专题05 阅读理解之说明文15篇-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高二英语下学期期末真题分类汇编（人教版2019）

专题05 阅读理解之说明文15篇 题号 主题 难度 话题 1 人与自我 较易 职业内容,个人经历 2 人与自我 适中 食物与饮料 ,气候变化及影响 3 人与自我 较易 方法/策略,医疗 4 人与自我 较易 食物与饮料 ,社会问题与社会现象 5 人与自我 适中 公益活动（组织机构）,个人经历 6 人与社会 适中 人工智能 7 人与社会 适中 科普知识 8 人与社会 适中 科普知识 ,植物 9 人与社会 适中 个人保健,科普知识 10 人与社会 较难 动物,科普知识 11 人与自然 适中 疾病 ,自然灾害与防范 12 人与自然 适中 动物,科普知识 13 人与自然 适中 动物,科普知识 14 人与自然 较易 人与动植物,科普知识 15 人与自然 适中 动物 说明文之人与自我 （23-24高二下·江苏常州·期末）My name is Howard Tucker. Studies have shown that keeping one’s brain stimulated may prevent many age-related cognitive impairments(认知伤害). I keep my brain stimulated by working, though for those who have retired or plan on retiring, a mentally stimulating hobby might be a suitable alternative. It is critical to know yourself and understand your limits and capabilities, but I firmly believe that retirement is the enemy of longevity (长寿). With people continuing to live longer, it may soon be commonplace to see individuals working into their 80s, 90s and, in some cases, past 100, like me. I now spend my time teaching medical and law students at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland and I prioritize staying current with the latest trends in neurology (神经学), my area of specialization. Over the years I’ve had to adapt frequently to the changing technology, which isn’t always easy for someone my age. Many doctors I’ve known simply retired because they did not want to learn how to use computers. But I believe that a desire to continue to learn is a must in one’s later years. While technology has made a huge impact on the practice of medicine, I still urge my medical students to listen to patients, take a thorough patient history and look at the patient while questioning him/her. Then, I would have them look at the imaging studies. I believe I am wiser now, in the sense I am less judgmental and more patient with my medical students who have forgotten how to take a thorough patient history, the most important part of the examination. Of course, I’ve had to make adjustments over the years. Pacing is important. It feels like only yesterday that I would be going on rounds seeing patients in the hospital at 5:00 a. m. Now with my 102nd birthday less than two months away, I find myself sleeping in. But I wake up at 8:30 am, ready to face the day ahead of me. 1．What was Howard Tucker’s job in the past? A．Writer. B．Doctor. C．Teacher. D．Scientist. 2．Why does Howard Tucker give the talk? A．To celebrate his longevity. B．To advocate lifetime learning. C．To explain why he keeps working after retirement. D．To clarify what is the most important in neurology. 3．How does Howard Tucker see technology? A．Adapt to it as it is easy to learn. B．Learn it to avoid retirement. C．Use it to replace old methods. D．Combine it with traditional ways. 4．What causes Howard Tucker to make adjustments over the years? A．His age B．His illness. C．His student. D．His sleep. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章是退休医生Howard Tucker的演讲，讲述了他为什么退休后还坚持工作的原因。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段“I now spend my time teaching medical and law students at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland and I prioritize staying current with the latest trends in neurology (神经学), my area of specialization.(我现在在克利夫兰的凯斯西储大学教授医学和法律专业的学生，我优先关注神经病学的最新趋势，这是我的专业领域)”以及第四段“Many doctors I’ve known simply retired because they did not want to learn how to use computers.(我认识的许多医生都退休了，因为他们不想学习如何使用电脑)”可知，霍华德·塔克过去的工作是医生。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“I keep my brain stimulated by working, though for those who have retired or plan on retiring, a mentally stimulating hobby might be a suitable alternative. It is critical to know yourself and understand your limits and capabilities, but I firmly believe that retirement is the enemy of longevity (长寿).(我通过工作来刺激我的大脑，尽管对于那些已经退休或计划退休的人来说，一个刺激精神的爱好可能是一个合适的选择。了解自己，了解自己的极限和能力是至关重要的，但我坚信退休是长寿的敌人)”可知，霍华德·塔克要做这个演讲是为了解释他为什么退休后还继续工作。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“While technology has made a huge impact on the practice of medicine, I still urge my medical students to listen to patients, take a thorough patient history and look at the patient while questioning him/her.(虽然科技对医学实践产生了巨大的影响，但我仍然敦促我的医科学生倾听病人的意见，全面了解病人的病史，在询问病人的时候看着他/她)”可知，霍华德·塔克认为科技应该与传统方式相结合。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段“Over the years I’ve had to adapt frequently to the changing technology, which isn’t always easy for someone my age.(多年来，我不得不经常适应不断变化的技术，这对我这个年龄的人来说并不容易)”可知，年龄让霍华德·塔克这么多年来不断做出调整。故选A。 （23-24高二下·湖北·期末）Climate breakdown is always changing the taste and quality of beer, scientists have warned. The quantity and quality of hops (啤酒花), a key ingredient in most be, is being affected by global heating, according to a study. As a result, beer may become more expensive and manufacturers will have to adapt their brewing (酿造) methods. Researchers forecast that hop yields in European growing regions will fall by 4 — 18% by 2050 if farmers do not adapt to hotter and drier weather, while the content of alpha acids in the hops, which gives beers their distinctive taste and smell, will fall by 20 — 31%. “Beer drinkers will definitely see the climate change, either in the price tag or the quality,” said Miroslav Trnka, a scientist at the Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences and co-author of the study, published in the journal Nature Communications. “That seems to be inevitable from our data.” Beer, the third-most popular drink in the world after water and tea, is usually flavoured with aromatic (芳香的) hops grown mostly in the middle latitudes that are sensitive to changes in light, heat and water. In recent years, demand for high-quality hops has been pushed up by a boom in craft beers with stronger flavors. But emissions of planet-heating gases are putting the plant at risk, the study found. In Germany, the second-biggest hop producer in the world, average hop yields have fallen, the study found. Beer-brewing in central Europe dates back to thousands of years and is a cornerstone of the culture. The study found the alpha acid content of hops, which give beer its distinct aroma, had fallen in all regions. Andreas Auernhammer, a hop farmer in Spalt in southern Germany, said the total rainfall in his fields had changed little but that now “the rain does not come at the right time”. 1．Which one is NOT an influential factor affecting the flavor and price of beer? A．Climate shifts and greenhouse gases emissions. B．Adaptation to new planting methods among farmers. C．Geographical location and sensitivity of hops. D．The decline in hop yields. 2．What does the underlined word “inevitable” mean in Paragraph 3? A．incapable. B．affordable. C．unavoidable. D．valuable 3．Which statement is FALSE? A．Hops are vitally necessary ingredient in most beers. B．It tends to rain less in European hops growing regions. C．Beer producing has a long history in Germany. D．Alpha acid content of hops had greatly decreased in the world. 4．The purpose of the passage is__________. A．to emphasize the environmental influence on hops B．to raise people’s awareness of environmental protection C．to help hop farmers make more profits D．to save hop production from global warming 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章主要描述了全球变暖对啤酒花产量产生了很大的影响，从而改变了啤酒的味道和质量，希望人们能及时应对。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Climate breakdown is always changing the taste and quality of beer, scientists have warned. The quantity and quality of hops（啤酒花）, a key ingredient in most be, is being affected by global heating, according to a study.”（科学家警告称，气候变化一直在改变啤酒的味道和质量。根据一项研究，啤酒花是大多数啤酒的关键成分，其数量和质量正受到全球变暖的影响。）、第二段“Researchers forecast that hop yields in European growing regions will fall by 4—18% by 2010 if farmers do not adapt to hotter and drier weather, while the content of alpha acids in the hops, which gives beers their distinctive taste and smell, will fall by 20—31%.”（研究人员预测，如果农民不适应炎热干燥的天气，到2010年，欧洲种植区的啤酒花产量将下降4-18%，而啤酒花中赋予啤酒独特味道和气味的阿尔法酸含量将下降20-31%。）第四段“Beer, the third-most popular drink in the world after water and tea, is usually flavoured with aromatic (芳香的) hops grown mostly in the middle latitudes that are sensitive to changes in light, heat and water. In recent years, demand for high-quality hops has been pushed up by a boom in craft beers with stronger flavors. But emissions of planet-heating gases are putting the plant at risk, the study found.(啤酒是世界上仅次于水和茶的第三种最受欢迎的饮料，通常用芳香啤酒花调味，这些啤酒花大多生长在中纬度地区，对光、热和水的变化很敏感。近年来，口味较重的精酿啤酒的繁荣推动了对高品质啤酒花的需求。但研究发现，使地球升温的气体排放正使该工厂处于危险之中。)”和第五段“In Germany, the second-biggest hop producer in the world, average hop yields have fallen, the study found. (研究发现，在世界第二大啤酒花生产国德国，啤酒花的平均产量已经下降。)”“ The study found the alpha acid content of hops, which give beer its distinct aroma, had fallen in all regions.(研究发现，啤酒花的α酸含量在所有地区都有所下降，啤酒花是啤酒独特香气的来源。)”可知，气候变化、温室气体排放、地理位置和啤酒花的敏感性以及啤酒花产量下降都会影响啤酒的风味和价格，而农民适应新种植方法不是影响因素。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Beer drinkers will definitely see the climate change, either in the price tag or the quality,”（啤酒饮用者肯定会看到气候变化，无论是在价格标签上还是在质量上，）中的“definitely”和划线词所在句“That seems to be inevitable from our data.”（从我们的数据来看，这似乎是inevitable。）可知，这应该是肯定的，不可避免的，故inevitable表示“不可避免的”。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“In Germany, the second-biggest hop producer in the world, average hop yields have fallen, the study found. (研究发现，在世界第二大啤酒花生产国德国，啤酒花的平均产量已经下降。)”可知，文章只是提到德国啤酒花的阿尔法酸含量下降，并未提及全世界的情况，D 选项说法错误。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Climate breakdown is always changing the taste and quality of beer, scientists have warned. The quantity and quality of hops（啤酒花）, a key ingredient in most be, is being affected by global heating, according to a study.”（科学家警告称，气候变化一直在改变啤酒的味道和质量。根据一项研究，啤酒花是大多数啤酒的关键成分，其数量和质量正受到全球变暖的影响。）及全文可知，文章主要围绕气候变化对啤酒花的影响展开，介绍了啤酒花的产量、质量以及其中的阿尔法酸含量等因气候变化而发生的变化，还提到了德国啤酒花种植的情况。其目的在于着重强调环境变化对啤酒花的影响。故选A。 （23-24高二下·湖北·期末）Taking medicine properly is crucial for ensuring its effectiveness and your safety. Here’s a general guide on how to take medicines correctly, but always refer to the specific instructions provided by your healthcare professional or included in the medication packaging, as instructions can vary greatly between medications: 1. Follow Doctor’s Instructions to know the dose: Your healthcare provider will prescribe (开处方) the medicine based on your specific condition. Follow the directions exactly, including the dose and frequency. Some medications require different doses at different times of the day or may change over time. Follow these instructions to ensure maximum efficacy and to minimize side effects. 2. Food Interactions and Alcohol Ban: Some medicines should be taken with food to avoid stomach upset or to aid absorption, while others should be taken on an empty stomach. Check the label or ask your chemist about any food interactions. Moreover, many medications interact negatively with alcohol. Unless clearly told it’s sale, avoid alcohol while taking medication. 3. Store Properly: Keep medicines in their original containers, away from direct sunlight, dampness, and heat. Some need refrigeration. Check the label for storage instructions. 4. Finish the Course: Even if you feel better, complete the full course of antibiotics (抗生素) or as directed for other medications unless your doctor advises otherwise. Stopping early can lead to incomplete treatment or antibiotic resistance. Remember these are general guidelines. Always consult your healthcare professional for specific instructions related to your medication or click here to get more detailed instructions. 1．Who will be the most possible targeted readers? A．Doctors making a prescription. B．Students in medical college. C．Salesmen in medical store. D．Patients to take medication. 2．Which statement is TRUE according to the text? A．Alcohol is absolutely banned while taking medication. B．Medicine containers can be kept in a dry and cool case. C．Take more pills at a time if you want to recover sooner. D．Stop the course the instant you feel better. 3．Where do you probably read the text? A．A medical report. B．A medication instruction. C．An Internet page. D．A doctor’s advice. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何正确地服用药物，以确保其有效性和病人的安全。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Here’s a general guide on how to take medicines correctly, but always refer to the specific instructions provided by your healthcare professional or included in the medication packaging, as instructions can vary greatly between medications:”（以下是关于如何正确服用药物的一般指南，但请务必参考您的医疗保健专业人员提供的具体说明或药物包装中的说明，因为不同药物的说明差异很大）可知，本文主要是为需要服用药物的病人提供的指导。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Keep medicines in their original containers, away from direct sunlight, dampness, and heat.”（将药品保存在原容器中，避免阳光直射、潮湿和高温。）可知，药品容器可以被保存在干燥和凉爽的箱子里。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Always consult your healthcare professional for specific instructions related to your medication or click here to get more detailed instructions.”（请务必咨询您的医疗保健专业人员以获取与您的药物相关的具体说明，或单击此处获取更详细的说明。）中的“click here”可知，读者可以在一个网页上读到这篇文章。故选C。 （23-24高二下·浙江湖州·期末）Americans are drinking less milk today than they did 40 years ago. In fact, Americans are drinking about 40 percent less than they did in 1975. This decrease has led the United States dairy industry to explore new ways to get people to drink milk. One method it is testing: Help to set up coffee bars in US high schools. The schools prepare coffee drinks in different ways, but milk is always the main ingredient in lattes (拿铁咖啡). That is why Midwest Dairy is providing financial help for a coffee bar at a high school in the Fort Zumwalt, Missouri during the upcoming schoolyear. In exchange, the group will get data on how much milk is used for the lattes, as well as other information about food products with dairy. Dairy groups have provided money for high schools in many states. At a high school in North Dakota, for example, an endowment given by a dairy group helped pay for a coffee machine. The device makes lattes with about 0. 23 liters of milk each. The drinks used around 2 000 liters of milk this past school year. Not all high school coffee bars get money from dairy groups. Even then, the money may only cover a small amount of the costs. But school food operators say lattes give American teenagers another reason to stay on school grounds. While dairy is a good way to get calcium and vitamin D, it is not the only way to get such nutrients, says Doctor Natalie Muth. She is a childcare specialist and representative for the American Academy of Pediatrics. As for lattes, Muth says there are ways to persuade students to get the nutrients of milk without promoting caffeine use. 1．Why are US hich school students encouraged to drink coffee? A．To consume milk. B．To keep them healthy. C．To test a new mixed drink. D．To compare coffee with milk. 2．Which of the following best explains the underlined word “endowment” in Paragraph 3? A．Loan. B．Donation. C．Equipment. D．Scholarship. 3．What do school food operators think of coffee in school? A．It is harmful to students B．It is popular among students. C．It benefits students’ health a lot. D．It is a good way to make money 4．What's Muth’s attitude toward the coffee bars in school? A．Supportive. B．Grateful. C．Disapproving D．Understanding 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是说明文。具体介绍了美国乳制品行业为了促进牛奶消费而在高中设立咖啡吧这一举措的背景、实施方式、效果以及对此的一些看法。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Americans are drinking less milk today than they did 40 years ago. In fact, Americans are drinking about 40 percent less than they did in 1975. This decrease has led the United States dairy industry to explore new ways to get people to drink milk. One method it is testing: Help to set up coffee bars in US high schools.(美国人现在喝的牛奶比40年前要少。事实上，美国人的饮用量比1975年减少了40%。这种减少促使美国乳制品行业探索让人们喝牛奶的新方法。它正在测试的一种方法是：帮助在美国高中开设咖啡吧)”可知，美国高中生被鼓励喝咖啡是为了让他们喝牛奶。故选A项。 2．词义猜测题。根据前文“Dairy groups have provided money for high schools in many states.(乳制品集团为许多州的高中提供了资金)”以及“given by a dairy group helped pay for a coffee machine.(一家乳品集团帮助购买了一台咖啡机)”可知，应是“一家乳品集团捐赠的一笔资金帮助购买了一台咖啡机”符合语境，所以推知endowment应是“捐赠”之意，和B项意思相近。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Not all high school coffee bars get money from dairy groups. Even then, the money may only cover a small amount of the costs. But school food operators say lattes give American teenagers another reason to stay on school grounds.(并不是所有的高中咖啡吧都从乳制品集团那里获得资金。即便如此，这笔钱可能也只能支付一小部分费用。但学校食品经营者表示，拿铁给了美国青少年留在学校的另一个理由)”可知，学校食品经营者认为拿铁给了美国青少年留在学校的另一个理由，所以认为它在学生中很流行。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“While dairy is a good way to get calcium and vitamin D, it is not the only way to get such nutrients, says Doctor Natalie Muth. She is a childcare specialist and representative for the American Academy of Pediatrics. As for lattes, Muth says there are ways to persuade students to get the nutrients of milk without promoting caffeine use.(Natalie Muth医生说，虽然乳制品是获得钙和维生素D的好方法，但并不是获得这些营养的唯一途径。她是一名儿童保育专家，也是美国儿科学会的代表。至于拿铁，Muth说，有一些方法可以说服学生在不促进咖啡因使用的情况下获得牛奶的营养)”可知，Muth认为有一些方法可以说服学生在不促进咖啡因使用的情况下获得牛奶的营养，所以推知，Muth对学校的咖啡吧是不赞同的。故选C项。 （23-24高二下·重庆·期末）Moving can be daunting (令人怯步的) — whether it’s to a new city or an entirely new country. The good news? Volunteering can be a great way to settle into a new community, meet people, and learn valuable skills. Kajal Patil moved to the United States from India in February 2017. Having previously volunteered for two years as an assistant yoga (瑜伽) teacher in her home country, Kayal was enthusiastic about volunteering and began looking for volunteer opportunities that match her interests on Volunteer Match. Kajal was drawn to a volunteer opportunity with the Meridian International Center to review applications on behalf of the Young Leaders of the Americas Initiative (YLAI). YLAI aims to empower Latin American and Caribbean business and social entrepreneurs (企业家) to transform their societies and contribute more fully to economic development, security, human rights, and good governance. Kajal had previous experience working with the markets candidates were applying from, and the position also allowed her to work remotely. Her role involved reviewing 44 in-depth applications from potential candidates across Latin America and the Caribbean for a four-week fellowship in the U. S. She was responsible for describing the business ideas presented by these candidates, assessing the social impact of their businesses, and determining the strength of candidates to carry out their plans. Kajal says that this volunteer opportunity super-charged her existing skills while helping her build new ones such as time management, business analysis, decision-making, planning, and presenting. She is now looking for her next volunteer opportunity and reflects positively on her experience with Meridian International Center. “A new country brings in a lot of new experiences and volunteering helped me to settle into a new environment,” adds Kajal. “By helping others, I felt needed in society. It indeed boosted my self-worth.” 1．What is a benefit of volunteering according to the first paragraph? A．It offers opportunities to network with influential individuals. B．It helps people better adapt to new environments. C．It breathes new life into people’s creativity. D．It promotes a sense of responsibility. 2．What is the primary objective of YLAI? A．To boost tourism in Latin American and Caribbean countries. B．To provide financial support to Latin American and Caribbean students. C．To assist Latin American and Caribbean entrepreneurs in promoting societal development. D．To develop political relations between Latin American and Caribbean nations. 3．What was Kajal’s responsibility when working with Meridian International Center? A．Reviewing and assessing fellowship applications. B．Teaching yoga to fellowship candidates. C．Planning social events for local entrepreneurs. D．Organizing fundraising activities. 4．What do Kajal’s words in the last paragraph mainly show? A．The challenges of volunteering. B．The self-improvement through volunteering. C．The process of finding a volunteer opportunity in the U. S. D．The importance of using professional skills in volunteering. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是说明文。文章通过Kajal Patil的经历来说明志愿服务的好处以及个人在志愿服务中的成长和收获。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Volunteering can be a great way to settle into a new community, meet people, and learn valuable skills.(志愿服务是融入新社区、结识新朋友、学习宝贵技能的好方法)”可知，志愿服务的好处之一是帮助人们更好地适应新环境。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“YLAI aims to empower Latin American and Caribbean business and social entrepreneurs (企业家) to transform their societies and contribute more fully to economic development, security, human rights, and good governance.(YLAI旨在增强拉丁美洲和加勒比地区商业和社会企业家的权能，使他们能够改变社会，并为经济发展、安全、人权和良好治理作出更充分的贡献)”可知，YLAI的主要目标是协助拉丁美洲和加勒比企业家促进社会发展。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Kajal had previous experience working with the markets candidates were applying from, and the position also allowed her to work remotely. Her role involved reviewing 44 in-depth applications from potential candidates across Latin America and the Caribbean for a four-week fellowship in the U. S. She was responsible for describing the business ideas presented by these candidates, assessing the social impact of their businesses, and determining the strength of candidates to carry out their plans.(Kajal之前有过与求职者所申请的市场打交道的经验，而且这个职位还允许她远程工作。她的职责包括审阅44份来自拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的潜在候选人的深入申请，以获得为期四周的美国奖学金。她负责描述这些候选人提出的商业理念，评估他们企业的社会影响，并确定候选人执行计划的能力)”可知，Kajal在Meridian International Center的职责是审查和评估来自拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的潜在候选人的深度申请，这些候选人是为了在美国进行为期四周的奖学金项目而申请的。因此，Kajal的职责是审查和评估奖学金申请。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Kajal says that this volunteer opportunity super-charged her existing skills while helping her build new ones such as time management, business analysis, decision-making, planning, and presenting. She is now looking for her next volunteer opportunity and reflects positively on her experience with Meridian International Center. “A new country brings in a lot of new experiences and volunteering helped me to settle into a new environment,” adds Kajal. “By helping others, I felt needed in society. It indeed boosted my self-worth.”(Kajal说，这个志愿者的机会增强了她现有的技能，同时帮助她建立了新的技能，比如时间管理、商业分析、决策、计划和演讲。她现在正在寻找下一个志愿者机会，并积极地回顾她在Meridian国际中心的经历。“一个新的国家会带来很多新的经历，志愿活动帮助我适应了一个新的环境，”卡加尔补充道。“通过帮助别人，我觉得自己被社会需要。这确实提升了我的自我价值。”)”可知，这段话主要表明志愿服务对Kajal的个人成长和自我提升起到了积极的作用。故选B项。 说明文之人与社会 （23-24高二下·广东·期末）An artificial cognitive system possesses the capability to translate linguistic expressions and syntactical structures from cerebral functional patterns with an impressive degree of precision. By utilizing a brief temporal window of cerebral functional data, the AI can deduce the auditory content that an individual has perceived. The system is capable of positioning the accurate response within its topmost 10 potential outcomes, as determined in a foundational research endeavor. This AI has been engineered at Meta, the corporate entity that encompasses Facebook, and it holds the potential to ultimately assist a vast number of individuals globally who are incapacitated from engaging in verbal communication, textual input, or gestural conveyance. The majority of current technological solutions designed to facilitate communication for such individuals necessitate invasive neurosurgical procedures to implant electrodes. However, this innovative methodology “could offer a viable alternative to assist patients grappling with communicative impediments, circumventing the necessity for surgical interventions,” remarks neuroscientist Jean-Rémi King, a researcher within the Meta AI division. King and his fellow researchers have conditioned a computational apparatus, also referred to as a linguistic model, to identify words and sentences across 56,000 hours of vocalized records from a spectrum of 53 languages. The research collective then applied an AI equipped with this linguistic model to data repositories from four distinct institutions that encompassed cerebral functional data from 169 consenting volunteers. Within these repositories, participants were exposed to an array of narratives and sentences, while their cerebral activity was monitored via magnetoencephalography (MEG). Subsequently, employing a computational technique that accounts for the anatomical variances among individual brains, the team endeavored to decipher the auditory content that the participants had apprehended, utilizing merely three seconds of cerebral functional data from each individual. The team directed the AI to correlate the phonetic elements from the narrative recordings with the cerebral functional patterns that the AI had deduced to be indicative of the auditory stimuli that the subjects were receiving. It then prognosticated the auditory content that the individual might have been exposed to during that brief interval, considering over 1,000 potential options. Utilizing MEG, the correct response was consistently included within the AI’s top 10 conjectures, as ascertained by the researchers. “The current research is focused on the decoding of auditory speech recognition, not its generation,” King concurs, “Although the generation of speech is the ultimate aspiration, at present, we are still considerably distant from achieving this objective.” 1．What is the main advantage of the new technology? A．Avoiding dangerous operations on patients. B．Helping patients with communication problems. C．Providing a path to communicate with others. D．Freeing patients from risky brain operations. 2．Whom might be the AI be beneficial to? A．People unable to communicate normally. B．People who canˈt move around. C．People who are unconscious. D．People unable to eat. 3．What does Jean-Rémi King think of the new study? A．Disappointing. B．Surprising. C．Promising. D．Exciting. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．A New Study on Artificial Intelligence B．The Application of MEG Technology C．A New Way to Decode Speech D．A Solution to Communication Problems 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文，介绍了一种新型的人工智能认知系统，该系统能够从大脑功能模式中以惊人的精确度翻译语言表达和句法结构。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中的句子“However, this innovative methodology ‘could offer a viable alternative to assist patients grappling with communicative impediments, circumventing the necessity for surgical interventions,’ remarks neuroscientist Jean-Rémi King, a researcher within the Meta AI division.”(然而，Meta AI部门的研究员、神经科学家Jean-Rémi King表示，这种创新的方法“可以提供一种可行的替代方案，帮助患者克服沟通障碍，避免手术干预的必要性”。)可知，这项新技术的主要优点是避免了高风险的大脑手术。故选D项。 2．细节理解根题。据第二段中的句子 “The AI has been engineered at Meta, the corporate entity that encompasses Facebook, and it holds the potential to ultimately assist a vast number of individuals globally who are incapacitated from engaging in verbal communication, textual input, or gestural conveyance.”(人工智能是由Meta设计的，Meta是一家包括脸书在内的公司实体，它有可能最终帮助全球大量无法进行言语交流、文本输入或手势传达的人)可知，这种AI可能对无法进行口头交流、文本输入或手势表达的人有益。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的句子“However, this innovative methodology ‘could offer a viable alternative to assist patients grappling with communicative impediments, circumventing the necessity for surgical interventions,’ remarks neuroscientist Jean-Rémi King, a researcher within the Meta AI division.”(然而，Meta AI部门的研究员、神经科学家Jean-Rémi King表示，这种创新的方法“可以提供一种可行的替代方案，帮助患者克服沟通障碍，避免手术干预的必要性”。)可知，Jean-Rémi King对新研究的看法是充满希望的。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“An artificial cognitive system possesses the capability to translate linguistic expressions and syntactical structures from cerebral functional patterns with an impressive degree of precision. By utilizing a brief temporal window of cerebral functional data, the AI can deduce the auditory content that an individual has perceived. The system is capable of positioning the accurate response within its topmost 10 potential outcomes, as determined in a foundational research endeavor.”（人工认知系统具有从大脑功能模式中翻译语言表达和句法结构的能力，其精确度令人印象深刻。通过利用大脑功能数据的短暂时间窗口，人工智能可以推断出个人感知到的听觉内容。该系统能够在基础研究中确定的最重要的10个潜在结果中定位准确的反应。）可知，短文介绍了一种新型的人工智能认知系统，该系统能够从大脑功能模式中以惊人的精确度翻译语言表达和句法结构。所以短文的最佳标题为“人工智能的新研究”切题。故选A项。 （23-24高二下·广东广州·期末）The concept of intellect is a multifaceted and complex one; to grasp its essence, one must consider the intricate nature of cognition rather than merely the physical dimensions of the cerebral organ. Should we assume that the magnitude of the brain is the sole determinant of intelligence, then the sperm whale, with its cerebral mass weighing approximately 20 pounds, would arguably be deemed the most intellectually endowed species on our planet. However, it is more plausible to assert that the structural connectivity and the neural pathways within the brain are the true indicators of intellectual prowess. When assessed from this perspective, intelligence can be perceived as the attribute that equips a living entity with the most advantageous set of capabilities to thrive and persist within its ecological setting. Furthermore, the faculty of language, which encompasses the ability to communicate complex ideas and emotions, may very well serve as an exemplary manifestation of such intellectual acuity. “Language allowing humans to be a more advanced species is a hypothesis that somebody came up with one day without really trying to prove it,” says Erich Jarvis, a professor who studies the neuro-biology of vocal learning. “The idea stuck around, but so have other common beliefs that are not really supported with evidence,” he points out. In an endeavor to deepen their understanding of the intricacies of vocal acquisition and cognitive processes, the researchers delved into the realm of avian vocalization, specifically focusing on the melodious songbirds. A comprehensive set of seven cognitive experiments were conducted on a sample of 214 songbirds, representing a diverse array of 23 distinct species. Among these, the majority, encompassing 21 species, were captured from their natural habitats, while the remaining two species were of domesticated origin. The behavioral assessments aimed to scrutinize the birds’ capacity for problem-solving, exemplified by their ability to devise strategies to overcome obstacles in order to attain a food reward. Additionally, the study probed into two other cognitive faculties frequently correlated with intelligence: associative learning, which involves the acquisition of knowledge through the connection of stimuli, and reversal learning, a process where an animal modifies its behavior in response to changes in reward contingencies. Subsequently, the researchers investigated the potential influence of vocal learning on the development of these three cognitive skills, juxtaposing the capabilities of the 21 bird species that are adept at vocal learning against the two species that lack this ability. Jarvis’s recent study has yielded some of the initial insights suggesting a correlation between vocal learning — a fundamental element for the development of spoken language — and problem-solving capabilities. It was observed that species of birds that are capable of vocal learning exhibited a propensity for creativity, as evidenced by their innovative approaches to acquiring seeds or extracting a worm trapped beneath a cup by employing tactics such as removing the obstruction or manipulating the environment. According to Jarvis, all three of these competencies — problem-solving, associative learning, and reversal learning — are generally regarded as integral components of intelligence. However, an unresolved query persists regarding the underlying reasons for the robust connection between problem-solving proficiencies and vocal learning. Michael Goldstein, a psychology professor at Cornell University who is engaged in the study of vocal learning in both songbirds and humans, albeit not a participant in the aforementioned research, posits that the neural regions responsible for vocal learning do not coincide with those that are activated during the process of troubleshooting. 1．Which can probably define intelligence according to Paragraph 1? A．Language. B．Brain size. C．Brain structure. D．Environment. 2．What does the underlined word in Paragraph 2 mean? A．Guarantee. B．Assumption. C．Category. D．Distribution. 3．What are Paragraphs 3&4 mainly about? A．Habits of songbirds. B．Methods of domesticating songbirds. C．Outline of the study. D．Three phases of displaying intelligence. 4．What may the text talk about next? A．The mechanism that bridges all the brain regions. B．The functions of the brain areas that can troubleshoot issues. C．The reasons why songbirds’ intelligence can not develop further. D．The reasons why vocal learning influence problem-solving abilities. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了智力的定义及其与大脑结构和语言能力的关系。探讨了智力的定义，并通过研究鸟类的叫声和认知能力来探讨智力的表现。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“However, it is more plausible to assert that the structural connectivity and the neural pathways within the brain are the true indicators of intellectual prowess.”（然而，更可信的说法是，大脑内部的结构连接和神经通路才是智力的真正指标。）可知，根据第一段，大脑结构可以定义智力。故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线单词句中“without really trying to prove it”（但并没有真正去证明它。）以及第二段中““The idea stuck around, but so have other common beliefs that are not really supported with evidence,” he points out.”（他指出：“这个观点流传了下来，但其他没有证据支持的普遍信念也流传了下来。”）由此可知，此处为这是某个人在某一天提出的一个假设。故可猜测划线单词hypothesis为“假设”的意思，结合选项B项Assumption“假设”意思一致。故选B项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第三段中“In an endeavor to deepen their understanding of the intricacies of vocal acquisition and cognitive processes, the researchers delved into the realm of avian vocalization, specifically focusing on the melodious songbirds.”（为了加深他们对声音习得和认知过程的复杂性的理解，研究人员深入研究了鸟类发声的领域，特别关注了旋律优美的鸣禽。）以及第四段中“The behavioral assessments aimed to scrutinize the birds’ capacity for problem-solving, exemplified by their ability to devise strategies to overcome obstacles in order to attain a food reward.”（行为评估旨在仔细检查鸟类解决问题的能力，例如它们为获得食物奖励而制定克服障碍的策略的能力。）可知，第3和4段主要讲的是研究的背景、方法和初步发现，由此可知，说明了研究的大纲。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“However, an unresolved query persists regarding the underlying reasons for the robust connection between problem-solving proficiencies and vocal learning.”（然而，关于问题解决能力与声乐学习之间紧密联系的潜在原因，一个未解决的问题仍然存在。）可推知，这篇文章接下来会讨论声乐学习影响解决问题能力的原因。故选D项。 （23-24高二下·广东广州·期末）Similar to you and your canine companion, plants are sentient beings: they consume nutrients, absorb water, and expand in size. Contrary to you and your pet, they lack the ability to flee, engage in physical combat, or seek refuge when confronted with danger. Nevertheless, plants are not without their own methods of self-defense. What need would a plant have to defend itself? To evade consumption? Absolutely! Plants have devised an array of mechanisms for self-preservation. A plant might opt to grow in a secluded or inaccessible locale. Consider the vegetation that clings to precipitous, rocky escarpments. Alternatively, a plant could evolve to make only certain parts of its structure enticing to famished pests and fauna. For example, if a plant generates delectable foliage, herbivorous creatures might be inclined to consume the leaves rather than the seeds, which are essential for the plant’s propagation. Some plants incorporate sharp or slick features that deter insects and other creatures from approaching too closely, such as the prickles on a rose bush. However, the most captivating method of defense employed by plants is through the use of chemical compounds. Plants extract minerals from the soil and synthesize them into functional chemicals. For instance, plants generate chlorophyll, a substance that aids in the transformation of sunlight and water into the sugars that plants consume for sustenance. In addition to this, plants also biosynthesize chemicals for their defense. A certain species of tobacco plant emits a chemical into the atmosphere whenever it is being nibbled on by diminutive insects. This chemical serves as a signal to larger bugs, effectively announcing, “A feast awaits!” The larger insects then arrive to consume the smaller ones, thereby safeguarding the plant. Most plants, however, utilize chemicals in a more forthright manner against their adversaries. In essence, plants manufacture toxins. 1．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Plant information. B．Plant enemies. C．Plant poisons. D．Plant protection. 2．How many ways do plants use to protect themselves according to the passage? A．Two. B．Three. C．Four. D．Six. 3．What do we know from the passage? A．Some plants hide under the covers when faced with threat. B．A plant grows in a hard-to-get-to place to draw people’s attention. C．Some plants produce tasty leaves to protect their seeds. D．Plants produce chemicals to meet the needs of big bugs. 4．What may be talked about following the last paragraph? A．Different effects that different plant poisons cause on plant eaters. B．Different kinds of plants in the world. C．Why plants make poison. D．How to protect plants. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 【原文】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了植物的自我保护机制，包括生长环境、化学防御等。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Nevertheless, plants are not without their own methods of self-defense.(然而，植物并非没有自己的自卫方法。)”及全文可知，整篇文章都在讨论植物的自我保护机制。所以“Plant protection.(植物保护。)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选D。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“A plant might opt to grow in a secluded or inaccessible locale. (植物可能会选择在僻静或人迹罕至的地方生长。)”和“Alternatively, a plant could evolve to make only certain parts of its structure enticing to famished pests and fauna. (另一种选择是，一种植物可以进化到只使其结构的某些部分吸引饥饿的害虫和动物。)”和最后一段“Most plants, however, utilize chemicals in a more forthright manner against their adversaries.( 然而，大多数植物以更直接的方式利用化学物质来对付它们的对手。)”可知，文中提到了三种保护方式：生长在难以到达的地方、产生吸引特定害虫的部分、使用化学物质。故选B。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“For example, if a plant generates delectable foliage, herbivorous creatures might be inclined to consume the leaves rather than the seeds, which are essential for the plant’s propagation.(例如，如果一种植物长出了美味的叶子，食草动物可能倾向于吃掉叶子而不是种子，而种子对植物的繁殖至关重要。)”可知，植物可能进化出美味的叶子以吸引食草动物，从而保护种子。故选C。 1．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The larger insects then arrive to consume the smaller ones, thereby safeguarding the plant. Most plants, however, utilize chemicals in a more forthright manner against their adversaries. In essence, plants manufacture toxins.(然而，大多数植物以更直接的方式利用化学物质来对付它们的对手。从本质上讲，植物制造毒素。)”可知，最后一段主要讨论了植物如何使用化学物质进行防御，暗示了下文可能会讨论这些毒素对食草动物的不同影响。故选A。 （23-24高二下·河北·期末）Cigarettes pose a risk to nearly all health conditions, yet the potential health consequences for smokers extend beyond immediate diseases. A group of 1,000 healthy volunteers who were aged 20 to 70 were examined to see why human immune systems (免疫系统) vary significantly in terms of how effectively they respond to microbial (微生物的) attack. Age, sex and genetics are known to have a significant impact on the immune system, and the aim of this new study was to determine what other factors had the most influence. The scientists exposed blood samples taken from the individuals to a wide variety of microbes such as viruses, bacteria, etc., and observed their immune response by measuring levels of secreted cytokines (细胞激素). Using the large quantities of data gathered for the individuals in the group, they then determined which of the 136 investigated variables, including body mass index, smoking, the number of hours’ sleep, exercise, childhood illnesses, vaccinations, living environment, etc., had the most influence on the immune responses studied. Three variables stood out: smoking, latent cytomegalovirus infection — a virus in the herpes family, and body mass index. Analysis of the data showed that the inflammatory (发炎的) response was heightened in smokers and moreover, the activity of certain cells involved in immune memory was damaged. In other words, this study shows that smoking disrupts not only inborn immune mechanisms, but also some adaptive immune mechanisms. Basically, it seems that the immune system has a type of long-term memory of smoking’s effects. But how does this happen? That part is still unclear. Some researchers think this phenomenon is due to what could be considered the modern biological version of the 19th century’s concept off “aether”. They rely on a series of indirect evidence. However, it’s not a solid biological mechanism, and a detailed explanation will need to wait for further research. Regardless of why it happens, it happens, so stop smoking. 1．What is the purpose of the study mentioned in the text? A．To figure out the potential causes of smoking. B．To explore how aging affects immune system. C．To identify factors affecting immune response. D．To develop a new way against microbial attack. 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The significance of immune response. B．The analysis of data in the experiment. C．The range of viruses used in the experiment. D．The process and findings of the experiment. 3．What is the author’s attitude to some researchers’ theory basis? A．Positive. B．Suspicious. C．Objective. D．Unconcerned. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Cigarettes Have A Long-Term Effect On Immune System B．Smokers May Get Away From Immune System Disorders C．Smokers Suffer From More Than Common Health Issues D．Cigarettes Pose An Immediate Risk To Immune System 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究表明吸烟对免疫系统产生长期的有害影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“A group of 1,000 healthy volunteers who were aged 20 to 70 were examined to see why human immune systems ( 免疫系统) vary significantly in terms of how effectively they respond to microbial (微生物的) attack. Age, sex and genetics are known to have a significant impact on the immune system, and the aim of this new study was to determine what other factors had the most influence..(研究人员对一组1000名年龄在20岁至70岁之间的健康志愿者进行了检查，以了解人体免疫系统在应对微生物攻击的有效程度方面为何存在显著差异。众所周知，年龄、性别和遗传对免疫系统有重大影响，这项新研究的目的是确定哪些其他因素的影响最大。)”可知，文中提到的研究的目的是找出影响免疫反应的因素。故选C。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段中“The scientists exposed blood samples taken from the individuals to a wide variety of microbes such as viruses, bacteria, etc., and observed their immune response by measuring levels of secreted cytokines (细胞激素). Using the large quantities of data gathered for the individuals in the group, they then determined which of the 136 investigated variables, including body mass index, smoking, the number of hours’ sleep, exercise, childhood illnesses, vaccinations, living environment, etc., had the most influence on the immune responses studied. Three variables stood out: smoking, latent cytomegalovirus infection—a virus in the herpes family, and body mass index.(科学家将从受试者身上采集的血液样本暴露于各种微生物，如病毒、细菌等，并通过测量分泌细胞因子的水平来观察他们的免疫反应。利用为该组个体收集的大量数据，他们随后确定了 136 个研究变量中哪些变量对研究的免疫反应影响最大，包括体重指数、吸烟、睡眠时间、运动、儿童疾病、疫苗接种、生活环境等。三个变量脱颖而出：吸烟、潜伏性巨细胞病毒感染（疱疹病毒家族）和体重指数。)”可知，第三段主要介绍了实验的过程和结果。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Some researchers think this phenomenon is due to what could be considered the modern biological version of the 19th century’s concept off “aether”. They rely on a series of indirect evidence. However, it’s not a solid biological mechanism, and a detailed explanation will need to wait for further research. (一些研究人员认为，这种现象是由于 19 世纪“以太”概念的现代生物学版本造成的。他们依靠一系列间接证据。然而，这并不是一个可靠的生物学机制，详细的解释需要等待进一步的研究。)”可推知，作者对一些研究者的理论基础持怀疑态度，故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Cigarettes pose a risk to nearly all health conditions, yet the potential health consequences for smokers extend beyond immediate diseases.(香烟对几乎所有健康状况都构成威胁，但吸烟者的潜在健康后果并不仅限于眼前的疾病。)”和倒数第二段“Analysis of the data showed that the inflammatory (发炎的) response was heightened in smokers and moreover, the activity of certain cells involved in immune memory was damaged. In other words, this study shows that smoking disrupts not only inborn immune mechanisms, but also some adaptive immune mechanisms.(数据分析显示，吸烟者的炎症反应增强，而且某些参与免疫记忆的细胞活性受到损害。换句话说，这项研究表明，吸烟不仅会破坏先天免疫机制，还会破坏一些适应性免疫机制)”可知，文章主要介绍了研究表明吸烟对免疫系统产生长期的有害影响，A项“香烟对免疫系统有长期影响”适合作文章标题，故选A。 （23-24高二下·河北·期末）New parents often find it challenging to get sufficient rest, but for certain penguin species, the struggle is even more noticeable. Recent studies involving the use of brain wave-measuring devices on chinstrap penguins have revealed that these creatures take extremely brief naps, averaging only 4 seconds each. This behavior is repeated numerous times a day, accumulating to approximately 11 hours of micro sleeps which seem to keep the penguin parents for weeks. Niels Rattenborg, a sleep expert from the Max Planck Institute, conducted an 11-day study on King George Island near Antarctica, monitoring the sleep patterns of 14 adult chinstrap penguins. He observed that these penguins maintained constant wakefulness, blinking (眨眼睛) their eyes open and closed around the clock for several weeks. He also found that chinstrap penguins only slept for about four seconds at a time in order to safeguard their eggs and newborn chicks. Remarkably, despite such minimal sleep, they were still capable of effectively raising their babies. Typically, chinstrap penguins lay their eggs in November, constructing nests from small stones. Similar to many other penguin species, they share the responsibility of parenting. One parent remains on guard while the other goes off fishing for family meals. During the breeding season, adult penguins face few natural threats, but they must be wary of larger birds known as brown skuas, which hunt their eggs and chicks, as well as other penguins that may attempt to steal stones from their nests. “For these penguins, microsleeps serve as away to repair themselves and they are crucial for the penguins’ survival,” said Niels. While the study did not extend beyond the mating season, it is hypothesized that chinstrap penguins may engage in longer sleep periods at other times of the year. The scientific community is yet to determine whether the benefits of these microsleeps are equivalent to those gained from longer sleep duration, and it remains unclear if other penguin species exhibit similar sleep patterns. 1．What does the recent study on chinstrap penguins focus on? A．Sleeping patterns. B．Brain waves. C．Newborn nursing. D．Parenting style. 2．What is the primary reason for the penguins’ constant wakefulness? A．To keep exchanging with each other. B．To look out for threats to their young. C．To ensure they are always ready to hunt for food. D．To adapt to the weather conditions of Antarctica. 3．What does the underlined word “wary” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Critical. B．Guilty. C．Watchful. D．Fond. 4．What can be confirmed through the research? A．Chinstrap penguins’ sleeping habits vary with seasons. B．Microsleeps are a unique feature of chinstrap penguins. C．Chinstrap penguins have microsleeps just in the mating season. D．Microsleeps have restorative function for chinstrap penguins. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。最近对帽带企鹅使用脑电波测量装置的研究表明，这些生物的睡眠时间非常短，平均每次只有 4 秒钟，它们之所以这样做，是为了警惕对幼崽的威胁。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Niels Rattenborg, a sleep expert from the Max Planck Institute, conducted an 11-day study on King George Island near Antarctica, monitoring the sleep patterns of 14 adult chinstrap penguins.(马克斯普朗克研究所的睡眠专家尼尔斯·拉滕伯格在南极洲附近的乔治王岛进行了为期 11 天的研究，监测了 14 只成年帽带企鹅的睡眠模式)”可知，最近对帽带企鹅的研究重点是睡眠模式。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“He observed that these penguins maintained constant wakefulness, blinking (眨眼睛) their eyes open and closed around the clock for several weeks. He also found that chinstrap penguins only slept for about four seconds at a time in order to safeguard their eggs and newborn chicks. (他观察到这些企鹅持续保持清醒状态，连续数周不停地眨眼睛。他还发现，帽带企鹅每次只睡大约四秒钟，以保护它们的蛋和新生的雏鸟)”可知，企鹅们时刻保持清醒的主要原因是为了警惕对幼崽的威胁。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“Similar to many other penguin species, they share the responsibility of parenting. One parent remains on guard while the other goes off fishing for family meals. (与许多其他企鹅物种一样，它们共同承担养育子女的责任。父母一方负责看守，另一方则出去捕鱼为家人提供食物。)”和划线单词所在句中“During the breeding season, adult penguins face few natural threats, but they must be wary of larger birds known as brown skuas, which hunt their eggs and chicks, as well as other penguins that may attempt to steal stones from their nests.(在繁殖季节，成年企鹅面临的自然威胁很少，但它们必须wary体型较大的鸟类，比如棕色贼鸥，它们会捕食企鹅蛋和雏鸟，以及其他可能试图从企鹅巢里偷石头的企鹅)”可知，企鹅承担养育子女的责任，一方父母会照顾这些企鹅宝宝，所以它们必须要警惕那些体型较大的鸟类，以防这些鸟类会捕食企鹅蛋和雏鸟，同时它们也要警惕一些可能试图从企鹅巢里偷石头的企鹅，由此可推知，划线单词意为“警惕”，与C项watchful(警惕的)意思一样，故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中““For these penguins, microsleeps serve as away to repair themselves and they are crucial for the penguins’ survival,” said Niels.(“对于这些企鹅来说，微睡眠是它们自我修复的方式，对于它们的生存至关重要，”尼尔斯说。)”可知，研究证实，微睡眠对于帽带企鹅来说具有恢复作用。故选D。 说明文之人与自然 （23-24高二下·江西赣州·期末）New research shows that the health consequences of wildfire smoke exposure stretch well beyond the smoky days themselves, contributing to nearly 16,000 deaths each year across the U.S., according to a National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) analysis released in April. The analysis warns that number could grow to nearly 30,000 deaths a year by the middle of the century. Wildfire smoke is rarely listed as a cause of death on people’s death certificates. But research has shown that tiny particles present in smoke worsen many different health problems. These particles penetrate (渗透) deep into people’s lungs and can cross into the bloodstream or even into the brain. Repeated exposures, or high-concentration exposures, can worsen other health problems, from heart and kidney disease to promoting the onset of dementia (痴呆) symptoms. In some cases, the stress from wildfire smoke is so great that some people die. Because the harm from wildfire smoke can accumulate and isn’t always immediately obvious, the long-term risks from wildfire smoke exposure have gone underestimated. The NBER analysis used a suite of different computer models to figure out the relationship between fire activity and how much smoke was produced. In years like 2020, some northern  California counties were exposed to double their normal pollution load for the year. In conditions like those, the total number of deaths increased by almost 6%. Even small increases in smoke exposure averaged out over the year, push mortality up. Even with aggressive climate action in coming decades, wildfire activity is forecast to grow—and with it, smoke exposure. By the middle of the century, models suggest people across the U.S. will likely experience two to three times as much smoke as they did before 2020. Smoke-related deaths could rise by at least 8,000 people every year. With less aggressive climate action, the number of deaths could be even higher. 1．What can be learned about wildfire smoke exposure? A．It has become the main cause of death. B．It produces immediate harmful effects. C．It makes health problems more serious. D．It can be avoided by using dust masks. 2．What will happen to Americans according to the computer models? A．Experiencing less wildfire smoke exposure. B．Facing more deaths caused by heavy smoking. C．Having more deaths connected to wildfire smoke. D．Reducing wildfire activities with aggressive actions. 3．Where does this passage probably come from? A．A scientific report. B．Analysis of climate change. C．An academic paper. D．Research findings of wildfire. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．The Formation of Wildlife Smoke B．The Harm of Wildfire Smoke to Health C．The Ways to Reduce Wildfires D．The Causes of Too Many Wildfires 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了新的研究显示接触野火烟雾对人体健康影响很大，每年导致近1.6万人死亡，未来可能增至3万人。烟雾中的微小颗粒会加重多种疾病，其长期危害被低估。即使采取气候行动，野火活动和烟雾暴露预计仍会增加，导致死亡人数上升。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“But research has shown that tiny particles present in smoke worsen many different health problems. (但研究表明，烟雾中的微小颗粒会恶化许多不同的健康问题)”可知，接触野火烟雾使健康问题更加严重。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“By the middle of the century, models suggest people across the U.S. will likely experience two to three times as much smoke as they did before 2020. Smoke-related deaths could rise by at least 8,000 people every year. (模型显示，到本世纪中叶，美国各地的烟雾量可能会是2020年之前的两到三倍。与烟雾相关的死亡人数每年至少会增加8000人)”可知，根据计算机模型，美国将有更多的人死于野火烟雾。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第一段中“New research shows that the health consequences of wildfire smoke exposure stretch well beyond the smoky days themselves, contributing to nearly 16,000 deaths each year across the U.S., according to a National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) analysis released in April. (根据美国国家经济研究局(NBER)今年4月发布的一份分析报告，新的研究表明，接触野火烟雾对健康的影响远远超出了烟雾天本身，美国每年有近1.6万人死亡)”可推知，文章应该是出自一份科学报告，具体呈现了该报告中提及的接触野火烟雾的危害。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“New research shows that the health consequences of wildfire smoke exposure stretch well beyond the smoky days themselves, contributing to nearly 16,000 deaths each year across the U.S., according to a National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) analysis released in April. The analysis warns that number could grow to nearly 30,000 deaths a year by the middle of the century. (根据美国国家经济研究局(NBER)今年4月发布的一份分析报告，新的研究表明，接触野火烟雾对健康的影响远远超出了烟雾天本身，美国每年有近1.6万人死亡。该分析警告称，到本世纪中叶，这一数字可能会增长到每年近30000人死亡。)”和下文可知，文章围绕接触野火烟雾对人体健康的影响展开，这种接触每年导致近1.6万人死亡，未来可能增至3万人，烟雾中的微小颗粒会加重多种疾病，其长期危害被低估，即使采取气候行动，野火活动和烟雾暴露预计仍会增加，导致死亡人数上升。因此，B项“野火烟雾对健康的危害”最契合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选B项。 （23-24高二下·重庆长寿·期末）Many of us enjoy watching wild animals, and we can learn a lot from them. Wild geese (野雁), for example, tell us what is teamwork. In fall, they fly to the warm south to get away from cold winter. They fly in no order, but they can quickly form a V shape, with one bird leading. This V shape helps wild geese save energy. When the front bird moves its wings (翅膀) up and down, the force of the air lifts (抬高) the next one. The bird in the front has the hardest job. When it gets tired, it moves behind and another bird takes its place. By sharing the leading role, the group can travel very far. Wild geese flying in a V shape can fly 70% farther without a rest than the one flying alone. During the long flying journey ,wild geese communicate with one another. They honk (鸣) to cheer on each other to keep up the speed and work toward a common goal (目标). What can we learn from wild geese? Work together! We need the spirit of teamwork! Teamwork can help us finish tasks (任务) better. 1．Why do wild geese fly to the south in winter? A．Because they practice teamwork B．Because it’s warm in the south. C．Because they need lots of exercise. D．Because there is no food in the north. 2．Which wild goose is the most tired in a V shape? A．The one at the right end. B．The one in the middle. C．The one at the left end. D．The one in the front. 3．If a wild goose can fly 10 kilometers alone , how far can it fly with a group in a V shape? A．17 km. B．10 km. C．7 km. D．20 km. 4．How do wild geese communicate while flying? A．By moving their wings fast. B．By flying up and down. C．By making sounds. D．By changing the shape of the group. 5．What’s the best title for the text? A．The lifestyle of wild geese B．The spirit of teamwork C．The famous V shape D．The experiences of wild geese 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C 5．B 【导语】本文是说明文。文章通过介绍大雁的飞行行为和团队精神，来阐述和强调团队合作的重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“In fall, they fly to the warm south to get away from cold winter.(在秋天，它们飞到温暖的南方来躲避寒冷的冬天)”可知，南方温暖，所以大雁在冬天飞往南方。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“When the front bird moves its wings (翅膀) up and down, the force of the air lifts (抬高) the next one. The bird in the front has the hardest job.(当前面的鸟上下移动翅膀时，空气的力量会把后面的鸟抬起来。在前面的鸟的工作最难)”可知，最累的野雁是在前面的那一只。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第二段“Wild geese flying in a V shape can fly 70% farther without a rest than the one flying alone.(排成V字形飞行的大雁，不休息的飞行距离比单独飞行的大雁高出70%)”可知，一只单独飞行的大雁可以飞行10公里，那么一群大雁排成V字形飞行时可以飞行10+7=17公里。故选A项。 4．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“During the long flying journey ,wild geese communicate with one another. They honk (鸣) to cheer on each other to keep up the speed and work toward a common goal (目标).(在漫长的飞行旅程中，大雁彼此交流。他们互相鸣叫加油，以保持速度，朝着共同的目标努力)”可知，大雁在飞行时通过发出声音来进行沟通。故选C项。 5．主旨大意题。纵观全文并结合最后一段“What can we learn from wild geese? Work together! We need the spirit of teamwork! Teamwork can help us finish tasks (任务) better.（我们能从大雁身上学到什么?一起工作!我们需要团队精神!团队合作可以帮助我们更好地完成任务。）”可知，文章主要讲述了大雁的团队精神，以及我们可以从中学习到的合作精神的重要性，因此最好的标题应该是B项“The spirit of teamwork(团队精神)”。故选B项。 （23-24高二下·山西太原·期末）Army ants are mainly distributed in South America and Africa and mostly live in the Amazon River basin. They like to live in groups and generally one or two million in a group. They are migratory, have no fixed on the move. When encountering obstacles such as gaps, army ants are able to connect their bodies to each other and build a bridge for large groups of ants to pass through, saving crawling distance. The bridge can be built and removed very quickly, in seconds. Christopher Reid of the University of Sydney’s Insect Behaviour and Ecology Laboratory, said that when studying the ant bridge, he initially assumed that once the ant bridge was built the two end positions of the bridge would be fixed, and the bridge itself would be relatively stationary (不动的). However, after observation, it was found that the ant bridge would constantly change according to the army ants’ knowledge of the outside world. The ant bridge can move slowly from the original position, increasing the number of ants in the bridge, extending the length of the bridge, so that other ants may save a lot of efforts by using the ant bridge instead of taking other routes. In this way, it can continuously compress the distance to the target area. Meanwhile, the researchers have also found that the changing ant bridge does not always achieve the shortest distance. When the bridge is extended to a certain extent, the number of ants involved in the construction of the ant bridge will not continue to increase, and the length of the bridge will stop growing. Researchers believe that army ants use the best methods in the construction of bridges. Since the ants involved in building the bridge are unable to participate in other work, the colony stops putting in more ants as soon as it finds that the number of ants put into extending the bridge is out of balance with the number of ants needed for other jobs. 1．What is mainly introduced about army ants in paragraph 1? A．Their migration. B．Their distribution. C．Their living habits. D．Their hunting targets. 2．What did the research find about the bridge built by army ants ? A．It becomes longer constantly. B．It keeps unchanged once built. C．It achieves the shortest distance. D．It is adjusted according to the needs. 3．What does the underlined word “compress” mean in paragraph 3? A．Reduce. B．Calculate. C．Neglect. D．Judge. 4．What is the writing purpose of the text ? A．To stress the importance of cooperation. B．To explain army ants’ incredible strength. C．To show army ants’ collective intelligence. D．To indicate the harmony between nature and human. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了军蚁的生活习性、集体行为以及它们在建造桥梁时展现出的智慧，通过具体的事例和观察结果来阐述军蚁的特点和行为模式。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Army ants are mainly distributed in South America and Africa and mostly live in the Amazon River basin. They like to live in groups and generally one or two million in a group. They are migratory, have no fixed on the move. When encountering obstacles such as gaps, army ants are able to connect their bodies to each other and build a bridge for large groups of ants to pass through, saving crawling distance. The bridge can be built and removed very quickly, in seconds.(行军蚁主要分布在南美洲和非洲，主要生活在亚马逊河流域。它们喜欢群居，通常是一到两百万只。它们是迁徙的，没有固定的迁徙地点。当遇到缝隙等障碍物时，军蚁能够将彼此的身体连接在一起，为大群蚂蚁搭建桥梁，从而节省爬行距离。这座桥可以在几秒钟内迅速建造和拆除)”可知，本段主要介绍了军蚁的生活习性，如它们喜欢群居，一般一个群体有一两百万只，它们是迁徙性的，没有固定的住所，遇到障碍时可以连接身体建造桥梁等。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“However, after observation, it was found that the ant bridge would constantly change according to the army ants’ knowledge of the outside world. The ant bridge can move slowly from the original position, increasing the number of ants in the bridge, extending the length of the bridge, so that other ants may save a lot of efforts by using the ant bridge instead of taking other routes.(但经过观察发现，蚂蚁桥会根据军蚁对外部世界的了解情况不断变化。蚂蚁桥可以从原来的位置慢慢移动，增加桥中蚂蚁的数量，延长桥的长度，这样其他蚂蚁可以通过使用蚂蚁桥而不是走其他路线来节省很多精力)”可知，军蚁建造的桥梁会根据需要不断调整。故选D项。 3．词句猜测题。根据前文“The ant bridge can move slowly from the original position, increasing the number of ants in the bridge, extending the length of the bridge, so that other ants may save a lot of efforts by using the ant bridge instead of taking other routes.(蚂蚁桥可以从原来的位置慢慢移动，增加桥中蚂蚁的数量，延长桥的长度，这样其他蚂蚁可以通过使用蚂蚁桥而不是走其他路线来节省很多精力)”可知，军蚁建造的桥梁可以不断增加蚂蚁的数量，延长桥梁的长度，这样其他蚂蚁就可以节省很多精力，而不是走其他路线。因此，军蚁建造桥梁的目的是为了不断“减少”到达目标区域的距离，即compress在这里的意思是“减少”，和A项意思相近。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Researchers believe that army ants use the best methods in the construction of bridges. Since the ants involved in building the bridge are unable to participate in other work, the colony stops putting in more ants as soon as it finds that the number of ants put into extending the bridge is out of balance with the number of ants needed for other jobs.(研究人员认为，军蚁在建造桥梁时使用了最好的方法。由于参与建造桥梁的蚂蚁无法参与其他工作，一旦发现用于建造桥梁的蚂蚁数量与其他工作所需的蚂蚁数量失衡，蚁群就会停止投入更多的蚂蚁)”以及通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了军蚁的集体智慧，如建造桥梁、根据外界情况不断调整桥梁等，因此写作目的是展示军蚁的集体智慧。故选C项。 （23-24高二下·广西来宾·期末）A recent study shows 176 bird species have been found to build nests with human litter, like cigarette butts (烟头), plastic bags and fishing nets. “This is worrying because it is becoming increasingly apparent that such materials can harm chicks and even adult birds,” said Zuzann a Jagiello, lead author of the study. The scientists found a range of materials were used by birds from different species: blackbirds have built nests with plastic string; blue tits have decorated them with colorful stuffing; white storks have added cardboard and plastic string. While such behavior had been observed as early as the 1830s, the scientists said in recent years it had undoubtedly increased. “We are living together with birds in a very human-altered environment,” said Jagiello, “Pollution is everywhere.” Birds, like many creatures, are threatened by the destruction of habitats and contact with people. The scientists highlighted ways birds are at risk from human-made materials in their homes. Nets trap birds; rubbish exposes chicks to poisonous environments; chicks choke on materials they mistake for food. However, the scientists were surprised to discover something very different. Cigarette butts contain nicotine(尼古丁) and other substances that can drive parasites and other harmful insects away from nests; plastic films can help keep baby birds warm; sturdier(更结实的) materials can make nests stronger. “It is too early to say what building nests with human-made materials does to bird populations,” said Jim Reynolds, co-author of the study. “There could be some winners and losers.” The study found mixed support for the theory that birds’ nests reflect the materials in their local area. Further research could help scientists learn more about where pollution is and how wildlife uses it. “Birds are wonderful bio-monitoring tools,” said Reynolds. “We’re asking people to take a photograph of a nest in their garden, wherever they might live.” 1．What behavior of the birds has been observed by scientists? A．Birds’ mistaking human litter for food. B．Birds’ seeking for more natural habitats. C．Birds’ living together with humans in harmony. D．Birds’ building nests with human-made materials. 2．What does Paragraph 5 mainly tell us about human litter? A．Its t hreat to the environment. B．Its fundamental composition. C．Its unexpected benefits to birds. D．Its widespread presence in nature. 3．What was Reynolds’ attitude to the concern about the impacts of human litter on birds? A．Uncertain. B．Uncaring. C．Supportive. D．Disapproving. 4．What is the text? A．A reader review. B．A news report. C．A research article. D．A warning message. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家关于鸟类使用人类垃圾建造巢穴的研究发现，包括这一现象的背景、原因、影响以及可能的科学研究价值。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“A recent study shows 176 bird species have been found to build nests with human litter, like cigarette butts（烟头）, plastic bags and fishing nets.(最近的一项研究表明，发现有176种鸟类使用人类垃圾建造巢穴，如烟头、塑料袋和渔网。)”可知，科学家观察到鸟类使用人造材料建造巢穴。故选D。 2．主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“However, the scientists were surprised to discover something very different. Cigarette butts contain nicotine（尼古丁） and other substances that can drive parasites and other harmful insects away from nests; plastic films can help keep baby birds warm; sturdier（更结实的） materials can make nests stronger.(然而，科学家们惊讶地发现了一些非常不同的东西。烟头含有尼古丁和其他物质，可以将寄生虫和其他有害昆虫赶出巢穴；塑料薄膜可以帮助雏鸟保暖；更结实的材料可以使巢更坚固。)”可知，本段提到烟蒂含有尼古丁等物质，可以驱赶寄生虫和其他有害昆虫；塑料薄膜可以帮助幼鸟保暖；更结实的材料可以使巢穴更坚固。这些都是人类垃圾对鸟类产生的意外好处。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第六段““It is too early to say what building nests with human-made materials does to bird populations,” said Jim Reynolds, co-author of the study. “There could be some winners and losers.”(该研究的合著者Jim Reynolds说：“现在说用人造材料筑巢对鸟类种群有什么影响还为时过早。可能会有赢家和输家。”)”可知，Reynolds对于人类垃圾对鸟类影响没有明确的看法，而是认为需要进一步的研究来明确其影响，也就是Reynolds对于人类垃圾对鸟类的影响持有不确定的态度。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“A recent study shows 176 bird species have been found to build nests with human litter, like cigarette butts（烟头）, plastic bags and fishing nets. “This is worrying because it is becoming increasingly apparent that such materials can harm chicks and even adult birds,” said Zuzann a Jagiello, lead author of the study.(最近的一项研究表明，已经发现176种鸟类用人类的垃圾筑巢，比如烟头、塑料袋和渔网。该研究的主要作者Zuzann a Jagiello说：“这令人担忧，因为越来越明显的是，这些物质会伤害雏鸟，甚至成年鸟。”)”、第七段“The study found mixed support for the theory that birds’ nests reflect the materials in their local area. Further research could help scientists learn more about where pollution is and how wildlife uses it.(该研究发现，鸟巢反映当地物质的理论得到了不同的支持。进一步的研究可以帮助科学家更多地了解污染的位置以及野生动物如何利用污染。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要围绕科学家对鸟类使用人类垃圾建造巢穴的研究进行阐述，包括研究的发现、鸟类行为的背景、人类垃圾对鸟类的影响等。文章通过列举事实、数据和引用科学家的话语来支持其论点，具有研究文章的特点。故选C。 （23-24高二下·广东广州·期末）Scientists already knew African gray parrots are particularly clever, with large brains and exceptional problem-solving skills. But they wondered if these birds, separated from great apes by some 300 million years of evolution, also possess advanced social abilities, like helping one another. Corvids, another group of so-called “intelligent” birds that includes crows, have so far failed to demonstrate this ability, according to Desiree Brucks, a Swiss biologist. “Parrots had not been tested yet,” says Brucks. “So it remained an open question whether or not the ability to help each other actively may have evolved (进化) within birds.” Brucks and his colleague placed many paired combinations of eight African grays into glass enclosures (围栏), with a hole cut in a dividing wall that allowed the two birds to interact. The scientists then trained the parrots to trade coins to a person through another hole in exchange for nuts. When one parrot had all the coins, it would assist its coinless partner by gifting some of them through the dividing wall. The parrots tended to give more coins to friends and family, but would also help parrots they had never met. Importantly, the parrots didn’t help when their partner was blocked from accessing the experimenter, suggesting they could recognize when their assistance was needed, or even useful. This behavior, detailed in their study, published this week in the journal Current Biology, is possibly a consequence of evolving in giant, moving groups where an altruistic reputation is important. Katherine Cronin, a zoologist in Chicago, approves the study for ruling out simple playfulness as an explanation for passing the coins. “We can be pretty confident that the African gray parrots are considering the benefits available to their partners,” Cronin says. She points out the research adds to growing evidence of selflessness across the animal kingdom—and reminds us it is not unique to humans. 1．What is the study mainly about? A．The living habits of African gray parrots. B．The social abilities of African gray parrots. C．The problem-solving skills of African gray parrots. D．The comparison between African gray parrots and crows. 2．How did the researchers test the parrots’ ability to help each other? A．By setting up the parrots enclosures. B．By observing parrots work in groups. C．By creating a situation for parrots to share coins. D．By assessing the parrots’ intelligence separately. 3．What does the underlined word “altruistic” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Selfless. B．Impressive. C．Fearless. D．Professional. 4．Where is this article most likely taken from? A．A nature guidebook. B．A pet care magazine. C．A scientific journal. D．A bird-watching newsletter. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项针对非洲灰鹦鹉的社交能力的研究，实验显示，这种鹦鹉能够互相帮助，通过赠送硬币来协助同伴获取坚果，且不仅限于亲友，还包括陌生鹦鹉。这进一步证实了动物王国中的利他行为，表明这种行为并非人类独有。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“But they wondered if these birds, separated from great apes by some 300 million years of evolution, also possess advanced social abilities, like helping one another. (但他们想知道，这些在大约3亿年的进化过程中从类人猿中分离出来的鸟类，是否也拥有高级的社交能力，比如互相帮助)”可知，这项研究主要是探究非洲灰鹦鹉的社交能力。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Brucks and his colleague placed many paired combinations of eight African grays into glass enclosures (围栏), with a hole cut in a dividing wall that allowed the two birds to interact. The scientists then trained the parrots to trade coins to a person through another hole in exchange for nuts. (Brucks和他的同事将八只非洲灰鸟的配对成许多组合，放入玻璃围栏中，在分隔墙上开一个洞，让两只鸟互动。然后，科学家们训练鹦鹉通过另一个洞向一个人交换硬币，以换取坚果)”可知，研究人员通过创造一个让鹦鹉分享硬币的环境来测试鹦鹉互相帮助的能力。故选C项。 3．词句猜测题。根据画线词的下文““We can be pretty confident that the African gray parrots are considering the benefits available to their partners,” Cronin says. She points out the research adds to growing evidence of selflessness across the animal kingdom—and reminds us it is not unique to humans. (Cronin说：“我们可以很有信心地说，非洲灰鹦鹉正在考虑为它们的伴侣提供好处。”她指出，这项研究为动物王国的无私行为提供了越来越多的证据，并提醒我们，这并非人类所独有)”可知，非洲灰鹦鹉会为伴侣考虑，能够提供无私的帮助。由此推知，在迁移类群体中利他的名誉很重要，可以帮助它们生存，由此它们进化出利他的行为，画线词应该是“利他的，无私的”，与Selfless意思一致。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中““Parrots had not been tested yet,” says Brucks. “So it remained an open question whether or not the ability to help each other actively may have evolved (进化) within birds.” (Brucks说：“鹦鹉还没有被测试过，因此，鸟类相互帮助的能力是否已经进化出来，这仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。”)”可知，文章介绍了Brucks开展的针对非洲灰鹦鹉的社交能力的研究，主要包括研究目的、实验方法、实验结果、结果分析及研究意义的内容。结合选项可知，文章最有可能出自科学期刊。A. 一本自然指南；B. 一本宠物护理杂志；D. 一份观鸟通讯。故选C项。 试卷第1页，共3页 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题05 阅读理解之说明文15篇 题号 主题 难度 话题 1 人与自我 较易 职业内容,个人经历 2 人与自我 适中 食物与饮料 ,气候变化及影响 3 人与自我 较易 方法/策略,医疗 4 人与自我 较易 食物与饮料 ,社会问题与社会现象 5 人与自我 适中 公益活动（组织机构）,个人经历 6 人与社会 适中 人工智能 7 人与社会 适中 科普知识 8 人与社会 适中 科普知识 ,植物 9 人与社会 适中 个人保健,科普知识 10 人与社会 较难 动物,科普知识 11 人与自然 适中 疾病 ,自然灾害与防范 12 人与自然 适中 动物,科普知识 13 人与自然 适中 动物,科普知识 14 人与自然 较易 人与动植物,科普知识 15 人与自然 适中 动物 说明文之人与自我 （23-24高二下·江苏常州·期末）My name is Howard Tucker. Studies have shown that keeping one’s brain stimulated may prevent many age-related cognitive impairments(认知伤害). I keep my brain stimulated by working, though for those who have retired or plan on retiring, a mentally stimulating hobby might be a suitable alternative. It is critical to know yourself and understand your limits and capabilities, but I firmly believe that retirement is the enemy of longevity (长寿). With people continuing to live longer, it may soon be commonplace to see individuals working into their 80s, 90s and, in some cases, past 100, like me. I now spend my time teaching medical and law students at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland and I prioritize staying current with the latest trends in neurology (神经学), my area of specialization. Over the years I’ve had to adapt frequently to the changing technology, which isn’t always easy for someone my age. Many doctors I’ve known simply retired because they did not want to learn how to use computers. But I believe that a desire to continue to learn is a must in one’s later years. While technology has made a huge impact on the practice of medicine, I still urge my medical students to listen to patients, take a thorough patient history and look at the patient while questioning him/her. Then, I would have them look at the imaging studies. I believe I am wiser now, in the sense I am less judgmental and more patient with my medical students who have forgotten how to take a thorough patient history, the most important part of the examination. Of course, I’ve had to make adjustments over the years. Pacing is important. It feels like only yesterday that I would be going on rounds seeing patients in the hospital at 5:00 a. m. Now with my 102nd birthday less than two months away, I find myself sleeping in. But I wake up at 8:30 am, ready to face the day ahead of me. 1．What was Howard Tucker’s job in the past? A．Writer. B．Doctor. C．Teacher. D．Scientist. 2．Why does Howard Tucker give the talk? A．To celebrate his longevity. B．To advocate lifetime learning. C．To explain why he keeps working after retirement. D．To clarify what is the most important in neurology. 3．How does Howard Tucker see technology? A．Adapt to it as it is easy to learn. B．Learn it to avoid retirement. C．Use it to replace old methods. D．Combine it with traditional ways. 4．What causes Howard Tucker to make adjustments over the years? A．His age B．His illness. C．His student. D．His sleep. （23-24高二下·湖北·期末）Climate breakdown is always changing the taste and quality of beer, scientists have warned. The quantity and quality of hops (啤酒花), a key ingredient in most be, is being affected by global heating, according to a study. As a result, beer may become more expensive and manufacturers will have to adapt their brewing (酿造) methods. Researchers forecast that hop yields in European growing regions will fall by 4 — 18% by 2050 if farmers do not adapt to hotter and drier weather, while the content of alpha acids in the hops, which gives beers their distinctive taste and smell, will fall by 20 — 31%. “Beer drinkers will definitely see the climate change, either in the price tag or the quality,” said Miroslav Trnka, a scientist at the Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences and co-author of the study, published in the journal Nature Communications. “That seems to be inevitable from our data.” Beer, the third-most popular drink in the world after water and tea, is usually flavoured with aromatic (芳香的) hops grown mostly in the middle latitudes that are sensitive to changes in light, heat and water. In recent years, demand for high-quality hops has been pushed up by a boom in craft beers with stronger flavors. But emissions of planet-heating gases are putting the plant at risk, the study found. In Germany, the second-biggest hop producer in the world, average hop yields have fallen, the study found. Beer-brewing in central Europe dates back to thousands of years and is a cornerstone of the culture. The study found the alpha acid content of hops, which give beer its distinct aroma, had fallen in all regions. Andreas Auernhammer, a hop farmer in Spalt in southern Germany, said the total rainfall in his fields had changed little but that now “the rain does not come at the right time”. 1．Which one is NOT an influential factor affecting the flavor and price of beer? A．Climate shifts and greenhouse gases emissions. B．Adaptation to new planting methods among farmers. C．Geographical location and sensitivity of hops. D．The decline in hop yields. 2．What does the underlined word “inevitable” mean in Paragraph 3? A．incapable. B．affordable. C．unavoidable. D．valuable 3．Which statement is FALSE? A．Hops are vitally necessary ingredient in most beers. B．It tends to rain less in European hops growing regions. C．Beer producing has a long history in Germany. D．Alpha acid content of hops had greatly decreased in the world. 4．The purpose of the passage is__________. A．to emphasize the environmental influence on hops B．to raise people’s awareness of environmental protection C．to help hop farmers make more profits D．to save hop production from global warming （23-24高二下·湖北·期末）Taking medicine properly is crucial for ensuring its effectiveness and your safety. Here’s a general guide on how to take medicines correctly, but always refer to the specific instructions provided by your healthcare professional or included in the medication packaging, as instructions can vary greatly between medications: 1. Follow Doctor’s Instructions to know the dose: Your healthcare provider will prescribe (开处方) the medicine based on your specific condition. Follow the directions exactly, including the dose and frequency. Some medications require different doses at different times of the day or may change over time. Follow these instructions to ensure maximum efficacy and to minimize side effects. 2. Food Interactions and Alcohol Ban: Some medicines should be taken with food to avoid stomach upset or to aid absorption, while others should be taken on an empty stomach. Check the label or ask your chemist about any food interactions. Moreover, many medications interact negatively with alcohol. Unless clearly told it’s sale, avoid alcohol while taking medication. 3. Store Properly: Keep medicines in their original containers, away from direct sunlight, dampness, and heat. Some need refrigeration. Check the label for storage instructions. 4. Finish the Course: Even if you feel better, complete the full course of antibiotics (抗生素) or as directed for other medications unless your doctor advises otherwise. Stopping early can lead to incomplete treatment or antibiotic resistance. Remember these are general guidelines. Always consult your healthcare professional for specific instructions related to your medication or click here to get more detailed instructions. 1．Who will be the most possible targeted readers? A．Doctors making a prescription. B．Students in medical college. C．Salesmen in medical store. D．Patients to take medication. 2．Which statement is TRUE according to the text? A．Alcohol is absolutely banned while taking medication. B．Medicine containers can be kept in a dry and cool case. C．Take more pills at a time if you want to recover sooner. D．Stop the course the instant you feel better. 3．Where do you probably read the text? A．A medical report. B．A medication instruction. C．An Internet page. D．A doctor’s advice. （23-24高二下·浙江湖州·期末）Americans are drinking less milk today than they did 40 years ago. In fact, Americans are drinking about 40 percent less than they did in 1975. This decrease has led the United States dairy industry to explore new ways to get people to drink milk. One method it is testing: Help to set up coffee bars in US high schools. The schools prepare coffee drinks in different ways, but milk is always the main ingredient in lattes (拿铁咖啡). That is why Midwest Dairy is providing financial help for a coffee bar at a high school in the Fort Zumwalt, Missouri during the upcoming schoolyear. In exchange, the group will get data on how much milk is used for the lattes, as well as other information about food products with dairy. Dairy groups have provided money for high schools in many states. At a high school in North Dakota, for example, an endowment given by a dairy group helped pay for a coffee machine. The device makes lattes with about 0. 23 liters of milk each. The drinks used around 2 000 liters of milk this past school year. Not all high school coffee bars get money from dairy groups. Even then, the money may only cover a small amount of the costs. But school food operators say lattes give American teenagers another reason to stay on school grounds. While dairy is a good way to get calcium and vitamin D, it is not the only way to get such nutrients, says Doctor Natalie Muth. She is a childcare specialist and representative for the American Academy of Pediatrics. As for lattes, Muth says there are ways to persuade students to get the nutrients of milk without promoting caffeine use. 1．Why are US hich school students encouraged to drink coffee? A．To consume milk. B．To keep them healthy. C．To test a new mixed drink. D．To compare coffee with milk. 2．Which of the following best explains the underlined word “endowment” in Paragraph 3? A．Loan. B．Donation. C．Equipment. D．Scholarship. 3．What do school food operators think of coffee in school? A．It is harmful to students B．It is popular among students. C．It benefits students’ health a lot. D．It is a good way to make money 4．What's Muth’s attitude toward the coffee bars in school? A．Supportive. B．Grateful. C．Disapproving D．Understanding （23-24高二下·重庆·期末）Moving can be daunting (令人怯步的) — whether it’s to a new city or an entirely new country. The good news? Volunteering can be a great way to settle into a new community, meet people, and learn valuable skills. Kajal Patil moved to the United States from India in February 2017. Having previously volunteered for two years as an assistant yoga (瑜伽) teacher in her home country, Kayal was enthusiastic about volunteering and began looking for volunteer opportunities that match her interests on Volunteer Match. Kajal was drawn to a volunteer opportunity with the Meridian International Center to review applications on behalf of the Young Leaders of the Americas Initiative (YLAI). YLAI aims to empower Latin American and Caribbean business and social entrepreneurs (企业家) to transform their societies and contribute more fully to economic development, security, human rights, and good governance. Kajal had previous experience working with the markets candidates were applying from, and the position also allowed her to work remotely. Her role involved reviewing 44 in-depth applications from potential candidates across Latin America and the Caribbean for a four-week fellowship in the U. S. She was responsible for describing the business ideas presented by these candidates, assessing the social impact of their businesses, and determining the strength of candidates to carry out their plans. Kajal says that this volunteer opportunity super-charged her existing skills while helping her build new ones such as time management, business analysis, decision-making, planning, and presenting. She is now looking for her next volunteer opportunity and reflects positively on her experience with Meridian International Center. “A new country brings in a lot of new experiences and volunteering helped me to settle into a new environment,” adds Kajal. “By helping others, I felt needed in society. It indeed boosted my self-worth.” 1．What is a benefit of volunteering according to the first paragraph? A．It offers opportunities to network with influential individuals. B．It helps people better adapt to new environments. C．It breathes new life into people’s creativity. D．It promotes a sense of responsibility. 2．What is the primary objective of YLAI? A．To boost tourism in Latin American and Caribbean countries. B．To provide financial support to Latin American and Caribbean students. C．To assist Latin American and Caribbean entrepreneurs in promoting societal development. D．To develop political relations between Latin American and Caribbean nations. 3．What was Kajal’s responsibility when working with Meridian International Center? A．Reviewing and assessing fellowship applications. B．Teaching yoga to fellowship candidates. C．Planning social events for local entrepreneurs. D．Organizing fundraising activities. 4．What do Kajal’s words in the last paragraph mainly show? A．The challenges of volunteering. B．The self-improvement through volunteering. C．The process of finding a volunteer opportunity in the U. S. D．The importance of using professional skills in volunteering. 说明文之人与社会 （23-24高二下·广东·期末）An artificial cognitive system possesses the capability to translate linguistic expressions and syntactical structures from cerebral functional patterns with an impressive degree of precision. By utilizing a brief temporal window of cerebral functional data, the AI can deduce the auditory content that an individual has perceived. The system is capable of positioning the accurate response within its topmost 10 potential outcomes, as determined in a foundational research endeavor. This AI has been engineered at Meta, the corporate entity that encompasses Facebook, and it holds the potential to ultimately assist a vast number of individuals globally who are incapacitated from engaging in verbal communication, textual input, or gestural conveyance. The majority of current technological solutions designed to facilitate communication for such individuals necessitate invasive neurosurgical procedures to implant electrodes. However, this innovative methodology “could offer a viable alternative to assist patients grappling with communicative impediments, circumventing the necessity for surgical interventions,” remarks neuroscientist Jean-Rémi King, a researcher within the Meta AI division. King and his fellow researchers have conditioned a computational apparatus, also referred to as a linguistic model, to identify words and sentences across 56,000 hours of vocalized records from a spectrum of 53 languages. The research collective then applied an AI equipped with this linguistic model to data repositories from four distinct institutions that encompassed cerebral functional data from 169 consenting volunteers. Within these repositories, participants were exposed to an array of narratives and sentences, while their cerebral activity was monitored via magnetoencephalography (MEG). Subsequently, employing a computational technique that accounts for the anatomical variances among individual brains, the team endeavored to decipher the auditory content that the participants had apprehended, utilizing merely three seconds of cerebral functional data from each individual. The team directed the AI to correlate the phonetic elements from the narrative recordings with the cerebral functional patterns that the AI had deduced to be indicative of the auditory stimuli that the subjects were receiving. It then prognosticated the auditory content that the individual might have been exposed to during that brief interval, considering over 1,000 potential options. Utilizing MEG, the correct response was consistently included within the AI’s top 10 conjectures, as ascertained by the researchers. “The current research is focused on the decoding of auditory speech recognition, not its generation,” King concurs, “Although the generation of speech is the ultimate aspiration, at present, we are still considerably distant from achieving this objective.” 1．What is the main advantage of the new technology? A．Avoiding dangerous operations on patients. B．Helping patients with communication problems. C．Providing a path to communicate with others. D．Freeing patients from risky brain operations. 2．Whom might be the AI be beneficial to? A．People unable to communicate normally. B．People who canˈt move around. C．People who are unconscious. D．People unable to eat. 3．What does Jean-Rémi King think of the new study? A．Disappointing. B．Surprising. C．Promising. D．Exciting. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．A New Study on Artificial Intelligence B．The Application of MEG Technology C．A New Way to Decode Speech D．A Solution to Communication Problems （23-24高二下·广东广州·期末）The concept of intellect is a multifaceted and complex one; to grasp its essence, one must consider the intricate nature of cognition rather than merely the physical dimensions of the cerebral organ. Should we assume that the magnitude of the brain is the sole determinant of intelligence, then the sperm whale, with its cerebral mass weighing approximately 20 pounds, would arguably be deemed the most intellectually endowed species on our planet. However, it is more plausible to assert that the structural connectivity and the neural pathways within the brain are the true indicators of intellectual prowess. When assessed from this perspective, intelligence can be perceived as the attribute that equips a living entity with the most advantageous set of capabilities to thrive and persist within its ecological setting. Furthermore, the faculty of language, which encompasses the ability to communicate complex ideas and emotions, may very well serve as an exemplary manifestation of such intellectual acuity. “Language allowing humans to be a more advanced species is a hypothesis that somebody came up with one day without really trying to prove it,” says Erich Jarvis, a professor who studies the neuro-biology of vocal learning. “The idea stuck around, but so have other common beliefs that are not really supported with evidence,” he points out. In an endeavor to deepen their understanding of the intricacies of vocal acquisition and cognitive processes, the researchers delved into the realm of avian vocalization, specifically focusing on the melodious songbirds. A comprehensive set of seven cognitive experiments were conducted on a sample of 214 songbirds, representing a diverse array of 23 distinct species. Among these, the majority, encompassing 21 species, were captured from their natural habitats, while the remaining two species were of domesticated origin. The behavioral assessments aimed to scrutinize the birds’ capacity for problem-solving, exemplified by their ability to devise strategies to overcome obstacles in order to attain a food reward. Additionally, the study probed into two other cognitive faculties frequently correlated with intelligence: associative learning, which involves the acquisition of knowledge through the connection of stimuli, and reversal learning, a process where an animal modifies its behavior in response to changes in reward contingencies. Subsequently, the researchers investigated the potential influence of vocal learning on the development of these three cognitive skills, juxtaposing the capabilities of the 21 bird species that are adept at vocal learning against the two species that lack this ability. Jarvis’s recent study has yielded some of the initial insights suggesting a correlation between vocal learning — a fundamental element for the development of spoken language — and problem-solving capabilities. It was observed that species of birds that are capable of vocal learning exhibited a propensity for creativity, as evidenced by their innovative approaches to acquiring seeds or extracting a worm trapped beneath a cup by employing tactics such as removing the obstruction or manipulating the environment. According to Jarvis, all three of these competencies — problem-solving, associative learning, and reversal learning — are generally regarded as integral components of intelligence. However, an unresolved query persists regarding the underlying reasons for the robust connection between problem-solving proficiencies and vocal learning. Michael Goldstein, a psychology professor at Cornell University who is engaged in the study of vocal learning in both songbirds and humans, albeit not a participant in the aforementioned research, posits that the neural regions responsible for vocal learning do not coincide with those that are activated during the process of troubleshooting. 1．Which can probably define intelligence according to Paragraph 1? A．Language. B．Brain size. C．Brain structure. D．Environment. 2．What does the underlined word in Paragraph 2 mean? A．Guarantee. B．Assumption. C．Category. D．Distribution. 3．What are Paragraphs 3&4 mainly about? A．Habits of songbirds. B．Methods of domesticating songbirds. C．Outline of the study. D．Three phases of displaying intelligence. 4．What may the text talk about next? A．The mechanism that bridges all the brain regions. B．The functions of the brain areas that can troubleshoot issues. C．The reasons why songbirds’ intelligence can not develop further. D．The reasons why vocal learning influence problem-solving abilities. （23-24高二下·广东广州·期末）Similar to you and your canine companion, plants are sentient beings: they consume nutrients, absorb water, and expand in size. Contrary to you and your pet, they lack the ability to flee, engage in physical combat, or seek refuge when confronted with danger. Nevertheless, plants are not without their own methods of self-defense. What need would a plant have to defend itself? To evade consumption? Absolutely! Plants have devised an array of mechanisms for self-preservation. A plant might opt to grow in a secluded or inaccessible locale. Consider the vegetation that clings to precipitous, rocky escarpments. Alternatively, a plant could evolve to make only certain parts of its structure enticing to famished pests and fauna. For example, if a plant generates delectable foliage, herbivorous creatures might be inclined to consume the leaves rather than the seeds, which are essential for the plant’s propagation. Some plants incorporate sharp or slick features that deter insects and other creatures from approaching too closely, such as the prickles on a rose bush. However, the most captivating method of defense employed by plants is through the use of chemical compounds. Plants extract minerals from the soil and synthesize them into functional chemicals. For instance, plants generate chlorophyll, a substance that aids in the transformation of sunlight and water into the sugars that plants consume for sustenance. In addition to this, plants also biosynthesize chemicals for their defense. A certain species of tobacco plant emits a chemical into the atmosphere whenever it is being nibbled on by diminutive insects. This chemical serves as a signal to larger bugs, effectively announcing, “A feast awaits!” The larger insects then arrive to consume the smaller ones, thereby safeguarding the plant. Most plants, however, utilize chemicals in a more forthright manner against their adversaries. In essence, plants manufacture toxins. 1．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Plant information. B．Plant enemies. C．Plant poisons. D．Plant protection. 2．How many ways do plants use to protect themselves according to the passage? A．Two. B．Three. C．Four. D．Six. 3．What do we know from the passage? A．Some plants hide under the covers when faced with threat. B．A plant grows in a hard-to-get-to place to draw people’s attention. C．Some plants produce tasty leaves to protect their seeds. D．Plants produce chemicals to meet the needs of big bugs. 4．What may be talked about following the last paragraph? A．Different effects that different plant poisons cause on plant eaters. B．Different kinds of plants in the world. C．Why plants make poison. D．How to protect plants. （23-24高二下·河北·期末）Cigarettes pose a risk to nearly all health conditions, yet the potential health consequences for smokers extend beyond immediate diseases. A group of 1,000 healthy volunteers who were aged 20 to 70 were examined to see why human immune systems (免疫系统) vary significantly in terms of how effectively they respond to microbial (微生物的) attack. Age, sex and genetics are known to have a significant impact on the immune system, and the aim of this new study was to determine what other factors had the most influence. The scientists exposed blood samples taken from the individuals to a wide variety of microbes such as viruses, bacteria, etc., and observed their immune response by measuring levels of secreted cytokines (细胞激素). Using the large quantities of data gathered for the individuals in the group, they then determined which of the 136 investigated variables, including body mass index, smoking, the number of hours’ sleep, exercise, childhood illnesses, vaccinations, living environment, etc., had the most influence on the immune responses studied. Three variables stood out: smoking, latent cytomegalovirus infection — a virus in the herpes family, and body mass index. Analysis of the data showed that the inflammatory (发炎的) response was heightened in smokers and moreover, the activity of certain cells involved in immune memory was damaged. In other words, this study shows that smoking disrupts not only inborn immune mechanisms, but also some adaptive immune mechanisms. Basically, it seems that the immune system has a type of long-term memory of smoking’s effects. But how does this happen? That part is still unclear. Some researchers think this phenomenon is due to what could be considered the modern biological version of the 19th century’s concept off “aether”. They rely on a series of indirect evidence. However, it’s not a solid biological mechanism, and a detailed explanation will need to wait for further research. Regardless of why it happens, it happens, so stop smoking. 1．What is the purpose of the study mentioned in the text? A．To figure out the potential causes of smoking. B．To explore how aging affects immune system. C．To identify factors affecting immune response. D．To develop a new way against microbial attack. 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The significance of immune response. B．The analysis of data in the experiment. C．The range of viruses used in the experiment. D．The process and findings of the experiment. 3．What is the author’s attitude to some researchers’ theory basis? A．Positive. B．Suspicious. C．Objective. D．Unconcerned. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Cigarettes Have A Long-Term Effect On Immune System B．Smokers May Get Away From Immune System Disorders C．Smokers Suffer From More Than Common Health Issues D．Cigarettes Pose An Immediate Risk To Immune System （23-24高二下·河北·期末）New parents often find it challenging to get sufficient rest, but for certain penguin species, the struggle is even more noticeable. Recent studies involving the use of brain wave-measuring devices on chinstrap penguins have revealed that these creatures take extremely brief naps, averaging only 4 seconds each. This behavior is repeated numerous times a day, accumulating to approximately 11 hours of micro sleeps which seem to keep the penguin parents for weeks. Niels Rattenborg, a sleep expert from the Max Planck Institute, conducted an 11-day study on King George Island near Antarctica, monitoring the sleep patterns of 14 adult chinstrap penguins. He observed that these penguins maintained constant wakefulness, blinking (眨眼睛) their eyes open and closed around the clock for several weeks. He also found that chinstrap penguins only slept for about four seconds at a time in order to safeguard their eggs and newborn chicks. Remarkably, despite such minimal sleep, they were still capable of effectively raising their babies. Typically, chinstrap penguins lay their eggs in November, constructing nests from small stones. Similar to many other penguin species, they share the responsibility of parenting. One parent remains on guard while the other goes off fishing for family meals. During the breeding season, adult penguins face few natural threats, but they must be wary of larger birds known as brown skuas, which hunt their eggs and chicks, as well as other penguins that may attempt to steal stones from their nests. “For these penguins, microsleeps serve as away to repair themselves and they are crucial for the penguins’ survival,” said Niels. While the study did not extend beyond the mating season, it is hypothesized that chinstrap penguins may engage in longer sleep periods at other times of the year. The scientific community is yet to determine whether the benefits of these microsleeps are equivalent to those gained from longer sleep duration, and it remains unclear if other penguin species exhibit similar sleep patterns. 1．What does the recent study on chinstrap penguins focus on? A．Sleeping patterns. B．Brain waves. C．Newborn nursing. D．Parenting style. 2．What is the primary reason for the penguins’ constant wakefulness? A．To keep exchanging with each other. B．To look out for threats to their young. C．To ensure they are always ready to hunt for food. D．To adapt to the weather conditions of Antarctica. 3．What does the underlined word “wary” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Critical. B．Guilty. C．Watchful. D．Fond. 4．What can be confirmed through the research? A．Chinstrap penguins’ sleeping habits vary with seasons. B．Microsleeps are a unique feature of chinstrap penguins. C．Chinstrap penguins have microsleeps just in the mating season. D．Microsleeps have restorative function for chinstrap penguins. 说明文之人与自然 （23-24高二下·江西赣州·期末）New research shows that the health consequences of wildfire smoke exposure stretch well beyond the smoky days themselves, contributing to nearly 16,000 deaths each year across the U.S., according to a National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) analysis released in April. The analysis warns that number could grow to nearly 30,000 deaths a year by the middle of the century. Wildfire smoke is rarely listed as a cause of death on people’s death certificates. But research has shown that tiny particles present in smoke worsen many different health problems. These particles penetrate (渗透) deep into people’s lungs and can cross into the bloodstream or even into the brain. Repeated exposures, or high-concentration exposures, can worsen other health problems, from heart and kidney disease to promoting the onset of dementia (痴呆) symptoms. In some cases, the stress from wildfire smoke is so great that some people die. Because the harm from wildfire smoke can accumulate and isn’t always immediately obvious, the long-term risks from wildfire smoke exposure have gone underestimated. The NBER analysis used a suite of different computer models to figure out the relationship between fire activity and how much smoke was produced. In years like 2020, some northern  California counties were exposed to double their normal pollution load for the year. In conditions like those, the total number of deaths increased by almost 6%. Even small increases in smoke exposure averaged out over the year, push mortality up. Even with aggressive climate action in coming decades, wildfire activity is forecast to grow—and with it, smoke exposure. By the middle of the century, models suggest people across the U.S. will likely experience two to three times as much smoke as they did before 2020. Smoke-related deaths could rise by at least 8,000 people every year. With less aggressive climate action, the number of deaths could be even higher. 1．What can be learned about wildfire smoke exposure? A．It has become the main cause of death. B．It produces immediate harmful effects. C．It makes health problems more serious. D．It can be avoided by using dust masks. 2．What will happen to Americans according to the computer models? A．Experiencing less wildfire smoke exposure. B．Facing more deaths caused by heavy smoking. C．Having more deaths connected to wildfire smoke. D．Reducing wildfire activities with aggressive actions. 3．Where does this passage probably come from? A．A scientific report. B．Analysis of climate change. C．An academic paper. D．Research findings of wildfire. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．The Formation of Wildlife Smoke B．The Harm of Wildfire Smoke to Health C．The Ways to Reduce Wildfires D．The Causes of Too Many Wildfires （23-24高二下·重庆长寿·期末）Many of us enjoy watching wild animals, and we can learn a lot from them. Wild geese (野雁), for example, tell us what is teamwork. In fall, they fly to the warm south to get away from cold winter. They fly in no order, but they can quickly form a V shape, with one bird leading. This V shape helps wild geese save energy. When the front bird moves its wings (翅膀) up and down, the force of the air lifts (抬高) the next one. The bird in the front has the hardest job. When it gets tired, it moves behind and another bird takes its place. By sharing the leading role, the group can travel very far. Wild geese flying in a V shape can fly 70% farther without a rest than the one flying alone. During the long flying journey ,wild geese communicate with one another. They honk (鸣) to cheer on each other to keep up the speed and work toward a common goal (目标). What can we learn from wild geese? Work together! We need the spirit of teamwork! Teamwork can help us finish tasks (任务) better. 1．Why do wild geese fly to the south in winter? A．Because they practice teamwork B．Because it’s warm in the south. C．Because they need lots of exercise. D．Because there is no food in the north. 2．Which wild goose is the most tired in a V shape? A．The one at the right end. B．The one in the middle. C．The one at the left end. D．The one in the front. 3．If a wild goose can fly 10 kilometers alone , how far can it fly with a group in a V shape? A．17 km. B．10 km. C．7 km. D．20 km. 4．How do wild geese communicate while flying? A．By moving their wings fast. B．By flying up and down. C．By making sounds. D．By changing the shape of the group. 5．What’s the best title for the text? A．The lifestyle of wild geese B．The spirit of teamwork C．The famous V shape D．The experiences of wild geese （23-24高二下·山西太原·期末）Army ants are mainly distributed in South America and Africa and mostly live in the Amazon River basin. They like to live in groups and generally one or two million in a group. They are migratory, have no fixed on the move. When encountering obstacles such as gaps, army ants are able to connect their bodies to each other and build a bridge for large groups of ants to pass through, saving crawling distance. The bridge can be built and removed very quickly, in seconds. Christopher Reid of the University of Sydney’s Insect Behaviour and Ecology Laboratory, said that when studying the ant bridge, he initially assumed that once the ant bridge was built the two end positions of the bridge would be fixed, and the bridge itself would be relatively stationary (不动的). However, after observation, it was found that the ant bridge would constantly change according to the army ants’ knowledge of the outside world. The ant bridge can move slowly from the original position, increasing the number of ants in the bridge, extending the length of the bridge, so that other ants may save a lot of efforts by using the ant bridge instead of taking other routes. In this way, it can continuously compress the distance to the target area. Meanwhile, the researchers have also found that the changing ant bridge does not always achieve the shortest distance. When the bridge is extended to a certain extent, the number of ants involved in the construction of the ant bridge will not continue to increase, and the length of the bridge will stop growing. Researchers believe that army ants use the best methods in the construction of bridges. Since the ants involved in building the bridge are unable to participate in other work, the colony stops putting in more ants as soon as it finds that the number of ants put into extending the bridge is out of balance with the number of ants needed for other jobs. 1．What is mainly introduced about army ants in paragraph 1? A．Their migration. B．Their distribution. C．Their living habits. D．Their hunting targets. 2．What did the research find about the bridge built by army ants ? A．It becomes longer constantly. B．It keeps unchanged once built. C．It achieves the shortest distance. D．It is adjusted according to the needs. 3．What does the underlined word “compress” mean in paragraph 3? A．Reduce. B．Calculate. C．Neglect. D．Judge. 4．What is the writing purpose of the text ? A．To stress the importance of cooperation. B．To explain army ants’ incredible strength. C．To show army ants’ collective intelligence. D．To indicate the harmony between nature and human. （23-24高二下·广西来宾·期末）A recent study shows 176 bird species have been found to build nests with human litter, like cigarette butts (烟头), plastic bags and fishing nets. “This is worrying because it is becoming increasingly apparent that such materials can harm chicks and even adult birds,” said Zuzann a Jagiello, lead author of the study. The scientists found a range of materials were used by birds from different species: blackbirds have built nests with plastic string; blue tits have decorated them with colorful stuffing; white storks have added cardboard and plastic string. While such behavior had been observed as early as the 1830s, the scientists said in recent years it had undoubtedly increased. “We are living together with birds in a very human-altered environment,” said Jagiello, “Pollution is everywhere.” Birds, like many creatures, are threatened by the destruction of habitats and contact with people. The scientists highlighted ways birds are at risk from human-made materials in their homes. Nets trap birds; rubbish exposes chicks to poisonous environments; chicks choke on materials they mistake for food. However, the scientists were surprised to discover something very different. Cigarette butts contain nicotine(尼古丁) and other substances that can drive parasites and other harmful insects away from nests; plastic films can help keep baby birds warm; sturdier(更结实的) materials can make nests stronger. “It is too early to say what building nests with human-made materials does to bird populations,” said Jim Reynolds, co-author of the study. “There could be some winners and losers.” The study found mixed support for the theory that birds’ nests reflect the materials in their local area. Further research could help scientists learn more about where pollution is and how wildlife uses it. “Birds are wonderful bio-monitoring tools,” said Reynolds. “We’re asking people to take a photograph of a nest in their garden, wherever they might live.” 1．What behavior of the birds has been observed by scientists? A．Birds’ mistaking human litter for food. B．Birds’ seeking for more natural habitats. C．Birds’ living together with humans in harmony. D．Birds’ building nests with human-made materials. 2．What does Paragraph 5 mainly tell us about human litter? A．Its t hreat to the environment. B．Its fundamental composition. C．Its unexpected benefits to birds. D．Its widespread presence in nature. 3．What was Reynolds’ attitude to the concern about the impacts of human litter on birds? A．Uncertain. B．Uncaring. C．Supportive. D．Disapproving. 4．What is the text? A．A reader review. B．A news report. C．A research article. D．A warning message. （23-24高二下·广东广州·期末）Scientists already knew African gray parrots are particularly clever, with large brains and exceptional problem-solving skills. But they wondered if these birds, separated from great apes by some 300 million years of evolution, also possess advanced social abilities, like helping one another. Corvids, another group of so-called “intelligent” birds that includes crows, have so far failed to demonstrate this ability, according to Desiree Brucks, a Swiss biologist. “Parrots had not been tested yet,” says Brucks. “So it remained an open question whether or not the ability to help each other actively may have evolved (进化) within birds.” Brucks and his colleague placed many paired combinations of eight African grays into glass enclosures (围栏), with a hole cut in a dividing wall that allowed the two birds to interact. The scientists then trained the parrots to trade coins to a person through another hole in exchange for nuts. When one parrot had all the coins, it would assist its coinless partner by gifting some of them through the dividing wall. The parrots tended to give more coins to friends and family, but would also help parrots they had never met. Importantly, the parrots didn’t help when their partner was blocked from accessing the experimenter, suggesting they could recognize when their assistance was needed, or even useful. This behavior, detailed in their study, published this week in the journal Current Biology, is possibly a consequence of evolving in giant, moving groups where an altruistic reputation is important. Katherine Cronin, a zoologist in Chicago, approves the study for ruling out simple playfulness as an explanation for passing the coins. “We can be pretty confident that the African gray parrots are considering the benefits available to their partners,” Cronin says. She points out the research adds to growing evidence of selflessness across the animal kingdom—and reminds us it is not unique to humans. 1．What is the study mainly about? A．The living habits of African gray parrots. B．The social abilities of African gray parrots. C．The problem-solving skills of African gray parrots. D．The comparison between African gray parrots and crows. 2．How did the researchers test the parrots’ ability to help each other? A．By setting up the parrots enclosures. B．By observing parrots work in groups. C．By creating a situation for parrots to share coins. D．By assessing the parrots’ intelligence separately. 3．What does the underlined word “altruistic” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Selfless. B．Impressive. C．Fearless. D．Professional. 4．Where is this article most likely taken from? A．A nature guidebook. B．A pet care magazine. C．A scientific journal. D．A bird-watching newsletter. 试卷第1页，共3页 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$