has become something of a nostalgic (怀旧的) skill. However, while today’s educators are using more and more technology in their teaching, many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful — both in school and in life. Virginia Berninger, professor of educational psychology at the University of Washington, says it’s important to continue teaching handwriting and help children acquire the skill of writing by hand. Berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that looked at the ability of students to complete various writing tasks — both on a computer and by hand. The study, published last year, found that when writing with a pen and paper, participants wrote longer essays and more complete sentences and had a faster word production rate. In a more recent study, Berninger looked at what role spelling plays in a student’s writing skills and found that how well children spell is tied to how well they can write. “Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active, which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas,” Berninger said. “Spelling helps students translate ideas into words in their mind first and then to transcribe (转换) those words in the mind into written symbols on paper or keyboard and screen,” the study said. “Seeing the words in the “mind’s eye” helps children not only to turn their ideas into words,” says Berninger, “but also to find out spelling mistakes when they write the words down and to correct them over time.” “In our computer age, some people believe that we don’t have to teach spelling because we have spell checks,” she said. “But until a child has a functional spelling ability of about a fifth grade level, they won’t have the knowledge to choose the correct spelling among the options given by the computer.” 1．What makes writing by hand a thing of the past? A．The importance of writing by hand. B．The lack of practice in handwriting. C．The use of new technologies like computers and smartphones. D．The belief that handwriting skills are unnecessary for success. 2．Which of the following best shows the role of spelling? A．Spelling improves one’s long-run memory of words. B．Spelling ability is closely connected to writing ability. C．Spelling benefits the translation from words into ideas. D．Spelling slows down finding right words to express ideas. 3．What does the underlined expression “mind’s eye” in Paragraph 5 mean? A．Wind. B．Spirit. C．Imagination. D．Picture. 4．What conclusion could be drawn from the passage? A．Handwriting still has a place in today’s classrooms. B．Spell checks can take the place of spelling teaching. C．Computers can help people with their choice of words. D．Functional spelling ability develops fast in the fifth grade. （23-24高一下·北京顺义·期末）In a recent interview with the CEO of Norges Bank Investment Management, Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla, said artificial intelligence (AI) (人工智能) may become smarter than any human by the end of next year. It is true that AI achievements over the past 18 months, including video generation tools and chat robots, have made the development of AI faster. The Financial Times reported that Musk actually announced last year that humans would  “fully”  achieve general artificial intelligence by 2029. Musk has long been supportive of AI development, believing it is so powerful that it can beat the most capable human in any field. Despite its rapid development, AI needs policy, resources and technological support. Yet its use in many fields now does not have this kind of support.  Cooperation (合作) among countries is also needed for AI development, but current international cooperation depends on many national causes, blocking the smooth development of AI. At the same time, AI development is also limited by some cultural causes, such as ChatGPT’s answers being more in line with the Western environment, which means the development of AI with a single national power may increase the imbalance of global AI development. All these call for exact connection between capital and the market, and a full range of international cooperation for AI  development. The fast development of AI in recent years has reduced production costs and improved production efficiency (效率), opening the door to new business forms in various areas. Despite bringing in efficiency, the use of artificial intelligence is also filled with risks. The technology continues to increase the difficulty in dealing with the problems concerning various laws, leading to calls for the sound law system applicable to this new technology. According to experts, the power used by human brains is much lower than the power lost to artificial intelligence operation, and there is still a gap between the levels of artificial intelligence and human intelligence. However, from a long-term viewpoint, they believe that artificial intelligence, which now has many shortcomings compared with the human brain, may eventually better human intelligence supported by algorithms (算法) and data, depending on how some software develops. The time of artificial intelligence is a time of risks and opportunities, and the uncertainty brought by this technology to human society may be far greater than the certainty. 1．How does the writer raise the subject of AI? A．By listing human achievements. B．By using the words of Elon Musk. C．By showing video generation tools. D．By providing specific data in the past. 2．According to the writer, which of the following is the risk of using AI? A．The loss of cultural traditions. B．The pollution of the environment. C．The reduction of production efficiency. D．The difficulty of dealing with law problems. 3．What does the underlined word  “shortcomings” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Weaknesses. B．Mistakes. C．Benefits. D．Qualities. 4．What is the writer’s attitude towards AI development? A．Surprised. B．Supportive. C．Worried. D．Frightened. 5．What can we learn from this passage? A．We should call on people to stop using AI. B．There are many possibilities for the development of AI. C．The opinion of Elon Musk is the same as most people’s ideas. D．Many countries have caught the opportunity to buy AI chat robots. （23-24高一下·北京丰台·期末）A Perspective article published in Nature this week says that AI systems pose a further risk: that researchers envision such tools as possessed of superhuman abilities when it comes to objectivity, productivity and understanding complex concepts. Scientists planning to use AI “must evaluate these risks now, while AI applications are still nascent (未成熟的), because they will be much more difficult to address if AI tools become deeply embedded in the research pipeline”, write co-authors Lisa Messeri and Molly Crockett. In this article, Messeri and Crockett put together a picture of the ways in which scientists see AI systems as enhancing human capabilities. In one ‘vision’, which they call AI as Oracle, researchers see AI tools as able to tirelessly read and digest scientific papers, and so survey the scientific literature more exhaustively than people can. In both Oracle and another vision, called AI as Arbiter, systems are perceived as evaluating scientific findings more objectively than do people, because they are less likely to cherry-pick the literature to support a desired hypothesis or to show favouritism in peer review. In a third vision, AI as Quant, AI tools seem to surpass the limits of the human mind in analyzing vast and complex data. In the fourth, AI as Surrogate, AI tools simulate (模拟) data that are too difficult or complex to obtain. Informed by anthropology and cognitive science, Messeri and Crockett predict risks that arise from these visions. One is the illusion of explanatory depth, in which people relying on another person — or, in this case, an algorithm — for knowledge have a tendency to mistake that knowledge for their own and think their understanding is deeper than it actually is. Another risk is that research becomes skewed towards studying the kinds of thing that AI systems can test — the researchers call this the illusion of exploratory breadth. For example, in social science, the vision of AI as Surrogate could encourage experiments involving human behaviors that can be simulated by an AI — and discourage those on behaviors that cannot, such as anything that requires being embodied physically. There’s also the illusion of objectivity, in which researchers see AI systems as representing all possible viewpoints or not having a viewpoint. In fact, these tools reflect only the viewpoints found in the data they have been trained on, and are known to adopt the biases (偏见) found in those data. “There’s a risk that we forget that there are certain questions we just can’t answer about human beings using AI tools,” says Crockett. The illusion of objectivity is particularly worrying given the benefits of including diverse viewpoints in research. If you’re a scientist planning to use AI, you can reduce these dangers through a number of strategies. One is to map your proposed use to one of the visions, and consider which traps you are most likely to fall into. Another approach is to be deliberate about how you use AI. Deploying AI tools to save time on something your team already has expertise in is less risky than using them to provide expertise you just don’t have, says Crockett. 1．According to Paragraph 2, which might scientists agree with? A．Human intelligence can’t be overshadowed in analyzing data. B．Prejudice has been ruled out by AI tools in scientific evaluation. C．Studies with desired hypothesis are usually favored in peer review. D．AI can conduct a relatively thorough overview of the prior research. 2．What does the underlined word “skewed” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Declining. B．Partial. C．Dynamic. D．Irrelevant. 3．What can we learn from this passage? A．Relying on AI to fill gaps in the team’s knowledge is much preferable. B．AI isn’t limited to the outlook and biases present within its training data. C．Instant actions must be taken to rate AI’s risks before it is fully integrated into research. D．Users counting heavily on AI tend to underestimate their insight of a concept. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．A Call for Considered Use of AI in Science B．The Unseen Biases of AI in Social Science C．AI’s Role in Enhancing Human Expertise D．How AI Is Shaping Scientific Discovery （23-24高一下·北京海淀·期末）I get that parents worry about screen time. But speaking as a researcher studying the effects of screen-based experiences, screens can be a great tool for reading. Digital books give children unique opportunities to learn and improve skills through literacy apps. To that end, I am one of many researchers in this field who believe that digital reading should not be considered screen time in the traditional sense. With the large number of educational technological products that lack research and good design, the million-dollar question is: What makes a digital story good for children’s learning? Over the past 20 years, researchers have identified specific design features and reading situations that make some digital books more educational than others. First, it’s crucial that digital books offer high-quality personalized reading experiences. With books that have AI-based text generators and a more open-ended design, children become multimedia creators, co-writers and co-illustrators of their own story universe. Second, digital books can significantly enhance the parent-child reading experience. The questions embedded (嵌入的) in digital books should model and expand what the parent might ask, and through this modeling, enhance the quality of parents’ talk around the book. But as much as I support digital reading, the commercial turn in the development of ed tech worries me, particularly in relation to profit-driven design and misuse of children’s data. Like some social media, subscription libraries turn kids’ attention into a commodity (商品) through automatic book recommendations. These books are often tied to advertising clicks and exhibit low literary quality in their stories. Furthermore, there’s often no content oversight, allowing anyone to become a publisher, which can lead to the creation of biased or data-gathering materials targeting children. Generative AI has expanded content creation possibilities but also raised concerns about quality. In this regard, digital books, like all ed tech, need strict quality checks and improved collaboration between researchers and developers. Anyway, the digital reading format has opened an exciting new research frontier. This includes using real-time data that teachers and other professionals can use to individualize how children learn to read. AI can be a good partner in supporting adults’ choice of texts, prompts and reading activities for children, provided it is trained with diverse data and valid reading models. As researchers’ calls for evidence-based children’s ed tech are being heard by governments and funders, I hope the past two decades of e-book research can deliver the advantages of digital books to all children. Like it or not, I hope you’ll see that, at least for reading, screens can be an amazing tool to teach your child to read. 1．What is the author’s attitude towards counting digital reading as screen time? A．Supportive. B．Neutral. C．Cautious. D．Disapproving. 2．According to the passage, digital books contribute to ______. A．more open-ended questions B．quality parent-child interaction C．personalized design features D．changes in kids’ reading habits 3．What are the major threats to digital reading? A．Profit-driven design and data misuse. B．The strict checks on the content. C．The great number of advertisements. D．Low literary quality but high prices. 4．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To highlight the risks of screen time. B．To introduce some advances in ed tech. C．To offer another view on digital reading. D．To present the benefits of reading online. （23-24高一下·北京昌平·期末）Some environmentalists claim that attempts to create a recycling economy for plastics are sure to fail, but the arguments can be not true. In 1980, Disney World in Orlando. Florida, started to work on a new way to generate power for the theme park, cutting its use of oil, the price of which had increased. The Solid Waste Energy Conversion Plant took rubbish, including plastic, and used a method called pyrolysis (热解) to turn it into burnable gases. It opened in 1982, but closed a year later, as the cost of running it went up. Today, environmentalists are mentioning the Disney story to damage the reputation of a set of new technologies, well known as advanced recycling, which take plastic waste and turn it back into brand new plastic. Their argument is false. The failure of Disney’s plant had more to do with a later fall in oil prices than technological or environmental problems. Pyrolysis has improved a lot since the 1980s. And in any case, Disney’s plant was designed to produce fuel, which isn’t classed as advanced recycling. As we report “the incredible new tech that can recycle all plastics forever”, advanced recycling is a game changer that could help to solve the global plastics crisis. It has the possibility to take millions of tonnes of thrown-away plastic, most of which ends up in landfill or the environment, and turn it back into a clean, fresh version by breaking it down to its molecular constituents (分子成分). The goal is a recycling economy. In this case, there is no longer any need to make “virgin” plastic from oil. It isn’t a magic recipe. There are problems around such plants generating toxic (有毒的) waste, their energy use and the continuation of traditional plastics ahead of newer, greener alternatives (替代物). Environmentalists are right to argue that we would be better off gradually getting rid of plastics altogether. But practical considerations mean they aren’t going away any time soon, and most advanced recycling technologies are better for the environment than the alternatives. There is a serious discussion to be had around advanced recycling, not least whether it should be factored into an upcoming global agreement on plastic pollution. Let’s just make sure it is based on the facts, not Disney stories. 1．As for refusing the new tech with the Disney story, the author is . A．worried B．disapproving C．uncertain D．unconcerned 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Plastics would be soon stopped using. B．Plants with new tech don’t produce toxic waste. C．The new tech features recycling all plastics. D．Disney’s plant turned plastic waste into new plastic. 3．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To argue for advanced recycling. B．To stress benefits of reducing plastics. C．To present failure of recycling economy. D．To discuss the problems of reusing waste. 2022-2023学年北京期末真题 （22-23高一下·北京东城·期末）Will chatbots that can generate fascinating articles destroy education as we know it? New York City’s Department of Education recently banned (禁止) the use of ChatGPT. “While the tool may be able to provide quick and easy answers to questions,” says the official statement, “it does not build critical-thinking skills, which are necessary for academic and lifelong success.” Banning such use of technology from the classroom is a nearsighted response. Instead, we must find a way forward in which such technologies combine well with, rather than replace, student thinking. Banning ChatGPT is impossible in practice. Students will find ways around the ban, which will cause a further defensive response from teachers and administrators, and so on. It’s hard to believe that a close race between those digital natives and their educators will end in a decisive victory for the latter. In fact, chatbots may well speed up a trend (趋向) toward valuing critical thinking. In a world where computers can fluently answer any question, students need to get much better at deciding what questions to ask and how to fact-check the answers the program generates. So how do we encourage young people to use their minds when real thinking is so hard to tell apart from its simulacrum (假象)? Teachers, of course, will still want to watch students taking old-fashioned, in-person, no-chatbot-allowed exams to check that they do not cheat. But we must also figure out how to do something new: how to use tools like GPT to inspire deeper thinking. GPT often generates text that is fluent and “reasonable” — but wrong. So using it requires the same mental heavy lifting that writing does: forming an opinion, creating an outline, picking which points to explain and which to drop, and looking for supporting facts. GPT can help with those tasks, but it can’t put them all together. Writing a good essay still requires lots of human thought and work. Indeed, writing is thinking, and good writing is good thinking. One approach is to focus on the process as much as the result. For instance, teachers might require four drafts of an essay. After all, as John McPhee, the famous writer, said, “the central nature of the process is revision.” Each draft gets feedback from the teacher, from peers or even from a chatbot. Then the students produce the next draft, and so on. Will AI one day outperform human beings in thinking? Maybe, but for now, we must think for ourselves. Like any tool, GPT is an enemy of thinking only if we fail to find ways to make it our partner. 1．How does the author feel about the ban? A．Understandable. B．Irresponsible. C．Unwise. D．Necessary. 2．Why is it impossible to ban ChatGPT in practice? A．Because students are digitally fluent. B．Because schools will defend the ban. C．Because ChatGPT will keep developing. D．Because people treasure critical thinking. 3．How does the author explain his idea in Paragraph 6? A．By quoting others. B．By presenting facts.C．By giving examples. D．By showing similarities. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Is GPT a process or a result? B．Will GPT outperform students? C．Why Chatbots become a new trend? D．How can Chatbots serve education? （22-23高一下·北京朝阳·期末）Would you turn down the chance to become a smart cookie? We’ve been longing for quick fixes that could increase our intelligence (智力). Today, people’s hopes lie in brain training apps as a speedy “digital pill”. The more you play, the smarter you will get—or so some apps tell us. But is this digital-shortcut all that it seems to be? The use of games for serious purposes has become widespread with the development of the Internet and smartphones. Brain training apps are typical, frequently featured by Apple and Google’s app stores. Many of such apps say that they are backed by “science”. Even if there were agreement around what makes general intelligence, the idea that increasing it would be as simple as practising a few mini-games every day goes against our current discovery about thinking and learning. Several major studies, surveying users across a wide variety of apps, have found that they have little to no effect on users’ performance. A 2021 study by researchers discovered brain training has no significant effect on cognitive (认知的) functioning in the “real world”. The positive effects reported are limited to the very specific mini-games and tasks, such as memorizing lists of words or numbers, or performing mental calculation (心算). So, if your job or your calling in life needs summing quickly or remembering all your friends’ phone numbers, these apps will do. But if you are expecting them to improve your ability to write a novel or form a complex (复杂的) spreadsheet, you have to look elsewhere. Yet, despite the fact that they hardly work, brain training apps play a leading role, partly because they are regarded to be scientific and partly because users think they are fun. As a co-creator of one of the most popular forms of gamification (游戏化) noted, what is especially disappointing about these apps is that they just aren’t that fun—at least, not compared with the various thoughtful board games and video games coming out every day. Puzzle video games, such as Baba Is You and detective games like Return of the Obra Dinn, see players apply their skill at reasoning, memory and concentration in a far more challenging and engaging (吸引人的) way. If you aren’t into games, simply go for a walk or learn how to dance. They are likely to be more effective than a brain training app in sharpening your mind. These activities might not lead to an increased IQ, but they are sure to engage your brain deeply while having fun—something I can by no means say of brain training apps. 1．Which of the following would the author probably agree with? A．Brain training apps are backed by science. B．Creativity can be improved with brain training apps. C．Gamification has little to do with increasing intelligence. D．Increasing IQ is as simple as practising a few mini-games every day. 2．According to the passage, brain training apps are still popular because ________. A．they turn mental exercises into quick games B．they are considered both scientific and interesting C．they are more effective in shaping our minds than other games D．they have significant effects on the cognitive functioning in the “real world” 3．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．A Smart Cookie or Not? B．There’s No App for That C．What will Games Lead Us to? D．A Digital Pill for Intelligence （22-23高一下·北京石景山·期末）The first time I heard about my classmates engaging with social media was in the fourth grade. A lot of my friends and classmates had excitedly jumped onto platforms like Instagram at such a young age. On the other hand, I hesitated. I only knew the basics, but was foreign to some words on social media. All throughout middle school, I stuck with the same thinking. And now, as a freshman in college, I am looking back and wondering why I, unlike my classmates, have never been naturally interested in social media. Scanning Instagram, you ought to find dozens of pictures of people in beautiful countries, taking part in exciting activities, and spending time with friends and family, among many other things. The thought of doing this has never related to me. I respect and understand those who do believe using social media allows them to express themselves and share aspects of their lives with others. However, I have never had any interest in doing the same. In my eyes, when not shared with others, family gatherings and friend get-togethers are just as meaningful, if not more so. Most people have experienced feeling insecure (不安全) and unconfident on social media. Images that are changed represent unrealistic beauty standards that can only be obtained through dangerous ways. Even without using social media, I knew that using apps like Instagram and Facebook would make me embarrassed about all the aspects that make me a unique individual. I’ve never wanted to look at a post on social media and immediately compare myself and my life. I constantly observe my classmates getting easily distracted (使分心) by social media.While trying to complete their homework, they have a powerful urge to open up Instagram or Facebook to see if there are any new messages. With homework and after-class activities consuming the majority of my day, I cannot wait to finish every task on my to-do list, so I can finally spend time with my family or have some time for myself to relax from my busy day. 1．What can we know from the first two paragraphs? A．Social media are popular in schools. B．Young pupils suffer from social media. C．The author has no access to social media. D．Social media contribute to students’ study. 2．From paragraph 3, we can know that ________. A．students get easily distracted by social media B．pictures of people taking part in exciting activities are not real C．family gatherings are not meaningful if not shared with others D．the author never shares aspects of his lives with others on social media 3．Why do people using social media might feel insecure? A．They post their images on social media. B．They follow other people’s beauty standards totally. C．Social media change the way they look at themselves. D．Social media encourage them to be a unique individual. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．A to-do list can stop people using social media. B．Social media can waste people’s valuable time. C．Spending time with family always enjoys first priority. D．Students pay more attention to social media than to study. 2021-2022学年北京期末真题 （21-22高一下·北京昌平·期末）Recently, environmentalists have encouraged us to buy local food. This reduces “food miles”, that is, the distance food travels to get from the producer to the seller. They reason that the higher the food miles, the more carbon emissions (碳排放). Buying local food, therefore, has a lower carbon footprint and is more environmentally friendly. However, the real story is not as simple as that. If our aim is to reduce carbon emissions, we must look at the whole farming process, not just transportation. According to a 2008 study, only 11% of carbon emissions in the food production process result from transportation, and only 4% came from the final delivery of the product from the producer to the seller. In fact, imported food often has a lower carbon footprint than locally grown food. Take apples, for example. In autumn, when apples are harvested, the best option for British people is to buy British apples. However, the apples we buy in winter or spring have been kept refrigerated for months, and this uses up a lot of energy. In spring, therefore, it is more energy-saving to import them from New Zealand, where they are in season. Heating also uses a lot of energy, which is why growing tomatoes in heated greenhouses in the UK is less environmentally friendly than importing them from Spain, where the tomatoes grow well in the local climate. We must also take into account the type of transport. Transporting food by air creates about 50 times more emissions than shipping it. However, only a small number of goods are flown to foreign countries, and these are usually high value, perishable (易腐烂的) goods which we cannot produce locally, such as seafood and out-of-season berries. Even then, these foods may not have a higher carbon footprint than locally grown food. For example, beans flown in from Kenya are grown in sunny fields using human labour and natural fertilisers (肥料), unlikein Britain, where we use oil-based fertilisers and machinery. Therefore, the total carbon footprint is still lower. It’s also worth remembering that a product’s journey does not end at the supermarket. The distance customers travel to buy their food, and the kind of transport they use will also add to its carbon footprint. So driving a long way to shop for food will wipe out any environmental benefits of buying locally grown produce. Recently, some supermarkets have been trying to raise awareness of food miles by labelling (标记) foods with stickers that show it has been imported by air. But the message this gives is too simple. Lots of different factors contribute to a food’s carbon footprint besides the distance it has travelled. 1．What can we learn about “food miles”? A．It influences how people deliver and transport food. B．It will increase if people are encouraged to buy local food. C．It is the key factor contributing to a food’s carbon emissions. D．It shows how far the food goes from farmland to supermarkets. 2．The author will probably agree that _______. A．transporting food by air is the most energy-saving type of shipping B．storing local food creates more carbon emissions than importing food C．human labour and natural fertilisers can increase the carbon footprint D．growing out-of-season food takes less energy than importing food in season 3．What is the author’s attitude towards cutting food miles to reduce carbon emissions? A．Supportive. B．Negative. C．Confused. D．Doubtful. 4．What is the best title of the passage? A．Food miles: Is buying local food always better? B．Carbon emissions: How to grow food in a greener way? C．Transportation: Is delivering food creates carbon footprint? D．Carbon footprint: What does importing food bring to environment? （21-22高一下·北京·期末）I watch documentaries, not movies. I read history books, not fiction. I use every free moment to accomplish one of the tasks on my never-ending checklist, and I am completely filled with thoughts of productivity. An hour sleeping is an hour wasted. And like the rest of 21st century America, I like it. But this fixation on productivity is increasingly destroying character and transforming men into robots. New York Times columnist David Brooks warned American University students of this cultural decline in a speech. “We cut off all things spiritual and emotional in a competitive urge to stand out”, he said, “The pressure to succeed professionally, to acquire skills, to do the things you need to do to succeed in an information age economy really became the overwhelming(难以应付的)pressures, and it sort of weakens the thinking about character and morality.” Many students happily go to college, viewing it as a next step on their rise to professional achievement. Forcing as many success-building activities into their schedules as they can, they enjoy keeping busy with little sleep. “Today’s outstanding kids are likely to spend their afternoons and weekends shuttling from one skill-improving activity to the next,” Brooks wrote in an article, “We fear failure more than we desire success.” A century ago, college was about character building. Today, our characters are in decline. We are experts on economics, material things and professional skills. We fail to discuss and understand relationships, emotions and all things spiritual. Philosopher Karl Popper divided the world into two categories: Clocks and Clouds. Clock problems are those that can be taken apart, examined and solved through deductive reasoning(演绎推理). Clouds cannot be taken apart. Cloud problems represent whole systems that need to be understood in a different way. “When we have a Cloud problem, we try to turn it into a Clock problem,” Brooks said. And in a reason-centered culture, adding titles to one’s resume becomes a trend. At American University, 85 percent of seniors (and 89 percent of business majors) graduate with at least one practical experience which is often helpful to a student’s future career, but can sometimes draw focus away from academics. To prevent the death of man’s character, Brooks urges rediscovering our human natures through falling in love. And by love he means love for a task, job, or another person. “Synchronicity is key to happiness,” he said. Rather than crazily increasing our long lists of accomplishments, we need to lose ourselves in what we do, and success will come on its own. 1．From Paragraph 1, we can learn that people ________. A．are controlled by time B．are eager to achieve C．are changing their characters D．are keen on reading books more 2．What is the author’s attitude towards colleges that existed a century ago? A．Tolerant. B．Uncertain. C．Approving. D．Curious. 3．The last paragraph mainly tells us that ________. A．success comes from devotion to work B．the focus on human natures counts C．more work contributes to happiness D．love is more important than focus 4．The purpose of this passage is to ________. A．criticize students’ desire for achievements B．stress the importance of productivity C．warn about the pressure to seek success D．bring awareness to character building 试卷第1页，共3页 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$