专题05 阅读理解（说明文类）（北京专用）-【好题汇编】2025年高考英语一模试题分类汇编

专题03 阅读理解——说明文类 编者按：2025年北京十区高三一模分类整理，深度解析，排版整齐。 （一） （2025年·海淀·一模） Imagine a not-too-distant future, where we each inhabit our own AI-driven digital filter (过滤) bubble, crafted for us alone and designed to serve corporate interests. This future resembles 1998’s movie The Truman Show, where the main character unknowingly lived his entire life within a reality TV show designed by a production studio. One subset of AI, large language models (LLM), won’t turn our lives into reality TV shows. Instead, personalized AI agents threaten to cage each of us in an individualized and illusory (虚假的) unreality, profiting from our digital activities and walling us off from genuine connections. Many companies are developing individualized LLM. The underlying principle is that AI will learn about the individual user and adapt accordingly. For example, if you’re a super fan of a football team, you’ll be fed updates, ads, and videos tailored to your interests 24 hours a day. Some algorithms may even learn your schedule, pushing information at you during precisely those times when you’re most likely to be looking. This may sound harmless. But the next step is to use LLM to create memes, or even fake articles,feeding you conspiracy theories about rival teams. This is a miserable reality for at least two reasons.For one, there are neither computational methods or ethical incentives (激励) in place to ensure that the information you receive is true. But just as frightening as the lack of regard for the truth is an even scarier element. You will no longer live with an accurate understanding of football team that is fully compatible with anyone else’s. You will run on information generated only for yourself. This vision is unsettling, even in sports and entertainment. But what of institutions that have more direct social consequences?Education? Politics? With the fall of the press and polarization of everything,conversations around holiday table have already become impossible for many extended families. Bad as the status quo might be, stranger times lie ahead that make us long for today’s echo chambers (信息茧房). Soon, our bubbles will shrink further and further,until our digital worlds involve only ourselves. In an Al-mediated future,everyone will live in a private Truman Show. As a society, we will be completely incapable of making fruitful collective decisions because we will have no shared understanding of the world. What’s the way out? Find your entertainment in spaces with actual people, exchanging thoughts and creations with each other. Even online, we must keep our understanding of the world grounded in human-authored documents and artifacts. Valuing what humans create is not merely a matter of authenticity; it also ensures we focus on arguments that an author cared enough to make, on conservations that speakers cared enough to have. Otherwise,The Truman Show’s premise becomes our reality, unknowingly inhabiting a fake world where our every experience is designed for profit. Even more existentially alienating? Living in a Truman Show where the director, producer and the only one watching is an AI. 27. The author mentions The Truman Show in Paragraph 1 to . A. make a comparison B. illustrate a situation C support an argument D. propose a suggestion 28. According to the passage, personalized AI agents may . A. isolate individuals in false realities B. confirm the credibility of the content C. discourage the companies’ ethical incentives D. improve user behavior by feeding targeted ads 29. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Algorithms have raised concerns over privacy. B. LLMs are in great need of computational upgrade. C. Echo chambers weaken collective decision-making. D. Technology development results in polarized society. 30. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. AI and the Future of Human Interaction B. AI Will Turn Our Lives into The Truman Show C. The Truman Show Predicts AI’s Impact on Media D. Algorithmic Bubbles and the Value of Human Creations 【答案】27. B 28. A 29. C 30. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了个性化AI代理可能将人类生活变成虚假现实的问题。 【27题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Imagine a not-too-distant future, where we each inhabit our own AI-driven digital filter (过滤) bubble, crafted for us alone and designed to serve corporate interests. This future resembles 1998’s movie The Truman Show, where the main character unknowingly lived his entire life within a reality TV show designed by a production studio. (想象一下不太遥远的未来，我们每个人都生活在自己的人工智能驱动的数字过滤泡沫中，这个泡沫是专门为我们打造的，旨在服务企业利益。这个未来类似于1998年的电影《楚门的世界》，在电影中，主角在不知情的情况下，在一档由制作工作室设计的真人秀节目中度过了他的一生。)”可知，作者在第一段提到《楚门的世界》是为了说明一种可能出现的情况，即我们每个人都生活在自己的人工智能驱动的数字过滤泡沫中。故选B。 【28题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Instead, personalized AI agents threaten to cage each of us in an individualized and illusory (虚假的) unreality, profiting from our digital activities and walling us off from genuine connections. (相反，个性化的AI代理威胁着将我们每个人困在一个个性化和虚幻的不真实世界中，从我们的数字活动中获利，并将我们与真正的联系隔离开来。)”可知，个性化的AI代理可能会将个人隔离在虚假现实中。故选A。 【29题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Bad as the status quo might be, stranger times lie ahead that make us long for today’s echo chambers (信息茧房). Soon, our bubbles will shrink further and further,until our digital worlds involve only ourselves. In an Al-mediated future,everyone will live in a private Truman Show. As a society, we will be completely incapable of making fruitful collective decisions because we will have no shared understanding of the world. (在一个由AI介导的未来，每个人都将生活在一个私人的《楚门的世界》中。作为一个社会，我们将完全无法做出富有成效的集体决策，因为我们将对世界没有共同的理解。)”可知，信息茧房会削弱集体决策能力。故选C。 【30题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据最后一段“Otherwise,The Truman Show’s premise becomes our reality, unknowingly inhabiting a fake world where our every experience is designed for profit. Even more existentially alienating? Living in a Truman Show where the director, producer and the only one watching is an AI. (否则，《楚门的世界》的前提就会成为我们的现实，我们会在不知不觉中生活在一个虚假的世界里，我们的每一次经历都是为了盈利而设计的。更让人感到存在上的疏离呢？生活在一个《楚门的世界》里，导演、制片人和唯一的观众都是人工智能。)”可知，文章主要论述了个性化AI代理可能将人类生活变成虚假现实的问题，就像《楚门的世界》一样。B选项“AI Will Turn Our Lives into The Truman Show (人工智能将把我们的生活变成《楚门的世界》)”最符合文章主旨。故选B。 （二） （2025年·西城·一模） Recently, I attended a public talk by someone whose views I “knew” I would oppose. And yet, I went. I listened, asked questions, and gave my time. While my core values weren’t transformed in those two hours, I learned something and left with a deeper appreciation for the complexity of other perspectives. In this weeknight activity, I was actively trying to tackle “beliefism,” a divisive phenomenon in which surrounding yourself with people who share your views leads to discrimination against those who disagree. In this way, beliefism deepens division and reinforces polarization — building walls instead of bridges. Indeed, beliefism is widespread in modern society. A significant part of the problem originates from the fact that we live in a world that is both physically and virtually divided. We rarely interact with people from other walks of life. Social media algorithms stoke the fires of division, locking us into echo chambers that reinforce our preexisting beliefs and shut down debate. Ultimately, where many forces are driving us apart, we must think — what can we do to unpack division and restore connection? We can begin by trying to understand the psychology of beliefism, which at its core is a form of bias — a mental shortcut in which we categorise people according to single characteristics or generalising assumptions. Indeed, in a world that is infinitely complex, our minds use these biases to simplify and make sense of the world. The thing is, when we see others only through the perspective of their political or social beliefs, we reduce and flatten them to a single dimension. Further, when people feel they are dismissed or disregarded only for their beliefs, they are left feeling isolated and misunderstood. Secondly, we can understand the tendency for beliefism as part of our evolutionary (进化的) desire to establish a community or group. The problem is that while this instinct (本能) may have once served evolutionary purposes, today, it blocks meaningful dialogue and cooperation. Indeed, research shows that overcoming beliefism has benefits. When we welcome a variety of ideas and perspectives, we are able to overcome group-think and make better decisions and judgements. What’s more, less beliefist people are generally happier, having stronger, more fulfilling relationships and broader horizons. Luckily, there are a number of relevant, research-backed psychological techniques that help build tolerance and break bias. We might exercise individuation, seeing people as diverse-sided individuals and breaking away from reductive ways of thinking. We can practice perspective-taking, building empathy (同理心) by stepping into someone else’s shoes and trying to see the world through their eyes. Ultimately, the way forward is not through divisions, but through a recognition of our shared humanity. Remind yourself that each person exists at the intersection of many identities, experiences, and beliefs. Challenge yourself to practice empathy, and remember that no one is wholly defined by the worst thing they have said or done. 27. What does the underlined word “stoke” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Fuel. B. Keep. C. Put. D. Contain. 28. What can we know about beliefism from the passage? A. Social media algorithms mainly contribute to its wide spread. B. Human evolution proves its harm in establishing group-think. C It reflects our simplified way of understanding the surrounding world. D. It leads us to make assumptions about others’ political or social beliefs. 29. Which of the following would be most effective in fighting beliefism? A. Facilitating interactions between people from different communities. B. Creating a list of acceptable beliefs for each community to follow. C. Asking people to write about their experiences of being isolated. D. Stressing conflict instead of cooperation between different beliefs. 30. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Beyond Us and Them B. The Roots of Beliefism C. The Harm of Social Division D. At the Crossroad of Faith 【答案】27. A 28. C 29. A 30. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作者对于信仰主义的看法以及如何摆脱这种思想。 【27题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“A significant part of the problem originates from the fact that we live in a world that is both physically and virtually divided. We rarely interact with people from other walks of life.(这个问题的很大一部分源于我们生活在一个物理上和虚拟上都是分裂的世界。我们很少与各行各业的人打交道)”以及后文“locking us into echo chambers that reinforce our preexisting beliefs and shut down debate(把我们锁在回音室里，强化了我们已有的信念，关闭了辩论)”可知，社交媒体算法点燃了分裂之火，把我们锁在回音室里，强化了我们已有的信念，关闭了辩论。故划线词意思是“点燃”，故选A。 【28题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段“Indeed, in a world that is infinitely complex, our minds use these biases to simplify and make sense of the world.(事实上，在一个无限复杂的世界里，我们的大脑利用这些偏见来简化和理解这个世界)”可知，信仰反映了我们理解周围世界的简化方式。故选C。 【29题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“When we welcome a variety of ideas and perspectives, we are able to overcome group-think and make better decisions and judgements. What’s more, less beliefist people are generally happier, having stronger, more fulfilling relationships and broader horizons.(当我们欢迎各种各样的想法和观点时，我们就能克服群体思维，做出更好的决定和判断。更重要的是，信仰主义者较少通常更快乐，拥有更牢固、更充实的人际关系和更广阔的视野)”可知，促进来自不同社区的人之间的互动对对抗信仰主义是最有效的。故选A。 【30题详解】 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Ultimately, the way forward is not through divisions, but through a recognition of our shared humanity. Remind yourself that each person exists at the intersection of many identities, experiences, and beliefs. Challenge yourself to practice empathy, and remember that no one is wholly defined by the worst thing they have said or done.(最终，前进的道路不是通过分裂，而是通过认识到我们共同的人性。提醒自己，每个人都存在于许多身份、经历和信仰的交叉点上。挑战自己，练习同理心，记住，没有人完全被他们说过或做过的最糟糕的事情所定义)”以及文章主要介绍了作者对于信仰主义的看法以及如何摆脱这种思想，可知，A选项“超越我们和他们”最符合文章标题。故选A。 （三） （2025年·西城·一模） Genetic (基因) variation is what allows a species to adapt as climate changes, new diseases arise, and novel enemies come on the scene. A slightly different genetic makeup can ensure at least some individuals will still do OK in times of crisis. But just as the number of species is declining worldwide, so, too, is the genetic diversity within many species. Until 2022, governments focused primarily on preventing species from disappearing. That year, however, when updating the United Nations’s Convention on Biological Diversity treaty (条约), participating countries agreed to start to look at genetic diversity as well. The first step toward slowing the trend is understanding it. Conservation biologist Catherine Gruéber from the University of Sydney and many colleagues gathered 882 papers written between 1985 and 2019 that tracked diversity changes within 628 individual species by analyzing their DNA at at least two time points. The team used complex statistical analyses to make the data comparable, enabling them to identify trends and correlate loss of genetic diversity with floods, habitat destruction, or other disturbances. They also tracked what happened in the face of various conservation measures, such as legally protecting a species or setting aside and protecting habitat. Two-thirds of the populations analyzed exhibited a decline in diversity, Gruéber and her colleagues report. That included species already known to be at risk, but it also included more common species. The implication is that those species may be less able to bounce back than expected during environmental change, says Alicia Mastertta-Yanes, a conservation geneticist. Some conservation efforts, such as ecological restoration or reducing pests (害虫), didn’t help much, the analysis found. But certain actions did seem to help, such as efforts to expand and protect habitat, introduce new individuals to declining populations, or connect two isolated populations. “It was pretty impressive that they were able to track what human disturbances and conservation actions had done,” says Moisés Alonso, an evolutionary geneticist who authored a preprint last year indicating that protecting existing habitat won’t be enough to prevent genetic diversity losses for many species. “We needed something like this,” he says. Conservation scientists emphasize the importance of continuing to monitor populations. But DNA methods aren’t always practical, some note. “It is relatively hard and expensive to measure genetic diversity directly,” Mastertta-Yanes says. To get around that, Mastertta-Yanes and others published a paper in Ecology Letters last year that used proxy (代替物) measures, such as population size, to evaluate genetic diversity in 919 species. The method, which only required about 3 hours of work per species, indicated that 58% of the species have populations that are too small to maintain their genetic diversity. The fact that these different approaches found declining diversity “makes both results more convincing,” Mastertta-Yanes says. “Finally, genetic diversity is getting the attention it deserves.” 31. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A. Challenges of collecting DNA data for diversity research. B. Findings on genetic diversity changes over the past 30 years. C. Research methods applied to track genetic diversity changes. D. Impacts of human disturbances on diversity of different species. 32. What can be learned from Grueber’s study? A. Habitat extension and population management preserve diversity. B. The diversity of common species tends to decline more severely. C. At-risk species better resist the impact of environmental changes. D. Ecosystem recovery and pest control drive population rise. 33. Mastertta-Yanes holds that DNA methods ________. A. will soon be replaced by proxy measures B. lack practicality due to their costs and complexity C. may get in the way of monitoring species populations D. require a large population size to achieve high accuracy 34. What is the purpose of this passage? A. To identify more effective methods applied in gene research. B. To advocate for using DNA methods exclusively in conservation efforts. C. To warn people of the threat posed by environmental changes on species. D. To draw people’s attention to effective measures against loss of diversity. 【答案】31. C 32. A 33. B 34. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究发现许多物种内部的遗传多样性也在减少，介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现。 【31题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第三段“The first step toward slowing the trend is understanding it. Conservation biologist Catherine Gruéber from the University of Sydney and many colleagues gathered 882 papers written between 1985 and 2019 that tracked diversity changes within 628 individual species by analyzing their DNA at at least two time points. The team used complex statistical analyses to make the data comparable, enabling them to identify trends and correlate loss of genetic diversity with floods, habitat destruction, or other disturbances. They also tracked what happened in the face of various conservation measures, such as legally protecting a species or setting aside and protecting habitat.(减缓这一趋势的第一步是理解它。悉尼大学的保护生物学家凯瑟琳·格鲁姆萨伯和许多同事收集了1985年至2019年期间撰写的882篇论文，通过分析至少两个时间点的628个物种的DNA，追踪了它们的多样性变化。研究小组使用复杂的统计分析使数据具有可比性，使他们能够确定趋势，并将遗传多样性的丧失与洪水、栖息地破坏或其他干扰联系起来。他们还追踪了在面对各种保护措施时发生的情况，比如法律保护一个物种或留出和保护栖息地)”可知，第三段的主要内容是用于追踪遗传多样性变化的研究方法。故选C。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“The team used complex statistical analyses to make the data comparable, enabling them to identify trends and correlate loss of genetic diversity with floods, habitat destruction, or other disturbances. They also tracked what happened in the face of various conservation measures, such as legally protecting a species or setting aside and protecting habitat.(研究小组使用复杂的统计分析使数据具有可比性，使他们能够确定趋势，并将遗传多样性的丧失与洪水、栖息地破坏或其他干扰联系起来。他们还追踪了在面对各种保护措施时发生的情况，比如法律保护一个物种或留出和保护栖息地)”以及第四段“Two-thirds of the populations analyzed exhibited a decline in diversity, Gruéber and her colleagues report.(格鲁曼和她的同事们报告说，三分之二的被分析数量表现出多样性的下降)”可知，研究告诉我们栖息地扩展和数量管理保护多样性。故选A。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“The method, which only required about 3 hours of work per species, indicated that 58% of the species have populations that are too small to maintain their genetic diversity. The fact that these different approaches found declining diversity “makes both results more convincing,” Mastertta-Yanes says. “Finally, genetic diversity is getting the attention it deserves.”(该方法只需要每个物种3小时的工作，表明58%的物种种群太小，无法维持其遗传多样性。这两种不同的方法都发现了多样性的下降，这一事实“使两种结果都更有说服力，”马斯特塔-扬斯说。“最终，基因多样性得到了应有的关注。”)”可知，Mastertta-Yanes认为，由于成本和复杂性，DNA方法缺乏实用性。故选B。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Genetic (基因的) variation is what allows a species to adapt as climate changes, new diseases arise, and novel enemies come on the scene. A slightly different genetic makeup can ensure at least some individuals will still do OK in times of crisis. But just as the number of species is declining worldwide, so, too, is the genetic diversity within many species.(基因变异使一个物种能够适应气候变化、新疾病的出现和新敌人的出现。一个稍有不同的基因构成可以确保至少一些个体在危机时刻仍能安然无恙。但是，正如世界范围内的物种数量正在减少一样，许多物种内部的遗传多样性也在减少)”结合文章主要介绍了研究发现许多物种内部的遗传多样性也在减少，介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现。可知，这篇文章的目的是引起人们对防止多样性丧失的有效措施的注意。故选D。 （四） （2025年·东城·一模） Anyone with insomnia knows the impatience and frustration that accompanies sleeplessness. You long for a button that could instantly dampen all that mental activity.The idea of a mental switch is not far-fetched. Most neuroscientists now agree that our wakefulness is coordinated by a tiny bundle of neurons (一小束神经元) known as the “locus coeruleus” (LC), Latin for “blue dot”. It is a literal description: the neurons in the locus coeruleus have the blue colour from the production of a particular neurotransmitter, called norepinephrine. Norepinephrine raises the chance that a neuron will “fire” with an electric current. When they become active, cells in the locus coeruleus pass bundles of this neurotransmitter along their projections to other regions of the brain-enhancing the communication between the neurons in that area. There are slight differences in the process. Depending on the types of receptors they have, some neurons are more sensitive to smaller amounts of norepinephrine, while others only respond to higher thresholds. This means that, as the locus coeruleus activity rises, it will start to affect some brain areas more than others, which can have dramatic effects on things like our focus, concentration and creativity. Given the blue dot’s role, it makes sense that it would be quietest at night during sleep. It is not entirely silent, however, but fires occasionally-and recent research by Anita Lüthi at the University of Lausanne suggests that this activity may determine the quality of our sleeps. Across the night, we alternate between different sleep stages. There is “rapid eye movement” (REM) sleep, which is associated with vivid dreaming and is thought to be crucial for processing and consolidating memories. Much of our rest, however,is spent in non-REM (NREM) sleep, during which the brain may engage in a deep clean, clearing away cellular waste. Measuring brain activity in dozing mice, Anita found NREM sleep was associated with temporary bursts of locus coeruleus activity every 50 seconds. As a result, the animal was more sensitive to outside stimuli, like noises-without fully waking. “It’s generating this state of enhanced vigilance (警觉),” Anita says. “It really gives you this idea that wakefulness can be graded in the brain.” The beginning of REM sleep was almost always associated with low locus coeruleus activity. “That transition to REM sleep has to be very well controlled,” says Anita, “because in REM sleep, we have atonia.” That’s the temporary paralysis (麻痹) of our body, which prevents us from physically acting out our dreams. Anita emphasises that her experiments were conducted in mice, so we still need to confirm that the blue dot plays a similar role in human sleep. If so, she suspects that altered locus coeruleus activity could be implicated in conditions — such as anxiety — that may contribute to disordered sleep. She found that exposing her laboratory mice to mild sources of stress — such as knocking on their cage — raised the blue dot’s activity and increased their vigilance throughout the night, resulting in fragmented sleep. 27. What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. Neurons. B. Electric currents. C. Projections. D. Neurotransmitters. 28. According to the passage, what is the role of the LC? A. Producing receptors. B. Preserving cell sensitivity. C. Monitoring brain activity. D. Improving neural connectivity. 29. Which of the following may Anita Lüthi agree with? A. The blue dot fires regularly at night. B. Stress has an impact on the LC activity. C. Low LC activity can help clean cellular waste. D. Atonia results from sudden bursts of brain activity. 30. What might be the next step of the research? A. Grading the wakefulness of human brains. B. Unlocking the mechanism of sleep disorder. C. Assessing the function of the blue dot on humans. D. Identifying approaches to altering the LC activity. 【答案】27. A 28. D 29. B 30. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了蓝斑核在睡眠和觉醒中的作用及其相关研究。 【27题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段“It is a literal description: the neurons in the locus coeruleus have the blue colour from the production of a particular neurotransmitter, called norepinephrine. Norepinephrine raises the chance that a neuron will ‘fire’ with an electric current. When they become active, cells in the locus coeruleus pass bundles of this neurotransmitter along their projections to other regions of the brain-enhancing the communication between the neurons in that area.(这是一个直白的描述：蓝斑核中的神经元因产生一种名为去甲肾上腺素的特殊神经递质而呈现蓝色。去甲肾上腺素增加了神经元通过电流 “放电” 的可能性。当它们变得活跃时，蓝斑核中的细胞会沿着它们的投射将这种神经递质束传递到大脑的其他区域，从而增强该区域神经元之间的交流)”可知，“they”指代的是前文中提到的“the neurons in the locus coeruleus”，即“Neurons(神经元)”。故选A。 【28题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“When they become active, cells in the locus coeruleus pass bundles of this neurotransmitter along their projections to other regions of the brain-enhancing the communication between the neurons in that area.(当它们变得活跃时，蓝斑核中的细胞会沿着它们的突起将一束束这种神经递质传递到大脑的其他区域，增强该区域神经元之间的通信)”可知，蓝斑核（LC）的作用是改善神经连接，增强神经元之间的通信。故选D。 【29题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“She found that exposing her laboratory mice to mild sources of stress — such as knocking on their cage — raised the blue dot’s activity and increased their vigilance throughout the night, resulting in fragmented sleep.(她发现，让实验小鼠暴露于轻微的压力源下，比如敲它们的笼子，会提高蓝斑核的活动水平，并增加它们整晚的警觉性，导致睡眠碎片化)”可知，Anita Lüthi可能会同意B选项“压力对蓝斑核活动有影响”。故选B。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Anita emphasises that her experiments were conducted in mice, so we still need to confirm that the blue dot plays a similar role in human sleep.(Anita强调，她的实验是在小鼠身上进行的，所以我们仍然需要确认蓝斑核在人类睡眠中是否扮演类似的角色)”可知，下一步的研究可能是评估蓝斑核在人类身上的功能。故选C。 （五） （2025年·朝阳·一模） When people view photographs of frightening spiders, scientists usually observe increased electrical activity deep in their brain, in a region called the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The obvious conclusion is that the PAG controls fight-or-flight responses in threatening situations. But what if brains don’t have dedicated circuits for fighting and flighting? Is threat detection really a primary mode of the brain with its own neural circuitry (神经回路)? This idea of fight-or-flight circuits originates from the “triune brain” model dividing brains into the so-called lizard brain, including the PAG, for survival functions, the “limbic system” for emotions, and the “neocortex” for higher-order reasoning. If you know anything about evolution, you might know that something is spurious. The only animal on this planet with a lizard brain is a lizard. Also, there’s no unified limbic “system” or the “neocortex” for emotions or rationality (理性) respectively. So where does this leave the fight-or-flight story? Recently, changes in PAG activity have been observed in nonthreatening tasks, such as reading a fascinating article about the brain. The PAG has also been proved to regulate bodily systems continuously. Incidentally, this explains why antianxiety medications manage anxiety disorders without healing them. They target brain circuits that aren’t dedicated to anxiety or fight-or-flight but that simply regulate the body. Researches on the brain’s powers also cast new light on our understandings. In daily life, individuals might feel like they perceive and react to various stimuli as either threatening or safe. Actually, the brain, using past experiences, skillfully predicts and formulates action plans in anticipation of events before stimuli occur. The brain’s preparatory mechanism, metabolically (新陈代谢地) expensive, involves complicated neuronal activities for sustaining multiple predictions and corresponding action plans over extended periods. But the experiences in fight-or-flight responses crafted by your brain don’t reveal how it works. Moreover, your brain, which does much more than avoid threats, handles a complex social world full of uncertainty. That’s a recipe for stress. And what is stress? It reflects energy preparation for anticipated challenges. Your brain often makes sense of metabolic cost of uncertainty, if it drags on for long enough, as anxiety, but that’s not a must. People seek uncertainty out — and its positive cousin, novelty — when they try new foods or learn new skills. Uncertainty is common, but these days, with social media and round-the-clock news coverage, it sometimes bombards us and leaves us anxious and exhausted. But these feelings don’t emerge from fight-or-flight circuits. They may just mean, in an ever changing and only partly predictable world, that you’re doing something hard. 28. The author asks the questions in Paragraph 1 to ________. A. evaluate a statement B. justify an assumption C. challenge an argument D. introduce a new concept 29. Which does the underlined word “spurious” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Rare. B. Wrong. C. Limited. D. Unexpected. 30. What can we infer from this passage? A. Hunting for novelty reduces stress and anxiety. B. Medicine targeting PAG cures anxiety disorders. C. Uncertainty is a product of modern media and news cycles. D. The “Fight or Flight” idea overlooks the brain’s predictive power. 【答案】28. C 29. B 30. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了对“战斗或逃跑”这一大脑反应模式的质疑与新的理解。 【28题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“The obvious conclusion is that the PAG controls fight-or-flight responses in threatening situations. But what if brains don’t have dedicated circuits for fighting and flighting? Is threat detection really a primary mode of the brain with its own neural circuitry (神经回路)?(显而易见的结论是，中脑导水管周围灰质（PAG）在威胁情况下控制着战斗或逃跑反应。但是，如果大脑并没有专门用于战斗或逃跑的回路呢？威胁探测真的只是大脑自身神经回路的一种主要模式吗？)”可知，作者在第一段提出问题是为了挑战一个论点，即“战斗或逃跑”反应是否由大脑中的特定回路控制。故选C。 【29题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段“The only animal on this planet with a lizard brain is a lizard. Also, there’s no unified limbic ‘system’ or the ‘neocortex’ for emotions or rationality (理性) respectively.(这个星球上唯一拥有“蜥蜴脑”的动物就是蜥蜴。此外，也不存在分别负责情感或理性的统一“边缘系统”或“新皮层”)”可知，地球上只有蜥蜴有蜥蜴脑，也没有分别用于情感或理性的统一的边缘 “系统” 或 “新皮质”。说明前面提到的 “三位一体脑” 模型是错误的，所以“spurious”意思是“错误的”。故选B。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“In daily life, individuals might feel like they perceive and react to various stimuli as either threatening or safe. Actually, the brain, using past experiences, skillfully predicts and formulates action plans in anticipation of events before stimuli occur.(在日常生活中，人们可能会觉得他们对各种刺激的认知和反应，要么是将其视为威胁，要么是视为安全。实际上，大脑会利用过往的经验，在刺激发生之前，巧妙地预测并制定行动计划，以应对即将发生的事件)”可知，“战斗或逃跑”这一观念忽视了大脑的预测能力。大脑利用过去的经验，在刺激发生之前就能熟练地预测并制定行动计划。故选D。 （六） （2025年·丰台·一模） During WW II, mathematician Alan Turing gathered a team of logic experts to decode enemy messages, a key step toward victory. If there was one branch of mathematics which could be said they were using systematically, it was symbolic logic. However, the curriculum designs that methodically develop students’ symbolic logic abilities are relatively rare. Symbolic logic is a form of mathematics that lets us check whether certain conclusions correctly follow from a set of facts. Consider a library book-theft case. If a suspect wasn’t in the library on the day the theft happened, they can’t be the thief. If present, they may or may not be. Being in the library doesn’t mean they stole the book. Symbolic logic turns this kind of argument into algebra (代数学), readily shared, solved and generalized for solving mysteries. For careers such as electrical engineering and computer science, the value of symbolic logic is undeniable. The fundamental building blocks of modern digital computers are circuits representing “AND” and “OR”, which are common in symbolic logic. Almost every computer program contains similar “if-then-else” logical conditions. Professional programmers must routinely write and troubleshoot such statements. But symbolic logic is not solely limited to technical fields. Rutgers University mathematician Gray Wenger argues that teaching responsible citizenship requires providing students with mathematical reasoning skills. For example, consider a debate over a study finding that most adults without high-school certificates earn less. A responsible citizen must think through the implications along the lines of the book-theft case example above. No certificate likely means lower income, but low income doesn’t mean no certificate. Training in symbolic logic makes these sorts of reasonings sink into their cognitive processes and become second nature to citizens. In addition, symbolic logic equips individuals to counter false claims by distinguishing between separate incidents and systematic evidence. The most effective strategy for this lies in preventive education — teaching people to recognize faulty reasoning at its source. Consider, for instance, some global-warming doubters use one day of cold weather as proof that global warming is a hoax (骗局). But a logical thinker can quickly spot that weather is short-term, while climate is long-term change. Some doubt the need for a separate symbolic logic course, believing other classes can do the job. In writing courses, for example, students learn how to spot illogical arguments, and elementary proofs are covered in trigonometry (三角学). Much can be gained by teaching people logical thinking without using any symbols. But only symbolic logic ensures logical strictness. A piecemeal approach isn’t enough; a full-semester course is needed for comprehensive learning. Symbolic logic is essential for intellectual development. By integrating symbolic logic into educational frameworks, we equip future generations with the intellectual tools to navigate complex challenges. Training for it must be included in the curriculum and cannot be left to chance. 28. According to the passage, symbolic logic can play a primary role when ________. A. a chef is creating a new recipe by combining different materials B. a student is deciding which club to join based on personal interests C. a doctor is identifying one’s illness by using signs and test findings D. a journalist is writing a feature article by interviewing local people 29. What does the phrase “second nature” underlined in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. A routine practice. B. An automatic ability. C. An essential tool. D. A necessary quality. 30. From the passage, we learn that symbolic logic ________. A. tells the difference between separate incidents B. is mainly applied in solving mathematical puzzles C. questions the basic principles of modern computers D. enables people to detect and challenge false arguments 31. The author may agree that current symbolic logic education is ________. A. unsatisfying for the lack of symbolic logic courses B. problematic and ignores logical reasoning practice C. acceptable if alternative courses are available D. manageable and will improve naturally 【答案】28. C 29. B 30. D 31. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了符号逻辑的重要性及其在教育中的应用。 【28题详解】 推理判断题。由文章第二段中“Symbolic logic is a form of mathematics that lets us check whether certain conclusions correctly follow from a set of facts. Consider a library book-theft case. If a suspect wasn’t in the library on the day the theft happened, they can’t be the thief. If present, they may or may not be. Being in the library doesn’t mean they stole the book. (符号逻辑是一种数学形式，它让我们能够检查某些结论是否正确地基于一系列事实得出。以图书馆失窃案为例。如果嫌疑人在失窃当天不在图书馆，那么他们就不可能是小偷。如果在场，他们则有可能是，也有可能不是。在图书馆并不意味着他们偷了书。)”可知，符号逻辑是一种数学形式，它让我们能够检查某些结论是否正确地遵循了一组事实。因此，当医生根据症状和检查结果来诊断病情时，符号逻辑可以发挥主要作用，帮助医生根据事实推断出正确的结论。故选C。 【29题详解】 词句猜测题。由文章第四段中“Training in symbolic logic makes these sorts of reasonings sink into their cognitive processes and become second nature to citizens. (对符号逻辑的训练能够让这类推理融入公民的认知过程，并使其成为他们的second nature。)”可知，这里指的是通过训练，这些推理过程变得自然而然，成为公民的一种自动能力。因此，second nature在此处意为“天性，自动的能力”，与An automatic ability“一种自动的能力”意思相符。故选B。 【30题详解】 细节理解题。由文章第五段中“In addition, symbolic logic equips individuals to counter false claims by distinguishing between separate incidents and systematic evidence. The most effective strategy for this lies in preventive education — teaching people to recognize faulty reasoning at its source. (此外，符号逻辑使个人能够通过区分个别事件和系统性证据来反驳虚假声明。最有效的策略在于预防性教育——教导人们从源头上识别错误的推理。)”可知，符号逻辑使人们能够检测和挑战错误的论点。故选D。 【31题详解】 推理判断题。由文章第六段“Some doubt the need for a separate symbolic logic course, believing other classes can do the job. In writing courses, for example, students learn how to spot illogical arguments, and elementary proofs are covered in trigonometry (三角学). Much can be gained by teaching people logical thinking without using any symbols. But only symbolic logic ensures logical strictness. A piecemeal approach isn’t enough; a full-semester course is needed for comprehensive learning. (有些人怀疑是否需要单独开设符号逻辑课程，认为其他课程也能起到同样的作用。例如，在写作课程中，学生学习如何发现不合逻辑的论证，三角学中也涵盖基本的证明。通过不使用任何符号来教授人们逻辑思维，也可以获得很多收获。但只有符号逻辑能确保逻辑的严密性。零敲碎打的方法是不够的；需要一整学期的课程来进行全面的学习。)”可知，作者可能同意当前的符号逻辑教育由于缺乏符号逻辑课程而不令人满意。故选A。 （七） （2025年·丰台·一模） Recent findings from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument(DESI) in Arizona, which produced the largest 3D map of the universe, suggest that dark energy — the mysterious force driving the universe’s accelerated( 加速的) expansion — might change over time. This challenges the standard model of cosmology (宇宙学), which assumes a steady acceleration. Dark energy is thought to make up nearly 70% of the cosmos, so if its behaviour really is changing as time passes, it could have significant implications for our understanding of the universe. Since the DESI data came out, researchers have been working on ways to explain the apparent changes in the universe’s expansion rate. Dark energy isn’t directly observable, so there are several options that could fit. One solution suggested by Michael Garda at the Federal University in Brazil and his colleagues involves letting dark energy interact with dark matter, an invisible and abundant form of matter that outweighs ordinary matter. This interaction is forbidden in the standard model, but if energy could flow from the universe’s dark matter to its dark energy — essentially changing the former to the latter — the researchers’ simulations (模拟) showed that this would match the DESI measurements. Yet, the mechanism for such an energy transfer isn’t clear. This solution might also help resolve the Hubble tension, a difference in the ways we measure the expansion rate of the cosmos. Measurements of this made by analysing nearby galaxies (known as “local” measurements) give an expansion rate, or Hubble constant, which is slightly higher than the one obtained from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) — the remaining radiation from the early universe. CMB measurements rely on a theoretical model of cosmic evolution, which may need adjustment if Garda’s proposal is correct. By allowing energy transfer between dark matter and dark energy, the adjusted model could bring CMB-based estimates more closely into line with local measurements, potentially resolving the tension. Another proposed solution involves dark radiation, an invisible form of radiation similar to light but composed of dark photons (光子). Tamar Allali at Brown University and his team suggest that dark radiation could explain the DESI data and lessened the Hubble tension by increasing the universe’s expansion rate in its early stages. “If you have more radiation, the expansion is faster in the early universe,” says Allali. Unlike adjustments to dark energy, dark radiation introduces a new component without changing existing physical laws, making it a more conservative approach. Allali notes that the DESI data does not rule out dark radiation and even shows a slight preference for it. Both models — interacting dark energy and dark radiation — fit the DESI data, but neither has been confirmed. Shawn Smith at the University of Edinburgh, UK, points out that while many unconventional models could explain the observations, none currently compete with the standard cosmological model from a fundamental physics perspective. Nevertheless, these models serve as catalysts for progress, ensuring that cosmology remains a dynamic and evolving field. 32. What does this passage mainly talk about? A. The development of scientific models to study the universe. B. The discovery of dark energy and its impact on the universe. C. The importance of DESI in studying the universe’s behavior. D. The attempts to explain the universe’s unexpected expansion. 33. Which of the following might the author agree with? A. Garda’s proposal outperforms Allali’s in its simplicity. B. Recent research has found ways for dark energy transfer. C. The DESI data has confirmed the existence of dark radiation. D. The two models share similarities in reducing Hubble tension. 34. The passage is organized in the pattern of ________. A. cause — effect — solution B. problem— solution — evaluation C. example —a nalysis — conclusion D. introduction — comparison — result 【答案】32. D 33. D 34. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。DESI 数据表明宇宙膨胀有异常，科研人员提出两种模型解释，虽未证实，但推动了宇宙学发展。 【32题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Recent findings from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) in Arizona, which produced the largest 3D map of the universe, suggest that dark energy — the mysterious force driving the universe’s accelerated expansion — might change over time. This challenges the standard model of cosmology, which assumes a steady acceleration.(亚利桑那州的暗能量光谱仪（DESI）最近的发现绘制出了宇宙最大的三维地图，表明暗能量 —— 驱动宇宙加速膨胀的神秘力量 —— 可能会随时间变化。这挑战了假设宇宙是稳定加速的标准宇宙学模型)”可知，宇宙的膨胀出现了与标准模型不符的情况。再结合第三段“Since the DESI data came out, researchers have been working on ways to explain the apparent changes in the universe’s expansion rate.(自从 DESI 数据公布以来，研究人员一直在努力寻找方法来解释宇宙膨胀率的明显变化)”可知，本文主要讲的是对解释宇宙意外膨胀的尝试。故选D。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“By allowing energy transfer between dark matter and dark energy, the adjusted model could bring CMB-based estimates more closely into line with local measurements, potentially resolving the tension.(通过允许暗物质和暗能量之间的能量转移，调整后的模型可以使基于宇宙微波背景（CMB）的估计值更接近局部测量值，有可能解决哈勃张力问题)”以及第五段“Tamar Allali at Brown University and his team suggest that dark radiation could explain the DESI data and lessened the Hubble tension by increasing the universe’s expansion rate in its early stages.(布朗大学的塔玛尔・阿拉利（Tamar Allali）和他的团队认为，暗辐射可以解释 DESI 数据，并通过提高宇宙早期的膨胀率来减轻哈勃张力)” 可知，这两种模型都在减少哈勃张力方面有相似之处，即都有可能解决哈勃张力问题。故选D。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章第一段提出了问题，即暗能量可能随时间变化，挑战了标准宇宙学模型，宇宙膨胀出现意外情况；第三、四、五段介绍了两种解释宇宙膨胀率变化的解决方案，即让暗能量与暗物质相互作用和暗辐射的模型；第六段对这两种模型进行了评价，指出它们都符合 DESI 数据，但都未得到证实，且目前没有一个能从基础物理学角度与标准宇宙学模型竞争，不过它们推动了宇宙学的发展。由此推知，文章是按照“问题 — 解决方案 — 评价”的模式组织的。故选B。 （八） （2025年·石景山·一模） Researchers from the NeuroMind Institute have developed a new system that uses predator (捕食者) robots to chase (追逐) larval (幼体的) zebrafish in an open water. This innovative approach is helping scientists study how the young fish rapidly learn and adapt in real-world conditions. Larval zebrafish are a valuable tool for neuroscientists because their transparency enables easy study of the brain and behaviour. However, it’s been difficult for scientists to study learning in these developing vertebrates (脊椎动物) — an important part of understanding how the brain works. Previous research found young zebrafish could learn simple associations. But this type of learning happens slowly and often unreliably, and it was still unclear whether days-old zebrafish can learn fast enough to use their memory in natural situations, like recognizing and avoiding new predators. The researchers thought that traditional ways of testing learning in larval zebrafish in the lab, where the conditions were far from what the fish would encounter in the wild, might not be effective for uncovering how the fish learn. To model a real-life situation, the researchers used small robotic cylinders (圆柱体), with some programmed to show predator-like characteristics. The researchers created the dynamics: they first placed a robot that stayed still with a free-swimming zebrafish; after the robot chased the fish for a minute, the fish began avoiding the robot’s area for more than an hour — a big change from the non-avoidant behaviour before the chase experience. When a second robot was introduced that did not chase the fish, the zebrafish only avoided the chasing robot, showing that they could distinguish between a threat and a non-threat. Using this system, the researchers made an unexpected discovery that not only could larval zebrafish learn extremely quickly in a more natural context, but they could also do so just five days after beginning their lives as single cells. This was particularly surprising given the fact that a developing zebrafish larva contains just one percent or so of the neurons (神经元) in its adult form. The findings suggest that some essential learning abilities, like recognizing predators, emerge early in life and are critical for survival. Further brain imaging reveals that different regions of the zebrafish brain are involved in this rapid learning: the hindbrain, a region controlling essential functions, responds to the approaching predator; the forebrain, a region associated with learning and planning, encodes the presence of the predator robot; and the habenula, another brain area, signals avoidance outcomes. All these regions are necessary for learning, and silencing any of them removes the ability of the fish to learn. It is believed that the new work could offer insights into how other brains process real-world threats. 27. Why did the researchers develop a new system with larval zebrafish? A. To observe their hunting behaviours. B. To identify their simple associations. C. To examine their brain characteristics. D. To uncover their learning in natural settings. 28. What does the underlined word “dynamics” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Interaction. B. Function. C. Structure. D. Standard. 29. What can we learn about larval zebrafish? A. They can distinguish between robots and fish. B. They learn fast through a multi-regional brain network. C. They develop learning abilities when reaching adulthood. D. They can recognise predators with much neurons needed. 30. What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? A. Explaining the robot design used in the experiment. B. Exploring danger processing in other species’ brains. C. Analysing the connection between learning and planning. D. Describing zebrafish behaviours in different surroundings. 【答案】27. D 28. A 29. B 30. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员用捕食者机器人追逐幼体斑马鱼来研究其学习能力，发现其能快速学习，且多脑区参与，或可启示其他大脑。 【27题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“The researchers thought that traditional ways of testing learning in larval zebrafish in the lab, where the conditions were far from what the fish would encounter in the wild, might not be effective for uncovering how the fish learn. To model a real-life situation, the researchers used small robotic cylinders (圆柱体), with some programmed to show predator-like characteristics.(研究人员认为，在实验室中测试斑马鱼幼虫学习的传统方法可能无法有效揭示鱼类的学习方式，因为那里的条件与野生斑马鱼的情况相去甚远。为了模拟现实生活中的情况，研究人员使用了小型机器人圆柱体，其中一些被编程为显示捕食者般的特征)”可推知，研究人员开发新系统是为了揭示幼体斑马鱼在自然环境中的学习情况，因为传统在实验室的测试方法难以揭示它们在自然情况下的学习方式。故选D项。 【28题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第四段“The researchers created the dynamics: they first placed a robot that stayed still with a free-swimming zebrafish; after the robot chased the fish for a minute, the fish began avoiding the robot’s area for more than an hour — a big change from the non-avoidant behaviour before the chase experience. When a second robot was introduced that did not chase the fish, the zebrafish only avoided the chasing robot, showing that they could distinguish between a threat and a non-threat.(研究人员创造了dynamics：他们首先将一个静止的机器人放在一条自由游动的斑马鱼身上；在机器人追逐鱼一分钟后，鱼开始避开机器人的区域一个多小时，这与追逐体验前的非回避行为相比发生了很大变化。当引入第二个不追逐鱼的机器人时，斑马鱼只是避开了追逐的机器人，表明它们可以区分威胁和非威胁)”可知，研究人员创造了这种dynamics，后面描述了机器人和斑马鱼之间的互动过程，所以dynamics在这里指的是机器人和斑马鱼之间的“互动”，与Interaction意义相近。故选A项。 【29题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Further brain imaging reveals that different regions of the zebrafish brain are involved in this rapid learning: the hindbrain, a region controlling essential functions, responds to the approaching predator; the forebrain, a region associated with learning and planning, encodes the presence of the predator robot; and the habenula, another brain area, signals avoidance outcomes. All these regions are necessary for learning, and silencing any of them removes the ability of the fish to learn.(进一步的脑成像显示，斑马鱼大脑的不同区域参与了这种快速学习：后脑是一个控制基本功能的区域，对接近的捕食者做出反应；前脑是一个与学习和规划相关的区域，对捕食者机器人的存在进行编码；缰核是另一个大脑区域，它发出回避结果的信号。所有这些区域都是学习所必需的，沉默其中任何一个区域都会剥夺鱼的学习能力)”可知，幼体斑马鱼的后脑、前脑和缰核等不同脑区都参与了这种快速学习，它们通过一个多脑区的网络快速学习。故选B项。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“It is believed that the new work could offer insights into how other brains process real-world threats.(据信，这项新工作可以为其他大脑如何处理现实世界的威胁提供见解)”可知，这项新工作可能会为了解其他大脑如何处理现实世界的威胁提供见解。由此推知，接下来作者最有可能讨论的是探索其他物种大脑中对危险的处理情况。故选B项。 （九） （2025年·房山·一模） Until a few weeks ago, I relied on restaurant hygiene (卫生) ratings when deciding where to dine. The UK’s Food Standards Agency assigns scores from 0 to 5, with 0 indicating urgent improvement is needed. These ratings were a reliable predictor for those who are careful about food. However, a recent report revealed that some businesses misrepresent their hygiene scores, posting a 5 when their ratings are as low as 0. When cheating behaviors like this are successful, they tend to spread, as people often copy behaviors associated with success. Over time, this can damage the shared signals on which society depends. Research in biology and sociology provides insights into this phenomenon. In the natural world, animals signal information to other organisms. For example, dogs bare their teeth to warn of possible attacks, and male red deer roar to indicate their size. However, some animals cheat. A type of bird’s chicks copy the sounds of other birds’ young to cheat adult birds into feeding them. This dishonest behavior evolved because it works, similar to how cheating can spread in human society. Among humans, technological advancements have increased the ways we can misrepresent our intentions and identities. This includes “cat fishing” in digital interactions, where individuals mask their true identities to cheat others online. Generative artificial intelligence is further increasing these opportunities. Sociologists in a book describe how AI can be used to cheat people in hostile interactions, even in wars. For example, voice editing can allow individuals to pose as senior military officials or children in need of money. In the digital age, anyone can assume any identity. Fortunately, humans have found ways to solve trust issues. We are good at identifying who is trustworthy over time. We learn to recognize patterns of behavior indicative of cheating. Just as cheating tactics (手法) spread, so do the technologies for detecting them, such as passwords, face or voice recognition, and new technologies to prevent deepfakes (深度伪造). People are also skilled at developing norms that impose costs on cheaters. Laws have been created to fine or imprison those guilty of impersonation. While we are still in the early stages of developing effective rules around AI, the awareness of the dangers these tools pose is a step in our defense. What matters for keeping trust is the reliability of the signals we use in communication. Whether it’s hygiene scores or trick emails, we need a mechanism to determine reliability. This is achieved through effective policing — punishing those who prove untrustworthy — and educating ourselves to avoid unreliable people, places, and things. If we can trust that hygiene ratings are reliable, we can use them to guide our behavior. 28. What can we learn from Paragraph 1? A. Restaurant businesses are competitive. B. Shared signals can be a driving force in success. C. Cheating behaviors can harm trust within society. D. Rating systems are developed with scientific methods. 29. What is the author’s view on technological advancements? A. Objective. B. Doubtful. C. Optimistic. D. Pessimistic. 30. It is implied in this passage that we should _______. A. adopt stricter legal punishment for deepfakes B. prioritize official rules over individual awareness C. increase reliance on technological solutions to detect dishonesty D. combine legal measures with public awareness to reduce distrust 【答案】28. C 29. A 30. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了欺骗行为所带来的不良社会影响以及如何避免社会欺骗行为。 【28题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“When cheating behaviors like this are successful, they tend to spread, as people often copy behaviors associated with success. Over time, this can damage the shared signals on which society depends.(当这样的欺骗行为成功时，它们往往会传播，因为人们经常模仿与成功相关的行为。随着时间的推移，这可能会破坏社会所依赖的共享信号)”可知，欺骗行为会损害社会的信任。故选C。 【29题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Among huma ns, technological advancements have increased the ways we can misrepresent our intentions and identities. This includes “cat fishing” in digital interactions, where individuals mask their true identities to cheat others online. Generative artificial intelligence is further increasing these opportunities. Sociologists in a book describe how Al can be used to cheat people in hostile interactions, even in wars. For example, voice editing can allow individuals to pose as senior military officials or children in need of money. In the digital age, anyone can assume any identity.(在人类中，技术进步增加了我们歪曲自己意图和身份的方式。这包括数字互动中的“钓鱼猫”，即个人掩盖真实身份，在网上欺骗他人。生成式人工智能进一步增加了这些机会。社会学家在一本书中描述了人工智能如何在敌对的互动中欺骗人们，甚至在战争中。例如，语音编辑可以让个人冒充高级军事官员或需要钱的儿童。在数字时代，任何人都可以拥有任何身份)”以及第四段“Just as cheating tactics (手法) spread, so do the technologies for detecting them, such as passwords, face or voice recognition, and new technologies to prevent deepfakes (深度伪造).(随着欺骗手段的传播，检测欺骗手段的技术，如密码、面部或声音识别，以及防止深度造假的新技术也在传播)”可知，作者认为技术进步可以被用来行骗，也可以利用技术进步来防止欺骗，说明作者对技术进步的看法是客观的。故选A。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“What matters for keeping trust is the reliability of the signals we use in communication. Whether it’s hygiene scores or trick emails, we need a mechanism to determine reliability. This is achieved through effective policing — punishing those who prove untrustworthy — and educating ourselves to avoid unreliable people, places, and things.(保持信任的关键是我们在交流中使用的信号的可靠性。无论是卫生分数还是欺骗邮件，我们都需要一种机制来确定可靠性。这是通过有效的监管来实现的——惩罚那些被证明不值得信任的人——并教育我们自己避开不可靠的人、地方和事物)”可知，我们应该结合法律措施和公众意识来减少不信任。故选D。 （十） （2025年·门头沟·一模） For millennia, we have expected dogs to guard our property and protect our family at night. Now they are also asked to be friendly around strangers, rest quietly through the night and keep their feet off sofas. “It’s an evolutionary mismatch”, says Hare, an anthropologist at Duke University. The good news is that this problem is solvable. Recent studies indicate that selective breeding (繁殖) and careful training can help dogs adapt to indoor life. A “puppy kindergarten” research was set up by Hare’s team to illustrate the heritability of behavioural traits in dogs by observing what service dogs’ behaviour looks like before intensive training begins. Service dogs were selected as the subject for they can always naturally adapt well to the mismatch compared to other kinds. They can pull wheelchairs, operate light switches and interact gently with children. By collecting data from 1,500 dog owners on the behaviour of their pets, which belonged to 36 breeds, Hare’s team discovered that genetics (遗传特征) explained 45 percent of the variation in dogs’ self-control. 16 percent of the variation in reasoning about the physical world and a mere 0.01 percent of the variation in short-term memory, which manifests that some desirable behaviours are heritable to certain degree, and selective breeding for temperament is worthwhile. “Genetics is important, but its relative importance is different for different behavioural traits,” says Gitanjali from Emory University. Besides, Hare’s work also illustrates selective breeding can’t guarantee some highly desirable traits, such as a good memory. So they have devised techniques that owners can use to help train their pets and build better relationships with them. One habit that is especially important in training is making eye contact. “The dog’s gaze may be a causal factor in inducing good feelings in the owner”, says Kikusui at Azabu University in Japan, “and the longer a dog gazes at its owner, the stronger those good feelings become.” Hare also found that pups could solve some “impossible tasks” by appealing to human for help, and the appeal was made through eye contact. So he suggested puppy owners finish “impossible tasks” with their pets every two weeks to strengthen the emotional connection with them. “Doing so can help you learn where your dog’s cognitive strengths lie”, he says. And as the puppy kindergarten project has made clear, dog training as well as selective breeding is crucial to foster those behaviours we would like our pets to exhibit in our homes. 32. What can we learn from Hare’s research? A. Service dogs were observed while accepting training. B. Genetics may explain differences in dogs’ self-control C. Service dogs were chosen for they were trained earlier. D. Selective breeding develops dogs’ most desirable traits. 33. What’s the author’s aim of quoting Gitanjali’s words? A. To reveal that Hare’s research is suspicious. B. To prove the necessity of selective breeding. C. To confirm the value on reforming dogs’ genes. D. To suggest that other factors also need discussing. 34. What’s the best title for the passage? A. Service Dogs: Acquiring Desirable Traits through Breeding B. Smart Dogs: Adapting Well to Indoor Life through Training C. Modern Dogs: Training Desirable Dogs through Eye Contact D. Good Dogs: Evolving through Selective Breeding and Training 【答案】32. B 33. D 34. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现进化上的不匹配导致了狗能力的差异，指出导致这种差异的原因以及建议。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“By collecting data from 1,500 dog owners on the behaviour of their pets, which belonged to 36 breeds, Hare’s team discovered that genetics (遗传特征) explained 45 percent of the variation in dogs’ self-control, 16 percent of the variation in reasoning about the physical world and a mere 0.01 percent of the variation in short-term memory, which manifests that some desirable behaviours are heritable to certain degree, and selective breeding for temperament is worthwhile.(通过收集1500名狗主人的36个品种的宠物行为数据，Hare的研究小组发现，基因可以解释45%的狗的自控能力差异，16%的物理世界推理变异和0.01%的短期记忆变异，这表明一些令人满意的行为在一定程度上是可遗传的，对气质的选择性培育是值得的)”可知，基因可以解释狗在自控能力上的差异。故选B。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““Genetics is important, but its relative importance is different for different behavioural traits,” says Gitanjali from Emory University.( 来自埃默里大学的Gitanjali说：“基因很重要，但它的相对重要性对于不同的行为特征是不同的。”)”可推知，作者引用Gitanjali的话的目的是暗示其他因素也需要讨论。故选D。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“The good news is that this problem is solvable. Recent studies indicate that selective breeding (繁殖) and careful training can help dogs adapt to indoor life.(最近的研究表明，选择性繁育和精心训练可以帮助狗适应室内生活)”可知，文章主要说明了研究发现进化上的不匹配导致了狗能力的差异，指出导致这种差异的原因以及建议。由此可知，D选项“好狗：通过选择性繁殖和训练进化”最符合文章标题。故选D。 （十一） （2025年·平谷·一模） John von Neumann, who pioneered modern computer architecture, wrote in 1949, “It would appear that we have reached the limits of what is possible to achieve with computer technology.” Among the countless forms of computational limit-breaking that have challenged von Neumann’ s prediction is the social psychologist Frank Rosenblatt’s 1958 model of a human brain’ s neural network. He called his device, based on the IBM 704 mainframe computer, the “Sensor” and trained it to recognize simple patterns. Sensor eventually led to deep learning and modern artificial intelligence. Although Stuart Dreyfus, who is a professor at Berkeley, is impressed by the progress made in AI, he remains skeptical and concerned about certain AI applications, especially large language models, or LLMs, like ChatGPT. “Machines don’t have bodies, which is limiting and creates risk.” he notes, “It seems to me that in any area which involves life-and-death possibilities, AI is dangerous, because it doesn’t know what death means.” According to the Dreyfus skill acquisition model, an inner shift occurs as human know-how advances through five stages of development: beginner, advanced beginner, competent, master, and expert. “A crucial difference between beginners and more competent performers is their level of involvement,” the researchers explained. “Beginners and advanced beginners feel little responsibility for what they do because they are only applying the learned rules.” If they fail, they blame the rules. Expert performers, however, feel responsibility for their decisions because as their know-how becomes deeply rooted in their brains, nervous systems, and muscles, they learn to operate the rules to achieve their goals. They own the outcome. That close relationship between intelligent decision-making and responsibility is an essential ingredient for a well-functioning, civilized society, and some say it’s missing from today’s expert systems. Also missing is the ability to care, to share concerns, to make commitments, to have and read emotions — all the aspects of human intelligence that come from having a body and moving through the world. As AI continues to pour so many aspects of our lives, can we teach future generations of expert systems to feel responsible for their decisions? Is responsibility or care or commitment or emotion — something that can be obtained from statistical inferences or drawn from the problematic data used to train AI? Perhaps, but even then machine intelligence would not equal to human intelligence — it would still be something different, as the Dreyfus also described nearly four decades ago. 28. What can we conclude from the first paragraph? A. It highlights the role of IBM 704 in the evolution of AI. B. It describes the development and impact of AI on modern society. C. It illustrates the continuous breakthroughs in computational capabilities. D. It introduces the rough history of computer technology and its limitations. 29. What is the main concern that Professor Dreyfus has about AI applications? A. AI’s progress in language models is too rapid. B. AI’s lack of physical bodies limits its understanding. C. AI is not suitable for applications involving creativity. D. AI’s understanding of death is too advanced for its own good. 30. What is the central theme of paragraphs 3 and 4? A The necessity of having a body for the development of advanced skills. B. The significance of emotional intelligence from a beginner to an expert. C. The evolution of responsibility and decision-making with skill levels advancing. D. The importance of physical movement in the development of human intelligence. 31. What can we learn from the passage? A. The limitations of AI in comparison to human intelligence. B. The evolution of AI beyond human imagination and its destruction of society. C. The skill acquisition stages of learning operational rules in humans and AI. D. The prediction of responsibility in AI and human intelligence decision-making. 【答案】28. C 29. B 30. C 31. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了计算机技术的突破带来了AI的发展，同时指出伯克利教授对AI应用的担忧，还阐述了人类技能发展中责任与决策的演变及AI与人类智能的差异。 【28题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Among the countless forms of computational limit breaking that have challenged von Neumann’s prediction is the social psychologist Frank Rosenblatt’s 1958 model of a human brain’s neural network. He called his device, based on the IBM 704 mainframe computer, the ‘Sensor’ and trained it to recognize simple patterns. Sensor eventually led to deep learning and modern artificial intelligence.(在无数挑战冯·诺伊曼预测的计算突破形式中，社会心理学家弗兰克·罗森布拉特1958年提出的人类大脑神经网络模型便是其中之一。他将基于IBM 704大型计算机的设备称为‘传感器’，并训练它识别简单模式。‘传感器’最终催生了深度学习和现代人工智能)”可知，文中提到对冯·诺伊曼关于计算机技术达到极限预测的挑战，以及从‘传感器’到现代人工智能的发展，说明了计算能力在不断取得突破。由此可推断，第一段说明了计算能力的持续突破。故选C项。 【29题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“‘Machines don’t have bodies, which is limiting and creates risk.’ he notes, ‘It seems to me that in any area which involves life and death possibilities, AI is dangerous, because it doesn’t know what death means.’(‘机器没有身体，这是一种限制并会产生风险。’他指出，‘在我看来，在任何涉及生死可能性的领域，人工智能都是危险的，因为它不知道死亡意味着什么。’)”可知，德雷福斯教授对人工智能应用的主要担忧是人工智能缺乏身体限制了它的理解。故选B项。 【30题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第三段中“According to the Dreyfus skill acquisition model, an inner shift occurs as human know how advances through five stages of development: beginner, advanced beginner, competent, master, and expert.(根据德雷福斯技能获取模型，随着人类专业技能在初学者、高级初学者、胜任者、精通者和专家这五个发展阶段中提升，会发生内在的转变)”和“Expert performers, however, feel responsibility for their decisions because as their know how becomes deeply rooted in their brains, nervous systems, and muscles, they learn to operate the rules to achieve their goals. They own the outcome.(然而，专家级的执行者会对自己的决策负责，因为随着他们的专业技能深深扎根于他们的大脑、神经系统和肌肉中，他们学会运用规则来实现自己的目标。他们对结果负责)”以及第四段中“That close relationship between intelligent decision-making and responsibility is an essential ingredient for a well-functioning, civilized society, and some say it’s missing from today’s expert systems.(智能决策和责任之间的密切关系是一个运转良好的文明社会的基本要素，有些人说，这在今天的专家系统中是缺失的)”可知，这两段主要围绕人类技能水平提升过程中，责任和决策能力的演变展开。所以这两段主要讨论了随着技能水平提高，责任感和决策能力的发展演变。故选C项。 【31题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，结合最后一段“As AI continues to pour so many aspects of our lives, can we teach future generations of expert systems to feel responsible for their decisions? Is responsibility or care or commitment or emotion — something that can be obtained from statistical inferences or drawn from the problematic data used to train AI? Perhaps, but even then machine intelligence would not equal to human intelligence — it would still be something different(随着人工智能继续渗透到我们生活的诸多方面，我们能否教会未来的专家系统对自己的决策负责呢?责任、关怀、承诺或情感——这些能否从统计推断中获得，或者从用于训练人工智能的有问题的数据中得出呢?也许可以，但即便如此，机器智能也不等于人类智能——它仍然是不同的东西)”可知，文章主要论述了人工智能在责任、情感等方面与人类智能相比存在局限性。所以我们能从文章中了解到人工智能与人类智能相比存在的局限性。故选A项。 （十二） （2025年·平谷·一模） A Space-based Farmhand for Hire EOS Data Analytics is a California-based provider of satellite imagery and data for precision farming. The company uses wavelengths of light, which passes through plant crowns and can be used to measure a range of variables, including moisture level and element content. EOS’s models and algorithms (算法) deliver insights on crops’ health weekly through an online platform that farmers can use to make informed decisions about issues such as when to plant, how much agricultural chemicals to use, and how to schedule fertilizer use, weeding, or watering. Last year the company launched EOS SAT-1, a satellite designed and operated only for agriculture. Fees to use the crop-monitoring platform now start at $1.90 per hectare per year for small areas and drop as the farm gets larger. In many developing countries, farming is blocked by lack of data. For centuries, farmers relied on native intelligence rooted in experience and hope, says Daramola John, a professor of agriculture and agricultural technology at Bells University of Technology in southwest Nigeria. “Africa is way behind in the race for modernizing farming,” he says. “And a lot of farmers suffer huge losses because of it.” In the spring of 2024, when the new planting season was to start, a company, Carmi Agro Foods, had used GPS enabled software to map the boundaries of its farm. Its setup on the EOS crop monitoring platform was also completed. The company used the platform to determine the appropriate spacing for the shoots and seeds. The risks of manual monitoring had disappeared. Field-monitoring officers needed only to peer at their phones to know where or when specific spots needed attention on various farms. They were able to pursue weed breakouts quickly and efficiently. This technology is gaining attraction among farmers in other parts of Nigeria and the rest of Africa. More than 242, 000 people in Africa, Southeast Asia, Latin America, the United States, and Europe use the EOS crop-monitoring platform. In 2024 alone, 53, 000 more farmers subscribed to the service. One of them is Adewale Adegoke, the CEO of Agro Xchange Technology Services, a company dedicated to boosting crop production using technology and good agricultural practices. Adegoke used the platform on half a million hectares (around 1.25 million acres) owned by 63, 000 farmers. He says the yield of maize farmers using the platform, for instance, grew to two tons per acre, at least twice the national average. Adegoke adds that local farmers, who have been struggling with fluctuating conditions as a result of climate change, have been especially drawn to the platform’s early warning system for weather. “So far, the result has been convincing,” says Adegoke. “We are no longer subjecting the performance of our farms to chance. This time, we are in charge.” 32. What is the main purpose of the company’s technology as described in the passage? A. To develop new agricultural chemicals for enhanced crop growth. B. To provide historical data on crop production for research purposes. C. To enable farmers to make data-driven decisions in their farming practices. D. To offer a platform for farmers to share their experiences and knowledge easily. 33. How did the EOS crop monitoring platform help field-monitoring officers at Carmi Agro Foods? A. By providing them with physical maps of the farm. B. By training them to use new agricultural techniques. C. By allowing them to track weed breakouts efficiently. D. By supplying them with weather updates for planning. 34 What is the main theme of the passage? A. The history and development of satellite technology in agriculture. B. The global distraction of EOS Data Analytics’ services on farming practices. C. The challenges faced by farmers in developing countries due to lack of data. D. The benefits and application of EOS Data Analytics’ crop-monitoring platform. 【答案】32. C 33. C 34. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了EOS Data Analytics的卫星作物监测平台，该平台通过提供详细的农作物健康数据帮助农民做出精准决策，特别强调了其在提高发展中国家农业生产力方面的应用与成效。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“EOS Data Analytics is a California-based provider of satellite imagery and data for precision farming. The company uses wavelengths of light, which passes through plant crowns and can be used to measure a range of variables, including moisture level and element content.(EOS Data Analytics是一家总部位于加利福尼亚州的精准农业卫星图像和数据提供商。该公司使用穿过植物冠的光的波长，可用于测量一系列变量，包括水分水平和元素含量)”以及第二段“EOS’s models and algorithms (算法) deliver insights on crops’ health weekly through an online platform that farmers can use to make informed decisions about issues such as when to plant, how much agricultural chemicals to use, and how to schedule fertilizer use, weeding, or watering.(EOS的模型和算法每周通过一个在线平台提供有关作物健康的见解，农民可以使用该平台就何时种植、使用多少农用化学品以及如何安排肥料使用、除草或浇水等问题做出明智的决定)”可知，EOS Data Analytics公司提供的技术主要是为了帮助农民通过卫星图像和数据做出关于种植、使用农业化学品、施肥、除草或浇水的明智决策。因此，该公司的主要目的是使农民能够在农业生产中利用数据驱动的方式做出决策。故选C。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段“Field-monitoring officers needed only to peer at their phones to know where or when specific spots needed attention on various farms. They were able to pursue weed breakouts quickly and efficiently.(现场监测人员只需查看他们的手机，就可以知道各个农场的特定地点在何时何地需要关注。他们能够快速有效地消灭杂草)”可知，通过使用EOS作物监测平台，田间监控人员只需要查看他们的手机就可以知道哪些特定地点需要关注，并且能够快速有效地应对杂草爆发。因此，EOS作物监测平台帮助田间监控监控的地方在于通过允许他们高效地追踪杂草爆发情况。故选C。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“EOS Data Analytics is a California-based provider of satellite imagery and data for precision farming. The company uses wavelengths of light, which passes through plant crowns and can be used to measure a range of variables, including moisture level and element content.(EOS Data Analytics是一家总部位于加利福尼亚州的精准农业卫星图像和数据提供商。该公司使用穿过植物冠的光的波长，可用于测量一系列变量，包括水分水平和元素含量)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了EOS Data Analytics的卫星作物监测平台，该平台通过提供详细的农作物健康数据帮助农民做出精准决策，特别强调了其在提高发展中国家农业生产力方面的应用与成效。故选D。 （十三） （2025年·顺义·一模） The Great Tit is one of the most familiar bird species in Europe and Asia — and one of the most interesting. The species shows a cognitive (认知的) capacity that is amazing for a slight bird weighing only 18 grams. It produces false alarms to scare other birds off seed feeders and knocks on kitchen windows to get feeders refilled. On cold winter days Great Tits drum on beehives, whereupon the bees will come walking out, easy victim for the hungry birds. In combination with the bird’s broad food preferences, its cleverness has resulted in an unusual response to urbanization. By “unusual,” I mean that Great Tits not only get by but thrive. Urbanization, which involves land development, is an increasing problem for wild animals the world over. Stressors such as pollution, noise, artificial light and the lower-quality food found in cities are considered unhealthy for animals. In a study, I measured levels of CORT, a common stress hormone in birds, in 188 urban and rural Great Tits. Contrary to expectations, the urban birds had consistently lower levels of CORT than forest birds. This finding is even more remarkable when you consider that urban populations are denser than forest ones, which should increase competition for territories and food and hence ramp up stress. Adaptability has also allowed Great Tits to colonize (占据) a habitat that is in obvious contrast to an urban one. Originating in the temperate deciduous (落叶的) forests, the little bird is now common in boreal coniferous forests (北方针叶林). The species lived and grew in large numbers in northern Sweden in the early 1900s during the construction of railroads. Bird feeding has a long tradition in this country, and the rail builders took a liking to the birds, nailing up their leftover pork fat at the entrances to the huts where they slept. As the railroads extended northward, the Great Tits followed. Nowadays they are common in this habitat, but when the cold winter takes hold, they leave the forests and emerge at bird feeders in nearby towns and farms. Cognition in the Paridae (山雀科) family is interesting and different species practice one of two entirely different wintering strategies. Unlike their close relatives, which are specialists that store many thousands of food items in separate locations as winter food, the Great Tits, in contrast, do not store food at all. Curious and innovative, they instead obtain food in all possible and seemingly impossible ways, especially from humans. The more we learn about animal cognition, the better we will be able to answer questions on many questions involving the awareness of animals: Is it justifiable, for example, to keep cognitively advanced animals such as apes and dolphins caged? 28. What do we know about the Great Tit? A. It responds to urbanization out of expectation. B. It frightens away other birds to defend territory. C. It mainly relies on human-provided food sources. D. It transforms urban stressors into survival advantages. 29 What does the phrase “ramp up” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Adjust sharply. B. Maintain stably. C. Increase gradually. D. Vary consistently. 30. What can be inferred from paragraph 3? A. Weather condition drives Great Tits urbanized. B. Great Tits prefer habitats with bird feeding tradition. C. Human behavior helps to increase the number of Great Tits. D. Cognition enables Great Tits to survive varied environment. 31. It is implied in this passage that we should __________. A. leave a little room for animals to use their smarts B. give animals justifiable rights to compete for habitats C. build more reserves to keep cognitively advanced animals D. conduct more researches involving the awareness of animals 【答案】28. A 29. C 30. D 31. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了大山雀这种鸟类，包括其认知能力、对城市化的适应、栖息地的变化以及其在冬季的生存策略，并引发了对动物认知能力和对待动物方式的思考。 【28题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“In combination with the bird’s broad food preferences, its cleverness has resulted in an unusual response to urbanization.(再加上这种鸟对食物的广泛偏好，它的聪明导致了它对城市化做出了不同寻常的反应。)”和第二段“By “unusual,” I mean that Great Tits not only get by but thrive.(所说的“不同寻常”是指大山雀不仅过得去，而且茁壮成长。)”以及“Contrary to expectations, the urban birds had consistently lower levels of CORT than forest birds.(与预期相反，城市鸟类的CORT水平一直低于森林鸟类。)”可知，大山雀对城市化的适应情况出乎意料，它不仅适应了城市化，而且还在城市中茁壮成长。故选A。 【29题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段“This finding is even more remarkable when you consider that urban populations are denser than forest ones, which should increase competition for territories and food and hence ramp up stress.(当你考虑到城市种群比森林种群更密集时，这一发现就更加引人注目了，这应该会增加对领地和食物的竞争，从而_____压力。)”可知，城市种群更密集，对领地和食物的竞争应该会增加，从而“增加”压力，由此可知，“ramp up”在此处意为“增加”。故选C。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Adaptability has also allowed Great Tits to colonize (占据) a habitat that is in obvious contrast to an urban one. Originating in the temperate deciduous (落叶的) forests, the little bird is now common in boreal coniferous forests (北方针叶林).(适应能力也让大山雀能够在与城市截然不同的栖息地中定居。这种小鸟起源于温带落叶林，现在在北方针叶林中很常见。)”可知，大山雀不仅适应了城市环境，还能在北方针叶林这样的不同环境中生存，这体现了它的认知能力使其能够适应不同的环境。故选D。 【31题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The more we learn about animal cognition, the better we will be able to answer questions on many questions involving the awareness of animals: Is it justifiable, for example, to keep cognitively advanced animals such as apes and dolphins caged?(我们对动物认知了解得越多，我们就能越好地回答许多涉及动物意识的问题：例如，把认知能力高的动物，如猿和海豚关在笼子里，这是合理的吗？)”可知，我们应该尊重动物的认知能力，给它们留出一些空间，让它们能够自由地发挥自己的聪明才智。故选A。 （十四） （2025年·顺义·一模） Imagine you’re driving down the highway and notice that you are running low on fuel. Your GPS shows 10 gas stations ahead on your route. Naturally, you want the cheapest option. Do you continue exploring and risk regret for rejecting the bird in hand? You won’t double back, so you face a now-or-never choice. What strategy maximizes your chances of picking the cheapest station? Researchers have studied this “best-choice problem”, which suggests that humans tend to fall short of the optimal (最优的) strategy. Amazingly, the optimal strategy results in the number-one pick being selected almost 37 percent of the time, and its success rate doesn’t depend on the number of candidates. Even with a billion options and a refusal to settle for second best, you could find your needle in a haystack (干草垛) more than a third of the time. The winning strategy is simple: Reject the first around 37 percent of the choices no matter what. Then pick the first option that is better than all the others you've encountered so far. (If you never find such an option, take the final one.) Adding to the fun, mathematicians’ favorite little constant, e=2.7182... , rears its head in the solution. Also known as Euler’s number, e holds fame for cropping up all across the mathematical landscape in seemingly unrelated settings — including in the best-choice problem. In fact, those references to 37 percent in the optimal strategy and corresponding probability of success are actually 1/e, or about 0.368.The magic number comes from the tension between wanting to see enough samples to feel information of options and not wanting to wait too long in case the best pass you by. The proof argues that 1/e balances these forces. The problem generates thousands of hits on the internet as mathematicians continue to study its many variants: What if you’re allowed to pick more than one option, and you win if any of your choices are the best? What if an opponent chose the ordering of the options to trick you? What if you don’t require the absolute best choice and would feel satisfied with second or third? Researchers study such when-to-stop scenarios (设想) in a branch of math called optimal stopping theory. Research finds that people tend to stop their search too early. So applying the 37 percent rule could improve your decision-making, but be sure to double-check that your situation meets all the conditions: a known number of rankable options is being presented one at a time in any order, you want the best, and you can’t double back. 32. Why does the author mention the constant e in Paragraph 3? A. Justify a comparison. B. Evaluate a statement. C Provide a theoretical basis. D. Propose a new solution. 33. Which situation most agrees with the strategy mentioned in the passage? A. Evaluate every candidate. B. Skip some lunch specials. C. Buy the latest reference book. D. Join the shortest checkout line. 34. What would be the best title for the passage? A. Why People Often Fail in Making the Best Decisions. B. The Best Decision Depends on Your Math Ability. C. How to Connect Optimal Strategy with the Magic e. D. Elegant Math Problem Finds the Best Choices. 【答案】32. C 33. B 34. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“最佳选择问题”的最优策略，即37%法则，以及该策略背后的数学原理和应用条件。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Also known as Euler’s number, e holds fame for cropping up all across the mathematical landscape in seemingly unrelated settings — including in the best-choice problem. In fact, those references to 37 percent in the optimal strategy and corresponding probability of success are actually 1/e, or about 0.368. (e也被称为欧拉数，它在数学领域以出现在看似无关的环境中而闻名，包括在最佳选择问题中。事实上，最优策略中提到的37%和相应的成功概率实际上是1/e，即约0.368。)”可知，作者提到常数e是为了给“最佳选择问题”的最优策略提供一个理论基础，说明37%这个比例是如何得出的。故选C。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The winning strategy is simple: Reject the first around 37 percent of the choices no matter what. Then pick the first option that is better than all the others you've encountered so far. (获胜的策略很简单：无论如何，先拒绝前37%左右的选择。然后选择第一个比你到目前为止遇到的所有其他选择都更好的选项。)”可知，文章中提到的策略是先观察一部分选项，然后从中选择最好的，这与“跳过一些午餐特价菜，然后从中选择最满意的”这一情境最为相似，即都涉及到先跳过一部分选项再做选择。故选B。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了“最佳选择问题”的最优策略，即37%法则，以及该策略背后的数学原理和应用条件。文章的重点在于介绍这个数学问题和它的解决方案，因此选项D“优雅的数学问题找到了最佳选择”最能概括文章的主旨，作为标题最合适。故选D。 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题05 阅读理解——说明文类 编者按：2025年北京十区高三一模分类整理，深度解析，排版整齐。 （一） （2025年·海淀·一模） Imagine a not-too-distant future, where we each inhabit our own AI-driven digital filter (过滤) bubble, crafted for us alone and designed to serve corporate interests. This future resembles 1998’s movie The Truman Show, where the main character unknowingly lived his entire life within a reality TV show designed by a production studio. One subset of AI, large language models (LLM), won’t turn our lives into reality TV shows. Instead, personalized AI agents threaten to cage each of us in an individualized and illusory (虚假的) unreality, profiting from our digital activities and walling us off from genuine connections. Many companies are developing individualized LLM. The underlying principle is that AI will learn about the individual user and adapt accordingly. For example, if you’re a super fan of a football team, you’ll be fed updates, ads, and videos tailored to your interests 24 hours a day. Some algorithms may even learn your schedule, pushing information at you during precisely those times when you’re most likely to be looking. This may sound harmless. But the next step is to use LLM to create memes, or even fake articles,feeding you conspiracy theories about rival teams. This is a miserable reality for at least two reasons.For one, there are neither computational methods or ethical incentives (激励) in place to ensure that the information you receive is true. But just as frightening as the lack of regard for the truth is an even scarier element. You will no longer live with an accurate understanding of football team that is fully compatible with anyone else’s. You will run on information generated only for yourself. This vision is unsettling, even in sports and entertainment. But what of institutions that have more direct social consequences? Education? Politics? With the fall of the press and polarization of everything, conversations around holiday table have already become impossible for many extended families. Bad as the status quo might be, stranger times lie ahead that make us long for today’s echo chambers (信息茧房). Soon, our bubbles will shrink further and further, until our digital worlds involve only ourselves. In an Al-mediated future, everyone will live in a private Truman Show. As a society, we will be completely incapable of making fruitful collective decisions because we will have no shared understanding of the world. What’s the way out? Find your entertainment in spaces with actual people, exchanging thoughts and creations with each other. Even online, we must keep our understanding of the world grounded in human-authored documents and artifacts. Valuing what humans create is not merely a matter of authenticity; it also ensures we focus on arguments that an author cared enough to make, on conservations that speakers cared enough to have. Otherwise, The Truman Show’s premise becomes our reality, unknowingly inhabiting a fake world where our every experience is designed for profit. Even more existentially alienating? Living in a Truman Show where the director, producer and the only one watching is an AI. 27. The author mentions The Truman Show in Paragraph 1 to . A. make a comparison B. illustrate a situation C support an argument D. propose a suggestion 28. According to the passage, personalized AI agents may . A. isolate individuals in false realities B. confirm the credibility of the content C. discourage the companies’ ethical incentives D. improve user behavior by feeding targeted ads 29. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Algorithms have raised concerns over privacy. B. LLMs are in great need of computational upgrade. C. Echo chambers weaken collective decision-making. D. Technology development results in polarized society. 30. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. AI and the Future of Human Interaction B. AI Will Turn Our Lives into The Truman Show C. The Truman Show Predicts AI’s Impact on Media D. Algorithmic Bubbles and the Value of Human Creations （二） （2025年·西城·一模） Recently, I attended a public talk by someone whose views I “knew” I would oppose. And yet, I went. I listened, asked questions, and gave my time. While my core values weren’t transformed in those two hours, I learned something and left with a deeper appreciation for the complexity of other perspectives. In this weeknight activity, I was actively trying to tackle “beliefism,” a divisive phenomenon in which surrounding yourself with people who share your views leads to discrimination against those who disagree. In this way, beliefism deepens division and reinforces polarization — building walls instead of bridges. Indeed, beliefism is widespread in modern society. A significant part of the problem originates from the fact that we live in a world that is both physically and virtually divided. We rarely interact with people from other walks of life. Social media algorithms stoke the fires of division, locking us into echo chambers that reinforce our preexisting beliefs and shut down debate. Ultimately, where many forces are driving us apart, we must think — what can we do to unpack division and restore connection? We can begin by trying to understand the psychology of beliefism, which at its core is a form of bias — a mental shortcut in which we categorise people according to single characteristics or generalising assumptions. Indeed, in a world that is infinitely complex, our minds use these biases to simplify and make sense of the world. The thing is, when we see others only through the perspective of their political or social beliefs, we reduce and flatten them to a single dimension. Further, when people feel they are dismissed or disregarded only for their beliefs, they are left feeling isolated and misunderstood. Secondly, we can understand the tendency for beliefism as part of our evolutionary (进化的) desire to establish a community or group. The problem is that while this instinct (本能) may have once served evolutionary purposes, today, it blocks meaningful dialogue and cooperation. Indeed, research shows that overcoming beliefism has benefits. When we welcome a variety of ideas and perspectives, we are able to overcome group-think and make better decisions and judgements. What’s more, less beliefist people are generally happier, having stronger, more fulfilling relationships and broader horizons. Luckily, there are a number of relevant, research-backed psychological techniques that help build tolerance and break bias. We might exercise individuation, seeing people as diverse-sided individuals and breaking away from reductive ways of thinking. We can practice perspective-taking, building empathy (同理心) by stepping into someone else’s shoes and trying to see the world through their eyes. Ultimately, the way forward is not through divisions, but through a recognition of our shared humanity. Remind yourself that each person exists at the intersection of many identities, experiences, and beliefs. Challenge yourself to practice empathy, and remember that no one is wholly defined by the worst thing they have said or done. 27. What does the underlined word “stoke” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Fuel. B. Keep. C. Put. D. Contain. 28. What can we know about beliefism from the passage? A. Social media algorithms mainly contribute to its wide spread. B. Human evolution proves its harm in establishing group-think. C It reflects our simplified way of understanding the surrounding world. D. It leads us to make assumptions about others’ political or social beliefs. 29. Which of the following would be most effective in fighting beliefism? A. Facilitating interactions between people from different communities. B. Creating a list of acceptable beliefs for each community to follow. C. Asking people to write about their experiences of being isolated. D. Stressing conflict instead of cooperation between different beliefs. 30. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Beyond Us and Them B. The Roots of Beliefism C. The Harm of Social Division D. At the Crossroad of Faith （三） （2025年·西城·一模） Genetic (基因) variation is what allows a species to adapt as climate changes, new diseases arise, and novel enemies come on the scene. A slightly different genetic makeup can ensure at least some individuals will still do OK in times of crisis. But just as the number of species is declining worldwide, so, too, is the genetic diversity within many species. Until 2022, governments focused primarily on preventing species from disappearing. That year, however, when updating the United Nations’s Convention on Biological Diversity treaty (条约), participating countries agreed to start to look at genetic diversity as well. The first step toward slowing the trend is understanding it. Conservation biologist Catherine Gruéber from the University of Sydney and many colleagues gathered 882 papers written between 1985 and 2019 that tracked diversity changes within 628 individual species by analyzing their DNA at at least two time points. The team used complex statistical analyses to make the data comparable, enabling them to identify trends and correlate loss of genetic diversity with floods, habitat destruction, or other disturbances. They also tracked what happened in the face of various conservation measures, such as legally protecting a species or setting aside and protecting habitat. Two-thirds of the populations analyzed exhibited a decline in diversity, Gruéber and her colleagues report. That included species already known to be at risk, but it also included more common species. The implication is that those species may be less able to bounce back than expected during environmental change, says Alicia Mastertta-Yanes, a conservation geneticist. Some conservation efforts, such as ecological restoration or reducing pests (害虫), didn’t help much, the analysis found. But certain actions did seem to help, such as efforts to expand and protect habitat, introduce new individuals to declining populations, or connect two isolated populations. “It was pretty impressive that they were able to track what human disturbances and conservation actions had done,” says Moisés Alonso, an evolutionary geneticist who authored a preprint last year indicating that protecting existing habitat won’t be enough to prevent genetic diversity losses for many species. “We needed something like this,” he says. Conservation scientists emphasize the importance of continuing to monitor populations. But DNA methods aren’t always practical, some note. “It is relatively hard and expensive to measure genetic diversity directly,” Mastertta-Yanes says. To get around that, Mastertta-Yanes and others published a paper in Ecology Letters last year that used proxy (代替物) measures, such as population size, to evaluate genetic diversity in 919 species. The method, which only required about 3 hours of work per species, indicated that 58% of the species have populations that are too small to maintain their genetic diversity. The fact that these different approaches found declining diversity “makes both results more convincing,” Mastertta-Yanes says. “Finally, genetic diversity is getting the attention it deserves.” 31. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A. Challenges of collecting DNA data for diversity research. B. Findings on genetic diversity changes over the past 30 years. C. Research methods applied to track genetic diversity changes. D. Impacts of human disturbances on diversity of different species. 32. What can be learned from Grueber’s study? A. Habitat extension and population management preserve diversity. B. The diversity of common species tends to decline more severely. C. At-risk species better resist the impact of environmental changes. D. Ecosystem recovery and pest control drive population rise. 33. Mastertta-Yanes holds that DNA methods ________. A. will soon be replaced by proxy measures B. lack practicality due to their costs and complexity C. may get in the way of monitoring species populations D. require a large population size to achieve high accuracy 34. What is the purpose of this passage? A. To identify more effective methods applied in gene research. B. To advocate for using DNA methods exclusively in conservation efforts. C. To warn people of the threat posed by environmental changes on species. D. To draw people’s attention to effective measures against loss of diversity. （四） （2025年·东城·一模） Anyone with insomnia knows the impatience and frustration that accompanies sleeplessness. You long for a button that could instantly dampen all that mental activity.The idea of a mental switch is not far-fetched. Most neuroscientists now agree that our wakefulness is coordinated by a tiny bundle of neurons (一小束神经元) known as the “locus coeruleus” (LC), Latin for “blue dot”. It is a literal description: the neurons in the locus coeruleus have the blue colour from the production of a particular neurotransmitter, called norepinephrine. Norepinephrine raises the chance that a neuron will “fire” with an electric current. When they become active, cells in the locus coeruleus pass bundles of this neurotransmitter along their projections to other regions of the brain-enhancing the communication between the neurons in that area. There are slight differences in the process. Depending on the types of receptors they have, some neurons are more sensitive to smaller amounts of norepinephrine, while others only respond to higher thresholds. This means that, as the locus coeruleus activity rises, it will start to affect some brain areas more than others, which can have dramatic effects on things like our focus, concentration and creativity. Given the blue dot’s role, it makes sense that it would be quietest at night during sleep. It is not entirely silent, however, but fires occasionally-and recent research by Anita Lüthi at the University of Lausanne suggests that this activity may determine the quality of our sleeps. Across the night, we alternate between different sleep stages. There is “rapid eye movement” (REM) sleep, which is associated with vivid dreaming and is thought to be crucial for processing and consolidating memories. Much of our rest, however, is spent in non-REM (NREM) sleep, during which the brain may engage in a deep clean, clearing away cellular waste. Measuring brain activity in dozing mice, Anita found NREM sleep was associated with temporary bursts of locus coeruleus activity every 50 seconds. As a result, the animal was more sensitive to outside stimuli, like noises-without fully waking. “It’s generating this state of enhanced vigilance (警觉),” Anita says. “It really gives you this idea that wakefulness can be graded in the brain.” The beginning of REM sleep was almost always associated with low locus coeruleus activity. “That transition to REM sleep has to be very well controlled,” says Anita, “because in REM sleep, we have atonia.” That’s the temporary paralysis (麻痹) of our body, which prevents us from physically acting out our dreams. Anita emphasises that her experiments were conducted in mice, so we still need to confirm that the blue dot plays a similar role in human sleep. If so, she suspects that altered locus coeruleus activity could be implicated in conditions — such as anxiety — that may contribute to disordered sleep. She found that exposing her laboratory mice to mild sources of stress — such as knocking on their cage — raised the blue dot’s activity and increased their vigilance throughout the night, resulting in fragmented sleep. 27. What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. Neurons. B. Electric currents. C. Projections. D. Neurotransmitters. 28. According to the passage, what is the role of the LC? A. Producing receptors. B. Preserving cell sensitivity. C. Monitoring brain activity. D. Improving neural connectivity. 29. Which of the following may Anita Lüthi agree with? A. The blue dot fires regularly at night. B. Stress has an impact on the LC activity. C. Low LC activity can help clean cellular waste. D. Atonia results from sudden bursts of brain activity. 30. What might be the next step of the research? A. Grading the wakefulness of human brains. B. Unlocking the mechanism of sleep disorder. C. Assessing the function of the blue dot on humans. D. Identifying approaches to altering the LC activity. （五） （2025年·朝阳·一模） When people view photographs of frightening spiders, scientists usually observe increased electrical activity deep in their brain, in a region called the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The obvious conclusion is that the PAG controls fight-or-flight responses in threatening situations. But what if brains don’t have dedicated circuits for fighting and flighting? Is threat detection really a primary mode of the brain with its own neural circuitry (神经回路)? This idea of fight-or-flight circuits originates from the “triune brain” model dividing brains into the so-called lizard brain, including the PAG, for survival functions, the “limbic system” for emotions, and the “neocortex” for higher-order reasoning. If you know anything about evolution, you might know that something is spurious. The only animal on this planet with a lizard brain is a lizard. Also, there’s no unified limbic “system” or the “neocortex” for emotions or rationality (理性) respectively. So where does this leave the fight-or-flight story? Recently, changes in PAG activity have been observed in nonthreatening tasks, such as reading a fascinating article about the brain. The PAG has also been proved to regulate bodily systems continuously. Incidentally, this explains why antianxiety medications manage anxiety disorders without healing them. They target brain circuits that aren’t dedicated to anxiety or fight-or-flight but that simply regulate the body. Researches on the brain’s powers also cast new light on our understandings. In daily life, individuals might feel like they perceive and react to various stimuli as either threatening or safe. Actually, the brain, using past experiences, skillfully predicts and formulates action plans in anticipation of events before stimuli occur. The brain’s preparatory mechanism, metabolically (新陈代谢地) expensive, involves complicated neuronal activities for sustaining multiple predictions and corresponding action plans over extended periods. But the experiences in fight-or-flight responses crafted by your brain don’t reveal how it works. Moreover, your brain, which does much more than avoid threats, handles a complex social world full of uncertainty. That’s a recipe for stress. And what is stress? It reflects energy preparation for anticipated challenges. Your brain often makes sense of metabolic cost of uncertainty, if it drags on for long enough, as anxiety, but that’s not a must. People seek uncertainty out — and its positive cousin, novelty — when they try new foods or learn new skills. Uncertainty is common, but these days, with social media and round-the-clock news coverage, it sometimes bombards us and leaves us anxious and exhausted. But these feelings don’t emerge from fight-or-flight circuits. They may just mean, in an ever changing and only partly predictable world, that you’re doing something hard. 28. The author asks the questions in Paragraph 1 to ________. A. evaluate a statement B. justify an assumption C. challenge an argument D. introduce a new concept 29. Which does the underlined word “spurious” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Rare. B. Wrong. C. Limited. D. Unexpected. 30. What can we infer from this passage? A. Hunting for novelty reduces stress and anxiety. B. Medicine targeting PAG cures anxiety disorders. C. Uncertainty is a product of modern media and news cycles. D. The “Fight or Flight” idea overlooks the brain’s predictive power. （六） （2025年·丰台·一模） During WW II, mathematician Alan Turing gathered a team of logic experts to decode enemy messages, a key step toward victory. If there was one branch of mathematics which could be said they were using systematically, it was symbolic logic. However, the curriculum designs that methodically develop students’ symbolic logic abilities are relatively rare. Symbolic logic is a form of mathematics that lets us check whether certain conclusions correctly follow from a set of facts. Consider a library book-theft case. If a suspect wasn’t in the library on the day the theft happened, they can’t be the thief. If present, they may or may not be. Being in the library doesn’t mean they stole the book. Symbolic logic turns this kind of argument into algebra (代数学), readily shared, solved and generalized for solving mysteries. For careers such as electrical engineering and computer science, the value of symbolic logic is undeniable. The fundamental building blocks of modern digital computers are circuits representing “AND” and “OR”, which are common in symbolic logic. Almost every computer program contains similar “if-then-else” logical conditions. Professional programmers must routinely write and troubleshoot such statements. But symbolic logic is not solely limited to technical fields. Rutgers University mathematician Gray Wenger argues that teaching responsible citizenship requires providing students with mathematical reasoning skills. For example, consider a debate over a study finding that most adults without high-school certificates earn less. A responsible citizen must think through the implications along the lines of the book-theft case example above. No certificate likely means lower income, but low income doesn’t mean no certificate. Training in symbolic logic makes these sorts of reasonings sink into their cognitive processes and become second nature to citizens. In addition, symbolic logic equips individuals to counter false claims by distinguishing between separate incidents and systematic evidence. The most effective strategy for this lies in preventive education — teaching people to recognize faulty reasoning at its source. Consider, for instance, some global-warming doubters use one day of cold weather as proof that global warming is a hoax (骗局). But a logical thinker can quickly spot that weather is short-term, while climate is long-term change. Some doubt the need for a separate symbolic logic course, believing other classes can do the job. In writing courses, for example, students learn how to spot illogical arguments, and elementary proofs are covered in trigonometry (三角学). Much can be gained by teaching people logical thinking without using any symbols. But only symbolic logic ensures logical strictness. A piecemeal approach isn’t enough; a full-semester course is needed for comprehensive learning. Symbolic logic is essential for intellectual development. By integrating symbolic logic into educational frameworks, we equip future generations with the intellectual tools to navigate complex challenges. Training for it must be included in the curriculum and cannot be left to chance. 28. According to the passage, symbolic logic can play a primary role when ________. A. a chef is creating a new recipe by combining different materials B. a student is deciding which club to join based on personal interests C. a doctor is identifying one’s illness by using signs and test findings D. a journalist is writing a feature article by interviewing local people 29. What does the phrase “second nature” underlined in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. A routine practice. B. An automatic ability. C. An essential tool. D. A necessary quality. 30. From the passage, we learn that symbolic logic ________. A. tells the difference between separate incidents B. is mainly applied in solving mathematical puzzles C. questions the basic principles of modern computers D. enables people to detect and challenge false arguments 31. The author may agree that current symbolic logic education is ________. A. unsatisfying for the lack of symbolic logic courses B. problematic and ignores logical reasoning practice C. acceptable if alternative courses are available D. manageable and will improve naturally （七） （2025年·丰台·一模） Recent findings from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument(DESI) in Arizona, which produced the largest 3D map of the universe, suggest that dark energy — the mysterious force driving the universe’s accelerated( 加速的) expansion — might change over time. This challenges the standard model of cosmology (宇宙学), which assumes a steady acceleration. Dark energy is thought to make up nearly 70% of the cosmos, so if its behaviour really is changing as time passes, it could have significant implications for our understanding of the universe. Since the DESI data came out, researchers have been working on ways to explain the apparent changes in the universe’s expansion rate. Dark energy isn’t directly observable, so there are several options that could fit. One solution suggested by Michael Garda at the Federal University in Brazil and his colleagues involves letting dark energy interact with dark matter, an invisible and abundant form of matter that outweighs ordinary matter. This interaction is forbidden in the standard model, but if energy could flow from the universe’s dark matter to its dark energy — essentially changing the former to the latter — the researchers’ simulations (模拟) showed that this would match the DESI measurements. Yet, the mechanism for such an energy transfer isn’t clear. This solution might also help resolve the Hubble tension, a difference in the ways we measure the expansion rate of the cosmos. Measurements of this made by analysing nearby galaxies (known as “local” measurements) give an expansion rate, or Hubble constant, which is slightly higher than the one obtained from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) — the remaining radiation from the early universe. CMB measurements rely on a theoretical model of cosmic evolution, which may need adjustment if Garda’s proposal is correct. By allowing energy transfer between dark matter and dark energy, the adjusted model could bring CMB-based estimates more closely into line with local measurements, potentially resolving the tension. Another proposed solution involves dark radiation, an invisible form of radiation similar to light but composed of dark photons (光子). Tamar Allali at Brown University and his team suggest that dark radiation could explain the DESI data and lessened the Hubble tension by increasing the universe’s expansion rate in its early stages. “If you have more radiation, the expansion is faster in the early universe,” says Allali. Unlike adjustments to dark energy, dark radiation introduces a new component without changing existing physical laws, making it a more conservative approach. Allali notes that the DESI data does not rule out dark radiation and even shows a slight preference for it. Both models — interacting dark energy and dark radiation — fit the DESI data, but neither has been confirmed. Shawn Smith at the University of Edinburgh, UK, points out that while many unconventional models could explain the observations, none currently compete with the standard cosmological model from a fundamental physics perspective. Nevertheless, these models serve as catalysts for progress, ensuring that cosmology remains a dynamic and evolving field. 32. What does this passage mainly talk about? A. The development of scientific models to study the universe. B. The discovery of dark energy and its impact on the universe. C. The importance of DESI in studying the universe’s behavior. D. The attempts to explain the universe’s unexpected expansion. 33. Which of the following might the author agree with? A. Garda’s proposal outperforms Allali’s in its simplicity. B. Recent research has found ways for dark energy transfer. C. The DESI data has confirmed the existence of dark radiation. D. The two models share similarities in reducing Hubble tension. 34. The passage is organized in the pattern of ________. A. cause — effect — solution B. problem— solution — evaluation C. example —a nalysis — conclusion D. introduction — comparison — result （八） （2025年·石景山·一模） Researchers from the NeuroMind Institute have developed a new system that uses predator (捕食者) robots to chase (追逐) larval (幼体的) zebrafish in an open water. This innovative approach is helping scientists study how the young fish rapidly learn and adapt in real-world conditions. Larval zebrafish are a valuable tool for neuroscientists because their transparency enables easy study of the brain and behaviour. However, it’s been difficult for scientists to study learning in these developing vertebrates (脊椎动物) — an important part of understanding how the brain works. Previous research found young zebrafish could learn simple associations. But this type of learning happens slowly and often unreliably, and it was still unclear whether days-old zebrafish can learn fast enough to use their memory in natural situations, like recognizing and avoiding new predators. The researchers thought that traditional ways of testing learning in larval zebrafish in the lab, where the conditions were far from what the fish would encounter in the wild, might not be effective for uncovering how the fish learn. To model a real-life situation, the researchers used small robotic cylinders (圆柱体), with some programmed to show predator-like characteristics. The researchers created the dynamics: they first placed a robot that stayed still with a free-swimming zebrafish; after the robot chased the fish for a minute, the fish began avoiding the robot’s area for more than an hour — a big change from the non-avoidant behaviour before the chase experience. When a second robot was introduced that did not chase the fish, the zebrafish only avoided the chasing robot, showing that they could distinguish between a threat and a non-threat. Using this system, the researchers made an unexpected discovery that not only could larval zebrafish learn extremely quickly in a more natural context, but they could also do so just five days after beginning their lives as single cells. This was particularly surprising given the fact that a developing zebrafish larva contains just one percent or so of the neurons (神经元) in its adult form. The findings suggest that some essential learning abilities, like recognizing predators, emerge early in life and are critical for survival. Further brain imaging reveals that different regions of the zebrafish brain are involved in this rapid learning: the hindbrain, a region controlling essential functions, responds to the approaching predator; the forebrain, a region associated with learning and planning, encodes the presence of the predator robot; and the habenula, another brain area, signals avoidance outcomes. All these regions are necessary for learning, and silencing any of them removes the ability of the fish to learn. It is believed that the new work could offer insights into how other brains process real-world threats. 27. Why did the researchers develop a new system with larval zebrafish? A. To observe their hunting behaviours. B. To identify their simple associations. C. To examine their brain characteristics. D. To uncover their learning in natural settings. 28. What does the underlined word “dynamics” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Interaction. B. Function. C. Structure. D. Standard. 29. What can we learn about larval zebrafish? A. They can distinguish between robots and fish. B. They learn fast through a multi-regional brain network. C. They develop learning abilities when reaching adulthood. D. They can recognise predators with much neurons needed. 30. What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? A. Explaining the robot design used in the experiment. B. Exploring danger processing in other species’ brains. C. Analysing the connection between learning and planning. D. Describing zebrafish behaviours in different surroundings. （九） （2025年·房山·一模） Until a few weeks ago, I relied on restaurant hygiene (卫生) ratings when deciding where to dine. The UK’s Food Standards Agency assigns scores from 0 to 5, with 0 indicating urgent improvement is needed. These ratings were a reliable predictor for those who are careful about food. However, a recent report revealed that some businesses misrepresent their hygiene scores, posting a 5 when their ratings are as low as 0. When cheating behaviors like this are successful, they tend to spread, as people often copy behaviors associated with success. Over time, this can damage the shared signals on which society depends. Research in biology and sociology provides insights into this phenomenon. In the natural world, animals signal information to other organisms. For example, dogs bare their teeth to warn of possible attacks, and male red deer roar to indicate their size. However, some animals cheat. A type of bird’s chicks copy the sounds of other birds’ young to cheat adult birds into feeding them. This dishonest behavior evolved because it works, similar to how cheating can spread in human society. Among humans, technological advancements have increased the ways we can misrepresent our intentions and identities. This includes “cat fishing” in digital interactions, where individuals mask their true identities to cheat others online. Generative artificial intelligence is further increasing these opportunities. Sociologists in a book describe how AI can be used to cheat people in hostile interactions, even in wars. For example, voice editing can allow individuals to pose as senior military officials or children in need of money. In the digital age, anyone can assume any identity. Fortunately, humans have found ways to solve trust issues. We are good at identifying who is trustworthy over time. We learn to recognize patterns of behavior indicative of cheating. Just as cheating tactics (手法) spread, so do the technologies for detecting them, such as passwords, face or voice recognition, and new technologies to prevent deepfakes (深度伪造). People are also skilled at developing norms that impose costs on cheaters. Laws have been created to fine or imprison those guilty of impersonation. While we are still in the early stages of developing effective rules around AI, the awareness of the dangers these tools pose is a step in our defense. What matters for keeping trust is the reliability of the signals we use in communication. Whether it’s hygiene scores or trick emails, we need a mechanism to determine reliability. This is achieved through effective policing — punishing those who prove untrustworthy — and educating ourselves to avoid unreliable people, places, and things. If we can trust that hygiene ratings are reliable, we can use them to guide our behavior. 28. What can we learn from Paragraph 1? A. Restaurant businesses are competitive. B. Shared signals can be a driving force in success. C. Cheating behaviors can harm trust within society. D. Rating systems are developed with scientific methods. 29. What is the author’s view on technological advancements? A. Objective. B. Doubtful. C. Optimistic. D. Pessimistic. 30. It is implied in this passage that we should _______. A. adopt stricter legal punishment for deepfakes B. prioritize official rules over individual awareness C. increase reliance on technological solutions to detect dishonesty D. combine legal measures with public awareness to reduce distrust （十） （2025年·门头沟·一模） For millennia, we have expected dogs to guard our property and protect our family at night. Now they are also asked to be friendly around strangers, rest quietly through the night and keep their feet off sofas. “It’s an evolutionary mismatch”, says Hare, an anthropologist at Duke University. The good news is that this problem is solvable. Recent studies indicate that selective breeding (繁殖) and careful training can help dogs adapt to indoor life. A “puppy kindergarten” research was set up by Hare’s team to illustrate the heritability of behavioural traits in dogs by observing what service dogs’ behaviour looks like before intensive training begins. Service dogs were selected as the subject for they can always naturally adapt well to the mismatch compared to other kinds. They can pull wheelchairs, operate light switches and interact gently with children. By collecting data from 1,500 dog owners on the behaviour of their pets, which belonged to 36 breeds, Hare’s team discovered that genetics (遗传特征) explained 45 percent of the variation in dogs’ self-control. 16 percent of the variation in reasoning about the physical world and a mere 0.01 percent of the variation in short-term memory, which manifests that some desirable behaviours are heritable to certain degree, and selective breeding for temperament is worthwhile. “Genetics is important, but its relative importance is different for different behavioural traits,” says Gitanjali from Emory University. Besides, Hare’s work also illustrates selective breeding can’t guarantee some highly desirable traits, such as a good memory. So they have devised techniques that owners can use to help train their pets and build better relationships with them. One habit that is especially important in training is making eye contact. “The dog’s gaze may be a causal factor in inducing good feelings in the owner”, says Kikusui at Azabu University in Japan, “and the longer a dog gazes at its owner, the stronger those good feelings become.” Hare also found that pups could solve some “impossible tasks” by appealing to human for help, and the appeal was made through eye contact. So he suggested puppy owners finish “impossible tasks” with their pets every two weeks to strengthen the emotional connection with them. “Doing so can help you learn where your dog’s cognitive strengths lie”, he says. And as the puppy kindergarten project has made clear, dog training as well as selective breeding is crucial to foster those behaviours we would like our pets to exhibit in our homes. 32. What can we learn from Hare’s research? A. Service dogs were observed while accepting training. B. Genetics may explain differences in dogs’ self-control C. Service dogs were chosen for they were trained earlier. D. Selective breeding develops dogs’ most desirable traits. 33. What’s the author’s aim of quoting Gitanjali’s words? A. To reveal that Hare’s research is suspicious. B. To prove the necessity of selective breeding. C. To confirm the value on reforming dogs’ genes. D. To suggest that other factors also need discussing. 34. What’s the best title for the passage? A. Service Dogs: Acquiring Desirable Traits through Breeding B. Smart Dogs: Adapting Well to Indoor Life through Training C. Modern Dogs: Training Desirable Dogs through Eye Contact D. Good Dogs: Evolving through Selective Breeding and Training （十一） （2025年·平谷·一模） John von Neumann, who pioneered modern computer architecture, wrote in 1949, “It would appear that we have reached the limits of what is possible to achieve with computer technology.” Among the countless forms of computational limit-breaking that have challenged von Neumann’ s prediction is the social psychologist Frank Rosenblatt’s 1958 model of a human brain’ s neural network. He called his device, based on the IBM 704 mainframe computer, the “Sensor” and trained it to recognize simple patterns. Sensor eventually led to deep learning and modern artificial intelligence. Although Stuart Dreyfus, who is a professor at Berkeley, is impressed by the progress made in AI, he remains skeptical and concerned about certain AI applications, especially large language models, or LLMs, like ChatGPT. “Machines don’t have bodies, which is limiting and creates risk.” he notes, “It seems to me that in any area which involves life-and-death possibilities, AI is dangerous, because it doesn’t know what death means.” According to the Dreyfus skill acquisition model, an inner shift occurs as human know-how advances through five stages of development: beginner, advanced beginner, competent, master, and expert. “A crucial difference between beginners and more competent performers is their level of involvement,” the researchers explained. “Beginners and advanced beginners feel little responsibility for what they do because they are only applying the learned rules.” If they fail, they blame the rules. Expert performers, however, feel responsibility for their decisions because as their know-how becomes deeply rooted in their brains, nervous systems, and muscles, they learn to operate the rules to achieve their goals. They own the outcome. That close relationship between intelligent decision-making and responsibility is an essential ingredient for a well-functioning, civilized society, and some say it’s missing from today’s expert systems. Also missing is the ability to care, to share concerns, to make commitments, to have and read emotions — all the aspects of human intelligence that come from having a body and moving through the world. As AI continues to pour so many aspects of our lives, can we teach future generations of expert systems to feel responsible for their decisions? Is responsibility or care or commitment or emotion — something that can be obtained from statistical inferences or drawn from the problematic data used to train AI? Perhaps, but even then machine intelligence would not equal to human intelligence — it would still be something different, as the Dreyfus also described nearly four decades ago. 28. What can we conclude from the first paragraph? A. It highlights the role of IBM 704 in the evolution of AI. B. It describes the development and impact of AI on modern society. C. It illustrates the continuous breakthroughs in computational capabilities. D. It introduces the rough history of computer technology and its limitations. 29. What is the main concern that Professor Dreyfus has about AI applications? A. AI’s progress in language models is too rapid. B. AI’s lack of physical bodies limits its understanding. C. AI is not suitable for applications involving creativity. D. AI’s understanding of death is too advanced for its own good. 30. What is the central theme of paragraphs 3 and 4? A The necessity of having a body for the development of advanced skills. B. The significance of emotional intelligence from a beginner to an expert. C. The evolution of responsibility and decision-making with skill levels advancing. D. The importance of physical movement in the development of human intelligence. 31. What can we learn from the passage? A. The limitations of AI in comparison to human intelligence. B. The evolution of AI beyond human imagination and its destruction of society. C. The skill acquisition stages of learning operational rules in humans and AI. D. The prediction of responsibility in AI and human intelligence decision-making. （十二） （2025年·平谷·一模） A Space-based Farmhand for Hire EOS Data Analytics is a California-based provider of satellite imagery and data for precision farming. The company uses wavelengths of light, which passes through plant crowns and can be used to measure a range of variables, including moisture level and element content. EOS’s models and algorithms (算法) deliver insights on crops’ health weekly through an online platform that farmers can use to make informed decisions about issues such as when to plant, how much agricultural chemicals to use, and how to schedule fertilizer use, weeding, or watering. Last year the company launched EOS SAT-1, a satellite designed and operated only for agriculture. Fees to use the crop-monitoring platform now start at $1.90 per hectare per year for small areas and drop as the farm gets larger. In many developing countries, farming is blocked by lack of data. For centuries, farmers relied on native intelligence rooted in experience and hope, says Daramola John, a professor of agriculture and agricultural technology at Bells University of Technology in southwest Nigeria. “Africa is way behind in the race for modernizing farming,” he says. “And a lot of farmers suffer huge losses because of it.” In the spring of 2024, when the new planting season was to start, a company, Carmi Agro Foods, had used GPS enabled software to map the boundaries of its farm. Its setup on the EOS crop monitoring platform was also completed. The company used the platform to determine the appropriate spacing for the shoots and seeds. The risks of manual monitoring had disappeared. Field-monitoring officers needed only to peer at their phones to know where or when specific spots needed attention on various farms. They were able to pursue weed breakouts quickly and efficiently. This technology is gaining attraction among farmers in other parts of Nigeria and the rest of Africa. More than 242, 000 people in Africa, Southeast Asia, Latin America, the United States, and Europe use the EOS crop-monitoring platform. In 2024 alone, 53, 000 more farmers subscribed to the service. One of them is Adewale Adegoke, the CEO of Agro Xchange Technology Services, a company dedicated to boosting crop production using technology and good agricultural practices. Adegoke used the platform on half a million hectares (around 1.25 million acres) owned by 63, 000 farmers. He says the yield of maize farmers using the platform, for instance, grew to two tons per acre, at least twice the national average. Adegoke adds that local farmers, who have been struggling with fluctuating conditions as a result of climate change, have been especially drawn to the platform’s early warning system for weather. “So far, the result has been convincing,” says Adegoke. “We are no longer subjecting the performance of our farms to chance. This time, we are in charge.” 32. What is the main purpose of the company’s technology as described in the passage? A. To develop new agricultural chemicals for enhanced crop growth. B. To provide historical data on crop production for research purposes. C. To enable farmers to make data-driven decisions in their farming practices. D. To offer a platform for farmers to share their experiences and knowledge easily. 33. How did the EOS crop monitoring platform help field-monitoring officers at Carmi Agro Foods? A. By providing them with physical maps of the farm. B. By training them to use new agricultural techniques. C. By allowing them to track weed breakouts efficiently. D. By supplying them with weather updates for planning. 34 What is the main theme of the passage? A. The history and development of satellite technology in agriculture. B. The global distraction of EOS Data Analytics’ services on farming practices. C. The challenges faced by farmers in developing countries due to lack of data. D. The benefits and application of EOS Data Analytics’ crop-monitoring platform. （十三） （2025年·顺义·一模） The Great Tit is one of the most familiar bird species in Europe and Asia — and one of the most interesting. The species shows a cognitive (认知的) capacity that is amazing for a slight bird weighing only 18 grams. It produces false alarms to scare other birds off seed feeders and knocks on kitchen windows to get feeders refilled. On cold winter days Great Tits drum on beehives, whereupon the bees will come walking out, easy victim for the hungry birds. In combination with the bird’s broad food preferences, its cleverness has resulted in an unusual response to urbanization. By “unusual,” I mean that Great Tits not only get by but thrive. Urbanization, which involves land development, is an increasing problem for wild animals the world over. Stressors such as pollution, noise, artificial light and the lower-quality food found in cities are considered unhealthy for animals. In a study, I measured levels of CORT, a common stress hormone in birds, in 188 urban and rural Great Tits. Contrary to expectations, the urban birds had consistently lower levels of CORT than forest birds. This finding is even more remarkable when you consider that urban populations are denser than forest ones, which should increase competition for territories and food and hence ramp up stress. Adaptability has also allowed Great Tits to colonize (占据) a habitat that is in obvious contrast to an urban one. Originating in the temperate deciduous (落叶的) forests, the little bird is now common in boreal coniferous forests (北方针叶林). The species lived and grew in large numbers in northern Sweden in the early 1900s during the construction of railroads. Bird feeding has a long tradition in this country, and the rail builders took a liking to the birds, nailing up their leftover pork fat at the entrances to the huts where they slept. As the railroads extended northward, the Great Tits followed. Nowadays they are common in this habitat, but when the cold winter takes hold, they leave the forests and emerge at bird feeders in nearby towns and farms. Cognition in the Paridae (山雀科) family is interesting and different species practice one of two entirely different wintering strategies. Unlike their close relatives, which are specialists that store many thousands of food items in separate locations as winter food, the Great Tits, in contrast, do not store food at all. Curious and innovative, they instead obtain food in all possible and seemingly impossible ways, especially from humans. The more we learn about animal cognition, the better we will be able to answer questions on many questions involving the awareness of animals: Is it justifiable, for example, to keep cognitively advanced animals such as apes and dolphins caged? 28. What do we know about the Great Tit? A. It responds to urbanization out of expectation. B. It frightens away other birds to defend territory. C. It mainly relies on human-provided food sources. D. It transforms urban stressors into survival advantages. 29 What does the phrase “ramp up” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Adjust sharply. B. Maintain stably. C. Increase gradually. D. Vary consistently. 30. What can be inferred from paragraph 3? A. Weather condition drives Great Tits urbanized. B. Great Tits prefer habitats with bird feeding tradition. C. Human behavior helps to increase the number of Great Tits. D. Cognition enables Great Tits to survive varied environment. 31. It is implied in this passage that we should __________. A. leave a little room for animals to use their smarts B. give animals justifiable rights to compete for habitats C. build more reserves to keep cognitively advanced animals D. conduct more researches involving the awareness of animals （十四） （2025年·顺义·一模） Imagine you’re driving down the highway and notice that you are running low on fuel. Your GPS shows 10 gas stations ahead on your route. Naturally, you want the cheapest option. Do you continue exploring and risk regret for rejecting the bird in hand? You won’t double back, so you face a now-or-never choice. What strategy maximizes your chances of picking the cheapest station? Researchers have studied this “best-choice problem”, which suggests that humans tend to fall short of the optimal (最优的) strategy. Amazingly, the optimal strategy results in the number-one pick being selected almost 37 percent of the time, and its success rate doesn’t depend on the number of candidates. Even with a billion options and a refusal to settle for second best, you could find your needle in a haystack (干草垛) more than a third of the time. The winning strategy is simple: Reject the first around 37 percent of the choices no matter what. Then pick the first option that is better than all the others you've encountered so far. (If you never find such an option, take the final one.) Adding to the fun, mathematicians’ favorite little constant, e=2.7182... , rears its head in the solution. Also known as Euler’s number, e holds fame for cropping up all across the mathematical landscape in seemingly unrelated settings — including in the best-choice problem. In fact, those references to 37 percent in the optimal strategy and corresponding probability of success are actually 1/e, or about 0.368.The magic number comes from the tension between wanting to see enough samples to feel information of options and not wanting to wait too long in case the best pass you by. The proof argues that 1/e balances these forces. The problem generates thousands of hits on the internet as mathematicians continue to study its many variants: What if you’re allowed to pick more than one option, and you win if any of your choices are the best? What if an opponent chose the ordering of the options to trick you? What if you don’t require the absolute best choice and would feel satisfied with second or third? Researchers study such when-to-stop scenarios (设想) in a branch of math called optimal stopping theory. Research finds that people tend to stop their search too early. So applying the 37 percent rule could improve your decision-making, but be sure to double-check that your situation meets all the conditions: a known number of rankable options is being presented one at a time in any order, you want the best, and you can’t double back. 32. Why does the author mention the constant e in Paragraph 3? A. Justify a comparison. B. Evaluate a statement. C Provide a theoretical basis. D. Propose a new solution. 33. Which situation most agrees with the strategy mentioned in the passage? A. Evaluate every candidate. B. Skip some lunch specials. C. Buy the latest reference book. D. Join the shortest checkout line. 34. What would be the best title for the passage? A. Why People Often Fail in Making the Best Decisions. B. The Best Decision Depends on Your Math Ability. C. How to Connect Optimal Strategy with the Magic e. D. Elegant Math Problem Finds the Best Choices. 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$