专题03 完形填空 【期末必刷10篇】-2024-2025学年高二英语下学期期末考点大串讲（上海）

2024-2025学年高二下学期期末考点大串讲（上海） 专题03 完形填空题精选10篇 01 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. 【来源】上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期末英语试卷 “It’s almost a moral duty that museums should be free,” said Glenn Lowry, director of the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) in 2002, when a ticket to MOMA cost $12. In October MOMA started charging $30, the latest in a series of price 1 involving the Metropolitan Museum, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and so on. Higher energy and labour costs have pushed up ticket prices in Europe, too. Prices have remained 2 only in Asia and the Middle East, where museums are younger and state funding is especially generous. Ticket fees may seem high, particularly in destination cities where tourists are 3 to be discouraged by spending a few more dollars. But whatever museums 4 , it is not covering their operating costs. The Association of Art Museum Directors reported in 2018 that ticket sales accounted on average for just 7% of total 5 at American art museums. Memberships contributed another 7%. The 6 of budgets usually come from charitable donations, grants and retail operations. European museums are less 7 admissions fees, because they are often heavily subsidized (补助) by governments. All national institutions in Britain offer free admission, as do most state-run museums in China while in America some 30% are free. Some observers have repeated Mr Lowry’s call for museum to stop charging for 8 entirely. 9 price s go against museums’goal of sharing art with a more diverse public. They could also speed up the already steep decline in the share of Americans attending museums and galleries. Declining public interest is a challenge for institutions that rely heavily on public support. Those who choose not to visit a museum today may be the people who 10 government subsidies or refuse to write personal cheques as sponsors in a few years. Those who spend time inside museums’galleries are more likely to grasp their richness and want to 11 their own riches in them. Yet significantly reducing costs may not actually do much to 12   new audiences either. If tickets were free, “people who typically come anyway might come more often. 13 that, you’re not really changing your demographic (观众结构), says an economist who studies pricing in the arts. He 14 museums to the best American university: Harvard could afford to make tuition free for all, but many wealthy students who do not need the gift would be among the biggest beneficiaries(受益者). As museums throughout the West debate what price is right, most are unlikely to conclude the answer is 15 , “moral duty” or not. 1．A．lists B．rises C．controls D．wars 2．A．ascending B．flexible C．awe-inspiring D．stable 3．A．unlikely B．supposed C．dissatisfied D．bound 4．A．promote B．submit C．charge D．exhibit 5．A．attendance B．donation C．operation D．revenue 6．A．motivation B．remainder C．generosity D．mixture 7．A．reliant on B．resistant to C．pessimistic about D．tolerant of 8．A．survival B．budgets C．collections D．admission 9．A．Floating B．Discounted C．Ballooning D．Competitive 10．A．contribute to B．vote against C．count on D．despair of 11．A．invest B．evaluate C．anchor D．assemble 12．A．discourage B．relieve C．attract D．entitle 13．A．With a view to B．Apart from C．Contrary to D．For fear of 14．A．credits B．attaches C．refers D．compares 15．A．zero B．both C．wrong D．above 02 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. 【来源】上海市复旦大学附属中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期末英语试卷 You don’t have to be alone to feel lonely— anyone who has experienced a fallout with friends or has to endure an awkward social gathering will 1 . A recent Wall Street Journal column teaches us how to 2 loneliness. “Loneliness is not just about whether there are others around you. It’s about whether the ones around you are those you can 3 ,” says John T. Cacioppo, director of the Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience at the University of Chicago. Cacioppo explains that men and women are equally as likely to experience loneliness, but the kinds of social interaction they may be 4 are different. Women generally 5 for face-to-face social interactions, whereas men are looking for a sense of connection and 6 within a group. Quoting therapists, The Wall Street Journal column points out that loneliness in its most unhealthy form is a distorted way of thinking. It often has an emotional 7 . Big changes in life, such as a breakup or a move to another city or country can be the cause of loneliness. But 8 things such as attending a wedding alone or quarreling with a sibling or a friend can also make us feel lonely. The column also gives advice on how to stop being alone from 9 into feeling lonely. You can start by 10 that you are the one who tells yourself that you feel lonely. You are creating the bad experience of loneliness by how you are thinking and behaving. You should acknowledge 11 thoughts and then try to think differently. How to achieve this? Change the mental story you 12 yourself. Remember that there are people who care about you, 13 they may just be busy at the moment. Try to enjoy the moments you have 14 . Do things you enjoy doing alone, like reading or listening to music. If you are single and live by yourself, you can 15 a gym or a volunteering group to be around other people. 1．A．agree B．bother C．protest D．perceive 2．A．put up with B．turn to C．call on D．fight back 3．A．tolerate B．trust C．predict D．inspire 4．A．excluding B．applying C．missing D．attaching 5．A．account B．make C．long D．constitute 6．A．belonging B．relaxation C．vision D．dominant 7．A．gesture B．response C．touch D．trigger 8．A．small B．vital C．ultimate D．panicky 9．A．sealing B．sliding C．surfing D．stuffing 10．A．anticipating B．recognizing C．informing D．identifying 11．A．positive B．passive C．active D．negative 12．A．read B．find C．tell D．learn 13．A．when B．but C．so D．or 14．A．by yourself B．to yourself C．on yourself D．of yourself 15．A．register B．join C．serve D．admit 03 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. 【来源】上海市杨浦区2023-2024学年高二下学期期末英语调研卷 Our Extraordinary Brains The 1.4-kilogram organ inside each person's head is the most complex part of the human body. This remarkable organ, the brain, not only 1 body movements and shapes people's behavior but also decodes sensory inputs and is the seat of intelligence. These facts have been scientifically proven, but a lot of what we believe about the brain is based on 2 . What percentage of your brain do you actually use? The statistic that has been circulating for about a century is 10 percent, sometimes 20, suggesting that we haven't fully tapped into our full mental 3 . But that is merely a misconception. While our brains do have some reserves, scans have shown that a large portion of our brains are 4 in even the simplest of tasks. If you're artistic, you might   5 that you are mostly drawing upon the right side of your brain. If you're logical, you may have been led to believe you favor your left brain. While both of these hemispheres (脑半球) do exist, one is not considered to be 6 over the other. They are intricately (错综复杂地) connected, with both hemispheres 7 in all mental activities. Parents want “smart” children and perhaps have heard that playing classical music to their unborn child or to their infant increases their chances of being intelligent. However, a (n) 8 analysis of relevant studies fails to establish a direct correlation between brain development and 9 to classical music. Many believe that a person's genes totally determine intelligence. While genetics   10 plays an important role, other factors such as nutrition, education, home environment, and available resources also 11 significantly. The topic of a child's capability to learn multiple languages at the same time has sparked   12 debate. The belief that children will   13 languages and not develop any language properly has been the basis for educational policies for years. 14 to this belief, evidence indicates that young children gain a better knowledge of language structures overall when learning two languages simultaneously. Such myths have persisted for ages, 15 never-ending discussions. Yet one unquestionable truth remains: the brain is truly an amazing organ. 1．A．expands B．initiates C．follows D．reflects 2．A．fiction B．fact C．theory D．statistics 3．A．confusion B．comfort C．capacity D．stability 4．A．engaged B．buried C．wrapped D．absorbed 5．A．guarantee B．indicate C．demonstrate D．assume 6．A．superior B．senior C．dominant D．crucial 7．A．involving B．cooperating C．transforming D．disturbing 8．A．abstract B．comprehensive C．sensitive D．efficient 9．A．exposure B．approach C．objection D．response 10．A．unexpectedly B．exceptionally C．undoubtedly D．continuously 11．A．suffer B．clarify C．contribute D．interact 12．A．outstanding B．considerable C．desperate D．optimistic 13．A．mix up B．give up C．back up D．pick up 14．A．Relevant B．Similar C．Familiar D．Contrary 15．A．submitting B．generating C．indicating D．advocating 04 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. 【来源】上海市闵行区2023-2024学年高二下学期期末英语试题 Social media can be a convenient way to extend your network, staying in touch with your grandma or sharing photos of your new puppy. 1 , social media can be terrible for your health. It’s our 2 of it that’s out of control. British evolutionary psychologist Robin Dunbar developed the idea that 150 people is the maximum number of meaningful connections anyone can have. You may have 800 friends on Wechat, but you’re not 3 them in person. Your QQ connections may be vast, but how many of them do you have 4 interactions with? If you’re using social media to feel more connected, a recent study published in the American Journal of Health Promotion suggests that it’s not 5 , and it also brought about unfavorable connections and even depression. Positive interactions on social media don’t help people feel 6 . Negative interactions, on the other hand, bring more feelings of sadness. The same goes for 7 , which social media encourages. Another study, published by the American Psychological Association, shows that comparing yourself to others through social media also produces 8 effects, leading to symptoms of depression. Reaching for your cell phone as a mental break is also a (n) 9 idea. Research by Rutgers University compared participants in the process of completing a task who took a break with their cell phones, with paper and pencils, and who took no break at all. Those who used their cell phones during their break solved 22% fewer problems and took 19% longer to complete their tasks than those under the other two 10 . So how should you 11 your social media usage? First, know your time and 12 of use. Use the tracking function on your device to find out how much you’re using it and what you’re using it for. After this, get away from your device unless you have to use it. Tough as it might be, turn off and tune into the world around you. Then, be in charge of your 13 , rather than let it be in charge of you. Your phone’s rings or vibrations (震动) don’t mean you must respond to them. Remind yourself that you’re in charge, not your device or the people on the other end of it who’ve just contacted you. Finally, consider using your device as a (n) 14 builder. Use your apps to find your friends and make your dinner reservation so you can catch up face-to-face in your favorite restaurant, where you’ll keep your phone out of sight. When you’re in control of your 15 , social media becomes a tool to enrich your life but not a distraction that makes you feel miserable. 1．A．Moreover B．Therefore C．Nevertheless D．Likewise 2．A．use B．reform C．ignorance D．range 3．A．commenting on B．cooperating with C．competing with D．connecting with 4．A．virtual B．meaningful C．constant D．complex 5．A．automatic B．productive C．working D．appealing 6．A．more confident B．more satisfied C．calmer D．happier 7．A．comparison B．sharing C．connection D．variety 8．A．instructive B．restrictive C．negative D．active 9．A．widespread B．bad C．creative D．undervalued 10．A．conditions B．assumptions C．influences D．developments 11．A．reduce B．analyze C．manage D．track 12．A．strategies B．boundaries C．efficiency D．purposes 13．A．device B．schedule C．decision D．emotion 14．A．knowledge B．character C．relationship D．confidence 15．A．digital consumption B．personal interaction C．daily routine D．working habit 05 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. 【来源】上海市敬业中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期末英语试题 Throughout history, many lives have been lost at the hands of severe weather. Meteorologists (气象学家) and scientists alike are always investigating new ways to increase the warning time for storms, with the hope of reducing the 1 of lives. In the past few decades, local weather radar advancements have been made, which allow for better accuracy in 2 the paths of storms. Meteorologists and scientists have been able to successfully track severe thunderstorms and possible tornadoes by using an advanced tracking system called NEXRAD (Next-Generation Radar). NEXRAD is a tracking network 3 158 Doppler weather radars. And during a storm this high-resolution computerized 4 takes readings on the amount of precipitation (降水) in the air, the movements in the clouds, and the wind speeds. These 5 are bounced back to a local weather computer, and a colorful image appears on the screen,giving meteorologists a clear picture of what kind of weather is on the horizon. This final image is what you see when the meteorologist breaks in with severe weather reports and warnings. 6 , on your television screen you will see a computer animated image of the approaching storm. If the storm is severe enough, then the National Weather Service (NWS) will 7 severe weather reports of severe thunderstorm warnings for your area. 8 , the storm captured on the radar will have produced strong readable winds, detectable lightning, and some hail (冰雹). Paying attention to the weather map is 9 when severe weather is around. On the television screen you will see several colors on the precipitation map, 10 from blue (the lightest) to black (the heaviest). If the colors for your 11 area are yellow, take caution. If the colors range between orange and red, take cover immediately, as damaging winds and dangerous lightning have been reported. When local weather radar in Atlanta, Georgia reported high winds, circular wind patterns and large hail earlier this year, the National Weather Service issued a tornado 12 . Meteorologists in the area used the collected data to predict what path the storm would take, 13 which areas needed to be warned. Thanks to this technology, most residents received the severe weather reports early enough to seek 14 before the storm hit. Paying attention to your 15 weather source during severe weather plays a vital role in your safety. 1．A．loss B．increase C．protection D．value 2．A．changing B．controlling C．predicting D．guiding 3．A．faced with B．exposed to C．involved in D．made up of 4．A．structure B．system C．mode D．style 5．A．figures B．data C．readings D．statistics 6．A．Most likely B．Most evidently C．Most interestingly D．Most importantly 7．A．decide B．estimate C．handle D．issue 8．A．By the way B．In that case C．To some extent D．On the contrary 9．A．vital B．reasonable C．normal D．available 10．A．expanding B．spreading C．ranging D．extending 11．A．proper B．specific C．typical D．regular 12．A．process   B．threat C．warning D．sign 13．A．indicating B．recognizing C．covering D．recommending 14．A．rescue B．residence C．support D．shelter 15．A．local B．international C．nationwide D．neighborhood 06 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. 【来源】上海市宝山区2023-2024学年高二下学期期末教学质量监测英语试卷 Methane (甲烷) is a greenhouse gas. Over 20 years it has over 80 times the planet-cooking power of carbon dioxide, and is 1 for nearly 45%of warming today. Because methane is the main 2 of natural gas, much of man-made emissions comes from the energy industry. Yet because it is short-lived, controlling methane offers the world its best possible chance for 3 progress against climate change. As COP28, the UN’s climate summit, gets 4 in Dubai, it is greatly encouraging, therefore, that the chances of such a deal on methane are good. Negotiators must 5 at a rare opportunity to strike one. The reason a deal looks possible is that the politics are promising in all the biggest markets. China has recently announced that it will start including methane in its national climate plans. America will soon finalize regulations to 6 methane emissions from its huge oil and gas sector, including measures that cover leaky pipelines and storage. And the European Union has also agreed on tough methane standards, covering both domestic sources and 7 fossil fuels. 8 are helping, too. A range of new technologies for monitoring methane will help 9 large sources of emissions from the energy industry. Because oil and gas firms can often sell methane (rather than wastefully burning or releasing it), many investment s to avoid 10 will pay for themselves. Most firms do not invest because of the trouble, higher returns on other projects, or wells’ distance from consumers. Whatever the reason, they suffer no 11 for adding needlessly to global warming. Since green-washing, the process of conveying a false impression about how some products or measures are environmentally sound, is quite common, if a global methane deal is to be more than that, 87 , it will need rigour (缜密). Methane-control seemed to 88 at the UN climate summit in Glasgow two years ago, when negotiators 89 1．Yet the deal was voluntary, and had no enforcement mechanisms (机制); emissions have since 90 . An agreement this time round must link promises to national climate plans and, crucially, to domestic enforcement mechanisms. 2．A．powerful B．noticeable C．responsible D．possible 3．A．cause B．ingredient C．agent D．consequence 4．A．quick B．economic C．original D．national 5．A．under way B．in the making C．on board D．to the point 6．A．stare B．point C．come D．leap 7．A．increase B．stabilize C．reduce D．balance 8．A．imported B．localized C．exported D．globalized 9．A．Revolutions B．Evolutions C．Resolutions D．Innovations 10．A．create B．activate C．decrease D．spot 11．A．disasters B．delays C．emissions D．examinations 12．A．loss B．punishment C．abuse D．defeat 13．A．however B．therefore C．further D．once 14．A．pay off B．make out C．run out D．take off 15．A．noisily B．admittedly C．reluctantly D．accidentally 16．A．declined B．disappeared C．swung D．risen 07 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. 【来源】上海市上海中学2022-2023学年高二下学期期末考试英语试题 Foreign aid and NGOs can make things worse when disaster strikes Nearly all of us are collective donors in some sense - when governments send relief to disaster areas, the money they use comes from taxpayers. Many of us are also 1 donors, sending funds directly from our own wallets to charitable organizations. But in the past 10 to 15 years, accusations of 2 relief efforts and unused donations have generated concern among donors. These concerns are not 3 ; large-scale international disaster relief can have drawbacks that range from wasting resources to seriously undermining (削弱) local governments. One of the biggest challenges to disaster relief is coordination (协调). After disaster strikes, immediate necessities are important, but what is the best way to 4 them? Unfortunately, pouring donated items into a disaster area can 5 relief efforts. Their arrival in large numbers can cause “the second disaster”, 6 relief workers with extra responsibilities and taking up precious space. Then there are the consequent effects of 7 for donations for sudden big emergencies. A heartfelt expression of feeling can harm other charitable efforts by redirecting funds. The 2007 economic decline, 8 , hit US charitable giving which didn’t recover until 2014. In such a time of donation 9 , increasing donations to a disaster area can take funds away from other efforts that might be able to use it better. If coordination is good and immediate relief goes well, damaged communities move into the 10 phase. For individuals, this includes returning to work, and recollecting personal networks, all of which require 11 to basic public services. The charitable supply of these services can have 12 consequences. Most philanthropic (慈善的) organizations want to 13 their rebuilding efforts with local workers. This practice is beneficial to a post-disaster economy as it provides a(n) 14 source of wages. But if salaries and work standards of these visiting organizations are higher than those offered in the recovery area, these visitors end up causing an intemal 15 . Top employees are no longer available or willing to work in the public sector. 1．A．individual B．generous C．competent D．cautious 2．A．involuntary B．desperate C．ill-intentioned D．counterproductive 3．A．reasonable B．unfounded C．prompt D．limited 4．A．strike B．secure C．deliver D．pace 5．A．renew B．resist C．demand D．slow 6．A．overloading B．supplying C．charging D．greeting 7．A．votes B．appeals C．pressures D．substitutes 8．A．on the contrary B．as a result C．in the meanwhile D．for example 9．A．fear B．boom C．scarcity D．change 10．A．final B．recovery C．critical D．distinct 11．A．reference B．attention C．access D．favor 12．A．positive B．immediate C．mixed D．uncertain 13．A．staff B．benefit C．replace D．survive 14．A．external B．reliable C．natural D．solid 15．A．weak economy B．unstable community C．class prejudice D．brain drain 08 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. 【来源】上海市嘉定区2022-2023学年高二下学期期末统考英语试题 Most people have seen animals solve problems in one context or another Whether it’s a dog getting food out of a puzzle toy, a squirrel (松鼠) breaking into a “squirrel-proof, bird feeder, or — in what is hopefully a rarer experience — a bear opening a door to get to the food inside! Do all individuals within a species come up with 1 solutions to problems? Or are some individuals more innovative than others? In ungulates (for example, goats and horses), social outsiders are more likely to innovate than their 2 groupmates: if an individual spends time on the outer areas of their group, they are more likely to succeed at a problem-solving task. 3 , in some species of primates (灵长类动物) and birds, it has been shown that individuals with low social standing — that is, those who regularly lose fights, and who don’t have 4 of access to valuable resources — tend to innovate more. The above examples tie into the theory that the individuals who are least able to gain access to good quality 5 , such as food and shelter, are the most likely to innovate. This “bad competitor” theory suggests that individuals innovate because they must do so to 6 . Imagine you’re a goat who can’t get access to the feeding container because you’re not in the in-group. You’d probably be more 7 to figure out how to open a container with food inside than your more popular (and well-fed) groupmates. However, while there is support for this theory in some species, many species show opposing patterns. 8 , being a “bad competitor” doesn’t seem to be a general driver of innovation across species. 9 appears to have a more general influence on animal innovativeness. A meta-analysis (综合分析) across 37 studies of animal innovation found that being brave (that is, approaching 10 objects and exploring new environments) was linked to innovative behavior. For example, brave Carib grackles (a species of bird) and ungulates are more likely to innovate than their more easily frightened groupmates. 11 has also been linked to innovation in a variety of species, from zebra finches (斑胸草雀) to Asian elephants. Both make instinctive sense. The more likely an individual is to 12 with a new problem (that is, the braver they are, and the more time they spend trying to solve a problem (that is, the more persistent they are), the more likely they are to find a(n) 13 . Regardless of the reason individuals innovate, once an individual finds a solution to a problem, 14 a problem involving resource access, their behavior can spread like wildfire. Other individuals pay attention when a groupmate innovates, and 15 the problem-solving behavior. 1．A．instant B．comprehensive C．fair D．creative 2．A．friendly B．popular C．close D．faithful 3．A．Similarly B．Inevitably C．Apparently D．Gradually 4．A．purpose B．priority C．pressure D．potential 5．A．services B．materials C．goods D．resources 6．A．pretend B．compete C．survive D．evolve 7．A．reluctant B．excited C．motivated D．confused 8．A．Thus B．Besides C．Still D．Meanwhile 9．A．Emotion B．Gender C．Appearance D．Personality 10．A．living B．novel C．endangered D．ideal 11．A．Persistence B．Intelligence C．Performance D．Confidence 12．A．conflict B．compare C．interact D．identify 13．A．position B．object C．solution D．chance 14．A．absolutely B．fortunately C．definitely D．particularly 15．A．copy B．change C．influence D．evaluate 09 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. 【来源】上海市大同中学2022-2023学年高二下学期期末考试英语试卷 It’s late in the evening: time to close the book and turn off the computer. You’re done for the day. What you may not realize, 1 , is that the learning process actually continues - in your dreams. It might sound like science fiction, but researchers are increasingly 2 the relationship between the knowledge and skills our brains absorb during the day and the fragmented, often bizarre imaginings they 3 at night. Scientists have found that dreaming about a task we’ve learned is associated with 4 performance in that activity (suggesting that there’s some truth to the popular notion that we’re “getting” a foreign language once we begin dreaming in it). What’s more, researchers are coming to recognize that dreaming is an essential part of understanding, organizing and 5 what we learn. While we sleep, research indicates, the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during 6 hours, allowing us to enter what one psychologist calls a neural virtual reality. A vivid example of such 7 can be seen in a video researchers made recently about sleep disorders. They taught a series of dance moves to a group of patients with conditions like sleepwalking, in which the sleeper performs the kind of physical movement that does not 8 occur during sleep. They then videotaped the 9 as they slept. Lying in bed, eyes closed, one female patient on the tape 10 the dance moves she learned earlier. This shows that while our bodies are 11 , our brains are drawing what’s important from the information and events we’ve recently encountered, then integrating that data into the vast 12 of what we already know. In a 2010 study, researchers at Harvard Medical School reported that college students who dreamed about a computer maze(迷宫)task they had learned showed a 10-fold improvement in their 13 to find their way through the maze compared with the participants who did not dream about the task. Robert Stick-gold, one of the Harvard researchers, suggests that studying right before bedtime or taking a nap following a study session in the afternoon might increase the 14 of dreaming about the material. Think about that as your head 15 the pillow tonight. 1．A．therefore B．otherwise C．instead D．however 2．A．focusing on B．experimenting with C．building up D．inquiring about 3．A．conceal B．generate C．dissolve D．remove 4．A．worsened B．measured C．improved D．affected 5．A．maintaining B．comprehending C．questioning D．sharing 6．A．working B．sleeping C．opening D．waking 7．A．replay B．pattern C．reality D．experience 8．A．normally B．especially C．infrequently D．possibly 9．A．researchers B．subjects C．psychologists D．walkers 10．A．reflected on B．forgot about C．engaged in D．referred to 11．A．in peace B．at rest C．in operation D．at work 12．A．store B．majority C．range D．collection 13．A．willingness B．ability C．desire D．tendency 14．A．benefits B．risks C．difficulties D．potential 15．A．hits B．imagines C．leaves D．punches 10 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. 【来源】上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学2022-2023学年高二下学期期末考试英语试题 Jealousy is a motive of immense power. Although you are often 1 aware of being jealous or envious of someone, sometimes the actual reasons for the envy are buried in your unconsciousness and hidden by rationalizations. 2 , what you really value in life is more often revealed by asking yourself who you are jealous of rather than asking yourself directly “what do I value.” The 3 often takes into account what society expects you to value and you are aware only of what you should want 4 what you really want. Envy and jealousy, on the other hand, kick in as a gut reaction (直觉反应) in your emotional system long 5 you become conscious of it. Introspection (反省) which can help one achieve a deeper understanding of emotions is unfashionable in contemporary psychology largely due to the lasting effects of behaviorism. 6 this view, we will argue that introspection can be a valuable source of insights into the internal logic and evolutionary underlying principle of certain complex emotions like envy. Of course, 7 can be rightfully raised against the purely subjective exercise of introspection, which is why it is essential to eventually test these assumptions by using a rigorous scientific approach. But 8 one can have fun speculating (沉思) on possibilities of finding why. What 9 jealousy, beyond the obvious of someone who is better off? And can the functional logic of the causes be explained in evolutionary terms; i.e., what might be their 10 value? Through introspecting on 11 and through informally surveying friends, students, colleagues, etc., we are trying to come up with a reasonable evolutionary scenario (设想). Let’s think about envy, too. The whole purpose of envy is to 12 you to act either by independently trying harder (envy) or by coveting (贪求) and stealing what the other has (jealousy). This is why jealousy has a (n) 13 component, but envy is more positive sometimes even being associated with admiration. In this book, we can show that there is often an evolutionary hidden 14 that drives this human psychological tendency, and makes it comprehensible. Evolution has 15 into you an emotion (jealousy) that is caused by certain very specific “releasers” or social cues, which is largely insensitive to what the other person’s final state of happiness is. 1．A．obviously B．actively C．consciously D．hardly 2．A．Importantly B．Generally C．Certainly D．Ironically 3．A．former B．latter C．above D．below 4．A．other than B．less than C．more than D．rather than 5．A．before B．after C．until D．unless 6．A．Compared to B．In response to C．In line with D．Contrary to 7．A．agreements B．arguments C．doubts D．objections 8．A．luckily B．unfortunately C．meanwhile D．finally 9．A．agrees with B．lies in C．results in D．comes from 10．A．emotion B．survival C．moral D．compulsory 11．A．others B．ourselves C．parents D．superiors 12．A．forbid B．force C．motivate D．bother 13．A．beneficial B．aggressive C．promising D．active 14．A．hint B．enemy C．regulation D．agenda 15．A．programmed B．created C．constructed D．migrated 2 / 13 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 2024-2025学年高二下学期期末考点大串讲（上海） 专题03 完形填空题精选10篇 01 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. 【来源】上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期末英语试卷 “It’s almost a moral duty that museums should be free,” said Glenn Lowry, director of the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) in 2002, when a ticket to MOMA cost $12. In October MOMA started charging $30, the latest in a series of price 1 involving the Metropolitan Museum, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and so on. Higher energy and labour costs have pushed up ticket prices in Europe, too. Prices have remained 2 only in Asia and the Middle East, where museums are younger and state funding is especially generous. Ticket fees may seem high, particularly in destination cities where tourists are 3 to be discouraged by spending a few more dollars. But whatever museums 4 , it is not covering their operating costs. The Association of Art Museum Directors reported in 2018 that ticket sales accounted on average for just 7% of total 5 at American art museums. Memberships contributed another 7%. The 6 of budgets usually come from charitable donations, grants and retail operations. European museums are less 7 admissions fees, because they are often heavily subsidized (补助) by governments. All national institutions in Britain offer free admission, as do most state-run museums in China while in America some 30% are free. Some observers have repeated Mr Lowry’s call for museum to stop charging for 8 entirely. 9 price s go against museums’goal of sharing art with a more diverse public. They could also speed up the already steep decline in the share of Americans attending museums and galleries. Declining public interest is a challenge for institutions that rely heavily on public support. Those who choose not to visit a museum today may be the people who 10 government subsidies or refuse to write personal cheques as sponsors in a few years. Those who spend time inside museums’galleries are more likely to grasp their richness and want to 11 their own riches in them. Yet significantly reducing costs may not actually do much to 12   new audiences either. If tickets were free, “people who typically come anyway might come more often. 13 that, you’re not really changing your demographic (观众结构), says an economist who studies pricing in the arts. He 14 museums to the best American university: Harvard could afford to make tuition free for all, but many wealthy students who do not need the gift would be among the biggest beneficiaries(受益者). As museums throughout the West debate what price is right, most are unlikely to conclude the answer is 15 , “moral duty” or not. 1．A．lists B．rises C．controls D．wars 2．A．ascending B．flexible C．awe-inspiring D．stable 3．A．unlikely B．supposed C．dissatisfied D．bound 4．A．promote B．submit C．charge D．exhibit 5．A．attendance B．donation C．operation D．revenue 6．A．motivation B．remainder C．generosity D．mixture 7．A．reliant on B．resistant to C．pessimistic about D．tolerant of 8．A．survival B．budgets C．collections D．admission 9．A．Floating B．Discounted C．Ballooning D．Competitive 10．A．contribute to B．vote against C．count on D．despair of 11．A．invest B．evaluate C．anchor D．assemble 12．A．discourage B．relieve C．attract D．entitle 13．A．With a view to B．Apart from C．Contrary to D．For fear of 14．A．credits B．attaches C．refers D．compares 15．A．zero B．both C．wrong D．above 【答案】 1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C 5．D 6．B 7．A 8．D 9．C 10．A 11．A 12．C 13．B 14．D 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，探讨了博物馆是否应对公众免费开放的问题，以及门票价格对博物馆运营和观众多样性的影响。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在10月，现代艺术博物馆（MoMA）开始收取30美元的门票，这是包括大都会博物馆、旧金山现代艺术博物馆等一系列价格上涨中的最新一次。A. lists清单；B. rises上涨；C. controls控制；D. wars战争。根据上文“MOMA started charging $30”可知，这是价格的上涨，故选B项。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：只有在亚洲和中东，价格一直保持稳定，那里的博物馆较新，国家资助尤其慷慨。A. ascending上升的；B. flexible灵活的；C. awe-inspiring令人敬畏的；D. stable稳定的。根据下文“where museums are younger and state funding is especially generous”可知，这些地区的博物馆较新，国家资助尤其慷慨可推理出这些地区的博物馆的价格保持稳定，故选D项。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：门票费用可能看起来很高，尤其是在旅游目的地城市，游客不太可能因为多花几美元而却步。A. unlikely不太可能的；B. supposed假定的；C. dissatisfied不满意的；D. bound一定的。根据下文“by spending a few more dollars”可知，游客不太可能因为多花几美元就不去，故选A项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但无论博物馆收取多少费用，都无法覆盖其运营成本。A. promote促进；B. submit提交；C. charge收费；D. exhibit展览。根据下文“it is not covering their operating costs”可知，此处说的是博物馆的收费，故选C项。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：2018年，艺术博物馆馆长协会报告称，门票销售平均仅占美国艺术博物馆总收入的7%。A. attendance出席；B. donation捐赠；C. operation操作；D. revenue收入。根据下文“ticket sales accounted on average for just 7%”可知，说的是门票在总收入中的占比，故选D项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：预算的剩余部分通常来自慈善捐赠、赠款和零售业务。A. motivation动机；B. remainder剩余部分；C. generosity慷慨；D. mixture混合。根据下文“usually come from charitable donations, grants and retail operations”可知，此处说的是其余部分的来源，故选B项。 7．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：欧洲博物馆不太依赖门票收入，因为它们通常得到政府的大量补贴。A. reliant on依赖；B. resistant to抵抗；C. pessimistic about对……悲观；D. tolerant of对……宽容。根据下文“because they are often heavily subsidized (补助) by governments”可知，欧洲博物馆不太依赖门票，故选A项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一些观察人士再次响应洛瑞先生的呼吁，要求博物馆完全停止收取入场费。A. survival生存；B. budgets预算；C. collections收藏；D. admission入场。根据上文“Mr Lowry’s call for museum to stop charging”可知，是停止收取博物馆的入场费，故选D项。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：不断上涨的价格违背了博物馆与更多不同公众分享艺术的目标。A. Floating漂浮的；B. Discounted打折的；C. Ballooning膨胀的；D. Competitive有竞争力的。根据下文“prices go against museums’ goal of sharing art with a more diverse public”以及“They could also speed up the already steep decline in the share of Americans attending museums and galleries”可知，此处说的是价格的上涨，故选C项。 10．考查动词短语辨析。句意：那些今天选择不去博物馆的人，可能就是几年后捐献政府补贴或拒绝以赞助人身份开具私人支票的人。A. contribute to捐献；B. vote against投票反对；C. count on依靠；D. despair of绝望。根据下文“government subsidies”可知，此处说的是捐献政府补贴，故选A项。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：那些在博物馆画廊里花时间的人更有可能领会其丰富性，并希望在其中投资自己的财富。A. invest投资；B. evaluate评估；C. anchor使固定；D. assemble集合。根据下文“their own riches”可知，是投资财富，故选A项。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，大幅降低成本实际上也可能无法吸引新的观众。A. discourage使气馁；B. relieve缓解；C. attract吸引；D. entitle使有资格。根据下文“new audiences”可知，是吸引新观众，故选C项。 13．考查介词短语辨析。句意：除此之外，你并没有真正改变你的观众结构，一位研究艺术定价的经济学家说。A. With a view to着眼于；B. Apart from除……之外；C. Contrary to与……相反；D. For fear of唯恐。根据下文“you’re not really changing your demographic (观众结构)”可知，此处说的是除了前面提到的情况之外，你并没有真正改变你的观众结构，故选B项。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他将博物馆比作美国最好的大学：哈佛大学可以为所有人提供免费学费，但许多不需要这份礼物的富家子弟将是最大的受益者。A. credits归功于；B. attaches附加；C. refers参考；D. compares比较。根据下文“museums to the best American university”可知，是将两者进行比较，故选 D 项。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在西方各地的博物馆都在讨论合适的价格时，大多数博物馆不太可能得出答案是零的结论，不管是不是“道德责任”。A. zero零；B. both两者都；C. wrong错误的；D. above上述的。根据上文“It’s almost a moral duty that museums should be free”可知，此处说的是免费即价格为零的问题，故选A项。 02 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. 【来源】上海市复旦大学附属中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期末英语试卷 You don’t have to be alone to feel lonely— anyone who has experienced a fallout with friends or has to endure an awkward social gathering will 16 . A recent Wall Street Journal column teaches us how to 17 loneliness. “Loneliness is not just about whether there are others around you. It’s about whether the ones around you are those you can 18 ,” says John T. Cacioppo, director of the Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience at the University of Chicago. Cacioppo explains that men and women are equally as likely to experience loneliness, but the kinds of social interaction they may be 19 are different. Women generally 20 for face-to-face social interactions, whereas men are looking for a sense of connection and 21 within a group. Quoting therapists, The Wall Street Journal column points out that loneliness in its most unhealthy form is a distorted way of thinking. It often has an emotional 22 . Big changes in life, such as a breakup or a move to another city or country can be the cause of loneliness. But 23 things such as attending a wedding alone or quarreling with a sibling or a friend can also make us feel lonely. The column also gives advice on how to stop being alone from 24 into feeling lonely. You can start by 25 that you are the one who tells yourself that you feel lonely. You are creating the bad experience of loneliness by how you are thinking and behaving. You should acknowledge 26 thoughts and then try to think differently. How to achieve this? Change the mental story you 27 yourself. Remember that there are people who care about you, 28 they may just be busy at the moment. Try to enjoy the moments you have 29 . Do things you enjoy doing alone, like reading or listening to music. If you are single and live by yourself, you can 30 a gym or a volunteering group to be around other people. 16．A．agree B．bother C．protest D．perceive 17．A．put up with B．turn to C．call on D．fight back 18．A．tolerate B．trust C．predict D．inspire 19．A．excluding B．applying C．missing D．attaching 20．A．account B．make C．long D．constitute 21．A．belonging B．relaxation C．vision D．dominant 22．A．gesture B．response C．touch D．trigger 23．A．small B．vital C．ultimate D．panicky 24．A．sealing B．sliding C．surfing D．stuffing 25．A．anticipating B．recognizing C．informing D．identifying 26．A．positive B．passive C．active D．negative 27．A．read B．find C．tell D．learn 28．A．when B．but C．so D．or 29．A．by yourself B．to yourself C．on yourself D．of yourself 30．A．register B．join C．serve D．admit 【答案】 16．A 17．D 18．B 19．B 20．C 21．A 22．D 23．A 24．B 25．B 26．D 27．C 28．B 29．A 30．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了孤独感的本质和应对方法，指出孤独并非取决于周围是否有人陪伴，而是与周围人是否能建立情感联系有关。文章还提供了应对孤独感的建议，如改变思维方式、享受独处时光、参与社交活动等。 16．考查动词词义辨析。句意：并不是一定要一个人才能感到孤独——任何经历过与朋友争吵或不得不忍受尴尬社交聚会的人都会同意这一观点。A. agree同意；B. bother烦扰；C. protest抗议；D. perceive认为。前文“You don’t have to be alone to feel lonely”提出观点：并不是一定要一个人才能感到孤独，即与其它人在一起时也会有孤独感。下文“experienced a fallout with friends or has to endure an awkward social gathering”紧接着列举了两种与他们一起也会感到孤独的情况：经历过与朋友争吵或不得不忍受尴尬社交聚会。经历过这两种情况的人都会赞同前文观点。故选A项。 17．考查动词短语辨析。句意：最近，《华尔街日报》的一篇专栏文章教会了我们如何对抗孤独。A. put up with忍受；B. turn to转向；C. call on号召；D. fight back对抗。根据下文“The column also gives advice on how to stop being alone from 9 into feeling lonely.”和“Try to enjoy the moments you have 14 . Do things you enjoy doing alone, like reading or listening to music.”可知，《华尔街日报》的专栏文章是教我们如何孤独孤独。故选D项。 18．考查动词词义辨析。句意：孤独不仅仅取决于你周围是否有人。更重要的是，你周围的人是否是你能信任的人。A. tolerate容忍；B. trust信任；C. predict预测；D. inspire激励。根据第四段中“Big changes in life, such as a breakup or a move to another city or country can be the cause of loneliness. But 8 things such as attending a wedding alone or quarreling with a sibling or a friend can also make us feel lonely.”可知，分手、搬到另一个城市或国家、独自参加婚礼、与兄弟姐妹或朋友争吵都可能导致孤独，而这些行为的一个共同点是人际关系疏远，身边没有可以信任的人，孤独取决于周围是否有能信任的人。故选B项。 19．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Cacioppo解释说，男性和女性经历孤独的可能性是相同的，但他们可能应用的社交互动方式是不同的。A. excluding排除；B. applying运用，应用；C. missing缺失；D. attaching附上。根据下文“Women generally 6 for face-to-face social interactions, whereas men are looking for a sense of connection”，男性和女性使用不同的社交互动方式，女性喜欢面对面的互动，而男性则寻求一种联系。故选B项。 20．考查动词词义辨析。句意：女性通常渴望面对面的社交互动，而男性则寻求一种群体内的联系感和归属感。A. account认为是；B. make制作；C. long渴望；D. constitute构成。根据上文“different”和下文“whereas men are looking for”可知，男性和女性使用不同的社交互动方式，女性渴望(long for)面对面的互动，与男性寻求(look for)一种联系相对应。故选C项。 21．考查名词词义辨析。句意：女性通常渴望面对面的社交互动，而男性则寻求一种群体内的联系感和归属感。A. belonging归属感；B. relaxation放松；C. vision视野；D. dominant统治。根据上文“a sense of connection”和下文“within a group”可推知，男性则寻求的是一种联系和群体内的归属感。故选A项。 22．考查名词词义辨析。句意：它通常有一个情感的触发点。A. gesture手势；B. response回应；C. touch触摸；D. trigger触发点。根据下文“Big changes in life, such as a breakup or a move to another city or country can be the cause of loneliness.”可知，生活中的重大变化，比如分手或搬到另一个城市或国家，都可能导致孤独，它们是导致孤独的情感的触发点。故选D项。 23．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但小事，比如一个人参加婚礼，或者和兄弟姐妹或朋友吵架，也会让我们感到孤独。A. small小的；B. vital至关重要的；C. ultimate最终的；D. panicky恐慌的。与前文“Big changes in life”相照应，“things such as attending a wedding alone or quarreling with a sibling or a friend”相对来说是小事。故选A项。 24．考查动词词义辨析。句意：该专栏文章还就如何阻止从独处不知不觉地陷入孤独给出了建议。A. sealing密封；B. sliding不知不觉地陷入；C. surfing冲浪；D. stuffing填塞。从“being alone”到“feeling lonely”是一种情绪上的变化，从独处不知不觉地陷入孤独。故选B项。 25．考查动词词义辨析。句意：你可以从承认是你告诉自己你感到孤独开始。A. anticipating预期；B. recognizing承认；C. informing通知；D. identifying识别。根据下文“you are the one who tells yourself that you feel lonely”可知，是我们自己说自己很孤独，我们要先承认这一事实。故选B项。 26．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：你应该承认这些消极的想法，然后试着换一种思考方式。A. positive积极的；B. passive被动的；C. active积极的；D. negative消极的。根据上文“You are creating the bad experience of loneliness by how you are thinking and behaving.”和下文“then try to think differently”可知，我们要承认这自己给强加自己的消极想法，我们需要换一种思考方式。故选D项。 27．考查动词词义辨析。句意：改变你告诉自己的内心故事。A. read阅读；B. find发现；C. tell告诉；D. learn学习。根据上文“You can start by 10 that you are the one who tells yourself that you feel lonely. You are creating the bad experience of loneliness by how you are thinking and behaving.”可知，感到孤独是我们自己对自己的暗示，现在需要换一种思考方式，改变我们自己告诉自己的内心故事。故选C项。 28．考查连词词义辨析。句意：记住，有人关心你，只是他们现在可能很忙。A. when当……时候；B. but但是；C. so因此；D. or或者。根据上文“there are people who care about you”和下文“they may just be busy at the moment.”可知，有人关心我们，但他们现在可能很忙，前后句构成转折关系。故选B项。 29．考查介词短语辨析。句意：试着享受你独处的时光。A. by yourself独自地；B. to yourself自言自语地；C. on yourself依靠你自己；D. of yourself你自己的。根据下文“Do things you enjoy doing alone, like reading or listening to music.”可知，建议享受独处的时光。故选A项。 30．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果你单身且独居，你可以加入健身房或志愿者团体，和其他人在一起。A. register注册；B. join加入；C. serve服务；D. admit承认。根据下文“a gym”和“to be around other people”可知，加入健身房就可以和其他人在一起。故选B项。 03 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. 【来源】上海市杨浦区2023-2024学年高二下学期期末英语调研卷 Our Extraordinary Brains The 1.4-kilogram organ inside each person's head is the most complex part of the human body. This remarkable organ, the brain, not only 31 body movements and shapes people's behavior but also decodes sensory inputs and is the seat of intelligence. These facts have been scientifically proven, but a lot of what we believe about the brain is based on 32 . What percentage of your brain do you actually use? The statistic that has been circulating for about a century is 10 percent, sometimes 20, suggesting that we haven't fully tapped into our full mental 33 . But that is merely a misconception. While our brains do have some reserves, scans have shown that a large portion of our brains are 34 in even the simplest of tasks. If you're artistic, you might   35 that you are mostly drawing upon the right side of your brain. If you're logical, you may have been led to believe you favor your left brain. While both of these hemispheres (脑半球) do exist, one is not considered to be 36 over the other. They are intricately (错综复杂地) connected, with both hemispheres 37 in all mental activities. Parents want “smart” children and perhaps have heard that playing classical music to their unborn child or to their infant increases their chances of being intelligent. However, a (n) 38 analysis of relevant studies fails to establish a direct correlation between brain development and 39 to classical music. Many believe that a person's genes totally determine intelligence. While genetics   40 plays an important role, other factors such as nutrition, education, home environment, and available resources also 41 significantly. The topic of a child's capability to learn multiple languages at the same time has sparked   42 debate. The belief that children will   43 languages and not develop any language properly has been the basis for educational policies for years. 44 to this belief, evidence indicates that young children gain a better knowledge of language structures overall when learning two languages simultaneously. Such myths have persisted for ages, 45 never-ending discussions. Yet one unquestionable truth remains: the brain is truly an amazing organ. 31．A．expands B．initiates C．follows D．reflects 32．A．fiction B．fact C．theory D．statistics 33．A．confusion B．comfort C．capacity D．stability 34．A．engaged B．buried C．wrapped D．absorbed 35．A．guarantee B．indicate C．demonstrate D．assume 36．A．superior B．senior C．dominant D．crucial 37．A．involving B．cooperating C．transforming D．disturbing 38．A．abstract B．comprehensive C．sensitive D．efficient 39．A．exposure B．approach C．objection D．response 40．A．unexpectedly B．exceptionally C．undoubtedly D．continuously 41．A．suffer B．clarify C．contribute D．interact 42．A．outstanding B．considerable C．desperate D．optimistic 43．A．mix up B．give up C．back up D．pick up 44．A．Relevant B．Similar C．Familiar D．Contrary 45．A．submitting B．generating C．indicating D．advocating 【答案】 31．B 32．A 33．C 34．A 35．D 36．C 37．B 38．B 39．A 40．C 41．C 42．B 43．A 44．D 45．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了很多关于大脑的虚构看法。 31．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这个非凡的器官，大脑，不仅启动身体运动和塑造人们的行为，而且还解码感官输入，是智力的所在地。A. expands扩大；B. initiates开启；C. follows跟随；D. reflects反映。根据下文“body movements”和常识可知人的大脑是启动身体运动的，故选B。 32．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些事实已经得到了科学证明，但我们对大脑的很多看法都是基于虚构的。A. fiction虚构；B. fact事实；C. theory理论；D. statistics统计学。根据上文“These facts have been scientifically proven, but a lot of what we believe about the brain is based on”可知，本句和上文为转折关系，所以设空处和上文的科学证明相反，所以应该是虚构的，故选A。 33．考查名词词义辨析。句意：已经流传了大约一个世纪的统计数据是10%，有时是20%，这表明我们还没有充分发挥自己的心智能力。A. confusion困惑；B. comfort安慰；C. capacity能力，容量；D. stability稳定。根据上文“What percentage of your brain do you actually use? The statistic that has been circulating for about a century is 10 percent, sometimes 20, suggesting that we haven't fully tapped into our full mental”可知，流传我们的大脑只被使用了10%或者20%，所以说大脑的能力并未得到充分发挥，故选C。 34．考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然我们的大脑确实有一些储备，但扫描显示，即使是最简单的任务，我们大脑的很大一部分也会参与其中。A. engaged参与；B. buried埋藏；C. wrapped包，裹；D. absorbed吸收。根据上文“But that is merely a misconception. While our brains do have some reserves, scans have shown that a large portion of our brains”可知，大脑能力没有得到充分发挥只是一种误解，所以最简单的任务，我们大脑的很大一部分也会参与其中，故选A。 35．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果你是艺术家，你可能会认为你主要是在用右脑画画。A. guarantee保证；B. indicate暗示；C. demonstrate证明；D. assume假设，认为。根据下文“If you're logical, you may have been led to believe you favor your left brain.”可知，这里应和believe意思相对应，表示“相信，认为”，故选D。 36．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然这两个大脑半球确实存在，但人们并不认为其中一个半球比另一个半球占优势。A. superior优良的；B. senior地位高的；C. dominant占优势的；D. crucial至关重要的。根据上文“While both of these hemispheres (脑半球) do exist, one is not considered to be”以及下文“They are intricately (错综复杂地) connected, with both hemispheres 　　7　　 in all mental activities.”可知，两个大脑半球是相互合作的，所以人们不认为其中一个半球比另一个半球占优势，故选C。 37．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它们错综复杂地联系在一起，两个大脑半球在所有的心理活动中都相互合作。A. involving包含；B. cooperating合作；C. transforming转换；D. disturbing打扰。根据上文“They are intricately (错综复杂地) connected”可知，两个大脑半球错综复杂地联系在一起，所以它们应该相互合作，故选B。 38．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，对相关研究的全面分析未能建立大脑发育与接触古典音乐之间的直接联系。A. abstract抽象的；B. comprehensive全面的；C. sensitive敏感的；D. efficient效率高的。根据上文“Parents want “smart” children and perhaps have heard that playing classical music to their unborn child or to their infant increases their chances of being intelligent.”和下文“relevant studies fails to establish a direct correlation between brain development and 　　9　　 to classical music.”可知，是进行全面的分析之后才能得出结论，故选B。 39．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. exposure接触；B. approach方法；C. objection反对；D. response反应。根据上文“Parents want “smart” children and perhaps have heard that playing classical music to their unborn child or to their infant increases their chances of being intelligent.”可知，应是指研究是有关接触音乐和大脑发育有没有直接的联系，故选A。 40．考查副词词义辨析。句意：虽然遗传无疑起着重要作用，但营养、教育、家庭环境和可用资源等其他因素也起着重要作用。A. unexpectedly未预料到的；B. exceptionally异常地；C. undoubtedly无疑地；D. continuously持续地。根据上文“Many believe that a person's genes totally determine intelligence.”和常识可知，遗传无疑起着重要作用，故选C。 41．考查动词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. suffer忍受；B. clarify澄清；C. contribute促成，贡献；D. interact互动。根据本句“While genetics  　　10　　 plays an important role, other factors such as nutrition, education, home environment, and available resources also”可知，上下文是转折关系，营养、教育、家庭环境和可用资源等其他因素也有帮助，故选C。 42．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：孩子同时学习多种语言的能力这个话题引发了相当大的争论。A. outstanding突出的；B. considerable相当大/多的；C. desperate绝望的；D. optimistic乐观的。根据下文“The belief that children will 　　13　　 languages and not develop any language properly has been the basis for educational policies for years. 　　14　　 to this belief, evidence indicates that young children gain a better knowledge of language structures overall when learning two languages simultaneously.”可知，举例两种不同的观点，所以关于这个话题有很多讨论，故选B。 43．考查动词短语辨析。句意：多年来，儿童会混淆语言，无法正确发展任何一门语言的信念一直是教育政策的基础。A. mix up混淆；B. give up放弃；C. back up支持；D. pick up拿起。根据下文“not develop any language properly has been the basis for educational policies”可知，儿童无法正确发展任何一门语言，也就是会混淆语言，故选A。 44．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：与这种观点相反，有证据表明，幼儿在同时学习两种语言时，对语言结构的整体认识会更好。A. Relevant相关的；B. Similar相似的；C. Familiar熟悉的；D. Contrary相反的。根据下文“evidence indicates that young children gain a better knowledge of language structures overall when learning two languages simultaneously.”可知，和上文观点相反，故选D。 45．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这样的神话已经存在了很长时间，引发了永无止境的讨论。A. submitting提交；B. generating产生，引起；C. producing生产；D. advocating提倡。根据上文“Such myths have persisted for ages”可知，关于大脑的神秘有很多种观点，所以引发了永无止境的讨论，故选B。 04 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. 【来源】上海市闵行区2023-2024学年高二下学期期末英语试题 Social media can be a convenient way to extend your network, staying in touch with your grandma or sharing photos of your new puppy. 46 , social media can be terrible for your health. It’s our 47 of it that’s out of control. British evolutionary psychologist Robin Dunbar developed the idea that 150 people is the maximum number of meaningful connections anyone can have. You may have 800 friends on Wechat, but you’re not 48 them in person. Your QQ connections may be vast, but how many of them do you have 49 interactions with? If you’re using social media to feel more connected, a recent study published in the American Journal of Health Promotion suggests that it’s not 50 , and it also brought about unfavorable connections and even depression. Positive interactions on social media don’t help people feel 51 . Negative interactions, on the other hand, bring more feelings of sadness. The same goes for 52 , which social media encourages. Another study, published by the American Psychological Association, shows that comparing yourself to others through social media also produces 53 effects, leading to symptoms of depression. Reaching for your cell phone as a mental break is also a (n) 54 idea. Research by Rutgers University compared participants in the process of completing a task who took a break with their cell phones, with paper and pencils, and who took no break at all. Those who used their cell phones during their break solved 22% fewer problems and took 19% longer to complete their tasks than those under the other two 55 . So how should you 56 your social media usage? First, know your time and 57 of use. Use the tracking function on your device to find out how much you’re using it and what you’re using it for. After this, get away from your device unless you have to use it. Tough as it might be, turn off and tune into the world around you. Then, be in charge of your 58 , rather than let it be in charge of you. Your phone’s rings or vibrations (震动) don’t mean you must respond to them. Remind yourself that you’re in charge, not your device or the people on the other end of it who’ve just contacted you. Finally, consider using your device as a (n) 59 builder. Use your apps to find your friends and make your dinner reservation so you can catch up face-to-face in your favorite restaurant, where you’ll keep your phone out of sight. When you’re in control of your 60 , social media becomes a tool to enrich your life but not a distraction that makes you feel miserable. 46．A．Moreover B．Therefore C．Nevertheless D．Likewise 47．A．use B．reform C．ignorance D．range 48．A．commenting on B．cooperating with C．competing with D．connecting with 49．A．virtual B．meaningful C．constant D．complex 50．A．automatic B．productive C．working D．appealing 51．A．more confident B．more satisfied C．calmer D．happier 52．A．comparison B．sharing C．connection D．variety 53．A．instructive B．restrictive C．negative D．active 54．A．widespread B．bad C．creative D．undervalued 55．A．conditions B．assumptions C．influences D．developments 56．A．reduce B．analyze C．manage D．track 57．A．strategies B．boundaries C．efficiency D．purposes 58．A．device B．schedule C．decision D．emotion 59．A．knowledge B．character C．relationship D．confidence 60．A．digital consumption B．personal interaction C．daily routine D．working habit 【答案】 46．C 47．A 48．D 49．B 50．C 51．D 52．A 53．C 54．B 55．A 56．C 57．D 58．A 59．C 60．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了社交媒体导致的消极影响以及对如何管理设备提出了一些建议。 46．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，社交媒体可能对你的健康有害。A. Moreover此外；B. Therefore因此；C. Nevertheless然而；D. Likewise同样地。根据上文“Social media can be a convenient way to extend your network, staying in touch with your grandma or sharing photos of your new puppy.(社交媒体可以是一个方便的方式来扩展你的网络，与你的奶奶保持联系或分享你的新小狗的照片)”以及后文“social media can be terrible for your health.(社交媒体可能对你的健康有害)”可知，结合前后文语境可知为转折关系，应用nevertheless，故选C。 47．考查名词词义辨析。句意：是我们对它的使用失控了。A. use使用；B. reform改革；C. ignorance无知；D. range范围。根据上文“Social media can be a convenient way to extend your network, staying in touch with your grandma or sharing photos of your new puppy.(社交媒体可以是一个方便的方式来扩展你的网络，与你的奶奶保持联系或分享你的新小狗的照片)”以及后文“of it that’s out of control”此处指使用社交媒体失控。故选A。 48．考查动词短语辨析。句意：你可能在微信上有800个朋友，但你并没有亲自和他们联系。A. commenting on评论；B. cooperating with合作；C. competing with与……竞争；D. connecting with连接，联系。根据后文“interactions with”指亲自和微信上的朋友联系。故选D。 49．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：你的QQ好友可能很多，但其中有多少是你真正有意义的互动呢？A. virtual虚拟的；B. meaningful有意义的；C. constant持续不断的；D. complex复杂的。根据上文“Your QQ connections may be vast, but how many of them do you have”此处想强调，虽然好友很多，但是有意义的互动不多，故选B。 50．考查形容词和动词词义辨析。句意：如果你使用社交媒体是为了让自己联系更广，最近发表在《美国健康促进杂志》上的一项研究表明，这样做并不奏效，而且还会带来不利的联系，甚至抑郁。A. automatic自动的；B. productive多产的；C. working有工作的，奏效；D. appealing吸引人的。根据后文“and it also brought about unfavorable connections and even depression”可知，使用社交媒体让自己联系更广并不奏效。故选C。 51．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：社交媒体上的积极互动并不能帮助人们感到更快乐。A. more confident更加自信的；B. more satisfied更满意的；C. calmer更平静的；D. happier更快乐的。根据后文“Negative interactions, on the other hand, bring more feelings of sadness.(另一方面，消极的互动会带来更多的悲伤感)”可知，社交媒体上的积极互动并不能帮助人们感到更快乐，happier与后文sadness相呼应。故选D。 52．考查名词词义辨析。句意：社交媒体所鼓励的攀比也是如此。A. comparison比较，攀比；B. sharing分享；C. connection连接，联系；D. variety多样性。根据后文“comparing yourself to others”指社交媒体上存在攀比情况。故选A。 53．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：美国心理协会发表的另一项研究表明，通过社交媒体与他人比较也会产生负面影响，导致抑郁症状。A. instructive有启发性的；B. restrictive限制的；C. negative消极的；D. active活跃的。根据后文“leading to symptoms of depression”可知，通过社交媒体与他人比较也会产生负面影响，导致抑郁症状。故选C。 54．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：拿起手机作为精神休息也是一个坏主意。A. widespread普遍的；B. bad坏的；C. creative创造性的；D. undervalued贬值的。根据后文“Those who used their cell phones during their break solved 22% fewer problems and took 19% longer to complete their tasks than those under the other two conditions.(在休息期间使用手机的人比在其他两种情况下使用手机的人解决的问题少22%，完成任务的时间长19%)”可知，休息期间使用手机的人解决问题更少，完成任务时间更长，说明拿起手机作为精神休息也是一个坏主意。故选B。 55．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在休息期间使用手机的人比在其他两种情况下使用手机的人解决的问题少22%，完成任务的时间长19%。A. conditions条件；B. assumptions假设；C. influences影响；D. developments发展。根据上文“Research by Rutgers University compared participants in the process of completing a task who took a break with their cell phones, with paper and pencils, and who took no break at all.(罗格斯大学的一项研究将完成任务的参与者进行了比较，其中一组在完成任务的过程中休息一下，拿着手机、纸和铅笔，另一组根本不休息)”可知，此处指其他两种实验情况，故选A。 56．考查动词词义辨析。句意：那么你应该如何管理你的社交媒体使用呢？A. reduce减少；B. analyze分析；C. manage管理；D. track跟踪。根据后文First、Then、Finally三点主要是对管理社交媒体的使用提出的建议，故选C。 57．考查名词词义辨析。句意：首先，了解你的时间和使用目的。A. strategies策略；B. boundaries边界；C. efficiency效率；D. purposes目的。根据后文“Use the tracking function on your device to find out how much you’re using it and what you’re using it for. After this, get away from your device unless you have to use it. Tough as it might be, turn off and tune into the world around you.(使用设备上的跟踪功能，找出你使用了多少，以及你使用它的目的。在此之后，远离你的设备，除非你必须使用它。这可能很难，关掉并融入你周围的世界)”可知，首先，了解你的时间和使用目的。故选D。 58．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然后，控制你的设备，而不是让它控制你。A. device设备；B. schedule日程表；C. decision决定；D. emotion情感。根据后文“Your phone’s rings or vibrations don’t mean you must respond to them. Remind yourself that you’re in charge, not your device or the people on the other end of it who’ve just contacted you.(你的手机铃声或震动并不意味着你必须回应它们。提醒自己是你在掌控一切，而不是你的设备或刚刚与你联系的另一端的人)”此处建议控制自己的设备。故选A。 59．考查名词词义辨析。句意：最后，考虑使用你的设备作为一个关系构建器。A. knowledge知识；B. character性格；C. relationship关系；D. confidence自信。根据后文“Use your apps to find your friends and make your dinner reservation so you can catch up face-to-face in your favorite restaurant, where you’ll keep your phone out of sight.(用你的应用程序找到你的朋友，预订晚餐，这样你们就可以在你们最喜欢的餐厅面对面聊天，在那里你可以把你的手机放在视线之外)”可知，建议把设备作为一个关系构建器。故选C。 60．考查名词短语辨析。句意：当你能控制自己的数字消耗时，社交媒体就会成为丰富你生活的工具，而不是让你感到痛苦的分心。A. digital consumption数字消耗；B. personal interaction个人互动；C. daily routine日常生活；D. working habit工作习惯。上文提出了三点管理电子设备的建议，目的是控制在数字媒体上消耗的时间和精力。故选A。 05 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. 【来源】上海市敬业中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期末英语试题 Throughout history, many lives have been lost at the hands of severe weather. Meteorologists (气象学家) and scientists alike are always investigating new ways to increase the warning time for storms, with the hope of reducing the 61 of lives. In the past few decades, local weather radar advancements have been made, which allow for better accuracy in 62 the paths of storms. Meteorologists and scientists have been able to successfully track severe thunderstorms and possible tornadoes by using an advanced tracking system called NEXRAD (Next-Generation Radar). NEXRAD is a tracking network 63 158 Doppler weather radars. And during a storm this high-resolution computerized 64 takes readings on the amount of precipitation (降水) in the air, the movements in the clouds, and the wind speeds. These 65 are bounced back to a local weather computer, and a colorful image appears on the screen,giving meteorologists a clear picture of what kind of weather is on the horizon. This final image is what you see when the meteorologist breaks in with severe weather reports and warnings. 66 , on your television screen you will see a computer animated image of the approaching storm. If the storm is severe enough, then the National Weather Service (NWS) will 67 severe weather reports of severe thunderstorm warnings for your area. 68 , the storm captured on the radar will have produced strong readable winds, detectable lightning, and some hail (冰雹). Paying attention to the weather map is 69 when severe weather is around. On the television screen you will see several colors on the precipitation map, 70 from blue (the lightest) to black (the heaviest). If the colors for your 71 area are yellow, take caution. If the colors range between orange and red, take cover immediately, as damaging winds and dangerous lightning have been reported. When local weather radar in Atlanta, Georgia reported high winds, circular wind patterns and large hail earlier this year, the National Weather Service issued a tornado 72 . Meteorologists in the area used the collected data to predict what path the storm would take, 73 which areas needed to be warned. Thanks to this technology, most residents received the severe weather reports early enough to seek 74 before the storm hit. Paying attention to your 75 weather source during severe weather plays a vital role in your safety. 61．A．loss B．increase C．protection D．value 62．A．changing B．controlling C．predicting D．guiding 63．A．faced with B．exposed to C．involved in D．made up of 64．A．structure B．system C．mode D．style 65．A．figures B．data C．readings D．statistics 66．A．Most likely B．Most evidently C．Most interestingly D．Most importantly 67．A．decide B．estimate C．handle D．issue 68．A．By the way B．In that case C．To some extent D．On the contrary 69．A．vital B．reasonable C．normal D．available 70．A．expanding B．spreading C．ranging D．extending 71．A．proper B．specific C．typical D．regular 72．A．process   B．threat C．warning D．sign 73．A．indicating B．recognizing C．covering D．recommending 74．A．rescue B．residence C．support D．shelter 75．A．local B．international C．nationwide D．neighborhood 【答案】 61．A 62．C 63．D 64．B 65．C 66．A 67．D 68．B 69．A 70．C 71．B 72．C 73．A 74．D 75．A 【导语】本文是说明文。气象学家和科学家们一直在研究增加天气预警时间的新方法，以期减少生命损失。天气雷达技术的进步，尤其是NEXRAD这种雷达体系，能够更准确及时地预报不同程度的天气状况，进而给人们警告，让人们采取适当的防范措施。 61．考查名词词义辨析。句意：气象学家和科学家们一直在研究增加风暴预警时间的新方法，以期减少生命损失。A. loss 失去；B. increase 增长；C. protection 保护；D. value 价值。根据上文“Throughout history, many lives have been lost at the hands of severe weather.”可知，历史上，许多人死于恶劣天气。结合此句句意，科学家应该是研究新方法减少生命的损失，故选A。 62．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在过去的几十年里，当地的天气雷达已经取得了进步，这使得预报风暴路径的精确度更高。A. changing 改变；B. controlling 控制；C. predicting 预测；D. guiding 指导。根据前文“In the past few decades, local weather radar advancements have been made”可知，天气雷达技术已经取得了进步，所以“预报”的精确度更高，故选C。 63．考查动词短语辨析。句意：NEXRAD是一个由158个多普勒天气雷达组成的跟踪网络。A. faced with 面对；B. exposed to 暴露；C. involved in 包含在……，与……有关；D. made up of 组成。分析句子结构可知，此空是过去分词作a tracking network的后置定语，结合空后“158 Doppler weather radars.”以及选项可知，此处表示“一个由158个多普勒天气雷达组成的跟踪网络 ”。故选D。 64．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在暴风雨中，这个高分辨率的计算机系统读取空气中的降水量、云层的运动和风速。A. structure 结构；B. system 体系；C. mode 方式，风格；D. style 方式，样式。上文“eteorologists and scientists have been able to successfully track severe thunderstorms and possible tornadoes by using an advanced tracking system called NEXRAD (Next-Generation Radar).”提到了使用这种被称作NEXRAD的先进的追踪系统，用这个系统，气象学家和科学家已经能够成功地跟踪严重的雷暴和可能的龙卷风，所以此处指的就是这个系统。故选B。 65．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些读数被传回当地的气象计算机，屏幕上会出现一幅彩色图像，让气象学家清楚地了解地平线上的天气情况。A. figures 数字；B. data 数据；C. readings 读数；D. statistics 统计数字。上文“And during a storm this high-resolution computerized　　　4　　　takes readings on the amount of precipitation (降水) in the air, the movements in the clouds, and the wind speeds.”提到这种体系读取空气中的降水量、云层的运动和风速这些数据，所以此处指的就是把这些传回当地的气象计算机的读数。故选C。 66．考查副词短语辨析。句意：很有可能，在你的电视屏幕上，你会看到电脑模拟的未来风暴的图像。A. Most likely 很有可能地；B. Most evidently 最明显地；C. Most interestingly 最有趣地；D. Most importantly 最重要地。副词修饰整句话，根据后文“on your television screen you will see a computer animated image of the approaching storm.”和选项，可知此处表示的是，很有可能，你会在电视上看到电脑模拟的天气图像。故选A。 67．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果风暴足够严重，那么国家气象局（NWS）将为你所在地区发布严重雷暴警告的恶劣天气报告。A. decide 决定；B. estimate 估计；C. handle 处理；D. issue 宣布；公布。根据后文“severe weather reports of severe thunderstorm warnings for your area.”可知，此处表示有很严重风暴时，国家气象局会“发布”恶劣天气报告，故选D。 68．考查介词短语辨析。句意：如果这样的话，雷达捕捉到的风暴将产生强大的可读数的风、可探测的闪电和一些冰雹。A. By the way 顺便说；B. In that case 在那种情况下；如果这样的话；C. To some extent 在某种程度上；D. On the contrary 正相反。根据上文“If the storm is severe enough, then the National Weather Service (NWS) will 　　　7　　　severe weather reports of severe thunderstorm warnings for your area.”可知，雷达可以监测风暴情况，如果有严重的风暴，国家气象局就会发布严重风暴的天气报告，如果这样的话，这些报告会预测风暴将会引起怎样的风以及闪电，也就是通过雷达技术，会预测到风暴会产生的强风的风力和风速（就是readable winds可读数的风，也就是可测风力和风向的风)和闪电（就是detectable lightning可检测的闪电）。故选B。 69．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当恶劣天气来临时，注意天气图是至关重要的。A. vital 重要的；B. reasonable 合理的；C. normal 正常的；D. available 可使用的，有空的。根据前文“Paying attention to the weather map”以及后文“when severe weather is around.”可知，严重风暴来临时，注意天气图是至关重要的，这会让你清楚风暴的具体情况，进而做出合适的应对。故选A。 70．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在电视屏幕上，你会看到降水图上有几种颜色，从蓝色（最轻）到黑色（最重）。A. expanding 扩大，增加；B. spreading 展开，打开；C. ranging (在一定的范围内)变化，变动；D. extending 延伸。根据前文“you will see several colors on the precipitation map”，以及空后“from blue (the lightest) to black (the heaviest)”可知，此处表示的是这些颜色的变化范围。故选C。 71．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果你所在的特定区域的颜色是黄色，请小心。A. proper 合适的；B. specific 特定的；C. typical 典型的；D. regular 规则的，定期的。根据后文“area are yellow, take caution.”可知，此处表示的是你所在的特定区域。故选B。 72．考查名词词义辨析。句意：今年早些时候，当乔治亚州亚特兰大的当地天气雷达报告有强风、环形风和大冰雹时，国家气象局发布了龙卷风警报。A. process 过程；B. threat 威胁；C. warning 警告；D. sign 签名。根据下文“Meteorologists in the area used the collected data to predict what path the storm would take, 　　　13　　　which areas needed to be warned.”可知，该地区的气象学家利用收集到的数据来预测风暴的路径，然后发出警告。故选C项。 73．考查动词词义辨析。句意：该地区的气象学家利用收集到的数据来预测风暴将经过的路径，指出哪些地区需要预警。A. indicating 表明，指出；B. recognizing 认出，识别；C. covering覆盖；D. recommending 推荐。根据空前“Meteorologists in the area used the collected data to predict what path the storm would take”可知，该地区的气象学家预测风暴将经过的路径，这样就可以指出哪些地区需要预警，故选A。 74．考查名词词义辨析。句意：多亏了这项技术，大多数居民提前收到恶劣天气报告，以便在风暴来袭前找到避难所。A. rescue 营救；B. residence 住所；C. support 支持；D. shelter 避难处，住处。根据句意可知，此处表示多亏了这项技术，大多数居民提前收到恶劣天气报告，这样就可以在风暴来袭之前找到“避难所”。故选D。 75．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在恶劣天气期间，注意当地的天气来源对您的安全起着至关重要的作用。A. local 当地的；B. international 国际的；C. nationwide 全国范围的；D. neighborhood街坊。根据前文“Thanks to this technology, most residents received the severe weather reports early enough to seek　　　14　　　before the storm hit.”可知，多亏了这项技术，大多数居民提前收到恶劣天气报告，这样就可以在风暴来袭之前找到“避难所”，所以应是注意当地的天气来源。故选A项。 06 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. 【来源】上海市宝山区2023-2024学年高二下学期期末教学质量监测英语试卷 Methane (甲烷) is a greenhouse gas. Over 20 years it has over 80 times the planet-cooking power of carbon dioxide, and is 76 for nearly 45%of warming today. Because methane is the main 77 of natural gas, much of man-made emissions comes from the energy industry. Yet because it is short-lived, controlling methane offers the world its best possible chance for 78 progress against climate change. As COP28, the UN’s climate summit, gets 79 in Dubai, it is greatly encouraging, therefore, that the chances of such a deal on methane are good. Negotiators must 80 at a rare opportunity to strike one. The reason a deal looks possible is that the politics are promising in all the biggest markets. China has recently announced that it will start including methane in its national climate plans. America will soon finalize regulations to 81 methane emissions from its huge oil and gas sector, including measures that cover leaky pipelines and storage. And the European Union has also agreed on tough methane standards, covering both domestic sources and 82 fossil fuels. 83 are helping, too. A range of new technologies for monitoring methane will help 84 large sources of emissions from the energy industry. Because oil and gas firms can often sell methane (rather than wastefully burning or releasing it), many investment s to avoid 85 will pay for themselves. Most firms do not invest because of the trouble, higher returns on other projects, or wells’ distance from consumers. Whatever the reason, they suffer no 86 for adding needlessly to global warming. Since green-washing, the process of conveying a false impression about how some products or measures are environmentally sound, is quite common, if a global methane deal is to be more than that, 87 , it will need rigour (缜密). Methane-control seemed to 88 at the UN climate summit in Glasgow two years ago, when negotiators 89 came up with a proposal to cut emissions by 30% by 2030．Yet the deal was voluntary, and had no enforcement mechanisms (机制); emissions have since 90 . An agreement this time round must link promises to national climate plans and, crucially, to domestic enforcement mechanisms. 76．A．powerful B．noticeable C．responsible D．possible 77．A．cause B．ingredient C．agent D．consequence 78．A．quick B．economic C．original D．national 79．A．under way B．in the making C．on board D．to the point 80．A．stare B．point C．come D．leap 81．A．increase B．stabilize C．reduce D．balance 82．A．imported B．localized C．exported D．globalized 83．A．Revolutions B．Evolutions C．Resolutions D．Innovations 84．A．create B．activate C．decrease D．spot 85．A．disasters B．delays C．emissions D．examinations 86．A．loss B．punishment C．abuse D．defeat 87．A．however B．therefore C．further D．once 88．A．pay off B．make out C．run out D．take off 89．A．noisily B．admittedly C．reluctantly D．accidentally 90．A．declined B．disappeared C．swung D．risen 【答案】 76．C 77．B 78．A 79．A 80．D 81．C 82．A 83．D 84．D 85．C 86．B 87．B 88．D 89．A 90．D 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了世界必须采取措施来控制甲烷。 76．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在20年的时间里，它的加热能力是二氧化碳的80倍以上，并且对今天近45%的变暖负有责任。A. powerful有力量的；B. noticeable显而易见的；C. responsible负责任的；D. possible可能的。根据上文“Over 20 years it has over 80 times the planet-cooking power of carbon dioxide”可知，甲烷对今天近45%的变暖负有责任。故选C项。 77．考查名词词义辨析。句意：作为天然气的主要组成部分，能源行业是人为甲烷排放的主要来源。 A. cause原因；B. ingredient成分；C. agent代理人；D. consequence结果。根据空后“of natural gas, much of man-made emissions comes from the energy industry”及常识可知，天然气的主要组成是甲烷。故选B项。 78．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，甲烷的寿命较短，因此控制甲烷排放成为全球迅速应对气候变化的最佳途径。A. quick快速的；B. economic经济的；C. original原始的；D. national国家的。根据上文“Yet because it is short-lived, controlling methane offers the world its best possible chance”可知，控制甲烷排放成为全球迅速应对气候变化的最佳途径。故选A项。 79．考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：随着联合国气候峰会（COP28）在迪拜的召开，有关甲烷的协议达成的可能性很大，这是一个令人鼓舞的迹象。 A. under way进行中；B. in the making正在形成中；C. on board在船上；D. to the point切题。根据上文“As COP28, the UN’s climate summit”可知，联合国气候峰会（COP28）在迪拜的召开。故选A项。 80．考查动词词义辨析。句意：谈判者必须把握这一难得的机会。 A. stare盯着；B. point指向；C. come来；D. leap赶紧抓住（机会）。根据上文“the chances of such a deal on methane are good”可知，机会难得，要抓住。固定搭配leap at“迅速抓住（机会、机遇等）”。故选D项。 81．考查动词词义辨析。句意：美国即将完成旨在减少其庞大石油和天然气行业甲烷排放的规定，包括对泄漏的管道和储存设施的控制措施。A. increase增加；B. stabilize稳固；C. reduce减少；D. balance平衡。根据下文“including measures that cover leaky pipelines and storage”可知，美国即将完成旨在减少其庞大石油和天然气行业甲烷排放的规定。故选C项。 82．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：同时，欧盟也制定了严格的甲烷标准，覆盖国内和进口化石燃料。 A. imported进口的；B. localized局部的；C. exported出口的；D. globalized使全球化的。根据上文“domestic sources”可知，与国内相对应的是进口燃料。故选A项。 83．考查名词词义辨析。句意：创新技术的应用也在起到作用。 A. Revolutions革命；B. Evolutions进化；C. Resolutions决议；D. Innovations创新。根据下文“A range of new technologies”可知，创新技术也起了作用。故选D项。 84．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一系列监测甲烷的新技术将有助于发现能源工业的大型排放源。A. create创造；B. activate激活；C. decrease减少；D. spot发现。根据上文“monitoring methane”可知，测甲烷的新技术将有助于发现能源工业的大型排放源。故选D项。 85．考查名词词义辨析。句意：由于石油和天然气公司可以销售甲烷（而非浪费性地燃烧或排放），许多减排投资能够自负盈亏。A. disasters灾难；B. delays拖延；C. emissions排放；D. examinations考试。根据上文“releasing it”可知，许多减排投资能够自负盈亏。故选C项。 86．考查名词词义辨析。句意：不管原因如何，他们对无谓加剧全球变暖的行为并未受到惩罚。A. loss丢失；B. punishment惩罚；C. abuse虐待，凌辱；D. defeat打败。根据上文“Most firms do not invest because of the trouble, higher returns on other projects, or wells’ distance from consumers.”可知，他们没有受到惩罚。故选B项。 87．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，要确保全球甲烷协议不仅仅是表面的环保措施，它必须具备严谨性。A. however然而；B. therefore因此；C. further进一步；D. once曾经。根据句意可知，前后句为因果关系。故选B项。 88．考查动词短语辨析。句意：甲烷控制似乎在两年前的格拉斯哥联合国气候峰会上开始起步，当时谈判代表们吵吵嚷嚷地提出了到2030年将排放量减少30%的建议。 A. pay off回报；B. make out弄清楚；C. run out耗尽；D. take off起飞，脱下。根据下文“when negotiators  ____14____  came up with a proposal to cut emissions by 30% by 2030.”可知，甲烷控制似乎在两年前的格拉斯哥联合国气候峰会上开始起步。故选D项。 89．考查副词词义辨析。句意：甲烷控制似乎在两年前的格拉斯哥联合国气候峰会上开始起步，当时谈判代表们吵吵嚷嚷地提出了到2030年将排放量减少30%的建议。A. noisily吵闹地；B. admittedly不可否认地；C. reluctantly勉强地；D. accidentally 意外地。联合国气候峰会来自不同的国家，国情完全不同，所以达成一致较为困难，无所以是吵吵嚷嚷地提出了到2030年将排放量减少30%的建议。故选A项。 90．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，该协议是自愿的，没有执行机制；自那以后排放量增加了。A. declined拒绝；B. disappeared 消失；C. swung摆动；D. risen上涨。根据上文“had no enforcement mechanisms  (机制)”可知，缺乏执行机制导致放量反而有所上升。故选D项。 07 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. 【来源】上海市上海中学2022-2023学年高二下学期期末考试英语试题 Foreign aid and NGOs can make things worse when disaster strikes Nearly all of us are collective donors in some sense - when governments send relief to disaster areas, the money they use comes from taxpayers. Many of us are also 91 donors, sending funds directly from our own wallets to charitable organizations. But in the past 10 to 15 years, accusations of 92 relief efforts and unused donations have generated concern among donors. These concerns are not 93 ; large-scale international disaster relief can have drawbacks that range from wasting resources to seriously undermining (削弱) local governments. One of the biggest challenges to disaster relief is coordination (协调). After disaster strikes, immediate necessities are important, but what is the best way to 94 them? Unfortunately, pouring donated items into a disaster area can 95 relief efforts. Their arrival in large numbers can cause “the second disaster”, 96 relief workers with extra responsibilities and taking up precious space. Then there are the consequent effects of 97 for donations for sudden big emergencies. A heartfelt expression of feeling can harm other charitable efforts by redirecting funds. The 2007 economic decline, 98 , hit US charitable giving which didn’t recover until 2014. In such a time of donation 99 , increasing donations to a disaster area can take funds away from other efforts that might be able to use it better. If coordination is good and immediate relief goes well, damaged communities move into the 100 phase. For individuals, this includes returning to work, and recollecting personal networks, all of which require 101 to basic public services. The charitable supply of these services can have 102 consequences. Most philanthropic (慈善的) organizations want to 103 their rebuilding efforts with local workers. This practice is beneficial to a post-disaster economy as it provides a(n) 104 source of wages. But if salaries and work standards of these visiting organizations are higher than those offered in the recovery area, these visitors end up causing an intemal 105 . Top employees are no longer available or willing to work in the public sector. 91．A．individual B．generous C．competent D．cautious 92．A．involuntary B．desperate C．ill-intentioned D．counterproductive 93．A．reasonable B．unfounded C．prompt D．limited 94．A．strike B．secure C．deliver D．pace 95．A．renew B．resist C．demand D．slow 96．A．overloading B．supplying C．charging D．greeting 97．A．votes B．appeals C．pressures D．substitutes 98．A．on the contrary B．as a result C．in the meanwhile D．for example 99．A．fear B．boom C．scarcity D．change 100．A．final B．recovery C．critical D．distinct 101．A．reference B．attention C．access D．favor 102．A．positive B．immediate C．mixed D．uncertain 103．A．staff B．benefit C．replace D．survive 104．A．external B．reliable C．natural D．solid 105．A．weak economy B．unstable community C．class prejudice D．brain drain 【答案】 91．A 92．D 93．B 94．C 95．D 96．A 97．B 98．D 99．C 100．B 101．C 102．C 103．A 104．A 105．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章阐述的是当灾难来袭时，外国援助和非政府组织会让事情变得更糟的原因。 91．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们中的许多人也是个人捐赠者，直接从自己的钱包里把钱捐给慈善组织。A. individual个体的；B. generous慷慨的；C. competent能干的；D. cautious谨慎的。根据后文“sending funds directly from our own wallets to charitable organizations.”可知，面对灾难我们中的许多人也是个人捐赠者。故选A。 92．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但在过去的10到15年里，有关救灾工作适得其反和未使用的捐款的指责引起了捐助者的关注。A. involuntary不知不觉的；B. desperate绝望的；C. ill-intentioned恶意的；D. counterproductive事与愿违的。根据后文的“unused donations”可知，有关救灾工作适得其反和未使用的捐款的指责引起了捐助者的关注。故选D。 93．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些担忧并非毫无根据；大规模的国际救灾可能有一些缺点，从浪费资源到严重破坏地方政府。A. reasonable合理的；B. unfounded没有理由的；C. prompt迅速的，立刻的；D. limited有限的。根据后文“large-scale international disaster relief can have drawbacks that range from wasting resources to seriously undermining(削弱)local governments.”可知，从浪费资源到严重破坏地方政府，引发了对大规模的国际救灾的一些担忧，即这种担忧并不是没有依据的。故选B。 94．考查动词词义辨析。句意：救灾面临的最大挑战之一是协调。灾难来袭后，紧急必需品很重要，但什么是运送这些必需品的最佳方式？A. strike敲击，袭击；B. secure使安全；C. deliver运输；D. pace踱步。根据前文“After disaster strikes, immediate necessities are important”可知，救灾面临的最大挑战之一是协调。灾难来袭后，紧急必需品很重要，但什么是运送这些必需品的最佳方式？故选C。 95．考查动词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，将捐赠物品倒入灾区可能会减缓救援工作。A. renew更新；B. resist抵抗；C. demand要求；D. slow减慢。根据后文“Their arrival in large numbers can cause “the second disaster””可知，大量捐赠物品的到来会减缓救援工作。故选D。 96．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们的大量到来可能导致“第二次灾难”，使救援人员承担额外的责任，占用宝贵的空间。A. overloading超载；B. supply提供；C. charging管理，索费；D. greeting问候。根据前文“Their arrival in large numbers can cause “the second disaster””可知，他们的大量到来可能导致“第二次灾难”，使救援人员承担额外的责任，占用宝贵的空间。故选A。 97．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然后是为突发的重大紧急情况呼吁捐款的后续影响。A. votes投票；B. appeals呼吁；C. pressures压力；D. substitutes代替。根据后文的“for donation.”可知，此处指呼吁捐款。故选B。 98．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，2007年的经济衰退打击了美国的慈善捐赠，直到2014年才恢复。A. on the contrary相反；B. as a result结果；C. in the meanwhile同时；D. for example例如。根据前文“The 2007 economic decline,”以及后文的“hit US charitable giving which didn’t recover until 2014.”可知，此处以2007年的经济衰退打击了美国的慈善捐赠，直到2014年才恢复为例，来进行说明。故选D。 99．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在这样一个捐赠稀缺的时期，增加对灾区的捐赠可能会从其他可能更好地利用它的工作中抢走资金。A. fear害怕；B. boom繁荣；C. scarcity不足；D. change干煸。根据前文“The 2007 economic decline,  ___8___ , hit US charitable giving which didn’t recover until 2014.”可知，在这样一个捐赠稀缺的时期，增加对灾区的捐赠可能会从其他可能更好地利用它的工作中抢走资金。故选C。 100．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果协调良好，立即救援进展顺利，受损社区就会进入恢复阶段。A. final最终的；B. recovery恢复；C. critical批判的；D. distinct不同的。根据前文“If coordination is good and immediate relief goes well”可知，如果协调良好，立即救援进展顺利，受损社区就会进入恢复阶段。故选B。 101．考查名词词义辨析。句意：对个人而言，这包括重返工作岗位和重新建立个人网络，所有这些都需要获得基本的公共服务。A. reference参考；B. attention注意力；C. access入口，通路；D. favor支持，喜欢。根据前文“For individuals, this includes returning to work, and recollecting personal networks,”可知，对个人而言，这包括重返工作岗位和重新建立个人网络这些都需要获得基本的公共服务。故选C。 102．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些服务的慈善提供可能会产生复杂的后果。A. positive积极的；B. immediate立即的；C. mixed混合的，复杂的；D. uncertain不确定的。根据后文“Most philanthropic (慈善的) organizations want to  ___13___  their rebuilding efforts with local workers. This practice is beneficial to a post-disaster economy as it provides a(n)  ___14___  source of wages. But if salaries and work standards of these visiting organizations are higher than those offered in the recovery area, these visitors end up causing an intemal  ___15___ . Top employees are no longer available or willing to work in the public sector.”可知，这些服务的慈善提供可能会产生复杂的后果即要么对当地的工人有利，要么，导致人才外流。故选C。 103．考查动词词义辨析。句意：大多数慈善组织都希望为他们的重建工作配备当地工人。这种做法有利于灾后经济，因为它提供了一种外部工资来源。A. staff为……配备员工；B. benefit受益；C. replace代替；D. survive幸存。根据后文的“with local workers.”可知，大多数慈善组织都希望为他们的重建工作配备当地工人。故选A。 104．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这种做法有利于灾后经济，因为它提供了一种外部工资来源。A. external外部的，外聘的；B. reliable可靠的；C. natural自然的；D. solid坚固的。根据前文“is beneficial to a post-disaster economy”可知，这种做法有利于灾后经济，因为它提供了一种外部工资来源即将当地工人与重建工作相结合，为当地劳动力提供了一种外部的工资来源。故选A。 105．考查名词短语辨析。句意：但是，如果这些来访组织的工资和工作标准高于恢复区的水平，这些来访者最终会导致内部人才流失。A. weak economy经济不景气；B. unstable community不稳定社会；C. class prejudice等级偏见；D. brain drain人才外流。根据前文“if salaries and work standards of these visiting organizations are higher than those offered in the recovery area,”可知，如果来访组织（慈善组织）的工资和工作标准高于恢复地区的工资和工作标准，则会导致内部人才流失，即不愿意留在当地工作，而出现人才流出现象。故选D。 08 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. 【来源】上海市嘉定区2022-2023学年高二下学期期末统考英语试题 Most people have seen animals solve problems in one context or another Whether it’s a dog getting food out of a puzzle toy, a squirrel (松鼠) breaking into a “squirrel-proof, bird feeder, or — in what is hopefully a rarer experience — a bear opening a door to get to the food inside! Do all individuals within a species come up with 106 solutions to problems? Or are some individuals more innovative than others? In ungulates (for example, goats and horses), social outsiders are more likely to innovate than their 107 groupmates: if an individual spends time on the outer areas of their group, they are more likely to succeed at a problem-solving task. 108 , in some species of primates (灵长类动物) and birds, it has been shown that individuals with low social standing — that is, those who regularly lose fights, and who don’t have 109 of access to valuable resources — tend to innovate more. The above examples tie into the theory that the individuals who are least able to gain access to good quality 110 , such as food and shelter, are the most likely to innovate. This “bad competitor” theory suggests that individuals innovate because they must do so to 111 . Imagine you’re a goat who can’t get access to the feeding container because you’re not in the in-group. You’d probably be more 112 to figure out how to open a container with food inside than your more popular (and well-fed) groupmates. However, while there is support for this theory in some species, many species show opposing patterns. 113 , being a “bad competitor” doesn’t seem to be a general driver of innovation across species. 114 appears to have a more general influence on animal innovativeness. A meta-analysis (综合分析) across 37 studies of animal innovation found that being brave (that is, approaching 115 objects and exploring new environments) was linked to innovative behavior. For example, brave Carib grackles (a species of bird) and ungulates are more likely to innovate than their more easily frightened groupmates. 116 has also been linked to innovation in a variety of species, from zebra finches (斑胸草雀) to Asian elephants. Both make instinctive sense. The more likely an individual is to 117 with a new problem (that is, the braver they are, and the more time they spend trying to solve a problem (that is, the more persistent they are), the more likely they are to find a(n) 118 . Regardless of the reason individuals innovate, once an individual finds a solution to a problem, 119 a problem involving resource access, their behavior can spread like wildfire. Other individuals pay attention when a groupmate innovates, and 120 the problem-solving behavior. 106．A．instant B．comprehensive C．fair D．creative 107．A．friendly B．popular C．close D．faithful 108．A．Similarly B．Inevitably C．Apparently D．Gradually 109．A．purpose B．priority C．pressure D．potential 110．A．services B．materials C．goods D．resources 111．A．pretend B．compete C．survive D．evolve 112．A．reluctant B．excited C．motivated D．confused 113．A．Thus B．Besides C．Still D．Meanwhile 114．A．Emotion B．Gender C．Appearance D．Personality 115．A．living B．novel C．endangered D．ideal 116．A．Persistence B．Intelligence C．Performance D．Confidence 117．A．conflict B．compare C．interact D．identify 118．A．position B．object C．solution D．chance 119．A．absolutely B．fortunately C．definitely D．particularly 120．A．copy B．change C．influence D．evaluate 【答案】 106．D 107．B 108．A 109．B 110．D 111．C 112．C 113．A 114．D 115．B 116．A 117．C 118．C 119．D 120．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过对动物行为的研究探索创新的原因。 106．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一个物种中的所有个体都能想出创造性的解决方案吗？A. instant速食的，短暂的 ；B. comprehensive综合的；C. fair 公平的；D. creative创造性的；有创造力的。根据下一句“Or are some individuals more innovative than others?”可知本空应和innovative意思相近。故选D项。 107．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在有蹄类动物（例如山羊和马）中，社会中的局外者比它们受欢迎的群体伙伴更有可能创新：如果一个人花时间在群体的外部区域，他们更有可能成功完成解决问题的任务。A. friendly友好的；B. popular受欢迎的；C. close亲密的；D. faithful忠诚的。根据 “social outsiders  are more likely to innovate”和“if an individual spends time on the outer areas of their group, they are more likely to succeed at a problem-solving task.”判断社会中的局外者比它们受欢迎的群体伙伴更有可能创新受欢迎的。故选B项。 108．考查副词词义辨析。句意：同样，在一些灵长类动物和鸟类物种中，研究表明，社会地位较低的个体——即那些经常输掉战斗的人，以及那些没有优先获得宝贵资源的人——往往会进行更多的创新。A. Similarly相似地，同样；B. Inevitably不可避免地；C. Apparently显然地；D. Gradually逐步地。根据“in some species of primates (灵长类动物) and birds, it has been shown that individuals with low social standing — that is, those who regularly lose fights, and who don’t have   4 of access to valuable resources — tend to innovate more.”和句意判断本句话所描述的情况和上一句描述的情况差不多。故选A项。 109．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同样，在一些灵长类动物和鸟类物种中，研究表明，社会地位较低的个体——即那些经常输掉战斗的人，以及那些没有优先获得宝贵资源的个体——往往会进行更多的创新。A. purpose 意图，目的；B. priority优先，优先权；C. pressure 压力；D. potential可能性，潜力。根据“lose fights”和“access to valuable resources — tend to innovate more.”可判断这些动物不能优先获得好的资源。故选B项。 110．考查名词词义辨析。句意：上述例子与这样一种理论相吻合，即最不可能获得优质资源（如食物和住所）的个体最有可能进行创新。A. services公共服务系统，公共事业； B. materials材料； C. goods 商品；D. resources资源。根据上一句的“valuable resources”后面的“such as food and shelter”可判断最不可能获得优质资源的动物最有可能进行创新。故选D项。 111．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这种“不良竞争对手”理论表明，个体创新是因为他们必须这样做才能生存。A. pretend假装 ；B. compete 竞争；C. survive生存，幸存 ；D. evolve发展，进化。根据上一句中“who are least able to gain access to good quality 5 , such as food and shelter”，可知这些“不良竞争对手”生存艰难，必须创新才能生存下去。故选C项。 112．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：你可能会比你更受欢迎（而且吃得很好）的同伴更有动力想出如何打开一个装有食物的容器。A. reluctant 不情愿的；B. excited 激动的；C. motivated有积极性的；D. confused困惑的。根据上文“This “bad competitor” theory suggests that individuals innovate because they must do so to 6 ”可知“不良竞争对手”为了生存更有动力想去解决问题。故选C项。 113．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，成为一个“糟糕的竞争对手”似乎并不是跨物种创新的一般驱动力。A. Thus 因此；B. Besides 此外；C. Still 还，还是，仍然；D. Meanwhile同时。根据上一句“However, while there is support for this theory in some species, many species show opposing patterns. ”和空格后“being a “bad competitor” doesn’t seem to be a general driver of innovation across species.”可知空格后为空格前句子的结论。故选A项。 114．考查名词词义辨析。句意：性格似乎对动物的创新能力有更普遍的影响。A. Emotion情感；B. Gender性别；C. Appearance外表；D. Personality性格，个性。根据下文“being brave (that is, approaching 10   objects and exploring new environments) was linked to innovative behavior”可知性格对动物的创新能力有更普遍的影响。故选D项。 115．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一项对37项动物创新研究的综合分析发现，勇敢（即接近新物体和探索新环境）与创新行为有关。A. living活的；B. novel 新颖的；C. endangered濒危的；D. ideal理想的。根据空后“and exploring new environments”判断and前想表达“接近新物体”与“and exploring new environments”相对应。故选B项。 116．考查名词词义辨析。句意：坚持不懈也与从斑胸雀到亚洲象等多种物种的创新有关。A. Persistence 持久性；B. Intelligence智力；C. Performance 表演；D. Confidence信心。根据下文“that is, the braver they are, and the more time they spend trying to solve a problem”可知此处想表达坚持不懈创新。故选A项。 117．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一个个体越有可能与一个新问题互动（也就是说，他们越勇敢，花越多的时间试图解决一个问题（也就是他们越坚持不懈），他们就越有可能找到解决方案。A. conflict冲突；B. compare比较；C. interact 互动，沟通；D. identify识别。根据“that is, the braver they are, and the more time they spend trying to solve a problem (that is, the more persistent they are)”判断这是个体与解决问题的互动。故选C项。 118．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一个个体越有可能与一个新问题互动（也就是说，他们越勇敢，花越多的时间试图解决一个问题（也就是他们越坚持不懈），他们就越有可能找到解决方案。A. position位置；B. object 物体，目标；C. solution解决方案；D. chance机会。根据前文“they spend trying to solve a problem”可知，他们就想找到解决方案。故选C项。 119．考查副词词义辨析。句意：不管个体创新的原因是什么，一旦一个个体找到了问题的解决方案，尤其是涉及资源获取的问题，他们的行为就会像野火一样蔓延。A. absolutely绝对地，完全地；B. fortunately 幸运地；C. definitely当然，确实，确切地；D. particularly特别，尤其。根据第四段的“who are least able to gain access to good quality 5 , such as food and shelter”可知资源尤其重要，此处想表达“尤其是涉及资源获取的问题”。故选D项。 120．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当群体成员创新时，其他个体会注意，并模仿解决问题的行为。A. copy复制，模仿；B. change改变；C. influence影响；D. evaluate评估。根据上一句中的“their behavior can spread like wildfire”，可知其他个体会模仿创新行为。故选A项。 09 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. 【来源】上海市大同中学2022-2023学年高二下学期期末考试英语试卷 It’s late in the evening: time to close the book and turn off the computer. You’re done for the day. What you may not realize, 121 , is that the learning process actually continues - in your dreams. It might sound like science fiction, but researchers are increasingly 122 the relationship between the knowledge and skills our brains absorb during the day and the fragmented, often bizarre imaginings they 123 at night. Scientists have found that dreaming about a task we’ve learned is associated with 124 performance in that activity (suggesting that there’s some truth to the popular notion that we’re “getting” a foreign language once we begin dreaming in it). What’s more, researchers are coming to recognize that dreaming is an essential part of understanding, organizing and 125 what we learn. While we sleep, research indicates, the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during 126 hours, allowing us to enter what one psychologist calls a neural virtual reality. A vivid example of such 127 can be seen in a video researchers made recently about sleep disorders. They taught a series of dance moves to a group of patients with conditions like sleepwalking, in which the sleeper performs the kind of physical movement that does not 128 occur during sleep. They then videotaped the 129 as they slept. Lying in bed, eyes closed, one female patient on the tape 130 the dance moves she learned earlier. This shows that while our bodies are 131 , our brains are drawing what’s important from the information and events we’ve recently encountered, then integrating that data into the vast 132 of what we already know. In a 2010 study, researchers at Harvard Medical School reported that college students who dreamed about a computer maze(迷宫)task they had learned showed a 10-fold improvement in their 133 to find their way through the maze compared with the participants who did not dream about the task. Robert Stick-gold, one of the Harvard researchers, suggests that studying right before bedtime or taking a nap following a study session in the afternoon might increase the 134 of dreaming about the material. Think about that as your head 135 the pillow tonight. 121．A．therefore B．otherwise C．instead D．however 122．A．focusing on B．experimenting with C．building up D．inquiring about 123．A．conceal B．generate C．dissolve D．remove 124．A．worsened B．measured C．improved D．affected 125．A．maintaining B．comprehending C．questioning D．sharing 126．A．working B．sleeping C．opening D．waking 127．A．replay B．pattern C．reality D．experience 128．A．normally B．especially C．infrequently D．possibly 129．A．researchers B．subjects C．psychologists D．walkers 130．A．reflected on B．forgot about C．engaged in D．referred to 131．A．in peace B．at rest C．in operation D．at work 132．A．store B．majority C．range D．collection 133．A．willingness B．ability C．desire D．tendency 134．A．benefits B．risks C．difficulties D．potential 135．A．hits B．imagines C．leaves D．punches 【答案】 121．D 122．A 123．B 124．C 125．A 126．D 127．A 128．A 129．B 130．C 131．B 132．A 133．B 134．D 135．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过讲述一项研究阐述了做梦如何让你的学习效果得到改善。 121．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，你可能没有意识到的是，学习过程实际上在你的梦中继续。A. therefore因此；B. otherwise否则；C. instead代替，反而；D. however然而。根据前文“What you may not realize”可知此处是表示转折意义。故选D项。 122．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这听起来可能像科幻小说，但研究人员越来越关注我们大脑白天吸收的知识和技能与晚上产生的通常奇怪的想象之间的关系。A. focusing on专注于；B. experimenting with做实验；C. building up建立；D. inquiring about询问。根据下文“Scientists have found that dreaming about a task we’ve learned is associated with ___4___ performance in that activity”以及“What’s more, researchers are coming to recognize that dreaming is an essential part of understanding”可知研究人员对这二者之间的关系是极其“关注”的。故选A项。 123．考查动词词义辨析。句意同上题。A. conceal隐藏；B. generate产生；C. dissolve溶解；D. remove去除。根据上文“fragmented, often bizarre imaginings”可知这些imaginings 是在晚上做梦的时候产生的。故选B项。 124．考查动词词义辨析。句意：科学家们发现，梦到我们所学的任务与提高该活动的表现有关(这表明，当我们开始做外语梦时，我们正在“学习”外语这一流行观点是有一定道理的)。A. worsened恶化；B. measured测量；C. improved改进；D. affected影响。根据下文的“suggesting that there’s some truth to the popular notion that we’re “getting” a foreign language once we begin dreaming in it”可知做梦都在学习外语， 说明是要“提高”在外语学习上的表现。故选C项。 125．考查动词词义辨析。句意：更重要的是，做梦可能是理解、组织和保留我们所学知识的重要部分。A. maintaining维护；B. comprehending理解；C. questioning询问；D. sharing共享。根据下文“While we sleep, research indicates, the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during ___6__ hours”可知做梦对加深记忆，保留所学知识是有用的。故选A项。 126．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，当我们睡觉的时候，大脑会回放清醒时所经历的活动模式，从而让我们进入心理学家所说的神经系统(神经的)虚拟现实。A. working工作；B. sleeping休眠；C. opening开；D. waking苏醒。根据前文的“activity it experienced”可知这些活动是人们在清醒的时候经历的。故选D项。 127．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员最近制作的一段关于睡眠障碍的视频中可以看到这种回放的生动例子。A. replay回放；B. pattern模式；C. reality现实；D. experience经验。根据前文的“the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced”可知replay原词再现。故选A项。 128．考查副词词义辨析。句意：他们向一群患有梦游症的患者教授了一系列舞蹈动作，其中睡眠者进行了通常在睡眠中不会发生的身体动作。A. normally正常地；B. especially特别地；C. infrequently不经常地；D. possibly可能地。根据前文“They taught a series of dance moves to a group of patients with conditions like sleepwalking”可知这些舞蹈动作是新教授的， 这些梦游者之前是没有出现这种动作。故选A项。 129．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然后，他们拍摄了受试者睡觉时的视频。A. researchers研究人员；B. subjects主语，主题，接受试验者；C. psychologists心理学家；D. walkers步行者。根据前文“a group of patients with conditions like sleepwalking”可知此处拍摄的是参加试验的人。故选B项。 130．考查动词短语辨析。句意：躺在床上，闭着眼睛，录像带上的一名女性患者做了她之前学过的舞蹈动作。A. reflected on反思；B. forgot about忘记；C. engaged in从事，参与，做；D. referred to参考，提到。根据下文“the dance moves she learned earlier.”可知这位女性在睡梦中又做了白天教授的舞蹈动作。故选C项。 131．考查介词词义辨析。句意：这表明当我们的身体休息时，我们的大脑正在从我们最近遇到的信息和事件中提取什么是重要的，然后将这些数据整合到我们已经知道的大量存储中，也许可以解释为什么梦是新鲜体验和旧记忆的奇怪混合。A. in peace和平的；B. at rest静止；C. in operation操作；D. at work工作。此处指的是我们的身体“在休息时”。故选B项。 132．考查名词词义辨析。句意同上题。A. store存储；B. majority多数；C. range范围；D. collection收集。根据下文“what we already know”可知是已经存储的知识。故选A项。 133．考查名词词义辨析。句意：与没有梦到过电脑迷宫任务的大学生相比，梦见过电脑迷宫的大学生在迷宫中找到出路的能力提高了10倍。A. willingness意愿；B. ability能力；C. desire欲望；D. tendency趋势。“在迷宫中找到出路”是能力的体现。故选B项。 134．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在睡前学习或在下午学习后小睡一会，可能会增加梦到这些材料的可能性。A. benefits利益；B. risks风险；C. difficulties困难；D. potential潜力。睡前学习或在下午学习后小睡有助于记忆的牢固，有助于“replay”这些材料的产生故选D项。 135．考查动词词义辨析。句意：今晚你的头碰到枕头上时，想一想这些吧。A. hits打；B. imagines想象；C. leaves离开；D. punches拳打。根据常识，睡觉时要把头放枕头上。故选A项。 10 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. 【来源】上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学2022-2023学年高二下学期期末考试英语试题 Jealousy is a motive of immense power. Although you are often 136 aware of being jealous or envious of someone, sometimes the actual reasons for the envy are buried in your unconsciousness and hidden by rationalizations. 137 , what you really value in life is more often revealed by asking yourself who you are jealous of rather than asking yourself directly “what do I value.” The 138 often takes into account what society expects you to value and you are aware only of what you should want 139 what you really want. Envy and jealousy, on the other hand, kick in as a gut reaction (直觉反应) in your emotional system long 140 you become conscious of it. Introspection (反省) which can help one achieve a deeper understanding of emotions is unfashionable in contemporary psychology largely due to the lasting effects of behaviorism. 141 this view, we will argue that introspection can be a valuable source of insights into the internal logic and evolutionary underlying principle of certain complex emotions like envy. Of course, 142 can be rightfully raised against the purely subjective exercise of introspection, which is why it is essential to eventually test these assumptions by using a rigorous scientific approach. But 143 one can have fun speculating (沉思) on possibilities of finding why. What 144 jealousy, beyond the obvious of someone who is better off? And can the functional logic of the causes be explained in evolutionary terms; i.e., what might be their 145 value? Through introspecting on 146 and through informally surveying friends, students, colleagues, etc., we are trying to come up with a reasonable evolutionary scenario (设想). Let’s think about envy, too. The whole purpose of envy is to 147 you to act either by independently trying harder (envy) or by coveting (贪求) and stealing what the other has (jealousy). This is why jealousy has a (n) 148 component, but envy is more positive sometimes even being associated with admiration. In this book, we can show that there is often an evolutionary hidden 149 that drives this human psychological tendency, and makes it comprehensible. Evolution has 150 into you an emotion (jealousy) that is caused by certain very specific “releasers” or social cues, which is largely insensitive to what the other person’s final state of happiness is. 136．A．obviously B．actively C．consciously D．hardly 137．A．Importantly B．Generally C．Certainly D．Ironically 138．A．former B．latter C．above D．below 139．A．other than B．less than C．more than D．rather than 140．A．before B．after C．until D．unless 141．A．Compared to B．In response to C．In line with D．Contrary to 142．A．agreements B．arguments C．doubts D．objections 143．A．luckily B．unfortunately C．meanwhile D．finally 144．A．agrees with B．lies in C．results in D．comes from 145．A．emotion B．survival C．moral D．compulsory 146．A．others B．ourselves C．parents D．superiors 147．A．forbid B．force C．motivate D．bother 148．A．beneficial B．aggressive C．promising D．active 149．A．hint B．enemy C．regulation D．agenda 150．A．programmed B．created C．constructed D．migrated 【答案】 136．C 137．D 138．B 139．D 140．A 141．D 142．D 143．A 144．C 145．B 146．B 147．C 148．B 149．D 150．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了嫉妒是什么以及嫉妒产生的原因。 136．考查副词词义辨析。句意：虽然你经常有意识地意识到嫉妒或嫉妒某人，但有时嫉妒的真正原因被埋在你的无意识中，被合理化所掩盖。A. obviously显然；B. actively积极地；C. consciously有意识地；D. hardly几乎不。根据上文“Although”和下文“sometimes the actual reasons for the envy are buried in your unconsciousness and hidden by rationalizations”可知，句子表示“虽然你经常有意识地意识到嫉妒或嫉妒某人，但有时嫉妒的真正原因被埋在你的无意识中，被合理化所掩盖”。故选C。 137．考查副词词义辨析。句意：讽刺的是，你在生活中真正看重的往往是问自己嫉妒谁，而不是直接问自己“我看重什么”。A. Importantly重要的是；B. Generally普遍地；C. Certainly当然；D. Ironically讽刺的是。根据下文“what you really value in life is more often revealed by asking yourself who you are jealous of rather than asking yourself directly “what do I value.””可知，句子表示“讽刺的是，你在生活中真正看重的往往是问自己嫉妒谁，而不是直接问自己“我看重什么””。故选D。 138．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：后者通常会考虑到社会对你的期望，你只知道你应该想要什么，而不是你真正想要什么。A. former(两者中)前者的；B. latter(两者之中的)后者的；C. above上述的；D. below在下面。根据下文“what you really value in life is more often revealed by asking yourself who you are jealous of rather than asking yourself directly “what do I value.””可知，后者通常会考虑到社会对你的期望，你只知道你应该想要什么，而不是你真正想要什么。故选B。 139．考查介词短语辨析。句意：后者通常会考虑到社会对你的期望，你只知道你应该想要什么，而不是你真正想要什么。A. other than除了；B. less than少于；C. more than多于；D. rather than而不是。根据上文“what society expects you to value and you are aware only of what you should want”和下文“what you really want”可知，后者通常会考虑到社会对你的期望，你只知道你应该想要什么，而不是你真正想要什么。故选D。 140．考查连接词词义辨析。句意：另一方面，在你意识到之前，羡慕和嫉妒就会作为一种本能反应在你的情感系统中发挥作用。A. before在……之前；B. after在……之后；C. until直到；D. unless除非。根据上文“kick in as a gut reaction (直觉反应) in your emotional system”和下文“you become conscious of it”可知，在你意识到之前，羡慕和嫉妒就会作为一种本能反应在你的情感系统中发挥作用。故选A。 141．考查介词短语辨析。句意：与这种观点相反，我们认为内省可以成为洞察某些复杂情绪（如嫉妒）的内在逻辑和进化基本原理的宝贵来源。A. Compared to与……相比；B. In response to作为回应；C. In line with与……一致；D. Contrary to与……相反。根据下文“we will argue that introspection can be a valuable source of insights into the internal logic and evolutionary underlying principle of certain complex emotions like envy”可知，句子表示“与这种观点相反，我们认为内省可以成为洞察某些复杂情绪（如嫉妒）的内在逻辑和进化基本原理的宝贵来源”。故选D。 142．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当然，对纯粹主观的内省练习提出反对意见是合理的，这就是为什么必须使用严格的科学方法最终检验这些假设。A. agreements协定；B. arguments争论；C. doubts怀疑；D. objections反对。根据下文“against the purely subjective exercise of introspection, which is why it is essential to eventually test these assumptions by using a rigorous scientific approach”可知，此处表示“对纯粹主观的内省练习提出反对意见是合理的”。故选D。 143．考查副词词义辨析。句意：但幸运的是，人们可以从猜测找到原因的可能性中获得乐趣。A. luckily幸运的是；B. unfortunately不幸的是；C. meanwhile同时；D. finally最后。根据下文“one can have fun speculating (沉思) on possibilities of finding why”可知，此处表示“幸运的是，人们可以从猜测找到原因的可能性中获得乐趣”。故选A。 144．考查动词短语辨析。句意：除了显而易见的某人过得更好之外，是什么导致了嫉妒？A. agrees with同意；B. lies in在于；C. results in导致；D. comes from来自。根据下文“beyond the obvious of someone who is better off”可知，句子表示“除了显而易见的某人过得更好之外，是什么导致了嫉妒”。故选C。 145．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些原因的功能逻辑是否能用进化论的术语来解释？也就是说，它们的生存价值是什么？A. emotion情绪；B. survival生存；C. moral道德准则；D. compulsory规定动作。根据上文“evolutionary terms”可知，句子表示“这些原因的功能逻辑是否能用进化论的术语来解释？也就是说，它们的生存价值是什么？”故选B。 146．考查代词和名词词义辨析。句意：通过自我反省，通过非正式地调查朋友、学生、同事等，我们试图提出一个合理的进化方案。A. others其他人；B. ourselves我们自己；C. parents父母；D. superiors上级。根据下文“and through informally surveying friends, students, colleagues”可知，句子表示“通过自我反省，通过非正式地调查朋友、学生、同事等，我们试图提出一个合理的进化方案”。故选B。 147．考查动词词义辨析。句意：嫉妒的全部目的是激励你采取行动，要么更努力地独立努力（嫉妒），要么觊觎和窃取他人拥有的东西（嫉妒）。A. forbid禁止；B. force强迫；C. motivate激励；D. bother打扰。根据下文“to act either by independently trying harder (envy) or by coveting (贪求) and stealing what the other has (jealousy)”可知，嫉妒的全部目的是激励你采取行动。故选C。 148．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这就是为什么嫉妒有侵略性的成分，但嫉妒有时更积极，甚至与钦佩联系在一起。A. beneficial有益的；B. aggressive侵略性的；C. promising有前途的；D. active积极的。根据下文“but envy is more positive sometimes even being associated with admiration”可知，句子表示“这就是为什么嫉妒有侵略性的成分，但嫉妒有时更积极，甚至与钦佩联系在一起”。故选B。 149．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在这本书中，我们可以表明，推动这种人类心理倾向的往往是一种进化的隐藏议程，并使其易于理解。A. hint暗示；B. enemy敌人；C. regulation规则；D. agenda待议事项，议程。根据下文“that drives this human psychological tendency, and makes it comprehensible”可知，句子表示“推动这种人类心理倾向的往往是一种进化的隐藏议程，并使其易于理解”，空格处意为“待议事项”。故选D。 150．考查动词词义辨析。句意：进化已经给你设定了一种情绪（嫉妒），这是由某些非常具体的“释放者”或社会暗示引起的，这在很大程度上对他人的最终幸福状态是不敏感的。A. programmed设置；B. created创造；C. constructed修建；D. migrated迁徙。根据下文“into you an emotion (jealousy) that is caused by certain very specific “releasers” or social cues”可知，此处表示“进化已经给你设定了一种情绪（嫉妒），这是由某些非常具体的“释放者”或社会暗示引起的”，空格处意为“设置”。故选A。 1 / 32 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$