专题-S731 选修四 Unit 3 Sea Exploration 阅读理解【题型易-考试题型精练】高二下(选择性必修四)英语单元话题中心题型梯度训练 月考突破 题型特训（人教版2019）

专题-S731阅读理解 人教版选择性必修四 题型特训 Unit 3 Sea Exploration 学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________ 一、 初阶练手 Passage 1 - 5 二、 进阶练习 Passage 6 -10 三、 高阶提升 Passage 11-15 一、 初阶练手 Passage 1 （23-24高二下·安徽安庆·开学考试）Location St Helena is one of the remotest islands on Earth. The subtropical (亚热带的) British Overseas Territory sits in the middle of the South Atlantic Ocean, 1,200 miles from the west coast of Africa and 1,800 miles from the east coast of South America. Size Population St Helena is only 16 km long and 9 km wide and the population is 5,000. This is 1/3 the size of the Isle of Wight, and the same size as Disney World Orlando. This is also the same size as San Francisco-yet the island has just 0.5% of San Francisco’s population. With an extremely low-crime community, you can freely explore the island’s natural and built attractions in peace. Climate As a subtropical island, St Helena’s temperature is 15-28℃ all year round. While the four seasons are not recognized on St Helena, the “cooler months” are generally June to September and the “hotter months” are December to March. St Helena is free from extreme weather events, with even thunderstorms only occurring perhaps once a decade. Accessibility Until 2017, St Helena did not have an airport and was only accessible by sea. Reaching the island meant a five-day ship voyage from Cape Town, South Africa. However, since October 2017, the island’s first and only airport has enabled passengers to reach the island in just a six-hour flight. 1. In what aspect are St Helena and San Francisco alike? A．Climate. B．Population. C．Crime rate. D．Area. 2. What can best describe the climate of St Helena? A．Tropical. B．Mild. C．Dry. D．Extreme. 3. How could visitors gain entry into St Helena before 2017? A．By plane. B．By car. C．By ship. D．By train. 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. C 【导语】 本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了圣赫勒拿（St Helena）这个位于南大西洋中部的英国海外领土，包括其地理位置、大小、人口、气候以及可达性等信息。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段Size Population部分中“ This is also the same size as San Francisco-yet the island has just 0.5% of San Francisco’s population. (这个岛的面积也和旧金山一样大，但人口只有旧金山的0.5%。)”可知，二者共同之处是面积大小一样。故选D。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段Climate部分中“As a subtropical island, St Helena’s temperature is 15-28℃ all year round. (圣赫勒拿岛属亚热带岛屿，全年气温为15 -28°C。)”和“St Helena is free from extreme weather events, with even thunderstorms only occurring perhaps once a decade. (圣赫勒拿岛没有极端天气事件，甚至雷暴也可能每十年才发生一次。)”可知，此地气候是亚热带气候，没有极端天气发生，故可知气候较温和。故选B。 3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段Accessibility部分中“Until 2017, St Helena did not have an airport and was only accessible by sea. (直到2017年，圣赫勒拿岛还没有机场，只能通过海路到达。)”可知，2017 年以前都只能通过坐船到达该岛。故选C。 Passage 2 （23-24高二下·山东菏泽·期末）STINSON BEACH CLEAN-UP PROJECT Help us keep Stinson Beach clean this summer! Warmer weather and handfuls of holidays bring more people out to the beach which sometimes means more garbage too; join us once per month to clear litter and maintain the beauty there. When: One Friday a month between May and September. 10: 00 am—1: 00 pm. Where: Stinson Beach parking lot. Supplies: We invite volunteers to bring their own reusable supplies! Limit waste by bringing your own bag or bucket and gloves if possible — but don’t worry if you don’t — we’ll have some supplies on site for you to use. Group entry: Groups of five or more require special arrangements and must be confirmed in advance. Please review the List of Available Projects and fill out the Group Project Request Form. Age, Skills, What to bring: Volunteers aged 10 and up are welcome. Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15. Bring your completed Volunteer Agreement Form. Volunteers under 18 must have the parent approval section signed. We’ll be working rain or shine. Bring layers for changing weather and rain gear (雨具). Bring a personal water bottle and sunscreen. Wear clothes that can get dirty. Long pants and closed-toe shoes are required. No experience necessary. Training and tools will be provided. Fulfills community service requirements. 1. What is the aim of the project? A．To attract the tourists. B．To beautify the beach. C．To provide trip study. D．To conduct a research. 2. What is required for volunteers under 18? A．Fine weather. B．Rich experience. C．School uniform. D．Parent permission. 3. What does the project provide for volunteers? A．Training. B．Long pants. C．Rain gear. D．Water bottles. 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. A 【导语】这是一篇应用文。主要介绍了一则志愿者招募广告，招募志愿者清理丁森海滩，具体介绍了清理工作的时间、地点以及对志愿者的要求等。 1. 细节理解题。文章第一段讲到“Help us keep Stinson Beach clean this summer!(今年夏天，请帮助我们保持Stinson海滩的清洁！)”可知，项目的目标是美化海滩。故选B。 2. 细节理解题。文章倒数第四段讲到“Volunteers under 18 must have the parent approval section signed. (18岁以下的志愿者必须在家长批准部分签字)”可知，18岁以下的志愿者需要家长许可。故选D。 3. 细节理解题。文章最后一段讲到“Training and tools will be provided. (将提供培训和工具)”可知，该项目为志愿者提供培训。故选A。 Passage 3 （23-24高二下·贵州遵义·期末）Do you enjoy cooking with fresh herbs or admiring them in your garden? If so, growing lavender (薰衣草) at home could become your new favorite hobby.Commonly Grown Varieties •English Lavender: Growing Conditions: Full sun, well-draining soil Uses: Ideal for cooking purposes, sachets (香囊) •French Lavender: Growing Conditions: Full sun, sandy soil Uses: Valued for its decorative value, perfect for borders and landscaping •Phenomenal Lavender: Growing Conditions: Full sun, sandy soil Uses: Attracting bees and ideal for cooking purposes •Spanish Lavender: Growing Conditions: Full sun, well-draining soil Uses: Adding decoration to gardens, suitable for cooking purposesTips for the Gardener •Sun Properly: Plant lavender in a location where it will receive at least 6-8 hours of sunlight daily. Providing some afternoon shade can help prevent the plants from becoming stressed. •Water Wisely: Lavender has low water needs. Therefore, water plants deeply but infrequently, allowing the soil to dry out between waterings. •Provide Air Circulation: Lavender does not like to be crowded. Space plants appropriately and avoid overcrowding in planting beds. •Cover Moderately: Apply a thin layer of soil around lavender plants to conserve water. Avoid soil buildup around plant stems to prevent them from being destroyed. •Monitor for Pests and Diseases: Keep an eye out for pests like aphids (蚜虫) and diseases like leaf spot. Regularly inspect plants for signs of insects attacking or disease and take immediate action. 1. What is special about French Lavender? A．It is a cooking ingredient. B．It requires full sunshine. C．It is ideal for borders. D．It can be used as a decoration. 2. What should a gardener do when planting lavender plants? A．Offer 6-8 hours’ shade daily. B．Avoid frequent watering. C．Ensure close space in between. D．Cover a thick layer of soil. 3. Where can the text be found? A．In a gardening brochure. B．In a travel guide. C．In a science magazine. D．In an experiment report. 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. A 【导语】本文是应用文。文章主要介绍适合在花园里面种植的薰衣草种类和方法。 1. 细节理解题。根据French Lavender部分“Uses: Valued for its decorative value (用途：因其装饰价值而受到重视)”可知，法国薰衣草的特别之处是可以作为装饰。故选D。 2. 细节理解题。根据Water Wisely部分“water plants deeply but infrequently (要给植物浇水，但不要经常浇水)”可知，种植薰衣草要避免频繁浇水。故选B。 3. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Do you enjoy cooking with fresh herbs or admiring them in your garden? If so, growing lavender(薰衣草) at home could become your new favorite hobby.(你喜欢用新鲜的香草做饭还是在花园里欣赏它们？如果是这样，在家种植薰衣草可能会成为你最喜欢的新爱好。)”可知，这篇文章是关于薰衣草的种植，所以应该是摘抄于园艺手册。故选A。 Passage 4 （22-23高二下·安徽阜阳·期末）Picking up litter is a fun, simple, and free activity that can have instant results for your child and your community.What you’ll need Plastic bag to collect trash (垃圾) Gloves—especially important as we practice COVID-19 safety measures Optional: pick-up stick, a separate bag for recyclablesInstructions 1. Assign gloves and a trash bag to each family member. 2. Clear out litter from an area of a park, beach or your own neighborhood. Take all necessary precautions (防范措施), including wearing sturdy (结实的) gloves, being careful on river banks or near roads, having adults handle dangerous items, and supervising children closely. 3. Properly dispose of all litter.Reflections Why is it important to pick up litter? How can you inspire others to help keep the neighborhood clean?Resources Colonel Trash Truck by Kathleen Crawley The colonel is on a mission to protect the beauty of the earth by cleaning up litter-and convincing others to do the same. Here Comes the Garbage Barge ! by Jonah Winter This story is sure to inspire your whole family to be mindful of your environmental impact.Take it further Take a few digital photos of what you’ve picked up. Then send an essay about your experience along with your favorite photos, your name and address to mail@ wildernessproject.org. Your essay will be published on the Nicodemus Wilderness Project website, and you’ll get an official certificate. For tips on conducting the clean-up and writing the story, as well as essays and photos from other people, visit the website. 1. What are a must for the event? A．Pick-up sticks and cameras B．Books about cleaning up. C．Plastic bags and gloves. D．Bags for recyclables. 2. What is one of the instructions you should follow in the event? A．Keep an eye on children. B．Leave dangerous items alone. C．Keep away from the riverside D．Stay in your own neighborhood. 3. How can participants get an official certificate of the event? A．By inviting others to clean up their neighborhood. B．By sharing a list of environmental books on the website. C．By writing a review of other participants’ stories online. D．By emailing an essay with photos about their clean up experiences. 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. D 【导语】本文是应用文。文章为一则社区捡垃圾活动的简介，包括需要的物品，相关事项的说明，以及活动后的反馈。 1. 细节理解题。根据“What you’ll need”部分中的“Plastic bag to collect trash(收集垃圾的塑料袋)”以及“Gloves—especially important as we practice COVID-19 safety measures(手套——在我们实施COVID-19安全措施时尤其重要)”可知，活动参与者须携带塑料袋和手套。故选C项。 2. 细节理解题。根据“Instructions”部分中的“supervising children closely(密切监督儿童)”可知，参与者应照看好儿童。故选A项。 3. 细节理解题。根据 Take it further 部分中的“Then send an essay about your experience along with your favorite photos, your name and address to mail@ wildernessproject.org. Your essay will be published on the Nicodemus Wilderness Project website, and you’ll get an official certificate.(然后发送一篇关于你的经历的文章，附上你最喜欢的照片、你的名字和地址到邮箱@ wildernessproject.org。你的论文将发表在尼哥底母斯荒野项目网站上，你会得到一个官方证书。)”可知，参与者把他们拾垃圾的经历写成一篇短文并附上照片发送到指定邮箱，就会获得该活动颁发的官方证书。故选D项。 Passage 5 （2023·安徽·模拟预测）Longing for the most amazing places on the planet? You can do no wrong with these lakes across the globe. Five Flower Lake Set in the striking karst landscape of the Jiuzhaigou Valley in Sichuan province, China, Five Flower Lake is extraordinarily clear, with visibility to a depth of 40 metres. Five Flower is one of a series of blue-, green-and sky-colored lakes blocked by rock falls, but it differs from the others as its waters change color, looking sometimes yellow, sometimes green, but usually diamond blue. In winter, Five Flower never freezes; in summer, it never dries up. Local wildlife living in the surrounding mountain forests include the rare giant panda and the golden snub-nose monkey. Crater Lake The deep-blue waters of Crater Lake in Oregon, US, fill the outlet of an ancient volcano that collapsed 7,700 years ago. Its strangest occupant is the “Old Man of the Lake”, a nine-metre-tall tree stump(树桩), which has stood upright in the water for more than a century. No rivers or streams enter the lake. Water loss in summer is compensated by winter snow and rain, the entire body of water being replaced every 250 years. Lake Ohrid Ancient Lake Ohrid has been around for about five million years and crosses the mountainous border between Macedonia and Albania. It has unique plants and wildlife, including the Ohrid “plashica”, a fish native to the lake, whose scales(鳞片) are used to make Ohrid pearls. Lake Maggiore Surrounded on three sides by the Lipontine Alps and touching the plain of Lombardy to the south, Lake Maggiore is Italy’s longest lake. Considered part of the country’s lake district, it is shared with Switzerland. Characterized by a Mediterranean-style climate, temperatures here are mild all year. This has given rise to some of northern Italy’s most wonderful gardens, which appear to float like flower-decked boats on the water. 1. What makes Five Flower Lake different from other lakes? A．Its agreeable climate. B．The rare local wildlife. C．Its color-changing waters. D．The visibility of waters. 2. How does Crater Lake mainly get water supply? A．By artificial rain. B．By snow and rain. C．From nearby streams. D．From an ancient tree. 3. Which lake has a typical warm climate? A．Five Flower Lake. B．Crater Lake. C．Lake Ohrid. D．Lake Maggiore. 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. D 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了四个世界上著名的湖泊。 1. 细节理解题。根据介绍“Five Flower Lake”的句子“Five Flower is one of a series of blue-, green-and sky-colored lakes blocked by rock falls, but it differs from the others as its waters change color, looking sometimes yellow, sometimes green, but usually diamond blue.（五花湖是一系列蓝色、绿色和天空色的湖泊之一，被岩石瀑布阻挡，但它与其他湖泊不同，因为它的水会变色，有时看起来是黄色，有时是绿色，但通常是钻石蓝色）”可知，Five Flower Lake与其它湖泊的不同之处在于它的水会变色。故选C项。 2. 细节理解题。根据介绍“Crater Lake”的句子“No rivers or streams enter the lake. Water loss in summer is compensated by winter snow and rain, the entire body of water being replaced every 250 years.（没有河流或溪流进入湖中。夏季的水损失由冬季的雪和雨补偿，整个水体每250年更换一次）”可知，Crater Lake中的水主要来自冬季的雪和雨。故选B项。 3. 细节理解题。根据介绍“Lake Maggiore”的句子“Characterized by a Mediterranean-style climate, temperatures here are mild all year.（这里具有地中海式的气候特点，全年气温温和）”可知，Lake Maggiore有典型的温暖气候。故选D项。 二、 进阶练习 Passage 6 （2024高二下·湖北·学业考试）What do pets do when their owners are not around? The Secret Life of Pets seems to answer this question. It imagines what pets do when they are left alone at home. In this film, some steal food from the fridge, some play games all day and some even go out of their apartments for an adventure. Obviously, these are imagined scenes. In fact, the everyday lives of pets are actually rather boring. According to Alexandra Horowitz, director of the Dog Cognition Lab at Barnard College in the US, pets don’t have independent lives when their owners leave. Horowitz explained that the time when their owners are away is not the time when pets come into themselves. It is when they are waiting for their owners to return so they can continue normal programming. Pets sleep for most of the time when left alone in empty apartments. Even when they are awake, they spend a lot of time just waiting around, especially if they are dogs. Cats are generally more independent than dogs. A team from the UK put GPS collars (项圈) on 50 cats in a Surrey village, keeping them under 24-hour watch. Specially-designed cameras were also attached to the cats to offer their view of the world. The team found that the cats spent most of the time in each other’s houses and eating each other’s food, and some walked about 100 metres from home each day. 1. What is The Secret Life of Pets? A．An adventure. B．A game. C．A film. 2. What do pets do when their owners are away according to Horowitz? A．They enjoy an independent life. B．They steal food from the fridge. C．They wait for their owners to return. 3. How did the UK team know that cats are more in dependent? A．By playing games with them. B．By interviewing their owners. C．By watching them day and night. 4. What is the best title for the text? A．Why Are Cats More Independent Than Dogs? B．What Do Pets Do When Their Owners Are Away? C．How Are Pets Watched By The Researchers? 【答案】1. C 2. C 3. C 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了宠物在主人不在时可能的行为模式，特别是区分了想象与现实的差异，并提供了关于宠物独立性和日常行为的相关内容。 1. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The Secret Life of Pets seems to answer this question. It imagines what pets do when they are left alone at home. In this film, some steal food from the fridge, some play games all day and some even go out of their apartments for an adventure.(《宠物的秘密生活》这部电影似乎回答了这个问题。它想象了宠物被独自留在家中时会做些什么。在这部影片中，有些宠物会从冰箱里偷食物，有些会整天玩游戏，甚至有些还会走出公寓去冒险。)”可知，《宠物的秘密生活》是一部电影。故选C。 2. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Horowitz explained that the time when their owners are away is not the time when pets come into themselves. It is when they are waiting for their owners to return so they can continue normal programming.(Horowitz解释说，主人不在家的时间并不是宠物们展现自我的时间。那是它们在等待主人回来，以便能继续正常的生活节奏。)”可知，根据Horowitz的说法，当主人不在家时，宠物们会等待主人回来。故选C。 3. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段“A team from the UK put GPS collars (项圈) on 50 cats in a Surrey village, keeping them under 24-hour watch.(英国一个团队在萨里郡的一个村庄里给50只猫咪戴上了GPS项圈，对它们进行了24小时的监控。)”可知，英国团队是通过日夜观察猫咪来得出猫咪更加独立的结论的。故选C。 4. 主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，文章首段提出“What do pets do when their owners are not around?”这一问题，并指出《宠物的秘密生活》这部电影似乎回答了这个问题，然后下文围绕这一问题展开，介绍了电影中的想象场景、现实生活中的宠物行为以及相关的科学研究，由此可知，文章主要讨论的是当主人不在家时，宠物们可能会做什么。选项B“What Do Pets Do When Their Owners Are Away?(当主人不在家时，宠物们会做什么？)”概括了文章内容。故选B。 Passage 7 （23-24高二下·北京·期中）If a diver surfaces too quickly, he may suffer the bends. Nitrogen (氮) dissolved (溶解) in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure. The consequence, if the bubbles (气泡) accumulate in a joint, is sharp pain and a bent body- thus the name. If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain, the consequence can be death. Other air-breathing animals — also suffer this decompression (减压) sickness if they surface too fast: whales, for example. And so, long ago, did ichthyosaurs. That these ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from their bones. If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply. This kills the cells in the bone, and consequently weakens it, sometimes to the point of collapse. Fossil banes that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends. Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the past. What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years. To this end, he and his colleagues traveled the world’s natural-history museums, looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic period and from the later Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. When he started, he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression. Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite. More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had, suffered the bends before they died, but not a single Triassic specimen (标本) showed evidence of that sort of injury If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti- decompression means, they clearly did so quickly — and, most strangely, they lost it afterwards. But that is not what Dr. Rothschild thinks happened. He suspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change. Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator (捕食动物) such as a large shark. One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles, both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches. Triassic oceans, by contrast, were mercifully shark- and crocodile- free. In the Triassic, then, ichthyosaurs were too of the food chain. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous, they were prey (猎物) as well as predator — and often had to make a speedy exit as a result. 1. Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends? A．A twisted body. B．A drop in blood pressure. C．A gradual decrease in blood supply. D．A sudden release of nitrogen in blood. 2. The purpose of Rothschild’s study is to see ______. A．why ichthyosaurs bent their bodies B．when ichthyosaurs broke their bones C．how often ichthyosaurs caught the bends D．how ichthyosaurs adapted to decompression 3. Rothschild’s finding stated in Paragraph 4______. A．confirmed his assumption B．disagreed with his assumption C．changed his research objectives D．speeded up his research process 4. Rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaurs ______. A．failed to evolve an anti- decompression means B．died out because of large sharks and crocodiles C．gradually developed measures against the bends D．evolved an anti- decompression means but soon lost it 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. B 4. A 【导语】本文是说明文，文章主要介绍了对鱼龙等海洋生物变弯曲的原因的研究。 1. 细节理解题。第一段“The consequence, if the bubbles (气泡) accumulate in a joint, is sharp pain and a bent body- thus the name. If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain, the consequence can be death.(如果气泡积聚在关节处，后果就是剧烈疼痛和身体弯曲——因此得名。如果气泡在它的肺部或脑部形成，后果可能是死亡)”可知，遭遇bend的症状是sharp pain and a bent body，即扭曲的身体。故选A。 2. 推理判断题。根据第三段第二句“What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years.(他特别想研究的是鱼龙如何在一亿五千万年间适应减压的问题)”可知，Rothschild教授的研究目的是鱼龙如何适应减压问题，故选D。 3. 推理判断题。根据第四段第二句“Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite. (相反，他惊讶地发现情况恰恰相反)”可知，研究结果与他原本的假设相反，故选B。 4. 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段第一句“If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti- decompression means, they clearly did so quickly— and, most strangely, they lost it afterwards.(如果鱼龙确实进化出了抗减压的能力，那么它们显然进化得太快了——而且最奇怪的是，它们后来就失去了这种能力)”可推知，Rothschild可能已经得出结论：鱼龙类生物未能进化出反减压器官，故选A。 Passage 8 （23-24高二下·贵州黔南·期末）There was something wrong with the chimpanzees. For weeks, a community of 205 animals in Uganda’s Kibale national park had been coughing, sneezing and looking miserable. But no one could say for sure what made them sick, even as the animals began to die. The examination of an animal’s body can help to identify a cause of death, but normally the bodies of chimps are found long after the rot has set in. So when Tony Goldberg, a US wildlife public health professional visiting Kibale, got word that an adult female named Stella had been found dead, he drove straight to the park. As the official examination of the dead body progressed, Goldberg began to see signs of a familiar disease: fluid buildup in the chest cavity and around her heart; lung tissue that was dark red, and suffered damage through some diseases. It looked like the chimp had died of severe pneumonia (肺炎). “Months later, molecular testing revealed it was human metapneumovirus (HMPV), one of a collection of viruses that presents in humans as a common cold but is ‘a well-known killer’ in our closest primate relatives,” said Goldberg, a researcher at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. More than 12% of the community that Stella belonged to died in the outbreak. Others were lost as a result of being orphaned. This phenomenon of animals catching diseases from humans, called reverse zoo-noses, affects species around the world. But because of their evolutionary closeness to humans, great apes tend to be the weakest. For conservationists, the phenomenon presents a challenging problem. In many places in Africa, people live in close places to great apes. Great ape tourism helps ensure habitats are preserved and local people are encouraged to support wildlife. But the same industry that funds protection of many apes could also be driving them towards extinction, as the close state with humans can expose the animals to deadly virus. 1. Why is it challenging to identify the cause of death for wild chimpanzees? A．Because they migrate to remote areas. B．Because it takes time to locate them. C．Because their bodies break down quickly. D．Because they are often eaten by predators. 2. What was the cause of Stella’s death according to the molecular testing? A．A virus transmitted from humans. B．A rare virus deadly to humans. C．A well-known killer in a common cold. D．An unfamiliar disease in the outbreak. 3. What makes wild chimpanzees easily infected with diseases from humans? A．Their physical quality weaker than humans. B．The virus only threatening wild animals. C．The extremely challenging habitat. D．Their close genetic relationship with humans. 4. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Encourage locals to live close to wildlife. B．Invest more protection funds to the habitats. C．Keep a safe distance from wild animals. D．Drive great apes to remoter areas. 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. D 4. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。乌干达基巴莱国家公园的黑猩猩感染人类偏肺病毒(HMPV)，导致多只黑猩猩因感染严重肺炎而死亡。生态旅游虽然保护了野生动物栖息地，但与人类的亲密接触也可能使动物暴露于致命病毒。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The examination of an animal’s body can help to identify a cause of death, but normally the bodies of chimps are found long after the rot has set in.(对动物尸体的检查有助于确定死亡原因，但通常黑猩猩的尸体是在腐烂发生很久之后才被发现的)”可知，由于发现黑猩猩的尸体需要时间，经常在尸体腐烂很久才找到，所以确定死因有困难。故选B。 2. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Months later, molecular testing revealed it was human metapneumovirus(HMPV), one of a collection of viruses that presents in humans as a common cold but is ‘a well-known killer’ in our closest primate relatives(几个月后，分子检测显示，这是人类偏肺病毒（HMPV），这是在人类中表现为普通感冒的一种病毒，但在我们最亲密的灵长类亲属中是‘众所周知的杀手’)”可知，Stella死于一种从人类身上传播的病毒。故选A。 3. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“But because of their evolutionary closeness to humans, great apes tend to be the weakest.(但由于猩猩在进化上与人类关系密切，它们往往是最弱的)”可知，猩猩和人类在进化上关系密切，它们更容易感染人类疾病。故选D。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“In many places in Africa, people live in close places to great apes. Great ape tourism helps ensure habitats are preserved and local people are encouraged to support wildlife. But the same industry that funds protection of many apes could also be driving them towards extinction, as the close state with humans can expose the animals to deadly virus.(在非洲的许多地方，人们生活在猩猩附近。猩猩旅游有助于确保栖息地得到保护，并鼓励当地人支持野生动物。但是，资助保护许多猩猩的同一产业也可能使它们走向灭绝，因为与人类关系密切可能会使动物暴露于致命的病毒)”可知，人们与猩猩住得很紧，相关旅游产业使得猩猩和人类关系密切，有可能使动物感染致命病毒。由此推知，人类和野生动物应该保持安全距离。故选C。 Passage 9 （23-24高二下·宁夏石嘴山·期末）Animals might not be able to speak or master advanced language techniques, but they certainly have other ways of communicating. Whale song, wolf howls, frog cries — even the fast dance of the honeybee or the friendly waves of a dog’s tail — are among so many ways animals pass on information to each other and to other living things of the animal kingdom. When it comes to hearing communication, not every member of a species is just alike. Animals in different places have often been sounding off in different dialects. For example, one study shows that blue whales produce different types of sounds depending on where they are from. Some bird species are the same way. And what about those birds that live on the border between territories (领地) of different songbirds? They are often able to communicate in a way accepted by each of their groups of neighbors. Communication between different species can play important roles as well. One study shows that iguanas (鬣蜥蜴) do not communicate by making sound, but their well-developed ears help them hear well the warning calls of the flycatcher (a type of small bird). The two species have nothing in common except for the fact that they share a general habitat and enemies. So when an iguana hears a bird make a signal of danger for other birds, it probably knows to be watchful for arriving enemies, too. However, as noise pollution has become a serious problem all across the globe, many animals are now under fire. Increased shipping traffic over the last century has greatly affected the spread of whale song around the ocean basin. Studies have found that songbirds, too, suffer from noisy city surroundings. Some species have had to change their singing styles, producing songs that sound louder, in order to be heard above the noise. Their new voices usually lead to stranger and somewhat worse styles of singing that female birds find decidedly less sexy. 1. What does the author mainly tell us in Paragraph 2? A．Various dialects can also happen to the same animals. B．Animals communicate with each other in different ways. C．Different animals have different ways of communicating. D．Animals from different places may make the same sound. 2. What can we learn about iguanas? A．They communicate by singing. B．They are born with poor hearing. C．They often bring bad luck to humans. D．They get along well with flycatchers. 3. By saying “many animals are now under fire”, the author means ________. A．they refuse to communicate with others B．they cannot communicate effectively C．they are now in danger of dying out D．they don’t make a sound any more 4. The author develops the passage mainly ________. A．by raising questions B．by following time order C．by providing examples D．by analyzing the data 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. B 4. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了动物之间也会交流，不管是同一种类动物内部还是不同种类动物之间都可能存在交流。 1. 主旨大意题。根据第二段前两句“When it comes to hearing communication, not every member of a species is just alike. Animals in different places have often been sounding off in different dialects.(当谈到听觉交流时，并不是每个物种的成员都是一样的。不同地方的动物常常用不同的方言发声。)”可知，作者在第二段主要告诉我们，不同的方言也可能发生在同一种动物身上。故选A。 2. 推理判断题。根据第三段“One study shows that iguanas (鬣蜥蜴) do not communicate by making sound, but their well-developed ears help them hear well the warning calls of the flycatcher (a type of small bird). The two species have nothing in common except for the fact that they share a general habitat and enemies.(一项研究表明，鬣蜥不通过发出声音来交流，但它们发育良好的耳朵帮助它们很好地听到捕蝇鸟（一种小鸟）的警告叫声。这两个物种除了有共同的栖息地和敌人外，没有任何共同之处。)”可推断，鬣蜥蜴和捕蝇鸟有共同天敌，能相处融洽。故选D。 3. 词句猜测题。根据最后一段“However, as noise pollution has become a serious problem all across the globe(然而，随着噪音污染在全球范围内成为一个严重的问题)”以及下文所举例子“Increased shipping traffic over the last century has greatly affected the spread of whale song around the ocean basin.(在过去的一个世纪里，航运的增加极大地影响了鲸鱼之歌在海洋盆地周围的传播。)”可知，噪音污染已经严重影响了动物之间有效的交流。所以划线句子“many animals are now under fire”意为“它们无法有效交流”之意。故选B。 4. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Whale song, wolf howls, frog cries — even the fast dance of the honeybee or the friendly waves of a dog’s tail — are among so many ways animals pass on information to each other and to other living things of the animal kingdom.(鲸鱼的歌声，狼的嚎叫，青蛙的叫声——甚至蜜蜂的快速舞蹈或狗尾巴友好的摆动——都是动物相互传递信息和动物王国其他生物的众多方式之一。)”，第二段“For example, one study shows that blue whales produce different types of sounds depending on where they are from.(例如，一项研究表明，蓝鲸发出不同类型的声音取决于它们来自哪里。)”，第三段“One study shows that iguanas (鬣蜥蜴) do not communicate by making sound, but their well-developed ears help them hear well the warning calls of the flycatcher (a type of small bird).(一项研究表明，鬣蜥蜴不通过发出声音来交流，但它们发育良好的耳朵帮助它们很好地听到捕蝇鸟（一种小鸟）的警告叫声。)”和最后一段“Increased shipping traffic over the last century has greatly affected the spread of whale song around the ocean basin. Studies have found that songbirds, too, suffer from noisy city surroundings.(在过去的一个世纪里，航运的增加极大地影响了鲸鱼之歌在海洋盆地周围的传播。研究发现，鸣禽也会受到城市嘈杂环境的影响。)”可知，每一段都举了例子，因此作者主要通过举例来展开文章，故选C。 Passage 10 （23-24高二下·河南郑州·期中）A new form of real estate (不动产) is appearing along the beaches of South Africa and on the dry islands off its coast - tiny white beach huts. With good conditions and a sea view, they are just big enough to fit a family of African penguins. Their unique selling point: a safe and cool place for penguins to breed (繁殖). African penguins, unlike their relatives that live in snow and ice, live well in the cold currents of the South Atlantic Ocean. But when they come to land, their thick black coat absorbs the heat, and they desperately look for cover-both for themselves and their fragile eggs. Historically, the penguins dug holes in layers of guano (鸟粪) that lined Africa’s penguin colonies, but in the 19th century, traders started selling guano as fertilizer (肥料), leaving the penguins and their eggs increasingly exposed to natural enemies and the baking sun. This, combined with other threats such as egg poaching, overfishing and climate change, has caused African penguin populations to plummet. In 2019, they were thought to be less than 20,000 breeding pairs, down from an estimated 1.5 to 3 million birds in1900. For more than a decade, the species has been listed as endangered by the IUCN. By far, the African Penguin Nest Project has built more than 1,500 nests across five of South Africa’s penguin colonies, and plans to expand into Namibia next year, the only other country with breeding populations of the species. “This is still just a drop in the bucket,” says Graham, who anticipates they will need to set up at least 4,500 more ceramic homes to protect penguins currently nesting in exposed areas.“ The goal is that every penguin that needsa nest will get one.” 1. Why has so many beach huts been built based on the text? A．To beautify the beach. B．To conduct research. C．To shelter the penguins. D．To balance the ecology. 2. How many factors affect the penguin population to decrease from the text? A．Three. B．Four. C．Five. D．Six. 3. What does the underlined word “plummet” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Decline. B．Increase. C．Extinct. D．Interrupt. 4. Which column may the text appear in a newspaper? A．Culture. B．History. C．Technology. D．Environment. 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍一种新的房地产形式出现在南非的海滩和沿海干燥的岛屿上——白色的沙滩小屋。这些小屋为非洲企鹅提供了一个安全且凉爽的繁殖场所。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“With good conditions and a sea view, they are just big enough to fit a family of African penguins. Their unique selling point: a safe and cool place for penguins to breed (繁殖). (有了良好的环境和海景，它们刚好能容纳一个非洲企鹅家庭。它们独特的卖点是：一个安全凉爽的地方供企鹅繁殖。)”可知，建这么多的海滩小屋是为了给企鹅繁殖提供安全凉爽的地方，故选C。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Historically, the penguins dug holes in layers of guano (鸟粪) that lined Africa’s penguin colonies, but in the 19th century, traders started selling guano as fertilizer (肥料), leaving the penguins and their eggs increasingly exposed to natural enemies and the baking sun. This, combined with other threats such as egg poaching, overfishing and climate change, has caused African penguin populations to plummet. (从历史上看，企鹅在非洲企鹅聚居区的鸟粪层中挖洞，但在19世纪，商人开始出售鸟粪作为肥料，使企鹅和它们的蛋越来越多地暴露在天敌和烈日下。再加上偷猎蛋、过度捕捞和气候变化等其他威胁，导致非洲企鹅数量急剧下降。)”可知，影响企鹅数量的因素有四个：商人们开始出售鸟粪作为肥料、偷猎蛋、过度捕捞和气候变化，故选B。 3. 词句猜测题。根据划线词所在段落“Historically, the penguins dug holes in layers of guano (鸟粪) that lined Africa’s penguin colonies, but in the 19th century, traders started selling guano as fertilizer (肥料), leaving the penguins and their eggs increasingly exposed to natural enemies and the baking sun. This, combined with other threats such as egg poaching, overfishing and climate change, has caused African penguin populations to plummet. (从历史上看，企鹅在非洲企鹅聚居区的鸟粪层中挖洞，但在19世纪，商人开始出售鸟粪作为肥料，使企鹅和它们的蛋越来越多地暴露在天敌和烈日下。再加上偷猎蛋、过度捕捞和气候变化等其他威胁，导致非洲企鹅数量 。)” 可知，由于商人们开始出售鸟粪作为肥料、偷猎蛋、过度捕捞和气候变化的因素影响，导致企鹅的数量是在急剧下降的。A选项“Decline (下降)”与划线词为同义词。故选A。 4. 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其第一段“A new form of real estate (不动产) is appearing along the beaches of South Africa and on the dry islands off its coast - tiny white beach huts. With good conditions and a sea view, they are just big enough to fit a family of African penguins. Their unique selling point: a safe and cool place for penguins to breed (繁殖). (一种新的房地产形式出现在南非的海滩和沿海干燥的岛屿上——白色的沙滩小屋。有了良好的环境和海景，它们刚好能容纳一个非洲企鹅家庭。它们独特的卖点是：一个安全凉爽的地方供企鹅繁殖。)” 可知，介绍一种新的房地产形式出现在南非的海滩和沿海干燥的岛屿上——白色的沙滩小屋，这些小屋为非洲企鹅提供了一个安全且凉爽的繁殖环境。由此推断文章可能出现在报纸环境专栏中。故选D。 三、 高阶提升 Passage 11 （23-24高二下·陕西西安·期末）I fell in love with rhinos when I worked in a zoo in the 80s, and spent much of the next 20 years as the keeper of the largest captive (圈养的) group of rare black rhinos There’s a popular misconception that rhinos are aggressive and stupid, but I found them sensitive and affectionate animals. Weighing over a ton, black rhinos are unexpectedly agile (敏捷的) and have an unpredictable nature — but, given reassurance, they tend to believe people. In the past few decades, their numbers have dropped dramatically. In recent years, I’ve helped look after rhinos being moved to the reserve so they can form new populations in countries that have few left. Last year, I helped on a project to fly five black rhinos from a private reserve in South Africa to the Serengeti National Park. Once there, the animals had to be kept captive for a few weeks to adapt to the new environment, in which time they lived in “bomas” — wooden enclosures with “bedrooms”, designed to create a calm space. A couple of weeks before their planned release, the sky was filled with smoke. Watching the flames rushing through the bush toward the bomas, I froze. Terrified that it would catch fire, my instinct was to release the rhinos, but they hadn’t yet been fitted with transmitters (发信器). If I let them out into a bushfire and they were injured, we’d have great difficulty tracking them down. So I dashed back to the bomas and called the rhinos to the bedrooms. Sensing the tear in my voices, they moved without hesitation and remained astonishingly calm. It was crucial the rhinos didn’t panic — they can easily hurt each other if they do. Meanwhile, the rangers managed to beat the closest flames away. At last, after half an hour, the wind changed direction and the fire began to recede. That we and the rhinos had escaped uninjured was a miracle. The teamwork of everybody there played a large part, and the rhinos were very much a part of that team. The relationships we’d built with them had proved crucial — had they or we panicked, all our work would have been in vain. Instead, two weeks later, they were released into the wild, ready to found part of a new population in the Serengeti. 1. What kind of animals does the author think rhinos are? A．Unfriendly. B．Cruel. C．Mild. D．Curious. 2. Why were bomas set up? A．To assist rhinos to settle in. B．To boost tourism in the reserve. C．To avoid rhinos’ aggressive behavior. D．To stop rhinos from fleeing. 3. Why didn’t the author let the rhinos out in the bushfire? A．They would panic and hurt each other. B．It could be difficult to locate and find them. C．They showed signs of anger and aggression. D．They might fail to adapt to new environments. 4. What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Why protecting rhinos is important B．How the rhinos were released to the wild. C．What enabled the rhinos to remain calm. D．What helped the rhinos and people escape. 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了黑犀牛在火灾中被救援的故事，从中体现了人与犀牛之间的信任。 1. 推理判断题。由文章第二段的“There’s a popular misconception that rhinos are aggressive and stupid, but I found them sensitive and affectionate animals. (有一种普遍的误解认为犀牛是好斗和愚蠢的，但我发现它们是敏感和深情的动物。)”可推知，作者认为犀牛是温和的动物。故选C。 2. 推理判断题。根据第二段“Once there, the animals had to be kept captive for a few weeks to adapt to the new environment, in which time they lived in “bomas”—wooden enclosures with “bedrooms”, designed to create a calm space. (一旦到了那里，这些动物必须被圈养几个星期以适应新的环境，在此期间，它们住在“bomas”——带“卧室”的木制围栏里，旨在创造一个平静的空间。)”可知，设立bomas是为了帮助犀牛安定下来。故选A。 3. 细节理解题。由文章第三段的“Terrified that it would catch fire, my instinct was to release the rhinos, but they hadn’t yet been fitted with transmitters (发信器). If I let them out into a bushfire and they were injured, we’d have great difficulty tracking them down. (由于害怕它会着火，我本能地想把犀牛放生，但它们还没有装上发射机。如果我把他们放出去，让他们在丛林大火中受伤，我们就很难找到他们了。)”可知，作者不让犀牛在丛林大火中出来是因为可能很难找到它们。故选B。 4. 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Meanwhile, the rangers managed to beat the closest flames away. At last, after half an hour, the wind changed direction and the fire began to recede. That we and the rhinos had escaped uninjured was a miracle. The teamwork of everybody there played a large part, and the rhinos were very much a part of that team. The relationships we’d built with them had proved crucial—had they or we panicked, all our work would have been in vain. (与此同时，护林员设法扑灭了最近的大火。最后，半小时后，风向改变了，火势开始减弱。我们和犀牛能毫发无损地逃脱真是个奇迹。每个人的团队合作发挥了很大的作用，犀牛是这个团队的重要组成部分。事实证明，我们与他们建立的关系至关重要——如果他们或我们惊慌失措，我们所有的努力都将付诸东流。)”可知，最后一段主要讲的是什么让犀牛和人类从火灾中逃脱。故选D。 Passage 12 （23-24高二下·福建南平·阶段练习）Nature is like the mechanism in an enormous clock. Everything is neatly arranged and interconnected. Every individual has its place and its function. Take the wolf for example. As meat-eaters, wolves regulate the number of plant eaters so that they do not multiply too rapidly. All animals and plants are held in a delicate balance. The wolves remind me of a story from my childhood when my grandfather gave me an old clock. The first thing I did was take the clock apart to find out how it worked. Even though I was convinced that I knew how to put it back together in working order, I couldn’t do it. After I rebuilt it, there were a few cogs (轮齿) left over and a grandfather who was not in the best of moods. In the wild, wolves play the role of such cogs. If we remove them, not only do the enemies of sheep and cattle disappear, but the mechanism of nature also begins to run differently, so differently that rivers change course and many local bird species die out. And things can also go wrong when a species is added. For example, the introduction of a nonnative fish leads to a massive reduction in the local deer population. Because of a fish? The earth’s ecosystems, it seems, are a bit too complex for us to draw up simple rules of cause and effect. Even conservation measures can have unexpected results. Who knew, for example, that recovering crane (鹤) populations in Europe would affect the production of Iberian ham? So it’s high time we took a good look at the interconnections between species both large and small. It’s important for us to realize that even small interventions can have huge consequences, and we’d do better to keep our hands off everything in nature that we do not absolutely have to touch. 1. What’s one of the wolf’s functions in the ecological balance? A．Organizing plant eaters. B．Taking out plant eaters. C．Consuming plant eaters. D．Casting out plant eaters. 2. What does the author want to show with the story in paragraph 2? A．Every part counts. B．Family love lasts. C．Never be too confident. D．Clocks are delicate. 3. Why can things also go wrong when a species is added? A．A nonnative species means death of local ones. B．The interconnections in nature are complicated. C．Rules of cause and effect are obvious in nature. D．Conservation projects are too hard to complete. 4. What does the author suggest people do? A．Have mercy on small animals. B．Think twice before stepping in. C．Take a new look at meat-eaters. D．Keep hands off in conservation. 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过把大自然比喻为一个钟上的机械装置，指出生态系统中每个物种都有其特定的位置和作用，以及物种间相互依存的关系。文章还提到了人类干预自然可能导致的不可预测后果，呼吁人们认识到即使是小干预也可能带来大后果，应谨慎对待自然，避免不必要的干预。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Take the wolf for example. As meat-eaters, wolves regulate the number of plant eaters so that they do not multiply too rapidly. (以狼为例。作为肉食者，狼会控制食草动物的数量，这样它们就不会繁殖得太快)”可知，狼在生态平衡中的作用之一是吃掉食草动物。故选C项。 2. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“The first thing I did was take the clock apart to find out how it worked. Even though I was convinced that I knew how to put it back together in working order, I couldn’t do it. After I rebuilt it, there were a few cogs (轮齿) left over and a grandfather who was not in the best of moods. In the wild, wolves play the role of such cogs. If we remove them, not only do the enemies of sheep and cattle disappear, but the mechanism of nature also begins to run differently, so differently that rivers change course and many local bird species die out. (我做的第一件事就是把钟拆开看看它是怎么工作的。尽管我确信我知道如何把它重新组装起来，但我做不到。在我重建它之后，只剩下几个齿轮和一个心情不好的祖父。在野外，狼就扮演着这样的角色。如果我们把它们移走，不仅羊和牛的敌人会消失，而且自然的机制也会开始发生变化，以至于河流改变了流向，许多当地的鸟类也会灭绝)”可知，通过自己无法重新组装被拆散掉的钟的故事，作者指出狼在野外扮演着齿轮的作用，移走它，就会引发自然的机制的变化。由此推知，作者想表达的是每个部分都很重要。故选A项。 3. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Because of a fish? The earth’s ecosystems, it seems, are a bit too complex for us to draw up simple rules of cause and effect. (因为一条鱼？地球的生态系统似乎有点太复杂了，我们无法制定简单的因果规则)”可知，一个物种被加入时，事情也会出错，是因为自然界的相互联系是复杂的。故选B项。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“It’s important for us to realize that even small interventions can have huge consequences, and we’d do better to keep our hands off everything in nature that we do not absolutely have to touch. (对我们来说，重要的是要意识到，即使是很小的干预也会产生巨大的后果，我们最好把我们的手从自然界中任何我们绝对不需要接触的东西上拿开)”可知，作者认为很小的干预也有可能导致巨大的后果，我们应尽量不扰乱自然界的运转。由此推知，作者建议在干预自然前要三思而后行。故选B项。 Passage 13 （2024·重庆·模拟预测）Meat, milk, cheese — just some of the things provided by goats. But now we can also add fire safety to this list. As wildfires damage increasingly large areas of the planet each year, goat herds may offer a way of reducing the risk. Wildfires are made possible by hot dry weather conditions as well as a supply of dead plants that serve as fuel. We may have limited control over the first factor, but we can control the second. Reducing the fuel load (易燃物总量) lowers the probability of wildfires occurring, as well as the amount of damage caused. This is where we can turn to goats to provide a solution. Goats are being used for landscape management in a number of places around the world, including Greece, Spain, Portugal, Chile and various parts of the United States. Goats have a very tough digestive system. Many kinds of plants that are poisonous to other animals can be easily eaten by goats. It’s not just fully-grow n plants that goats are able to deal with: any seeds that pass through a goat become non-viable and will not grow. Human clearance teams have to worry about getting to hard-to-reach vegetation areas but goats don’t. They are skilled mountain climbers and can stand on their hind (后面的) legs, reaching up to two metres to eat shrubs and grass that humans would struggle to reach. Because of this, using goats can reduce both the possibility of workplace accidents and the amount of money spent on fire protection measures. Goat herds have been found to clear some lands for a third of the price of human plants control teams. Cost and safety aren’t the only benefits. Goats are quieter than lawnmowers and people usually prefer to see goats grazing rather than litres of herbicide (除草剂) being sprayed on the land. Children are often fascinated to see the goats at work and this provides an opportunity to educate people about preventing wildfires. 1. What is at the mercy of human beings definitely about wildfires? A．Weather changes. B．The fuel amount. C．Worldwide diseases. D．Cheese production. 2. What does the underlined word “non-viable” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Developing successfully. B．Getting dangerous. C．Not capable of living. D．Not worth looking at. 3. Why are goats more suitable to fire safety task than men? A．Because of their physical features. B．Because of their high intelligence. C．Because of their quite personality. D．Because of their diligence nature. 4. What might be talked about in the paragraph to follow? A．Why goats are useful. B．What has caused wildfires. C．How wildfires are prevented. D．How goat herds are managed. 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如何利用山羊来减少山火。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Wildfires are made possible by hot dry weather conditions as well as a supply of dead plants that serve as fuel. We may have limited control over the first factor, but we can control the second. Reducing the fuel load (易燃物总量) lowers the probability of wildfires occurring, as well as the amount of damage caused. (炎热干燥的天气条件以及作为燃料的死植物供应使野火成为可能。我们可能无法控制第一个因素，但我们可以控制第二个因素。减少燃料负荷降低了发生野火的可能性，也降低了造成的损失。)”可知，野火对人类的影响有燃料量。故选B。 2. 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Many kinds of plants that are poisonous to other animals can be easily eaten by goats. (许多对其他动物有毒的植物很容易被山羊吃。)”，“It’s not just fully-grow n plants that goats are able to deal with: any seeds that pass through a goat become”以及后文“and will not grow”可知，划线词与and will not grow为并列关系，说明经过任何通过山羊的种子都不能存活，也不会生长，故划线词意思是“不能生存”。故选C。 3. 细节理解题。根据第三段“They are skilled mountain climbers and can stand on their hind (后面的) legs, reaching up to two metres to eat shrubs and grass that humans would struggle to reach. Because of this, using goats can reduce both the possibility of workplace accidents and the amount of money spent on fire protection measures. Goat herds have been found to clear some lands for a third of the price of human plants control teams. (它们是熟练的登山者，可以用后腿站立，可以爬到两米高的地方，吃人类很难够到的灌木和草。正因为如此，使用山羊既可以减少工作场所事故的可能性，也可以减少用于消防措施的资金。人们发现，山羊群清理一些土地的成本是人类植物控制团队的三分之一。)”可知，山羊比人更适合消防安全任务是因为他们的身体特征。故选A。 4. 推理判断题。第一段导入山羊可以减少山火，第二段山火的不可控和可控的因素，山羊是一个解决方案，第三段山羊在减少山火方面的优势，第四段进一步说明优势，所以下一段可能讲述如何管理山羊群达到减少山火的目的，可知，在接下来的段落中可能会讨论如何管理山羊群。故选D。 Passage 14 （23-24高二下·河南郑州·期中）In the past months, humans have become quite familiar with the term “social distancing”. But it turns out that we are not the only ones to avoid contacting our peers when our health may be at risk: Research suggests honeybees do it, too. “It’s exciting to see that other animals are doing something analogous”, said Dr. Alessandro Cini, co-author of the research at University College London. Scientists have found that when a hive (蜂箱) of honeybees is under threat from the mite (螨虫) called Varroa destructor, which can cause the collapse of honeybee colonies, the bees will respond by changing the way they interact with one another. By examining videos recorded inside the hives, the researchers found that when hives had mites, foraging (觅食的) bees performed important dances to indicate the direction of food sources and kept themselves away from the center of the colony where young bees and the queen stayed. This may help to keep the infection at a level that can be controlled, limiting the amount of damage. “Foragers are one of the main entrance routes for the mites,” said Cini. The team then carried out experiments in the laboratory, artificially infecting small groups of about 12 young bees with the mites and comparing them to uninfected groups. This time the team found no increase in social distancing among infected groups — which, says Cini, may reflect that it is more important for foragers and young bees to keep their distance when the mites are present and that bees rely on one another. “Probably social distancing is too costly on a small scale,” he said. But there were differences in grooming (梳理) behavior: Infected bees were groomed more, inspected more, and had food shared with them more than individuals in uninfected groups. Cini said the study showed the power of natural selection in the evolution of social behavior and also dynamic change in the social behavior to adapt to an ever- changing environment. 1. What does the underlined word “analogous” in the first paragraph probably mean? A．Adventurous. B．Meaningful. C．Alike. D．Creative. 2. What is the purpose of foraging bees’ keeping away from the center of the colony? A．To quickly locate the food. B．To show respect for the queen. C．To shorten the entrance route. D．To minimize the potential risk. 3. Why do honeybees keep social distancing? A．Because they’ re artificially infected. B．Because they depend on each other. C．Because they’ re compared with others. D．Because mites appear among them. 4. What is the best title of the text? A．Social Distancing in Honeybees. B．Communication between Honeybees. C．Honeybees Proved to Be More Social. D．Strict Social Rules in Honeybees. 【答案】1. C 2. D 3. D 4. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究证明，当健康可能受到威胁时，蜜蜂也会保持社交距离。 1. 词句猜测题。根据第一段“But it turns out that we are not the only ones to avoid contacting our peers when our health may be at risk: Research suggests honeybees do it, too.(但事实证明，当我们的健康可能受到威胁时，我们并不是唯一避免与同龄人接触的人：研究表明蜜蜂也会这样做)”可知，研究表明蜜蜂和人类有类似的行为，划线词analogous意为“类似的”。故选C。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段“By examining videos recorded inside the hives, the researchers found that when hives had mites, foraging (觅食的) bees performed important dances to indicate the direction of food sources and kept themselves away from the center of the colony where young bees and the queen stayed. This may help to keep the infection at a level that can be controlled, limiting the amount of damage.(通过检查记录在蜂箱内的视频，研究人员发现，当蜂箱里有螨虫时，觅食的蜜蜂会表演重要的舞蹈，以指示食物来源的方向，并使自己远离蜂群中心，那里是年轻蜜蜂和蜂王待的地方。这可能有助于将感染保持在可控制的水平，限制损伤的数量)”可知，觅食蜜蜂远离蜂群中心的目的是把潜在的风险降到最低。故选D。 3. 细节理解题。根据第四段“This time the team found no increase in social distancing among infected groups— which, says Cini, may reflect that it is more important for foragers and young bees to keep their distance when the mites are present and that bees rely on one another.(这一次，研究小组发现受感染群体之间的社会距离没有增加——Cini说，这可能反映出，当螨虫存在时，觅食者和年轻蜜蜂保持距离更为重要，蜜蜂相互依赖)”可知，蜜蜂要保持社交距离是因为螨虫出现在它们中间。故选D。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“In the past months, humans have become quite familiar with the term “social distancing”. But it turns out that we are not the only ones to avoid contacting our peers when our health may be at risk: Research suggests honeybees do it, too.(在过去的几个月里，人类已经非常熟悉“保持社交距离”这个词。但事实证明，当我们的健康可能受到威胁时，我们并不是唯一避免与同龄人接触的人：研究表明蜜蜂也会这样做)”结合文章主要说明了研究证明，当健康可能受到威胁时，蜜蜂也会保持社交距离。可知，A选项“蜜蜂的社会距离”最符合文章标题。故选A。 Passage 15 （23-24高二下·天津和平·期末）Animals and people have been living together for thousands of years, but the past 100 years have been extraordinary in the amount of change in those relationships. In the last 100 years, people have markedly changed their perceptions (认知), their relationships, and their uses of animals and animal products. Many of these changes have occurred in our lifetimes. Some of us grew up on farms and had considerable contact with livestock and wildlife. We knew that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were slaughtered (屠宰) to provide food, and chickens provided eggs as well as meat. Wildlife, living on the farm or nearby, was often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though we understood, or perhaps because we understood the primary role of animals in our lives, we were often in a close relationship that gave us a perspective of our interdependence and the nature of life and death in our ecosystem. Today, less than 1% of families in the US are engaged in raising livestock; few children have seen or experienced the cycle of life and death of livestock or plants; few know first-hand where their milk, cheese, eggs, meat, vegetables and fruit actually come from. One hundred years ago, nearly all dogs were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the US are kept in the house for companionship and only occasionally kept for work. Current studies also show that 60 to 80% of dogs sleep with their owners at night in the bedroom, either in or on the bed. This indicates the closeness of a relationship and is a major change in our attitudes towards treating pets as family. Today the media and most people consider pets as part of their families. Today we have multinational and multicultural ‘recognition of the mutual benefits of the human-animal bond to health and spirit. Animals offer companionship—someone to talk to who will not criticize. They are living responding beings to touch or hug with emotion. Animals keep us alert and help fulfill our need to nurture and comfort others. 1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to the changes in people’s attitude towards animals? A．The decline in the number of farming families. B．The increased use of technology in animal breeding. C．The lack of children’s exposure to animal life cycles. D．The changes in the use of animals in daily lives. 2. According to paragraph 3, what can be learned about dogs? A．In the past, dogs can be kept as a companion. B．Dogs are good helpers to hunt for small animals. C．Dogs can be trained to work as a safety guard. D．Nowadays dogs are not as helpful as before. 3. Based on the passage, what benefits do animals provide to humans nowadays? A．Animals provide food and clothing for human beings. B．Animals offer companionship and emotional support. C．Animals are primarily used for entertainment purposes. D．Animals help fulfill human desires for power and control. 4. Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A．The Changing Status of human-animal Bond. B．Hunting for Food: the nature of life and death. C．The process of domesticating dogs as pets. D．Livestock farming: a thing of the past. 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. B 4. A 【导语】本文体裁属于说明文。作者描述了人类与动物之间关系的历史变迁，以及这种变化如何影响了人们对于动物的认知和使用。文章提供了关于过去和现在人类与动物互动的具体例子，以及这些变化背后的一些社会和文化因素。 1. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Some of us grew up on farms and had considerable contact with livestock and wildlife. We knew that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were slaughtered (屠宰) to provide food, and chickens provided eggs as well as meat. Wildlife, living on the farm or nearby, was often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though we understood, or perhaps because we understood the primary role of animals in our lives, we were often in a close relationship that gave us a perspective of our interdependence and the nature of life and death in our ecosystem. Today, less than 1% of families in the US are engaged in raising livestock; few children have seen or experienced the cycle of life and death of livestock or plants; few know first-hand where their milk, cheese, eggs, meat, vegetables and fruit actually come from. (我们中的一些人在农场长大，与牲畜和野生动物有相当多的接触。我们知道人们饲养奶牛是为了提供牛奶和肉。屠宰肉牛和猪(屠宰)提供食物，鸡提供鸡蛋和肉。生活在农场或附近的野生动物经常被农场家庭猎杀，以提供肉和皮。即使我们了解，或者可能是因为我们了解动物在我们生活中的主要作用，我们经常处于一种亲密的关系中，这让我们看到了我们相互依存的角度，以及生态系统中生死的本质。如今，美国只有不到1%的家庭从事畜牧业；很少有儿童看到或经历过牲畜或植物的生死循环；很少有人直接知道他们的牛奶、奶酪、鸡蛋、肉类、蔬菜和水果究竟来自哪里)”可知，农业家庭数量的减少和儿童缺乏对动物生命周期的接触是导致人们对动物态度变化的因素。据文章第三段“One hundred years ago, nearly all dogs were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the US are kept in the house for companionship and only occasionally kept for work. Current studies also show that 60 to 80% of dogs sleep with their owners at night in the bedroom, either in or on the bed. This indicates the closeness of a relationship and is a major change in our attitudes towards treating pets as family. Today the media and most people consider pets as part of their families. (一百年前，几乎所有的狗都是用来放牧、拉扯、打猎、追踪或保护的，很少被允许进入房子，几乎从不进入卧室。今天，在美国，大多数狗都是被养在家里作伴的，只是偶尔为了工作而被养。目前的研究还表明，60%到80%的狗晚上会和主人一起睡在卧室里，要么在床上，要么在床上。这表明了一种亲密的关系，是我们对待宠物的态度的一个重大变化。今天，媒体和大多数人都把宠物视为家庭的一部分)”可知，动物在日常生活使用中的变化，是导致人们对动物态度变化的因素。只有选项B未被提及。故选B。 2. 推理判断题。据文章第三段“One hundred years ago, nearly all dogs were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the US are kept in the house for companionship and only occasionally kept for work. Current studies also show that 60 to 80% of dogs sleep with their owners at night in the bedroom, either in or on the bed. This indicates the closeness of a relationship and is a major change in our attitudes towards treating pets as family. Today the media and most people consider pets as part of their families. (一百年前，几乎所有的狗都是用来放牧、拉扯、打猎、追踪或保护的，很少被允许进入房子，几乎从不进入卧室。今天，在美国，大多数狗都是被养在家里作伴的，只是偶尔为了工作而被养。目前的研究还表明，60%到80%的狗晚上会和主人一起睡在卧室里，要么在床上，要么在床上。这表明了一种亲密的关系，是我们对待宠物的态度的一个重大变化。今天，媒体和大多数人都把宠物视为家庭的一部分)”可知，现在，狗可以被当作伴侣养着；过去狗可以被训练成安全警卫，但没有说狗可以帮助打猎小动物。 故选C。 3. 推理判断题。据文章第三段“Today the media and most people consider pets as part of their families. (今天，媒体和大多数人都把宠物视为家庭的一部分)”可知，动物给人类提供的是陪伴和情感支持。故选B。 4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“Animals and people have been living together for thousands of years, but the past 100 years have been extraordinary in the amount of change in those relationships.  In the last 100 years, people have markedly changed their perceptions (认知), their relationships, and their uses of animals and animal products.  Many of these changes have occurred in our lifetimes. (动物和人类已经共同生活了数千年，但在过去的100年里，这些关系发生了巨大的变化。在过去的100年里，人们已经显著改变了他们的观念(认知)，他们的关系，以及他们对动物和动物产品的使用。许多这样的变化都发生在我们的有生之年。)”可知，整篇文章讨论了人与动物关系的变化，特别是在过去100年间的变化，包括人们对动物的态度、动物在人们生活中的角色以及动物为人类提供的福利等方面。因此，最合适的标题是选项A“The Changing Status of human-animal Bond. (人与动物关系的变化状态)”。故选A。 高二下学期 单元话题 梯度训练 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$专题-S731阅读理解 人教版选择性必修四 题型特训 Unit 3 Sea Exploration 学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________ 一、 初阶练手 Passage 1 - 5 二、 进阶练习 Passage 6 -10 三、 高阶提升 Passage 11-15 一、 初阶练手 Passage 1 （23-24高二下·安徽安庆·开学考试）Location St Helena is one of the remotest islands on Earth. The subtropical (亚热带的) British Overseas Territory sits in the middle of the South Atlantic Ocean, 1,200 miles from the west coast of Africa and 1,800 miles from the east coast of South America. Size Population St Helena is only 16 km long and 9 km wide and the population is 5,000. This is 1/3 the size of the Isle of Wight, and the same size as Disney World Orlando. This is also the same size as San Francisco-yet the island has just 0.5% of San Francisco’s population. With an extremely low-crime community, you can freely explore the island’s natural and built attractions in peace. Climate As a subtropical island, St Helena’s temperature is 15-28℃ all year round. While the four seasons are not recognized on St Helena, the “cooler months” are generally June to September and the “hotter months” are December to March. St Helena is free from extreme weather events, with even thunderstorms only occurring perhaps once a decade. Accessibility Until 2017, St Helena did not have an airport and was only accessible by sea. Reaching the island meant a five-day ship voyage from Cape Town, South Africa. However, since October 2017, the island’s first and only airport has enabled passengers to reach the island in just a six-hour flight. 1. In what aspect are St Helena and San Francisco alike? A．Climate. B．Population. C．Crime rate. D．Area. 2. What can best describe the climate of St Helena? A．Tropical. B．Mild. C．Dry. D．Extreme. 3. How could visitors gain entry into St Helena before 2017? A．By plane. B．By car. C．By ship. D．By train. Passage 2 （23-24高二下·山东菏泽·期末）STINSON BEACH CLEAN-UP PROJECT Help us keep Stinson Beach clean this summer! Warmer weather and handfuls of holidays bring more people out to the beach which sometimes means more garbage too; join us once per month to clear litter and maintain the beauty there. When: One Friday a month between May and September. 10: 00 am—1: 00 pm. Where: Stinson Beach parking lot. Supplies: We invite volunteers to bring their own reusable supplies! Limit waste by bringing your own bag or bucket and gloves if possible — but don’t worry if you don’t — we’ll have some supplies on site for you to use. Group entry: Groups of five or more require special arrangements and must be confirmed in advance. Please review the List of Available Projects and fill out the Group Project Request Form. Age, Skills, What to bring: Volunteers aged 10 and up are welcome. Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15. Bring your completed Volunteer Agreement Form. Volunteers under 18 must have the parent approval section signed. We’ll be working rain or shine. Bring layers for changing weather and rain gear (雨具). Bring a personal water bottle and sunscreen. Wear clothes that can get dirty. Long pants and closed-toe shoes are required. No experience necessary. Training and tools will be provided. Fulfills community service requirements. 1. What is the aim of the project? A．To attract the tourists. B．To beautify the beach. C．To provide trip study. D．To conduct a research. 2. What is required for volunteers under 18? A．Fine weather. B．Rich experience. C．School uniform. D．Parent permission. 3. What does the project provide for volunteers? A．Training. B．Long pants. C．Rain gear. D．Water bottles. Passage 3 （23-24高二下·贵州遵义·期末）Do you enjoy cooking with fresh herbs or admiring them in your garden? If so, growing lavender (薰衣草) at home could become your new favorite hobby.Commonly Grown Varieties •English Lavender: Growing Conditions: Full sun, well-draining soil Uses: Ideal for cooking purposes, sachets (香囊) •French Lavender: Growing Conditions: Full sun, sandy soil Uses: Valued for its decorative value, perfect for borders and landscaping •Phenomenal Lavender: Growing Conditions: Full sun, sandy soil Uses: Attracting bees and ideal for cooking purposes •Spanish Lavender: Growing Conditions: Full sun, well-draining soil Uses: Adding decoration to gardens, suitable for cooking purposesTips for the Gardener •Sun Properly: Plant lavender in a location where it will receive at least 6-8 hours of sunlight daily. Providing some afternoon shade can help prevent the plants from becoming stressed. •Water Wisely: Lavender has low water needs. Therefore, water plants deeply but infrequently, allowing the soil to dry out between waterings. •Provide Air Circulation: Lavender does not like to be crowded. Space plants appropriately and avoid overcrowding in planting beds. •Cover Moderately: Apply a thin layer of soil around lavender plants to conserve water. Avoid soil buildup around plant stems to prevent them from being destroyed. •Monitor for Pests and Diseases: Keep an eye out for pests like aphids (蚜虫) and diseases like leaf spot. Regularly inspect plants for signs of insects attacking or disease and take immediate action. 1. What is special about French Lavender? A．It is a cooking ingredient. B．It requires full sunshine. C．It is ideal for borders. D．It can be used as a decoration. 2. What should a gardener do when planting lavender plants? A．Offer 6-8 hours’ shade daily. B．Avoid frequent watering. C．Ensure close space in between. D．Cover a thick layer of soil. 3. Where can the text be found? A．In a gardening brochure. B．In a travel guide. C．In a science magazine. D．In an experiment report. Passage 4 （22-23高二下·安徽阜阳·期末）Picking up litter is a fun, simple, and free activity that can have instant results for your child and your community.What you’ll need Plastic bag to collect trash (垃圾) Gloves—especially important as we practice COVID-19 safety measures Optional: pick-up stick, a separate bag for recyclablesInstructions 1. Assign gloves and a trash bag to each family member. 2. Clear out litter from an area of a park, beach or your own neighborhood. Take all necessary precautions (防范措施), including wearing sturdy (结实的) gloves, being careful on river banks or near roads, having adults handle dangerous items, and supervising children closely. 3. Properly dispose of all litter.Reflections Why is it important to pick up litter? How can you inspire others to help keep the neighborhood clean?Resources Colonel Trash Truck by Kathleen Crawley The colonel is on a mission to protect the beauty of the earth by cleaning up litter-and convincing others to do the same. Here Comes the Garbage Barge ! by Jonah Winter This story is sure to inspire your whole family to be mindful of your environmental impact.Take it further Take a few digital photos of what you’ve picked up. Then send an essay about your experience along with your favorite photos, your name and address to mail@ wildernessproject.org. Your essay will be published on the Nicodemus Wilderness Project website, and you’ll get an official certificate. For tips on conducting the clean-up and writing the story, as well as essays and photos from other people, visit the website. 1. What are a must for the event? A．Pick-up sticks and cameras B．Books about cleaning up. C．Plastic bags and gloves. D．Bags for recyclables. 2. What is one of the instructions you should follow in the event? A．Keep an eye on children. B．Leave dangerous items alone. C．Keep away from the riverside D．Stay in your own neighborhood. 3. How can participants get an official certificate of the event? A．By inviting others to clean up their neighborhood. B．By sharing a list of environmental books on the website. C．By writing a review of other participants’ stories online. D．By emailing an essay with photos about their clean up experiences. Passage 5 （2023·安徽·模拟预测）Longing for the most amazing places on the planet? You can do no wrong with these lakes across the globe. Five Flower Lake Set in the striking karst landscape of the Jiuzhaigou Valley in Sichuan province, China, Five Flower Lake is extraordinarily clear, with visibility to a depth of 40 metres. Five Flower is one of a series of blue-, green-and sky-colored lakes blocked by rock falls, but it differs from the others as its waters change color, looking sometimes yellow, sometimes green, but usually diamond blue. In winter, Five Flower never freezes; in summer, it never dries up. Local wildlife living in the surrounding mountain forests include the rare giant panda and the golden snub-nose monkey. Crater Lake The deep-blue waters of Crater Lake in Oregon, US, fill the outlet of an ancient volcano that collapsed 7,700 years ago. Its strangest occupant is the “Old Man of the Lake”, a nine-metre-tall tree stump(树桩), which has stood upright in the water for more than a century. No rivers or streams enter the lake. Water loss in summer is compensated by winter snow and rain, the entire body of water being replaced every 250 years. Lake Ohrid Ancient Lake Ohrid has been around for about five million years and crosses the mountainous border between Macedonia and Albania. It has unique plants and wildlife, including the Ohrid “plashica”, a fish native to the lake, whose scales(鳞片) are used to make Ohrid pearls. Lake Maggiore Surrounded on three sides by the Lipontine Alps and touching the plain of Lombardy to the south, Lake Maggiore is Italy’s longest lake. Considered part of the country’s lake district, it is shared with Switzerland. Characterized by a Mediterranean-style climate, temperatures here are mild all year. This has given rise to some of northern Italy’s most wonderful gardens, which appear to float like flower-decked boats on the water. 1. What makes Five Flower Lake different from other lakes? A．Its agreeable climate. B．The rare local wildlife. C．Its color-changing waters. D．The visibility of waters. 2. How does Crater Lake mainly get water supply? A．By artificial rain. B．By snow and rain. C．From nearby streams. D．From an ancient tree. 3. Which lake has a typical warm climate? A．Five Flower Lake. B．Crater Lake. C．Lake Ohrid. D．Lake Maggiore. 二、 进阶练习 Passage 6 （2024高二下·湖北·学业考试）What do pets do when their owners are not around? The Secret Life of Pets seems to answer this question. It imagines what pets do when they are left alone at home. In this film, some steal food from the fridge, some play games all day and some even go out of their apartments for an adventure. Obviously, these are imagined scenes. In fact, the everyday lives of pets are actually rather boring. According to Alexandra Horowitz, director of the Dog Cognition Lab at Barnard College in the US, pets don’t have independent lives when their owners leave. Horowitz explained that the time when their owners are away is not the time when pets come into themselves. It is when they are waiting for their owners to return so they can continue normal programming. Pets sleep for most of the time when left alone in empty apartments. Even when they are awake, they spend a lot of time just waiting around, especially if they are dogs. Cats are generally more independent than dogs. A team from the UK put GPS collars (项圈) on 50 cats in a Surrey village, keeping them under 24-hour watch. Specially-designed cameras were also attached to the cats to offer their view of the world. The team found that the cats spent most of the time in each other’s houses and eating each other’s food, and some walked about 100 metres from home each day. 1. What is The Secret Life of Pets? A．An adventure. B．A game. C．A film. 2. What do pets do when their owners are away according to Horowitz? A．They enjoy an independent life. B．They steal food from the fridge. C．They wait for their owners to return. 3. How did the UK team know that cats are more in dependent? A．By playing games with them. B．By interviewing their owners. C．By watching them day and night. 4. What is the best title for the text? A．Why Are Cats More Independent Than Dogs? B．What Do Pets Do When Their Owners Are Away? C．How Are Pets Watched By The Researchers? Passage 7 （23-24高二下·北京·期中）If a diver surfaces too quickly, he may suffer the bends. Nitrogen (氮) dissolved (溶解) in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure. The consequence, if the bubbles (气泡) accumulate in a joint, is sharp pain and a bent body- thus the name. If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain, the consequence can be death. Other air-breathing animals — also suffer this decompression (减压) sickness if they surface too fast: whales, for example. And so, long ago, did ichthyosaurs. That these ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from their bones. If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply. This kills the cells in the bone, and consequently weakens it, sometimes to the point of collapse. Fossil banes that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends. Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the past. What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years. To this end, he and his colleagues traveled the world’s natural-history museums, looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic period and from the later Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. When he started, he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression. Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite. More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had, suffered the bends before they died, but not a single Triassic specimen (标本) showed evidence of that sort of injury If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti- decompression means, they clearly did so quickly — and, most strangely, they lost it afterwards. But that is not what Dr. Rothschild thinks happened. He suspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change. Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator (捕食动物) such as a large shark. One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles, both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches. Triassic oceans, by contrast, were mercifully shark- and crocodile- free. In the Triassic, then, ichthyosaurs were too of the food chain. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous, they were prey (猎物) as well as predator — and often had to make a speedy exit as a result. 1. Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends? A．A twisted body. B．A drop in blood pressure. C．A gradual decrease in blood supply. D．A sudden release of nitrogen in blood. 2. The purpose of Rothschild’s study is to see ______. A．why ichthyosaurs bent their bodies B．when ichthyosaurs broke their bones C．how often ichthyosaurs caught the bends D．how ichthyosaurs adapted to decompression 3. Rothschild’s finding stated in Paragraph 4______. A．confirmed his assumption B．disagreed with his assumption C．changed his research objectives D．speeded up his research process 4. Rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaurs ______. A．failed to evolve an anti- decompression means B．died out because of large sharks and crocodiles C．gradually developed measures against the bends D．evolved an anti- decompression means but soon lost it Passage 8 （23-24高二下·贵州黔南·期末）There was something wrong with the chimpanzees. For weeks, a community of 205 animals in Uganda’s Kibale national park had been coughing, sneezing and looking miserable. But no one could say for sure what made them sick, even as the animals began to die. The examination of an animal’s body can help to identify a cause of death, but normally the bodies of chimps are found long after the rot has set in. So when Tony Goldberg, a US wildlife public health professional visiting Kibale, got word that an adult female named Stella had been found dead, he drove straight to the park. As the official examination of the dead body progressed, Goldberg began to see signs of a familiar disease: fluid buildup in the chest cavity and around her heart; lung tissue that was dark red, and suffered damage through some diseases. It looked like the chimp had died of severe pneumonia (肺炎). “Months later, molecular testing revealed it was human metapneumovirus (HMPV), one of a collection of viruses that presents in humans as a common cold but is ‘a well-known killer’ in our closest primate relatives,” said Goldberg, a researcher at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. More than 12% of the community that Stella belonged to died in the outbreak. Others were lost as a result of being orphaned. This phenomenon of animals catching diseases from humans, called reverse zoo-noses, affects species around the world. But because of their evolutionary closeness to humans, great apes tend to be the weakest. For conservationists, the phenomenon presents a challenging problem. In many places in Africa, people live in close places to great apes. Great ape tourism helps ensure habitats are preserved and local people are encouraged to support wildlife. But the same industry that funds protection of many apes could also be driving them towards extinction, as the close state with humans can expose the animals to deadly virus. 1. Why is it challenging to identify the cause of death for wild chimpanzees? A．Because they migrate to remote areas. B．Because it takes time to locate them. C．Because their bodies break down quickly. D．Because they are often eaten by predators. 2. What was the cause of Stella’s death according to the molecular testing? A．A virus transmitted from humans. B．A rare virus deadly to humans. C．A well-known killer in a common cold. D．An unfamiliar disease in the outbreak. 3. What makes wild chimpanzees easily infected with diseases from humans? A．Their physical quality weaker than humans. B．The virus only threatening wild animals. C．The extremely challenging habitat. D．Their close genetic relationship with humans. 4. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Encourage locals to live close to wildlife. B．Invest more protection funds to the habitats. C．Keep a safe distance from wild animals. D．Drive great apes to remoter areas. Passage 9 （23-24高二下·宁夏石嘴山·期末）Animals might not be able to speak or master advanced language techniques, but they certainly have other ways of communicating. Whale song, wolf howls, frog cries — even the fast dance of the honeybee or the friendly waves of a dog’s tail — are among so many ways animals pass on information to each other and to other living things of the animal kingdom. When it comes to hearing communication, not every member of a species is just alike. Animals in different places have often been sounding off in different dialects. For example, one study shows that blue whales produce different types of sounds depending on where they are from. Some bird species are the same way. And what about those birds that live on the border between territories (领地) of different songbirds? They are often able to communicate in a way accepted by each of their groups of neighbors. Communication between different species can play important roles as well. One study shows that iguanas (鬣蜥蜴) do not communicate by making sound, but their well-developed ears help them hear well the warning calls of the flycatcher (a type of small bird). The two species have nothing in common except for the fact that they share a general habitat and enemies. So when an iguana hears a bird make a signal of danger for other birds, it probably knows to be watchful for arriving enemies, too. However, as noise pollution has become a serious problem all across the globe, many animals are now under fire. Increased shipping traffic over the last century has greatly affected the spread of whale song around the ocean basin. Studies have found that songbirds, too, suffer from noisy city surroundings. Some species have had to change their singing styles, producing songs that sound louder, in order to be heard above the noise. Their new voices usually lead to stranger and somewhat worse styles of singing that female birds find decidedly less sexy. 1. What does the author mainly tell us in Paragraph 2? A．Various dialects can also happen to the same animals. B．Animals communicate with each other in different ways. C．Different animals have different ways of communicating. D．Animals from different places may make the same sound. 2. What can we learn about iguanas? A．They communicate by singing. B．They are born with poor hearing. C．They often bring bad luck to humans. D．They get along well with flycatchers. 3. By saying “many animals are now under fire”, the author means ________. A．they refuse to communicate with others B．they cannot communicate effectively C．they are now in danger of dying out D．they don’t make a sound any more 4. The author develops the passage mainly ________. A．by raising questions B．by following time order C．by providing examples D．by analyzing the data Passage 10 （23-24高二下·河南郑州·期中）A new form of real estate (不动产) is appearing along the beaches of South Africa and on the dry islands off its coast - tiny white beach huts. With good conditions and a sea view, they are just big enough to fit a family of African penguins. Their unique selling point: a safe and cool place for penguins to breed (繁殖). African penguins, unlike their relatives that live in snow and ice, live well in the cold currents of the South Atlantic Ocean. But when they come to land, their thick black coat absorbs the heat, and they desperately look for cover-both for themselves and their fragile eggs. Historically, the penguins dug holes in layers of guano (鸟粪) that lined Africa’s penguin colonies, but in the 19th century, traders started selling guano as fertilizer (肥料), leaving the penguins and their eggs increasingly exposed to natural enemies and the baking sun. This, combined with other threats such as egg poaching, overfishing and climate change, has caused African penguin populations to plummet. In 2019, they were thought to be less than 20,000 breeding pairs, down from an estimated 1.5 to 3 million birds in1900. For more than a decade, the species has been listed as endangered by the IUCN. By far, the African Penguin Nest Project has built more than 1,500 nests across five of South Africa’s penguin colonies, and plans to expand into Namibia next year, the only other country with breeding populations of the species. “This is still just a drop in the bucket,” says Graham, who anticipates they will need to set up at least 4,500 more ceramic homes to protect penguins currently nesting in exposed areas.“ The goal is that every penguin that needsa nest will get one.” 1. Why has so many beach huts been built based on the text? A．To beautify the beach. B．To conduct research. C．To shelter the penguins. D．To balance the ecology. 2. How many factors affect the penguin population to decrease from the text? A．Three. B．Four. C．Five. D．Six. 3. What does the underlined word “plummet” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Decline. B．Increase. C．Extinct. D．Interrupt. 4. Which column may the text appear in a newspaper? A．Culture. B．History. C．Technology. D．Environment. 三、 高阶提升 Passage 11 （23-24高二下·陕西西安·期末）I fell in love with rhinos when I worked in a zoo in the 80s, and spent much of the next 20 years as the keeper of the largest captive (圈养的) group of rare black rhinos There’s a popular misconception that rhinos are aggressive and stupid, but I found them sensitive and affectionate animals. Weighing over a ton, black rhinos are unexpectedly agile (敏捷的) and have an unpredictable nature — but, given reassurance, they tend to believe people. In the past few decades, their numbers have dropped dramatically. In recent years, I’ve helped look after rhinos being moved to the reserve so they can form new populations in countries that have few left. Last year, I helped on a project to fly five black rhinos from a private reserve in South Africa to the Serengeti National Park. Once there, the animals had to be kept captive for a few weeks to adapt to the new environment, in which time they lived in “bomas” — wooden enclosures with “bedrooms”, designed to create a calm space. A couple of weeks before their planned release, the sky was filled with smoke. Watching the flames rushing through the bush toward the bomas, I froze. Terrified that it would catch fire, my instinct was to release the rhinos, but they hadn’t yet been fitted with transmitters (发信器). If I let them out into a bushfire and they were injured, we’d have great difficulty tracking them down. So I dashed back to the bomas and called the rhinos to the bedrooms. Sensing the tear in my voices, they moved without hesitation and remained astonishingly calm. It was crucial the rhinos didn’t panic — they can easily hurt each other if they do. Meanwhile, the rangers managed to beat the closest flames away. At last, after half an hour, the wind changed direction and the fire began to recede. That we and the rhinos had escaped uninjured was a miracle. The teamwork of everybody there played a large part, and the rhinos were very much a part of that team. The relationships we’d built with them had proved crucial — had they or we panicked, all our work would have been in vain. Instead, two weeks later, they were released into the wild, ready to found part of a new population in the Serengeti. 1. What kind of animals does the author think rhinos are? A．Unfriendly. B．Cruel. C．Mild. D．Curious. 2. Why were bomas set up? A．To assist rhinos to settle in. B．To boost tourism in the reserve. C．To avoid rhinos’ aggressive behavior. D．To stop rhinos from fleeing. 3. Why didn’t the author let the rhinos out in the bushfire? A．They would panic and hurt each other. B．It could be difficult to locate and find them. C．They showed signs of anger and aggression. D．They might fail to adapt to new environments. 4. What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Why protecting rhinos is important B．How the rhinos were released to the wild. C．What enabled the rhinos to remain calm. D．What helped the rhinos and people escape. Passage 12 （23-24高二下·福建南平·阶段练习）Nature is like the mechanism in an enormous clock. Everything is neatly arranged and interconnected. Every individual has its place and its function. Take the wolf for example. As meat-eaters, wolves regulate the number of plant eaters so that they do not multiply too rapidly. All animals and plants are held in a delicate balance. The wolves remind me of a story from my childhood when my grandfather gave me an old clock. The first thing I did was take the clock apart to find out how it worked. Even though I was convinced that I knew how to put it back together in working order, I couldn’t do it. After I rebuilt it, there were a few cogs (轮齿) left over and a grandfather who was not in the best of moods. In the wild, wolves play the role of such cogs. If we remove them, not only do the enemies of sheep and cattle disappear, but the mechanism of nature also begins to run differently, so differently that rivers change course and many local bird species die out. And things can also go wrong when a species is added. For example, the introduction of a nonnative fish leads to a massive reduction in the local deer population. Because of a fish? The earth’s ecosystems, it seems, are a bit too complex for us to draw up simple rules of cause and effect. Even conservation measures can have unexpected results. Who knew, for example, that recovering crane (鹤) populations in Europe would affect the production of Iberian ham? So it’s high time we took a good look at the interconnections between species both large and small. It’s important for us to realize that even small interventions can have huge consequences, and we’d do better to keep our hands off everything in nature that we do not absolutely have to touch. 1. What’s one of the wolf’s functions in the ecological balance? A．Organizing plant eaters. B．Taking out plant eaters. C．Consuming plant eaters. D．Casting out plant eaters. 2. What does the author want to show with the story in paragraph 2? A．Every part counts. B．Family love lasts. C．Never be too confident. D．Clocks are delicate. 3. Why can things also go wrong when a species is added? A．A nonnative species means death of local ones. B．The interconnections in nature are complicated. C．Rules of cause and effect are obvious in nature. D．Conservation projects are too hard to complete. 4. What does the author suggest people do? A．Have mercy on small animals. B．Think twice before stepping in. C．Take a new look at meat-eaters. D．Keep hands off in conservation. Passage 13 （2024·重庆·模拟预测）Meat, milk, cheese — just some of the things provided by goats. But now we can also add fire safety to this list. As wildfires damage increasingly large areas of the planet each year, goat herds may offer a way of reducing the risk. Wildfires are made possible by hot dry weather conditions as well as a supply of dead plants that serve as fuel. We may have limited control over the first factor, but we can control the second. Reducing the fuel load (易燃物总量) lowers the probability of wildfires occurring, as well as the amount of damage caused. This is where we can turn to goats to provide a solution. Goats are being used for landscape management in a number of places around the world, including Greece, Spain, Portugal, Chile and various parts of the United States. Goats have a very tough digestive system. Many kinds of plants that are poisonous to other animals can be easily eaten by goats. It’s not just fully-grow n plants that goats are able to deal with: any seeds that pass through a goat become non-viable and will not grow. Human clearance teams have to worry about getting to hard-to-reach vegetation areas but goats don’t. They are skilled mountain climbers and can stand on their hind (后面的) legs, reaching up to two metres to eat shrubs and grass that humans would struggle to reach. Because of this, using goats can reduce both the possibility of workplace accidents and the amount of money spent on fire protection measures. Goat herds have been found to clear some lands for a third of the price of human plants control teams. Cost and safety aren’t the only benefits. Goats are quieter than lawnmowers and people usually prefer to see goats grazing rather than litres of herbicide (除草剂) being sprayed on the land. Children are often fascinated to see the goats at work and this provides an opportunity to educate people about preventing wildfires. 1. What is at the mercy of human beings definitely about wildfires? A．Weather changes. B．The fuel amount. C．Worldwide diseases. D．Cheese production. 2. What does the underlined word “non-viable” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Developing successfully. B．Getting dangerous. C．Not capable of living. D．Not worth looking at. 3. Why are goats more suitable to fire safety task than men? A．Because of their physical features. B．Because of their high intelligence. C．Because of their quite personality. D．Because of their diligence nature. 4. What might be talked about in the paragraph to follow? A．Why goats are useful. B．What has caused wildfires. C．How wildfires are prevented. D．How goat herds are managed. Passage 14 （23-24高二下·河南郑州·期中）In the past months, humans have become quite familiar with the term “social distancing”. But it turns out that we are not the only ones to avoid contacting our peers when our health may be at risk: Research suggests honeybees do it, too. “It’s exciting to see that other animals are doing something analogous”, said Dr. Alessandro Cini, co-author of the research at University College London. Scientists have found that when a hive (蜂箱) of honeybees is under threat from the mite (螨虫) called Varroa destructor, which can cause the collapse of honeybee colonies, the bees will respond by changing the way they interact with one another. By examining videos recorded inside the hives, the researchers found that when hives had mites, foraging (觅食的) bees performed important dances to indicate the direction of food sources and kept themselves away from the center of the colony where young bees and the queen stayed. This may help to keep the infection at a level that can be controlled, limiting the amount of damage. “Foragers are one of the main entrance routes for the mites,” said Cini. The team then carried out experiments in the laboratory, artificially infecting small groups of about 12 young bees with the mites and comparing them to uninfected groups. This time the team found no increase in social distancing among infected groups — which, says Cini, may reflect that it is more important for foragers and young bees to keep their distance when the mites are present and that bees rely on one another. “Probably social distancing is too costly on a small scale,” he said. But there were differences in grooming (梳理) behavior: Infected bees were groomed more, inspected more, and had food shared with them more than individuals in uninfected groups. Cini said the study showed the power of natural selection in the evolution of social behavior and also dynamic change in the social behavior to adapt to an ever- changing environment. 1. What does the underlined word “analogous” in the first paragraph probably mean? A．Adventurous. B．Meaningful. C．Alike. D．Creative. 2. What is the purpose of foraging bees’ keeping away from the center of the colony? A．To quickly locate the food. B．To show respect for the queen. C．To shorten the entrance route. D．To minimize the potential risk. 3. Why do honeybees keep social distancing? A．Because they’ re artificially infected. B．Because they depend on each other. C．Because they’ re compared with others. D．Because mites appear among them. 4. What is the best title of the text? A．Social Distancing in Honeybees. B．Communication between Honeybees. C．Honeybees Proved to Be More Social. D．Strict Social Rules in Honeybees. Passage 15 （23-24高二下·天津和平·期末）Animals and people have been living together for thousands of years, but the past 100 years have been extraordinary in the amount of change in those relationships. In the last 100 years, people have markedly changed their perceptions (认知), their relationships, and their uses of animals and animal products. Many of these changes have occurred in our lifetimes. Some of us grew up on farms and had considerable contact with livestock and wildlife. We knew that dairy cows were kept to provide milk and meat. Beef cattle and pigs were slaughtered (屠宰) to provide food, and chickens provided eggs as well as meat. Wildlife, living on the farm or nearby, was often hunted by farm families to provide meat and skins. Even though we understood, or perhaps because we understood the primary role of animals in our lives, we were often in a close relationship that gave us a perspective of our interdependence and the nature of life and death in our ecosystem. Today, less than 1% of families in the US are engaged in raising livestock; few children have seen or experienced the cycle of life and death of livestock or plants; few know first-hand where their milk, cheese, eggs, meat, vegetables and fruit actually come from. One hundred years ago, nearly all dogs were kept for herding, pulling power, hunting, tracking, or protection and were seldom allowed in the house, almost never in the bedroom. Today most dogs in the US are kept in the house for companionship and only occasionally kept for work. Current studies also show that 60 to 80% of dogs sleep with their owners at night in the bedroom, either in or on the bed. This indicates the closeness of a relationship and is a major change in our attitudes towards treating pets as family. Today the media and most people consider pets as part of their families. Today we have multinational and multicultural ‘recognition of the mutual benefits of the human-animal bond to health and spirit. Animals offer companionship—someone to talk to who will not criticize. They are living responding beings to touch or hug with emotion. Animals keep us alert and help fulfill our need to nurture and comfort others. 1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to the changes in people’s attitude towards animals? A．The decline in the number of farming families. B．The increased use of technology in animal breeding. C．The lack of children’s exposure to animal life cycles. D．The changes in the use of animals in daily lives. 2. According to paragraph 3, what can be learned about dogs? A．In the past, dogs can be kept as a companion. B．Dogs are good helpers to hunt for small animals. C．Dogs can be trained to work as a safety guard. D．Nowadays dogs are not as helpful as before. 3. Based on the passage, what benefits do animals provide to humans nowadays? A．Animals provide food and clothing for human beings. B．Animals offer companionship and emotional support. C．Animals are primarily used for entertainment purposes. D．Animals help fulfill human desires for power and control. 4. Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A．The Changing Status of human-animal Bond. B．Hunting for Food: the nature of life and death. C．The process of domesticating dogs as pets. D．Livestock farming: a thing of the past. 高二下学期 单元话题 梯度训练 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$