专题13 阅读理解说明文考前押题（技能+模拟）-2025届高考英语名校模拟真题速递（北京专用）

2025届高考英语名校模拟真题速递（北京专用） 专题13 阅读理解说明文考前押题（技能+模拟）原卷版 技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货 一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。 二、数据计算题注重“原文定位”和“细节理解”，弄清来龙去脉再计算。 三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特作用。 四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。 五、说明文长难句较多增加了理解的难度，落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语） （介词短语）（名词短语）。 六、落实“题干+原文+选项”三对照，重视原文与选项“同义转换”命题技巧。 押题专区：做好题才有好成绩！练技能，补漏洞，提分数，强信心！ （2025·北京海淀·二模）If you’ve ever hung around scientists, you’ve most likely heard one of them say “the best explanation is the simplest one.” But is it? From the behavior of ants to the occurrence of tornadoes, the natural world is often quite complex. Why should we assume the simplest explanation is closest to the truth? This idea is known as Occam’s (or Ockham’s) razor. It’s also referred to as “rule of economy”. And it bears a family relationship to the “principle of least astonishment,” which holds that if an explanation is too surprising, it’s probably not right. The name comes from William of Ockham, a 14th-century scholastic philosopher. He formulated the principle that “entities (实体) should not be multiplied beyond necessity.” The philosophical claim is a form of ontological minimalism: we should not invoke entities unless we have evidence that they exist. In other words: don’t make stuff up. In 1687, Isaac Newton expanded on the notion with his concept of a vera causa — a true cause, stating that we should admit only causes that were both true and sufficient to explain natural phenomena. He added that Nature did nothing in vain and Nature was pleased with simplicity. Although Newton was a great scientist, this claim seems odd. Who is to say what “pleases Nature”? Doesn’t this guidance assume we know what we are in fact trying to figure out? Consider the world of Physics filled with explanations that are surprising, unexpected and hard to get your head around. Newton explained light as being made of particles, whereas other scientists explained it as a wave. Quantum mechanics, however, tells us light is both a wave and a particle. Newton’s account was simpler, but modern physics tells us the more complex model is closer to the truth. When we turn to biology, things get even more complicated. Imagine two smokers, both of whom went through a pack a day for 30 years. One gets cancer; the other doesn’t. The simplest explanation? For decades the tobacco industry’s answer was that smoking doesn’t cause cancer. Simple but false. In fact, disease is complex, and we don’t yet understand all the factors involved in cancer. Occam’s razor is not a fact or even a theory. It’s a metaphysical (形而上学的) principle: an idea held independently of empirical (实证的) evidence. In human affairs, things are more often than not complex. Human motivations are typically multiple. People can be good and bad at the same time, selfish and selfless, depending on circumstances. The shelves of ethicists are filled with books pondering why good people do bad things, and their answers are rarely short and sweet. Our explanations should match the world as best as we can make them. Science is about allowing things to unfold naturally, and sometimes this means accepting that the truth is not simple, even if it would make our lives easier if it were. 1．Occam’s razor indicates that_________. A．simpler explanations should be preferred B．reasonable explanations can’t be surprising C．explanations should be consistent with purposes D．sufficient causes can explain natural phenomena 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Newton offered solid empirical support to Occam’s razor. B．The tobacco industry’s response is in line with Occam’s razor. C．Quantum mechanics confirms Newton’s particle theory of light. D．Ethicists argue human complexity results in multiple motivations. 3．It’s implied in the passage that we need to ________. A．follow the laws of nature B．interpret the world as it is C．balance accuracy and simplicity D．highlight the existence of entities （2025·北京海淀·二模）In 1922 British geologist Robert Sherlock put forth what is now considered to be the central argument for recognizing the Anthropocene (人类世) as a new geological era: the scale and character of human activities have become so great as to compete with natural forces. About one hundred years later, geologists have broadly accepted Sherlock’s core idea, and the Anthropocene Working Group has proposed Crawford Lake in Canada as the official site for marking the Anthropocene. The proposal attracted a great deal of press, much of it focused on a misguided controversy over how narrowly to define the Anthropocene. Amid this debate, observers may have been left to wonder why defining this chapter in Earth’s history should matter to ordinary people at all. Sherlock was not a lone wolf. He built on the work of others. One was an American scholar George Marsh, who had called attention to deforestation and the role of humans as “disturbing agents”. In addition to revisiting deforestation, Sherlock described the changed courses of rivers through dams and canals; and the huge quantities of stuff people move while mining the raw materials of modern civilization. Human impacts were becoming so manifest, Sherlock argued, that the distinction between “natural” and “artificial” was becoming difficult to sustain. We needed a new term to study the effects of human activities on Earth. Scientists of later generations followed his footsteps. And in 2000 Eugene F. Stormer and Paul J. Crutzen formally proposed the word “Anthropocene” in a paper. But science is conservative in nature — the burden of proof is always on those making a novel claim — and the social and economic consequences of recognizing the adverse effects of burning fossil fuels have led to enormous resistance beyond scientific community. The definition of the Anthropocene matters for at least two reasons. First, it is a way for scientists to declare that the shifts going on around us are no small issue. Anthropogenic climate change is a profound change in the conditions of life on Earth. In countless ways, the past may no longer be a reliable guide to the future. We must rethink core assumptions about how we build our economies and our infrastructures, how we travel, and even how we eat. Second, the definition of the Anthropocene extends the conversation beyond climate change. What geologists can now see in rocks — from the subtle to the gross — points to the widespread and lasting impact of human activities on Earth. It is common for people to say that as climate change proceeds, we can “just adapt”. Some wealthy people even think that, if necessary, they will move to higher ground or lower latitudes. No doubt some people will become climate refugees, either voluntarily or under force. But the definition of the Anthropocene reminds us that the challenge we face is geological in scale. It affects the whole Earth. It reminds us that as this new era unfolds, there won’t be anywhere to hide. 1．What can we learn about the Anthropocene? A．It is driven by dramatic climate change. B．It is approved as a definite geological era. C．It highlights the impact of human activities. D．It marks the unique features of Crawford Lake. 2．What can be inferred from the passage? A．A shift in mindset of responsibility is in great need. B．Geological changes in rocks remain to be uncovered. C．The proof of new claims makes science conservative. D．The press focuses on the significance of the Anthropocene. 3．What does the word “manifest” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Direct. B．Diverse. C．Negative. D．Striking. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Does the Anthropocene Matter? B．What Does the Anthropocene Tell Us? C．Can Humans Adapt to the Anthropocene? D．How Can Humans Reduce Anthropogenic Impact? （2025·北京海淀·一模）Imagine a not-too-distant future, where we each inhabit our own AI-driven digital filter (过滤) bubble, crafted for us alone and designed to serve corporate interests. This future resembles 1998’s movie The Truman Show, where the main character unknowingly lived his entire life within a reality TV show designed by a production studio. One subset of AI, large language models (LLM), won’t turn our lives into reality TV shows. Instead, personalized AI agents threaten to cage each of us in an individualized and illusory (虚假的) unreality, profiting from our digital activities and walling us off from genuine connections. Many companies are developing individualized LLM. The underlying principle is that AI will learn about the individual user and adapt accordingly. For example, if you’re a super fan of a football team, you’ll be fed updates, ads, and videos tailored to your interests 24 hours a day. Some algorithms may even learn your schedule, pushing information at you during precisely those times when you’re most likely to be looking. This may sound harmless. But the next step is to use LLM to create memes, or even fake articles,feeding you conspiracy theories about rival teams. This is a miserable reality for at least two reasons.For one, there are neither computational methods or ethical incentives (激励) in place to ensure that the information you receive is true. But just as frightening as the lack of regard for the truth is an even scarier element. You will no longer live with an accurate understanding of football team that is fully compatible with anyone else’s. You will run on information generated only for yourself. This vision is unsettling, even in sports and entertainment. But what of institutions that have more direct social consequences?Education? Politics? With the fall of the press and polarization of everything,conversations around holiday table have already become impossible for many extended families. Bad as the status quo might be, stranger times lie ahead that make us long for today’s echo chambers (信息茧房). Soon, our bubbles will shrink further and further,until our digital worlds involve only ourselves. In an Al-mediated future,everyone will live in a private Truman Show. As a society, we will be completely incapable of making fruitful collective decisions because we will have no shared understanding of the world. What’s the way out? Find your entertainment in spaces with actual people, exchanging thoughts and creations with each other. Even online, we must keep our understanding of the world grounded in human-authored documents and artifacts. Valuing what humans create is not merely a matter of authenticity; it also ensures we focus on arguments that an author cared enough to make, on conservations that speakers cared enough to have. Otherwise,The Truman Show’s premise becomes our reality, unknowingly inhabiting a fake world where our every experience is designed for profit. Even more existentially alienating? Living in a Truman Show where the director, producer and the only one watching is an AI. 1．The author mentions The Truman Show in Paragraph 1 to . A．make a comparison B．illustrate a situation C．support an argument D．propose a suggestion 2．According to the passage, personalized AI agents may . A．isolate individuals in false realities B．confirm the credibility of the content C．discourage the companies’ ethical incentives D．improve user behavior by feeding targeted ads 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Algorithms have raised concerns over privacy. B．LLMs are in great need of computational upgrade. C．Echo chambers weaken collective decision-making. D．Technology development results in polarized society. 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．AI and the Future of Human Interaction B．AI Will Turn Our Lives into The Truman Show C．The Truman Show Predicts AI’s Impact on Media D．Algorithmic Bubbles and the Value of Human Creations （2025·北京通州·一模）Time isn’t nearly as unchangeable as it first seems. Ask any scientists and they’ll likely entertain you with incredible descriptions of a gravity’s effect on space-time (i. e. the more massive an object is, the slower time appears to travel around it). Some scientists even wonder if entire zones of the universe experience time at different rates. However, the perception of the speed at which time passes can also vary within our minds. Steve Taylor, a psychologist at Leeds Beckett University, is exploring this field in a new book called Time Expansion Experiences. Taylor’s interest in these altered temporal (时间的) moments — which he calls “time expansion experiences,” or TEEs — began when he and his wife were involved in a car crash back in 2014. “Everything went into slow motion”, Taylor describes. “I felt as though I had a lot of time to observe the whole scene and to try to regain control of the car. I was surprised by how much detail I could perceive.” In the following decade, Taylor began investigating how and why these moments of ultra-slowness appear. He analyzed 96 instances as TEEs and found that roughly half of them occurred during accidents, while others took place during sporting events or in meditation (冥想)。 In a new article, Taylor explained how some of the leading theories behind these time altering states don’t quite grasp the entire range of the experiences. One theory believes these moments are the result of the release of noradrenaline — basically the body’s emergency response — but this doesn’t explain the mental time expansion of people during moments of intense meditation or concentration. “Another theory is that TEEs aren’t real experiences, but illusions (幻觉) of memory. In emergency situations, our awareness becomes sharp, so that we take in more perceptions than normal,” Taylor wrote. “These perceptions become encoded in our memories, so that when we recall the emergency situation, the extra memories create the impression that time passed slowly.” However, Taylor’s findings from people who’ve experienced TEEs indicate that they were able to process thoughts and information much faster than what would be possible under normal circumstances. Instead, Taylor advocates for an idea that these events shift the human mind into an altered state of consciousness. In these moments, we step outside our normal consciousness into what Taylor calls a different “time-world.” “The sudden shock of an accident may disrupt our normal psychological processes, causing a sudden shift in consciousness”, Taylor wrote. 1．Why does the author mention a car accident? A．To stress the importance of time perception. B．To introduce Steve Taylor’s research method. C．To describe a typical time expansion experience. D．To explain the cause of Taylor’s interest in TEEs. 2．What can we learn from the leading theories behind the time altering states? A．TEEs are imaginations based on incorrect memories. B．Noradrenaline release doesn’t explain accident TEEs. C．People tend to perceive things better in emergency situations. D．TEEs relates to the flow of time between gravity and space-time. 3．According to Taylor, which of the followings is most likely to be a time expansion experience? A．A hiker recalls a mountain fall with details years later. B．A student feels time flies while playing games for hours. C．A firefighter sharply senses fire spreading during a rescue. D．A person is attending a meeting, discussing everyday tasks. （2025·北京门头沟·一模）For millennia, we have expected dogs to guard our property and protect our family at night. Now they are also asked to be friendly around strangers, rest quietly through the night and keep their feet off sofas. “It’s an evolutionary mismatch”, says Hare, an anthropologist at Duke Unıversity. The good news is that this problem is solvable. Recent studies indicate that selective breeding (繁殖) and careful training can help dogs adapt to indoor life. A “puppy kindergarten” research was set up by Hare’s team to illustrate the heritability of behavioural traits in dogs by observing what service dogs’ behaviour looks like before intensive training begins. Service dogs were selected as the subject for they can always naturally adapt well to the mismatch compared to other kinds. They can pull wheelchairs, operate light switches and interact gently with children. By collecting data from 1,500 dog owners on the behaviour of their pets, which belonged to 36 breeds, Hare’s team discovered that genetics (遗传特征) explained 45 percent of the variation in dogs’ self-control. 16 percent of the variation in reasoning about the physical world and a mere 0.01 percent of the variation in short-term memory, which manifests that some desirable behaviours are heritable to certain degree, and selective breeding for temperament is worthwhile. “Genetics is important, but its relative importance is different for different behavioural traits,” says Gitanjali from Emory University. Besides, Hare’s work also illustrates selective breeding can’t guarantee some highly desirable traits, such as a good memory. So they have devised techniques that owners can use to help train their pets and build better relationships with them. One habit that is especially important in training is making eye contact. “The dog’s gaze may be a causal factor in inducing good feelings in the owner”, says Kikusui at Azabu University in Japan, “and the longer a dog gazes at its owner, the stronger those good feelings become.” Hare also found that pups could solve some “impossible tasks” by appealing to human for help, and the appeal was made through eye contact. So he suggested puppy owners finish “impossible tasks” with their pets every two weeks to strengthen the emotional connection with them. “Doing so can help you learn where your dog’s cognitive strengths lie”, he says. And as the puppy kindergarten project has made clear, dog training as well as selective breeding is crucial to foster those behaviours we would like our pets to exhibit in our homes. 1．What can we learn from Hare’s research? A．Service dogs were observed while accepting training. B．Genetics may explain differences in dogs’ self-control C．Service dogs were chosen for they were trained earlier. D．Selective breeding develops dogs’ most desirable traits. 2．What’s the author’s aim of quoting Gitanjali’s words? A．To reveal that Hare’s research is suspicious. B．To prove the necessity of selective breeding. C．To confirm the value on reforming dogs’ genes. D．To suggest that other factors also need discussing. 3．What’s the best title for the passage? A．Service Dogs: Acquiring Desirable Traits through Breeding B．Smart Dogs: Adapting Well to Indoor Life through Training C．Modern Dogs: Training Desirable Dogs through Eye Contact D．Good Dogs: Evolving through Selective Breeding and Training （2025·北京门头沟·一模）One thing about AI that worries more people than any other is that it might take their livelihood away. But experts are divided as to whether the technology will bring us a life of leisure or a life of pressure. As ever, the truth probably lies somewhere in the middle. AI won’t take our jobs, but it will change them. Some British economists assumed that robots would take our jobs and our working week would decrease to 15 hours by 2030. In 2013, Michael Osborne at the University of Oxford looked at 702 types of work and ranked them according to how easy it would be to automate them. He found that about under half of all jobs in the US could workably be done by machines within two decades. The list includes jobs such as telemarketers and library technicians. Not far behind were less obviously susceptible jobs, including models and cooks, threatened respectively by digital avatars and robochefs. The least vulnerable included mental health workers and teachers of young children. In general, jobs that performed better required strong social interaction and creative ability. However, others find that list overblown. A paper for the OECD club in 2016 suggested that AI would not be able to do all the tasks associated with all these jobs, particularly those requiring human interaction, and only about 9 percent of jobs are fully automatable. Moreover, past experience shows that jobs tend to evolve (演变，进化) around automation. “Successful innovations are those that complement rather than occupy us,” says Ben Shneiderman, from the University of Maryland. “Technologies are most effective when their designs amplify human abilities. They could help us solve problems, communicate widely or create art,” says Shneiderman. “Robots could be a liberating force by taking away routine work,” says Tom Watson, whose study on AI’s development in employment concludes that AI could create as many jobs as it destroys. He is, however, concerned the increasing of automation has led to the rise in inequality and imbalance in power. “We’ve got to be careful that big corporations and employers don’t accumulate all the benefits while ordinary workers are left to lump the negatives,” he says. How can we adapt? The answer might simply be to update our social frameworks to reflect the new reality of work. Another proposal is an AI tax on companies that are saving money by replacing workers with algorithms. Ultimately we, not AI, are in charge of our own destiny. “There will be unfairness and disruptions,” says Watson. “But the question is: is future human-centered? I say it is.” 1．What does the word “susceptible” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Workable. B．Predictable. C．Replaceable. D．Reliable 2．What can we learn from Ben Shneiderman’s words? A．Technologies can always promote jobs. B．Successful automation helps evolve our jobs. C．Fully automatable jobs require human interaction. D．Effective innovations are those that can occupy us. 3．What can we learn from AI’s development in employment? A．It can help free labours from routine work. B．It makes big corporations bear most negatives. C．It will finally lead to incredible inequality in jobs. D．It destroys occupations faster than it provides them. 4．What’s the author’s purpose of writing the last paragraph? A．To offer solutions to mentioned problems. B．To note the future of relative researches. C．To reveal limits of existing perspectives. D．To sum up arguments from both sides （2025·北京石景山·一模） Researchers from the NeuroMind Institute have developed a new system that uses predator (捕食者) robots to chase (追逐) larval (幼体的) zebrafish in an open water. This innovative approach is helping scientists study how the young fish rapidly learn and adapt in real-world conditions. Larval zebrafish are a valuable tool for neuroscientists because their transparency enables easy study of the brain and behaviour. However, it’s been difficult for scientists to study learning in these developing vertebrates (脊椎动物) — an important part of understanding how the brain works. Previous research found young zebrafish could learn simple associations. But this type of learning happens slowly and often unreliably, and it was still unclear whether days-old zebrafish can learn fast enough to use their memory in natural situations, like recognizing and avoiding new predators. The researchers thought that traditional ways of testing learning in larval zebrafish in the lab, where the conditions were far from what the fish would encounter in the wild, might not be effective for uncovering how the fish learn. To model a real-life situation, the researchers used small robotic cylinders (圆柱体), with some programmed to show predator-like characteristics. The researchers created the dynamics: they first placed a robot that stayed still with a free-swimming zebrafish; after the robot chased the fish for a minute, the fish began avoiding the robot’s area for more than an hour — a big change from the non-avoidant behaviour before the chase experience. When a second robot was introduced that did not chase the fish, the zebrafish only avoided the chasing robot, showing that they could distinguish between a threat and a non-threat. Using this system, the researchers made an unexpected discovery that not only could larval zebrafish learn extremely quickly in a more natural context, but they could also do so just five days after beginning their lives as single cells. This was particularly surprising given the fact that a developing zebrafish larva contains just one percent or so of the neurons (神经元) in its adult form. The findings suggest that some essential learning abilities, like recognizing predators, emerge early in life and are critical for survival. Further brain imaging reveals that different regions of the zebrafish brain are involved in this rapid learning: the hindbrain, a region controlling essential functions, responds to the approaching predator; the forebrain, a region associated with learning and planning, encodes the presence of the predator robot; and the habenula, another brain area, signals avoidance outcomes. All these regions are necessary for learning, and silencing any of them removes the ability of the fish to learn. It is believed that the new work could offer insights into how other brains process real-world threats. 1．Why did the researchers develop a new system with larval zebrafish? A．To observe their hunting behaviours. B．To identify their simple associations. C．To examine their brain characteristics. D．To uncover their learning in natural settings. 2．What does the underlined word “dynamics” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Interaction. B．Function. C．Structure. D．Standard. 3．What can we learn about larval zebrafish? A．They can distinguish between robots and fish. B．They learn fast through a multi-regional brain network. C．They develop learning abilities when reaching adulthood. D．They can recognise predators with much neurons needed. 4．What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? A．Explaining the robot design used in the experiment. B．Exploring danger processing in other species’ brains. C．Analysing the connection between learning and planning. D．Describing zebrafish behaviours in different surroundings. （24-25高三上·北京通州·期末）Generative Al Is Likely to Worsen the E-Waste Crisis Every time generative artificial intelligence drafts an e-mail or creates an image, the planet pays for it. Making two images can consume as much energy as charging a smartphone, a single exchange with ChatGPT can heat up a server so much that it requires a bottle's worth of water to cool. By 2027, the global AI sector could annually consume as much electricity as the Netherlands. A study in Nature Computational Science identifies another concern? AI's contribution to the mounting heap of electronic waste. Generative Al applications alone could add 1.2 million to 5 million metric tons of e-waste by 2030. This would add to the millions of tons of electronic products: the globe gets rid of annually. Cell phones, computers, and other digital products often contain mercury (汞) lead, or other toxins. If thrown away improperly, they can contaminate air, water, and soil. In 2022, the UN found that about 78% of the world's e-waste ended up in landfills or unofficial recycling sites, where laborers risk their health to collect rare metals. AI rapidly consumes physical data storage devices and high-performance components which last only two to five years but are replaced quickly as newer versions emerge. Asaf Tzachor, a researcher at Reichman University, emphasizes the importance of monitoring and reducing AI's environmental impacts. Tzachor's study examined the volume of hardware used for large language models and its lifespan. It predicts that the adoption of generative Al could increase e-waste, although hardware innovations might help reduce this. Meanwhile, technological advances could make Al system more accessible, increasing their use. This study's main contribution is highlighting AI's environmental consequences. Researchers like Shaolei Ren from UC Riverside suggest that Al companies should slow their pace to minimize these effects. Currently, few countries have strict e-waste disposal laws. In the U.S., there's no federal requirement for recycling electronics, although some states have policies. A new bill, the Artificial Intelligence Environmental Impacts Act of 2024, aims to address AI's environmental impact but lacks compulsory reporting from companies. Microsoft and Google, however, have committed to reaching net-zero waste and emissions by 2030. To limit e-waste, companies can extend the life of their servers through" regular maintenance or repurpose old hardware, which can reduce waste by 42%. More efficient design could cut the demand for hardware and energy, potentially reducing e-waste by 86%. 1．The phrase “the mounting heap” underlined in Paragraph 1 probably means_______？ A．growing amount. B．effective recycling. C．fast consumption. D．practical application. 2．According to Asaf Tzachor, _______is likely to contribute to the growth of AI-related e-waste. A．the use of the rare metals. B．the improvement in language models. C．the increasing accessibility of Al technology. D．the reduction in the number of hardware components. 3．What is implied about the U.S, federal law on e-waste management? A．It is inadequate due to the lack of enforcement. B．It is effective in ensuring proper disposal of e-waste. C．It has recently been updated to include Al regulations. D．It forces companies to report their e-waste disposal practices. 4．What is the author's purpose in writing this article? A．To showcase AI's potential for reducing e-waste. B．To explain the mechanisms behind Al technology. C．To highlight the urgency of reducing AI's environmental impact. D．To analyze the possibilities of lessening AI's environmental footprint. （24-25高三下·北京朝阳·阶段练习）The artificial intelligence (AI) sector has oscillated between enthusiasm and skepticism in recent years. Tech giants including Alphabet, Amazon, and Microsoft collectively poured nearly 200 billion into AI infrastructure in 2024 alone, surpassing the GDP of nations like Hungary or New Zealand. Nvidia, dominating the AI-chip market, witnessed its valuation skyrocket to 3.4 trillion as chip sales doubled — a growth rate three times faster than the semiconductor industry average. Meanwhile, server providers like Dell reported unprecedented demand, with AI server shipments jumping 78% year-on-year, signaling AI’s transformative potential across industries from drug discovery to autonomous driving. Yet beneath the surface, challenges loom. Training advanced AI models consumes staggering energy — equivalent to powering 15 million US households annually — raising concerns about long-term viability (可持续性). In regions like Ireland, data centers already consume 18% of national electricity, straining aging power grids. Server manufacturers and energy firms struggle to meet data-center demands, with delivery delays for AI-optimized servers extending to 48 weeks in 2024. Critics argue that current investments mirror past tech bubbles: the $200 billion AI infrastructure spending represents 65% of the 1999 dot-com bubble’s peak investment adjusted for inflation. Alan Smith, a tech analyst, defends the spending, “AI’s capacity to revolutionize healthcare—such as cutting cancer drug development time from 10 years to 18 months — justifies short-term costs.” However, opponents counter that profit-driven corporations prioritize market dominance over ethical considerations, citing Meta’s 2023 AI ethics board disbandment as evidence. Amid these mounting pressures, competition is going to further complicates the landscape of AI development. Upstart (新兴的) firms like UK-based Graphcore and China’s Cambricon challenge industry leaders by creating compact, energy-efficient AI tools. For instance, startups now offer specialized chips such as Graphcore’s IPU (Intelligence Processing Unit) at 40% lower costs than Nvidia’s products, democratizing access to AI technology. This fragmentation mirrors the 1980s PC market shakeup, where IBM’s dominance was eroded by agile competitors. Investors, initially infatuated with AI’s promise, grow wary of over-commitment. A recent McKinsey survey revealed 62% of shareholders believe AI firms must clarify their financial strategies within two years, a demand intensified by OpenAI’s $540 million quarterly losses despite ChatGPT’s success. In addition, the environmental effects make it increasingly urgent to tackle this challenge head-on. Data centers account for 3% of global electricity use — a figure matching aviation’s carbon footprint — projected to triple by 2030. The International Energy Agency warns that unregulated AI growth could increase global CO₂ emissions by 1.5% annually, undermining climate goals. While companies like Microsoft invest in renewable energy, constructing solar farms to power Arizona data centers, critics demand stricter regulations. The EU’s proposed Artificial Intelligence Act now includes provisions requiring energy transparency for AI systems. Dr. Emily Zhou, a sustainability researcher at Tsinghua University, warns, “Unless accompanied by robust regulatory measures, AI’s ecological environment risks offsetting its technological advancements, as exemplified by China’s carbon tax initiative targeting data centers — a policy framework to balance industrial progress with environmental management.” As the AI sector grapples with escalating energy consumption, ethical controversies, and speculative investment patterns, the AI industry stands at a crossroads. Its potential to reshape economies is undeniable — PwC estimates AI could contribute $15.7 trillion to global GDP by 2030—but unchecked growth risks ecological harm and market instability. The 2024 global AI Governance Summit highlighted the need for international standards, yet consensus remains elusive. But, the path forward requires both technological breakthroughs and a shift in priorities — making carbon-neutral data centers and transparent AI governance essential, not optional. 1．Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of AI spending, the author is ______. A．supportive B．doubtful C．critical D．unconcerned 2．What does the word “infatuated” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Shocked. B．Protected. C．Attracted. D．Challenged. 3．What can we learn from this passage? A．AI’s environmental costs may reduce its benefits without policy intervention. B．Renewable energy investments can resolve sustainability issues completely. C．Stricter regulations should prioritize ecological protection over market instability. D．Tech companies’ ethical considerations are sufficient to address energy demands. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．AI Investment: Balancing Short-Term Costs and Long-Term Viability B．Data Centers’ Energy Use: The Hidden Crisis Behind AI Development C．When Innovation Breeds Chaos: Why AI Development Must Slow Down D．Artificial Intelligence: Navigating Transformation Amid Emerging Challenges （24-25高三下·北京朝阳·阶段练习）Give a group of scientists the same data and the same research question, and they should come up with similar answers — in theory. But they don’t, according to a paper published last month in BMC Biology, which finds that 246 ecologists analyzing the same data sets reached widely varying conclusions, with some finding effects in totally opposite directions. The paper is the latest in a line of “many analyst” projects that examine how results can vary because of scientists’ decisions during data analysis — and the first to study the effects in ecology. Past work has mostly focused on psychology and other behavioral sciences. “I was really excited to see this study. I have noticed an unfortunate hubris self-confidence in other domains that say, well, we have our house in better order.” says University of Bern metascientist Ian Hussey. Elliot Gould, a Ph.D．student at the University of Melbourne, was skeptical that ecology has its house in better order. Ecologists deal with complex systems that contain a huge amount of natural variability and have to make many decisions about what kind of statistical analyses to run. To find out how much those decisions affect the results, Gould recruited 246 ecologists, working in 174 teams, to answer two different research questions, each based on a single data set. The first question asked how the growth of blue tit chicks is influenced by competition with siblings in the nest. The analysis teams came up with a wide range of answers: Five found no relationship between brood size and chick size, five found mixed results, and 64 found that chicks grew more slowly if they had more siblings, but with different levels of certainty and effect sizes. The second question is whether the amount of grass cover affected the success and survival of the Eucalyptus seedlings. The teams who analyzed this data set did not agree at all: Eighteen concluded that more grass cover hampered Eucalyptus survival, six said it improved survival, and 31 found the grass had no effect. The findings match up with the results of previous many-analyst studies and show the powerful role of subjective researcher choices in scientific projects. In some cases, there is established best practice to guide analysts — but other choices are more arbitrary. Gould says researchers have to decide which variables to control for and how to deal with missing data, adding that those different choices can kind of multiply. It’s impossible to know whether the problem affects an entire field from just one or two examples, says Eötvös Loránd University metascientist Balazs Aczel. To find out, he is running a project to have multiple analysts each tackle a question from 100 randomly chosen social science papers. But similar findings have popped up in a range of fields — including neuroscience and economics — and suggest “we are facing a very serious issue,” he says. But not all researchers think the findings are so alarming. 1．What does Ian Hussey really mean by his words in Paragraph 2? A．The houses in the University of Bern are in better order. B．The scientists’ decisions in the fields of ecology are in better order. C．The studies in ecology have the same effects as those in behavioral sciences. D．The research on psychology and behavioral sciences are unfortunate hubris. 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Researchers’ individual choices in scientific studies matter a lot. B．Gould thinks the effects of researchers’ different choices are limited. C．The “many analyst” projects can help ecologists make good conclusions. D．The growth of blue tit chicks is slower when having more siblings in the nest 3．What will the author most probably write after the last paragraph of the article? A．To present the findings of the project that Balazs Aczel is running. B．To explain why the results of “many-analyst” studies are not very severe. C．To introduce the serious effects due to subjective researcher choices. D．To inspire the researchers in the entire field to tackle the analysis problem. （2025·北京西城·一模）Uday Bhatia’s enthusiasm for technology began in childhood. His interest was awakened when he received a drone (无人机) in the fourth grade, stimulating a curiosity about how machines work. By 14, he had taught himself computer science and created his first video game on Roblox. However, Uday’s passion wasn’t limited to coding and gadgets — he was deeply aware of societal issues. During the pandemic, he developed FindOurTutor, an e-tutoring platform to help students continue learning remotely. At 16, Uday, as part of a mentorship program, visited Bichpuri village in Uttar Pradesh and discovered a critical problem: the villagers faced six-to-eight-hour-long power outages. “When I learned that children were using flashlights and kerosene lamps to study, I wanted to find a solution,” he recalls. His research revealed that while most villages in India had been electrified, unreliable power supply remained a continuing issue in many rural areas, with some states like Rajasthan and Uttarakhand enduring power cuts lasting 10 to 12 hours a day. Determined to help, Uday spent the next six months learning from instructional videos and gathering second-hand components. He worked in his terrace (屋顶) workshop, experimenting with different designs until he developed the Smart OutageGuard (OG), a low-cost backup lightbulb (灯泡) with a lithium-ion battery. The bulb, priced at Rs 250, about half the cost of other options, features dynamic-lumen technology and pulse-width modulation, which allows users to adjust the brightness. This feature extends the bulb’s illumination capacity to up to 10 hours, depending on the brightness level. Since its launch in May 2022, Smart OG bulbs have reached 10,000 homes across eight states. Uday also founded Uday Electric, a for-profit venture that collaborates with distributors, NGOs, retailers, and CSR programs to provide affordable lighting to semi-electrified rural areas. For non-electrified regions, he developed the Glow Grid, a solar-powered lamp, launched this month. Uday’s innovations have earned him several awards, including the 2023 Diana Legacy Award. His long-term goal is to provide low-cost energy to every home, and he’s just getting started. 1．Uday Bhatia’s experience in Bichpuri village influenced him to ________. A．develop an interest in computer science B．create a low-cost, backup-based lightbulb C．launch an e-tutoring platform for students D．study power supply systems in other villages 2．What do we know about Uday’s inventions? A．They make energy easier to access. B．They bring innovation to global markets. C．They focus on sustainable energy solutions. D．They provide affordable lighting for rural areas. 3．Which of the following best describes Uday Bhatia? A．Innovative and commercial. B．Determined and socially aware. C．Creative and environmentally conscious. D．Technologically skilled and competitive. （2025·北京东城·一模）Years after my art history class, I am insufferable at museums. “That’s definitely a Matisse,” I say. “You can telI because of the brushwork and the use of colour.” Sometimes it is not a Matisse but oftentimes it is. It is unsettling to learn, then, that for all of my carefully won art appreciation, I am in danger of being surpassed by an insect. In a recent study, honeybees — whose brains are the size of grass seeds — were shown Picassos and Monets paired side by side. Below the prints were two small containers, one containing sugar water and the other nothing at all. Which to enter? Bees couldn’t see or smell whether a given container held the treat until they’d already flown inside it. But they could let the masterpieces guide them: for some bees, the reward was always under the Picasso, while for the rest it was under the Monet. Over the course of many trials, the bees learned to fly straight for the correct container. Indeed, they even performed slightly better than chance when faced with pairs of paintings they’d never seen before. The bees had learned to discriminate, however modestly, between the two artists’ styles. To be sure, humans still have the edge. Last year a team of researchers led by Liane Gabora found that art students were perfectly capable of identifying which well-known artist was behind which unknown painting. Creative writing students were similarly excellent at spotting little-read passages by Hemingway or Dickens — a skill I can only assume no honeybee has yet demonstrated. Even more impressively, though, the students could recognize as-yet-unseen samples of each other’s work, including work in entirely different mediums. Creative writers could identify their fellow writers’ paintings and sketches; painters had a pretty good idea who’d brought which poem or clay pot. It’s clear what the bees were doing: picking up and categorizing complex visual patterns in the pairs of images. But recognizing differences across mediums is altogether different. Whether we’re writing poems or building sculptures, Gabora argues, we’re doing so with the same mind: one that structures information in the same way, has been shaped by the same experiences, and longs to express the same ideas. Naturally, our techniques and preoccupations in one domain should “out” us in another. But still I wonder: Just what about these techniques and preoccupations did the trick? The researchers did their best to keep subject matter from ruling the day by instructing, for instance, artists who happened to be surfers not to bring in art that depicted (描绘) surfing. But what of less obvious subject matter — like Western landscapes? And what of the obsessions that come into our work unawares? A correlational study like this one will not answer these questions. Perhaps my biggest question has to do with people who don’t identify as artists, and haven’t settled — or at least would claim so-on a personal style. Are their creations also a reflection of their worldview? It seems likely that, at least to some extent, bad art is all alike, while only good art is good in its own way. 1．Why does the author mention bees? A．To present an example. B．To put forward a theory. C．To draw out a comparison. D．To highlight a research finding. 2．Why does the author think humans still have the edge? A．Because we can transfer our experiences. B．Because we can discriminate styles. C．Because we can categorize patterns. D．Because we can learn from trials. 3．What does the underlined word “out” in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Assist. B．Trick. C．Beat. D．Expose. 4．What might be the best title for the passage? A．Will Bees Beat Humans? B．How Will You View a View? C．Why Good Art Works Wonders? D．What Makes Hemingway Hemingway? （2025·北京西城·一模）Recently, I attended a public talk by someone whose views I “knew” I would oppose. And yet, I went. I listened, asked questions, and gave my time. While my core values weren’t transformed in those two hours, I learned something and left with a deeper appreciation for the complexity of other perspectives. In this weeknight activity, I was actively trying to tackle “beliefism,” a divisive phenomenon in which surrounding yourself with people who share your views leads to discrimination against those who disagree. In this way, beliefism deepens division and reinforces polarization — building walls instead of bridges. Indeed, beliefism is widespread in modern society. A significant part of the problem originates from the fact that we live in a world that is both physically and virtually divided. We rarely interact with people from other walks of life. Social media algorithms stoke the fires of division, locking us into echo chambers that reinforce our preexisting beliefs and shut down debate. Ultimately, where many forces are driving us apart, we must think — what can we do to unpack division and restore connection? We can begin by trying to understand the psychology of beliefism, which at its core is a form of bias — a mental shortcut in which we categorise people according to single characteristics or generalising assumptions. Indeed, in a world that is infinitely complex, our minds use these biases to simplify and make sense of the world. The thing is, when we see others only through the perspective of their political or social beliefs, we reduce and flatten them to a single dimension. Further, when people feel they are dismissed or disregarded only for their beliefs, they are left feeling isolated and misunderstood. Secondly, we can understand the tendency for beliefism as part of our evolutionary (进化的) desire to establish a community or group. The problem is that while this instinct (本能) may have once served evolutionary purposes, today, it blocks meaningful dialogue and cooperation. Indeed, research shows that overcoming beliefism has benefits. When we welcome a variety of ideas and perspectives, we are able to overcome group-think and make better decisions and judgements. What’s more, less beliefist people are generally happier, having stronger, more fulfilling relationships and broader horizons. Luckily, there are a number of relevant, research-backed psychological techniques that help build tolerance and break bias. We might exercise individuation, seeing people as diverse-sided individuals and breaking away from reductive ways of thinking. We can practice perspective-taking, building empathy (同理心) by stepping into someone else’s shoes and trying to see the world through their eyes. Ultimately, the way forward is not through divisions, but through a recognition of our shared humanity. Remind yourself that each person exists at the intersection of many identities, experiences, and beliefs. Challenge yourself to practice empathy, and remember that no one is wholly defined by the worst thing they have said or done. 1．What does the underlined word “stoke” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Fuel. B．Keep. C．Put. D．Contain. 2．What can we know about beliefism from the passage? A．Social media algorithms mainly contribute to its wide spread. B．Human evolution proves its harm in establishing group-think. C．It reflects our simplified way of understanding the surrounding world. D．It leads us to make assumptions about others’ political or social beliefs. 3．Which of the following would be most effective in fighting beliefism? A．Facilitating interactions between people from different communities. B．Creating a list of acceptable beliefs for each community to follow. C．Asking people to write about their experiences of being isolated. D．Stressing conflict instead of cooperation between different beliefs. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Beyond Us and Them B．The Roots of Beliefism C．The Harm of Social Division D．At the Crossroad of Faith （2025·北京西城·一模）Genetic (基因的) variation is what allows a species to adapt as climate changes, new diseases arise, and novel enemies come on the scene. A slightly different genetic makeup can ensure at least some individuals will still do OK in times of crisis. But just as the number of species is declining worldwide, so, too, is the genetic diversity within many species. Until 2022, governments focused primarily on preventing species from disappearing. That year, however, when updating the United Nations’s Convention on Biological Diversity treaty (条约), participating countries agreed to start to look at genetic diversity as well. The first step toward slowing the trend is understanding it. Conservation biologist Catherine Gruéber from the University of Sydney and many colleagues gathered 882 papers written between 1985 and 2019 that tracked diversity changes within 628 individual species by analyzing their DNA at at least two time points. The team used complex statistical analyses to make the data comparable, enabling them to identify trends and correlate loss of genetic diversity with floods, habitat destruction, or other disturbances. They also tracked what happened in the face of various conservation measures, such as legally protecting a species or setting aside and protecting habitat. Two-thirds of the populations analyzed exhibited a decline in diversity, Gruéber and her colleagues report. That included species already known to be at risk, but it also included more common species. The implication is that those species may be less able to bounce back than expected during environmental change, says Alicia Mastertta-Yanes, a conservation geneticist. Some conservation efforts, such as ecological restoration or reducing pests (害虫), didn’t help much, the analysis found. But certain actions did seem to help, such as efforts to expand and protect habitat, introduce new individuals to declining populations, or connect two isolated populations. “It was pretty impressive that they were able to track what human disturbances and conservation actions had done,” says Moisés Alonso, an evolutionary geneticist who authored a preprint last year indicating that protecting existing habitat won’t be enough to prevent genetic diversity losses for many species. “We needed something like this,” he says. Conservation scientists emphasize the importance of continuing to monitor populations. But DNA methods aren’t always practical, some note. “It is relatively hard and expensive to measure genetic diversity directly,” Mastertta-Yanes says. To get around that, Mastertta-Yanes and others published a paper in Ecology Letters last year that used proxy (代替物) measures, such as population size, to evaluate genetic diversity in 919 species. The method, which only required about 3 hours of work per species, indicated that 58% of the species have populations that are too small to maintain their genetic diversity. The fact that these different approaches found declining diversity “makes both results more convincing,” Mastertta-Yanes says. “Finally, genetic diversity is getting the attention it deserves.” 1．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．Challenges of collecting DNA data for diversity research. B．Findings on genetic diversity changes over the past 30 years. C．Research methods applied to track genetic diversity changes. D．Impacts of human disturbances on diversity of different species. 2．What can be learned from Grueber’s study? A．Habitat extension and population management preserve diversity. B．The diversity of common species tends to decline more severely. C．At-risk species better resist the impact of environmental changes. D．Ecosystem recovery and pest control drive population rise. 3．Mastertta-Yanes holds that DNA methods ________. A．will soon be replaced by proxy measures B．lack practicality due to their costs and complexity C．may get in the way of monitoring species populations D．require a large population size to achieve high accuracy 4．What is the purpose of this passage? A．To identify more effective methods applied in gene research. B．To advocate for using DNA methods exclusively in conservation efforts. C．To warn people of the threat posed by environmental changes on species. D．To draw people’s attention to effective measures against loss of diversity. （2025·北京东城·一模）Anyone with insomnia knows the impatience and frustration that accompanies sleeplessness. You long for a button that could instantly dampen all that mental activity.The idea of a mental switch is not far-fetched. Most neuroscientists now agree that our wakefulness is coordinated by a tiny bundle of neurons (一小束神经元) known as the “locus coeruleus” (LC), Latin for “blue dot”. It is a literal description: the neurons in the locus coeruleus have the blue colour from the production of a particular neurotransmitter, called norepinephrine. Norepinephrine raises the chance that a neuron will “fire” with an electric current. When they become active, cells in the locus coeruleus pass bundles of this neurotransmitter along their projections to other regions of the brain-enhancing the communication between the neurons in that area. There are slight differences in the process. Depending on the types of receptors they have, some neurons are more sensitive to smaller amounts of norepinephrine, while others only respond to higher thresholds. This means that, as the locus coeruleus activity rises, it will start to affect some brain areas more than others, which can have dramatic effects on things like our focus, concentration and creativity. Given the blue dot’s role, it makes sense that it would be quietest at night during sleep. It is not entirely silent, however, but fires occasionally-and recent research by Anita Lüthi at the University of Lausanne suggests that this activity may determine the quality of our sleeps. Across the night, we alternate between different sleep stages. There is “rapid eye movement” (REM) sleep, which is associated with vivid dreaming and is thought to be crucial for processing and consolidating memories. Much of our rest, however,is spent in non-REM (NREM) sleep, during which the brain may engage in a deep clean, clearing away cellular waste. Measuring brain activity in dozing mice, Anita found NREM sleep was associated with temporary bursts of locus coeruleus activity every 50 seconds. As a result, the animal was more sensitive to outside stimuli, like noises-without fully waking. “It’s generating this state of enhanced vigilance (警觉),” Anita says. “It really gives you this idea that wakefulness can be graded in the brain.” The beginning of REM sleep was almost always associated with low locus coeruleus activity. “That transition to REM sleep has to be very well controlled,” says Anita, “because in REM sleep, we have atonia.” That’s the temporary paralysis (麻痹) of our body, which prevents us from physically acting out our dreams. Anita emphasises that her experiments were conducted in mice, so we still need to confirm that the blue dot plays a similar role in human sleep. If so, she suspects that altered locus coeruleus activity could be implicated in conditions — such as anxiety — that may contribute to disordered sleep. She found that exposing her laboratory mice to mild sources of stress — such as knocking on their cage — raised the blue dot’s activity and increased their vigilance throughout the night, resulting in fragmented sleep. 1．What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．Neurons. B．Electric currents. C．Projections. D．Neurotransmitters. 2．According to the passage, what is the role of the LC? A．Producing receptors. B．Preserving cell sensitivity. C．Monitoring brain activity. D．Improving neural connectivity. 3．Which of the following may Anita Lüthi agree with? A．The blue dot fires regularly at night. B．Stress has an impact on the LC activity. C．Low LC activity can help clean cellular waste. D．Atonia results from sudden bursts of brain activity. 4．What might be the next step of the research? A．Grading the wakefulness of human brains. B．Unlocking the mechanism of sleep disorder. C．Assessing the function of the blue dot on humans. D．Identifying approaches to altering the LC activity. 试卷第18页，共18页 试卷第17页，共18页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 2025届高考英语名校模拟真题速递（北京专用） 专题13 阅读理解说明文考前押题（技能+模拟）解析版 技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货 一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。 二、数据计算题注重“原文定位”和“细节理解”，弄清来龙去脉再计算。 三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特作用。 四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。 五、说明文长难句较多增加了理解的难度，落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语） （介词短语）（名词短语）。 六、落实“题干+原文+选项”三对照，重视原文与选项“同义转换”命题技巧。 押题专区：做好题才有好成绩！练技能，补漏洞，提分数，强信心！ （2025·北京海淀·二模）If you’ve ever hung around scientists, you’ve most likely heard one of them say “the best explanation is the simplest one.” But is it? From the behavior of ants to the occurrence of tornadoes, the natural world is often quite complex. Why should we assume the simplest explanation is closest to the truth? This idea is known as Occam’s (or Ockham’s) razor. It’s also referred to as “rule of economy”. And it bears a family relationship to the “principle of least astonishment,” which holds that if an explanation is too surprising, it’s probably not right. The name comes from William of Ockham, a 14th-century scholastic philosopher. He formulated the principle that “entities (实体) should not be multiplied beyond necessity.” The philosophical claim is a form of ontological minimalism: we should not invoke entities unless we have evidence that they exist. In other words: don’t make stuff up. In 1687, Isaac Newton expanded on the notion with his concept of a vera causa — a true cause, stating that we should admit only causes that were both true and sufficient to explain natural phenomena. He added that Nature did nothing in vain and Nature was pleased with simplicity. Although Newton was a great scientist, this claim seems odd. Who is to say what “pleases Nature”? Doesn’t this guidance assume we know what we are in fact trying to figure out? Consider the world of Physics filled with explanations that are surprising, unexpected and hard to get your head around. Newton explained light as being made of particles, whereas other scientists explained it as a wave. Quantum mechanics, however, tells us light is both a wave and a particle. Newton’s account was simpler, but modern physics tells us the more complex model is closer to the truth. When we turn to biology, things get even more complicated. Imagine two smokers, both of whom went through a pack a day for 30 years. One gets cancer; the other doesn’t. The simplest explanation? For decades the tobacco industry’s answer was that smoking doesn’t cause cancer. Simple but false. In fact, disease is complex, and we don’t yet understand all the factors involved in cancer. Occam’s razor is not a fact or even a theory. It’s a metaphysical (形而上学的) principle: an idea held independently of empirical (实证的) evidence. In human affairs, things are more often than not complex. Human motivations are typically multiple. People can be good and bad at the same time, selfish and selfless, depending on circumstances. The shelves of ethicists are filled with books pondering why good people do bad things, and their answers are rarely short and sweet. Our explanations should match the world as best as we can make them. Science is about allowing things to unfold naturally, and sometimes this means accepting that the truth is not simple, even if it would make our lives easier if it were. 1．Occam’s razor indicates that_________. A．simpler explanations should be preferred B．reasonable explanations can’t be surprising C．explanations should be consistent with purposes D．sufficient causes can explain natural phenomena 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Newton offered solid empirical support to Occam’s razor. B．The tobacco industry’s response is in line with Occam’s razor. C．Quantum mechanics confirms Newton’s particle theory of light. D．Ethicists argue human complexity results in multiple motivations. 3．It’s implied in the passage that we need to ________. A．follow the laws of nature B．interpret the world as it is C．balance accuracy and simplicity D．highlight the existence of entities 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了“奥卡姆剃刀”认为最简单的解释最接近真相，但牛顿的理论及物理中光的解释、生物学中吸烟与癌症的关系表明，自然和人类事务都很复杂。奥卡姆剃刀是形而上学原则，科学应让事物自然展现，真相往往并非简单，不应一味追求简单的解释。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“If you’ve ever hung around scientists, you’ve most likely heard one of them say “the best explanation is the simplest one.”(如果你曾经和科学家在一起，你很可能会听到他们中的一个人说：“最好的解释是最简单的。”)”以及第二段“He formulated the principle that “entities (实体) should not be multiplied beyond necessity.”(他提出了这样一个原则：“如无必要，勿增实体”)”可知，奥卡姆剃刀理论表明，更简单的解释更可取。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“When we turn to biology, things get even more complicated. Imagine two smokers, both of whom went through a pack a day for 30 years. One gets cancer; the other doesn’t. The simplest explanation? For decades the tobacco industry’s answer was that smoking doesn’t cause cancer. Simple but false. In fact, disease is complex, and we don’t yet understand all the factors involved in cancer.(当我们转向生物学时，事情变得更加复杂。想象一下，有两个吸烟者，他们每天吸一包烟，持续了30年。一个得了癌症；另一个没有。最简单的解释是什么？几十年来，烟草行业的答案是吸烟不会致癌。简单但错误。事实上，疾病是复杂的，我们还不了解与癌症有关的所有因素)”可知，烟草业用“吸烟不致癌”这一简单但错误的解释，虽违背事实，但其逻辑符合奥卡姆剃刀的表面原则（优先简单解释）。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Our explanations should match the world as best as we can make them. Science is about allowing things to unfold naturally, and sometimes this means accepting that the truth is not simple, even if it would make our lives easier if it were.(我们的解释应该尽可能符合现实。科学是关于让事物自然展开的，有时这意味着接受事实并不简单，即使事实简单会让我们的生活更容易)”可知，我们需要如实地解读世界。故选B。 （2025·北京海淀·二模）In 1922 British geologist Robert Sherlock put forth what is now considered to be the central argument for recognizing the Anthropocene (人类世) as a new geological era: the scale and character of human activities have become so great as to compete with natural forces. About one hundred years later, geologists have broadly accepted Sherlock’s core idea, and the Anthropocene Working Group has proposed Crawford Lake in Canada as the official site for marking the Anthropocene. The proposal attracted a great deal of press, much of it focused on a misguided controversy over how narrowly to define the Anthropocene. Amid this debate, observers may have been left to wonder why defining this chapter in Earth’s history should matter to ordinary people at all. Sherlock was not a lone wolf. He built on the work of others. One was an American scholar George Marsh, who had called attention to deforestation and the role of humans as “disturbing agents”. In addition to revisiting deforestation, Sherlock described the changed courses of rivers through dams and canals; and the huge quantities of stuff people move while mining the raw materials of modern civilization. Human impacts were becoming so manifest, Sherlock argued, that the distinction between “natural” and “artificial” was becoming difficult to sustain. We needed a new term to study the effects of human activities on Earth. Scientists of later generations followed his footsteps. And in 2000 Eugene F. Stormer and Paul J. Crutzen formally proposed the word “Anthropocene” in a paper. But science is conservative in nature — the burden of proof is always on those making a novel claim — and the social and economic consequences of recognizing the adverse effects of burning fossil fuels have led to enormous resistance beyond scientific community. The definition of the Anthropocene matters for at least two reasons. First, it is a way for scientists to declare that the shifts going on around us are no small issue. Anthropogenic climate change is a profound change in the conditions of life on Earth. In countless ways, the past may no longer be a reliable guide to the future. We must rethink core assumptions about how we build our economies and our infrastructures, how we travel, and even how we eat. Second, the definition of the Anthropocene extends the conversation beyond climate change. What geologists can now see in rocks — from the subtle to the gross — points to the widespread and lasting impact of human activities on Earth. It is common for people to say that as climate change proceeds, we can “just adapt”. Some wealthy people even think that, if necessary, they will move to higher ground or lower latitudes. No doubt some people will become climate refugees, either voluntarily or under force. But the definition of the Anthropocene reminds us that the challenge we face is geological in scale. It affects the whole Earth. It reminds us that as this new era unfolds, there won’t be anywhere to hide. 1．What can we learn about the Anthropocene? A．It is driven by dramatic climate change. B．It is approved as a definite geological era. C．It highlights the impact of human activities. D．It marks the unique features of Crawford Lake. 2．What can be inferred from the passage? A．A shift in mindset of responsibility is in great need. B．Geological changes in rocks remain to be uncovered. C．The proof of new claims makes science conservative. D．The press focuses on the significance of the Anthropocene. 3．What does the word “manifest” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Direct. B．Diverse. C．Negative. D．Striking. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Does the Anthropocene Matter? B．What Does the Anthropocene Tell Us? C．Can Humans Adapt to the Anthropocene? D．How Can Humans Reduce Anthropogenic Impact? 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章围绕“人类世”这一概念展开，讨论了其定义，科学意义以及社会影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“In 1922 British geologist Robert Sherlock put forth what is now considered to be the central argument for recognizing the Anthropocene (人类世) as a new geological era: the scale and character of human activities have become so great as to compete with natural forces.(1922年，英国地质学家罗伯特·歇洛克提出了人类世是一个新的地质时代的核心论点：人类活动的规模和性质已经变得如此之大，以至于可以与自然力量相竞争)”可知，人类世强调人类活动的影响。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“We must rethink core assumptions about how we build our economies and our infrastructures, how we travel, and even how we eat.(我们必须重新思考我们如何建设经济和基础设施，如何旅行，甚至如何饮食等核心假设)”以及最后一段“It reminds us that as this new era unfolds, there won’t be anywhere to hide.(它提醒我们，随着这个新时代的展开，我们将无处可藏)”可知，我们需要转变责任心态，承担更多的责任。故选A。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“the distinction between “natural” and “artificial” was becoming difficult to sustain(“自然”和“人工”之间的区别越来越难以维持)”可知，人类的影响变得如此明显，以至于“自然”和“人为”之间的区别难以维持。故划线词意思是“显著的，引人注目的”。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章围绕“人类世”这一概念展开，讨论了其定义，科学意义以及社会影响。结合倒数第三段中“The definition of the Anthropocene matters for at least two reasons.(人类世的定义之所以重要，至少有两个原因)”定义人类世很重要，它彰显人类活动影响，还提醒我们需转变观念，因为人类面临的挑战规模巨大，无处可躲。因此，A选项“人类世重要吗？”最符合文章标题。故选A。 （2025·北京海淀·一模）Imagine a not-too-distant future, where we each inhabit our own AI-driven digital filter (过滤) bubble, crafted for us alone and designed to serve corporate interests. This future resembles 1998’s movie The Truman Show, where the main character unknowingly lived his entire life within a reality TV show designed by a production studio. One subset of AI, large language models (LLM), won’t turn our lives into reality TV shows. Instead, personalized AI agents threaten to cage each of us in an individualized and illusory (虚假的) unreality, profiting from our digital activities and walling us off from genuine connections. Many companies are developing individualized LLM. The underlying principle is that AI will learn about the individual user and adapt accordingly. For example, if you’re a super fan of a football team, you’ll be fed updates, ads, and videos tailored to your interests 24 hours a day. Some algorithms may even learn your schedule, pushing information at you during precisely those times when you’re most likely to be looking. This may sound harmless. But the next step is to use LLM to create memes, or even fake articles,feeding you conspiracy theories about rival teams. This is a miserable reality for at least two reasons.For one, there are neither computational methods or ethical incentives (激励) in place to ensure that the information you receive is true. But just as frightening as the lack of regard for the truth is an even scarier element. You will no longer live with an accurate understanding of football team that is fully compatible with anyone else’s. You will run on information generated only for yourself. This vision is unsettling, even in sports and entertainment. But what of institutions that have more direct social consequences?Education? Politics? With the fall of the press and polarization of everything,conversations around holiday table have already become impossible for many extended families. Bad as the status quo might be, stranger times lie ahead that make us long for today’s echo chambers (信息茧房). Soon, our bubbles will shrink further and further,until our digital worlds involve only ourselves. In an Al-mediated future,everyone will live in a private Truman Show. As a society, we will be completely incapable of making fruitful collective decisions because we will have no shared understanding of the world. What’s the way out? Find your entertainment in spaces with actual people, exchanging thoughts and creations with each other. Even online, we must keep our understanding of the world grounded in human-authored documents and artifacts. Valuing what humans create is not merely a matter of authenticity; it also ensures we focus on arguments that an author cared enough to make, on conservations that speakers cared enough to have. Otherwise,The Truman Show’s premise becomes our reality, unknowingly inhabiting a fake world where our every experience is designed for profit. Even more existentially alienating? Living in a Truman Show where the director, producer and the only one watching is an AI. 1．The author mentions The Truman Show in Paragraph 1 to . A．make a comparison B．illustrate a situation C．support an argument D．propose a suggestion 2．According to the passage, personalized AI agents may . A．isolate individuals in false realities B．confirm the credibility of the content C．discourage the companies’ ethical incentives D．improve user behavior by feeding targeted ads 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Algorithms have raised concerns over privacy. B．LLMs are in great need of computational upgrade. C．Echo chambers weaken collective decision-making. D．Technology development results in polarized society. 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．AI and the Future of Human Interaction B．AI Will Turn Our Lives into The Truman Show C．The Truman Show Predicts AI’s Impact on Media D．Algorithmic Bubbles and the Value of Human Creations 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了个性化AI代理可能将人类生活变成虚假现实的问题。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Imagine a not-too-distant future, where we each inhabit our own AI-driven digital filter (过滤) bubble, crafted for us alone and designed to serve corporate interests. This future resembles 1998’s movie The Truman Show, where the main character unknowingly lived his entire life within a reality TV show designed by a production studio. (想象一下不太遥远的未来，我们每个人都生活在自己的人工智能驱动的数字过滤泡沫中，这个泡沫是专门为我们打造的，旨在服务企业利益。这个未来类似于1998年的电影《楚门的世界》，在电影中，主角在不知情的情况下，在一档由制作工作室设计的真人秀节目中度过了他的一生。)”可知，作者在第一段提到《楚门的世界》是为了说明一种可能出现的情况，即我们每个人都生活在自己的人工智能驱动的数字过滤泡沫中。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Instead, personalized AI agents threaten to cage each of us in an individualized and illusory (虚假的) unreality, profiting from our digital activities and walling us off from genuine connections. (相反，个性化的AI代理威胁着将我们每个人困在一个个性化和虚幻的不真实世界中，从我们的数字活动中获利，并将我们与真正的联系隔离开来)”可知，个性化的AI代理可能会将个人隔离在虚假现实中。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Bad as the status quo might be, stranger times lie ahead that make us long for today’s echo chambers (信息茧房). Soon, our bubbles will shrink further and further,until our digital worlds involve only ourselves. In an Al-mediated future,everyone will live in a private Truman Show. As a society, we will be completely incapable of making fruitful collective decisions because we will have no shared understanding of the world. (尽管现状可能很糟糕，但更陌生的时代还在前方，让我们怀念今天的信息茧房。很快，我们的泡沫将越来越小，直到我们的数字世界只包含我们自己在一个由AI介导的未来，每个人都将生活在一个私人的《楚门的世界》中。作为一个社会，我们将完全无法做出富有成效的集体决策，因为我们将对世界没有共同的理解)”可知，信息茧房会削弱集体决策能力。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据最后一段“Otherwise,The Truman Show’s premise becomes our reality, unknowingly inhabiting a fake world where our every experience is designed for profit. Even more existentially alienating? Living in a Truman Show where the director, producer and the only one watching is an AI. (否则，《楚门的世界》的前提就会成为我们的现实，我们会在不知不觉中生活在一个虚假的世界里，我们的每一次经历都是为了盈利而设计的。更让人感到存在上的疏离呢？生活在一个《楚门的世界》里，导演、制片人和唯一的观众都是人工智能。)”可知，文章主要论述了个性化AI代理可能将人类生活变成虚假现实的问题，就像《楚门的世界》一样。B选项“AI Will Turn Our Lives into The Truman Show (人工智能将把我们的生活变成《楚门的世界》)”最符合文章主旨。故选B。 （2025·北京通州·一模）Time isn’t nearly as unchangeable as it first seems. Ask any scientists and they’ll likely entertain you with incredible descriptions of a gravity’s effect on space-time (i. e. the more massive an object is, the slower time appears to travel around it). Some scientists even wonder if entire zones of the universe experience time at different rates. However, the perception of the speed at which time passes can also vary within our minds. Steve Taylor, a psychologist at Leeds Beckett University, is exploring this field in a new book called Time Expansion Experiences. Taylor’s interest in these altered temporal (时间的) moments — which he calls “time expansion experiences,” or TEEs — began when he and his wife were involved in a car crash back in 2014. “Everything went into slow motion”, Taylor describes. “I felt as though I had a lot of time to observe the whole scene and to try to regain control of the car. I was surprised by how much detail I could perceive.” In the following decade, Taylor began investigating how and why these moments of ultra-slowness appear. He analyzed 96 instances as TEEs and found that roughly half of them occurred during accidents, while others took place during sporting events or in meditation (冥想)。 In a new article, Taylor explained how some of the leading theories behind these time altering states don’t quite grasp the entire range of the experiences. One theory believes these moments are the result of the release of noradrenaline — basically the body’s emergency response — but this doesn’t explain the mental time expansion of people during moments of intense meditation or concentration. “Another theory is that TEEs aren’t real experiences, but illusions (幻觉) of memory. In emergency situations, our awareness becomes sharp, so that we take in more perceptions than normal,” Taylor wrote. “These perceptions become encoded in our memories, so that when we recall the emergency situation, the extra memories create the impression that time passed slowly.” However, Taylor’s findings from people who’ve experienced TEEs indicate that they were able to process thoughts and information much faster than what would be possible under normal circumstances. Instead, Taylor advocates for an idea that these events shift the human mind into an altered state of consciousness. In these moments, we step outside our normal consciousness into what Taylor calls a different “time-world.” “The sudden shock of an accident may disrupt our normal psychological processes, causing a sudden shift in consciousness”, Taylor wrote. 1．Why does the author mention a car accident? A．To stress the importance of time perception. B．To introduce Steve Taylor’s research method. C．To describe a typical time expansion experience. D．To explain the cause of Taylor’s interest in TEEs. 2．What can we learn from the leading theories behind the time altering states? A．TEEs are imaginations based on incorrect memories. B．Noradrenaline release doesn’t explain accident TEEs. C．People tend to perceive things better in emergency situations. D．TEEs relates to the flow of time between gravity and space-time. 3．According to Taylor, which of the followings is most likely to be a time expansion experience? A．A hiker recalls a mountain fall with details years later. B．A student feels time flies while playing games for hours. C．A firefighter sharply senses fire spreading during a rescue. D．A person is attending a meeting, discussing everyday tasks. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了心理学家史蒂夫・泰勒对“时间膨胀体验（TEEs）” 的研究，包括他研究的起因、对相关理论的分析以及他自己的观点。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Taylor’s interest in these altered temporal (时间的) moments — which he calls “time expansion experiences,” or TEEs — began when he and his wife were involved in a car crash back in 2014. “Everything went into slow motion”, Taylor describes. “I felt as though I had a lot of time to observe the whole scene and to try to regain control of the car. I was surprised by how much detail I could perceive.”(泰勒对这些改变时间的时刻——他称之为“时间扩张体验”——的兴趣始于2014年他和妻子遭遇车祸的时候。“一切都变成了慢动作，”泰勒说。“我觉得我好像有很多时间观察整个场景，并试图重新控制汽车。我惊讶于我能察觉到如此多的细节。”)”可知，作者提到这场车祸是为了解释泰勒对 “时间膨胀体验”产生兴趣的原因。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Another theory is that TEEs aren’t real experiences, but illusions (幻觉) of memory. In emergency situations, our awareness becomes sharp, so that we take in more perceptions than normal,” Taylor wrote. “These perceptions become encoded in our memories, so that when we recall the emergency situation, the extra memories create the impression that time passed slowly.(“另一种理论认为，时间膨胀体验不是真实的经历，而是记忆的幻觉。在紧急情况下，我们的意识变得敏锐，因此我们比平时吸收更多的感知，” 泰勒写道。“这些感知被编码在我们的记忆中，所以当我们回忆起紧急情况时，额外的记忆会给人一种时间过得很慢的印象。”)”可知，从关于时间改变状态的主流理论中我们可以了解到，人们在紧急情况下往往能更好地感知事物。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段 ““Everything went into slow motion”, Taylor describes. “I felt as though I had a lot of time to observe the whole scene and to try to regain control of the car. I was surprised by how much detail I could perceive.”(“一切都变成了慢动作，”泰勒说。“我觉得我好像有很多时间观察整个场景，并试图重新控制汽车。我惊讶于我能察觉到如此多的细节。”)”以及最后一段“Instead, Taylor advocates for an idea that these events shift the human mind into an altered state of consciousness. In these moments, we step outside our normal consciousness into what Taylor calls a different “time-world.” “The sudden shock of an accident may disrupt our normal psychological processes, causing a sudden shift in consciousness”, Taylor wrote.(相反，泰勒提倡这样一种观点，即这些事件将人类的思想转变为一种改变的意识状态。在这些时刻，我们走出了我们的正常意识，进入了泰勒所说的不同的“时间世界”。泰勒写道：“意外的突然冲击可能会扰乱我们正常的心理过程，导致意识的突然转变。”)”可知，“时间膨胀体验”是指在某些特殊情况下，人们感觉时间变慢，意识状态发生改变，能感知到更多细节，所以“一名消防员在救援过程中敏锐地感觉到火势正在蔓延”描述的场景符合泰勒的“时间膨胀体验”说法。故选 C。 （2025·北京门头沟·一模）For millennia, we have expected dogs to guard our property and protect our family at night. Now they are also asked to be friendly around strangers, rest quietly through the night and keep their feet off sofas. “It’s an evolutionary mismatch”, says Hare, an anthropologist at Duke Unıversity. The good news is that this problem is solvable. Recent studies indicate that selective breeding (繁殖) and careful training can help dogs adapt to indoor life. A “puppy kindergarten” research was set up by Hare’s team to illustrate the heritability of behavioural traits in dogs by observing what service dogs’ behaviour looks like before intensive training begins. Service dogs were selected as the subject for they can always naturally adapt well to the mismatch compared to other kinds. They can pull wheelchairs, operate light switches and interact gently with children. By collecting data from 1,500 dog owners on the behaviour of their pets, which belonged to 36 breeds, Hare’s team discovered that genetics (遗传特征) explained 45 percent of the variation in dogs’ self-control. 16 percent of the variation in reasoning about the physical world and a mere 0.01 percent of the variation in short-term memory, which manifests that some desirable behaviours are heritable to certain degree, and selective breeding for temperament is worthwhile. “Genetics is important, but its relative importance is different for different behavioural traits,” says Gitanjali from Emory University. Besides, Hare’s work also illustrates selective breeding can’t guarantee some highly desirable traits, such as a good memory. So they have devised techniques that owners can use to help train their pets and build better relationships with them. One habit that is especially important in training is making eye contact. “The dog’s gaze may be a causal factor in inducing good feelings in the owner”, says Kikusui at Azabu University in Japan, “and the longer a dog gazes at its owner, the stronger those good feelings become.” Hare also found that pups could solve some “impossible tasks” by appealing to human for help, and the appeal was made through eye contact. So he suggested puppy owners finish “impossible tasks” with their pets every two weeks to strengthen the emotional connection with them. “Doing so can help you learn where your dog’s cognitive strengths lie”, he says. And as the puppy kindergarten project has made clear, dog training as well as selective breeding is crucial to foster those behaviours we would like our pets to exhibit in our homes. 1．What can we learn from Hare’s research? A．Service dogs were observed while accepting training. B．Genetics may explain differences in dogs’ self-control C．Service dogs were chosen for they were trained earlier. D．Selective breeding develops dogs’ most desirable traits. 2．What’s the author’s aim of quoting Gitanjali’s words? A．To reveal that Hare’s research is suspicious. B．To prove the necessity of selective breeding. C．To confirm the value on reforming dogs’ genes. D．To suggest that other factors also need discussing. 3．What’s the best title for the passage? A．Service Dogs: Acquiring Desirable Traits through Breeding B．Smart Dogs: Adapting Well to Indoor Life through Training C．Modern Dogs: Training Desirable Dogs through Eye Contact D．Good Dogs: Evolving through Selective Breeding and Training 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现进化上的不匹配导致了狗能力的差异，指出导致这种差异的原因以及建议。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“By collecting data from 1,500 dog owners on the behaviour of their pets, which belonged to 36 breeds, Hare’s team discovered that genetics (遗传特征) explained 45 percent of the variation in dogs’ self-control, 16 percent of the variation in reasoning about the physical world and a mere 0.01 percent of the variation in short-term memory, which manifests that some desirable behaviours are heritable to certain degree, and selective breeding for temperament is worthwhile.(通过收集1500名狗主人的36个品种的宠物行为数据，Hare的研究小组发现，基因可以解释45%的狗的自控能力差异，16%的物理世界推理变异和0.01%的短期记忆变异，这表明一些令人满意的行为在一定程度上是可遗传的，对气质的选择性培育是值得的)”可知，基因可以解释狗在自控能力上的差异。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““Genetics is important, but its relative importance is different for different behavioural traits,” says Gitanjali from Emory University.( 来自埃默里大学的Gitanjali说：“基因很重要，但它的相对重要性对于不同的行为特征是不同的。”)”可推知，作者引用Gitanjali的话的目的是暗示其他因素也需要讨论。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The good news is that this problem is solvable. Recent studies indicate that selective breeding (繁殖) and careful training can help dogs adapt to indoor life.(最近的研究表明，选择性繁育和精心训练可以帮助狗适应室内生活)”可知，文章主要说明了研究发现进化上的不匹配导致了狗能力的差异，指出导致这种差异的原因以及建议。由此可知，D选项“好狗：通过选择性繁殖和训练进化”最符合文章标题。故选D。 （2025·北京门头沟·一模）One thing about AI that worries more people than any other is that it might take their livelihood away. But experts are divided as to whether the technology will bring us a life of leisure or a life of pressure. As ever, the truth probably lies somewhere in the middle. AI won’t take our jobs, but it will change them. Some British economists assumed that robots would take our jobs and our working week would decrease to 15 hours by 2030. In 2013, Michael Osborne at the University of Oxford looked at 702 types of work and ranked them according to how easy it would be to automate them. He found that about under half of all jobs in the US could workably be done by machines within two decades. The list includes jobs such as telemarketers and library technicians. Not far behind were less obviously susceptible jobs, including models and cooks, threatened respectively by digital avatars and robochefs. The least vulnerable included mental health workers and teachers of young children. In general, jobs that performed better required strong social interaction and creative ability. However, others find that list overblown. A paper for the OECD club in 2016 suggested that AI would not be able to do all the tasks associated with all these jobs, particularly those requiring human interaction, and only about 9 percent of jobs are fully automatable. Moreover, past experience shows that jobs tend to evolve (演变，进化) around automation. “Successful innovations are those that complement rather than occupy us,” says Ben Shneiderman, from the University of Maryland. “Technologies are most effective when their designs amplify human abilities. They could help us solve problems, communicate widely or create art,” says Shneiderman. “Robots could be a liberating force by taking away routine work,” says Tom Watson, whose study on AI’s development in employment concludes that AI could create as many jobs as it destroys. He is, however, concerned the increasing of automation has led to the rise in inequality and imbalance in power. “We’ve got to be careful that big corporations and employers don’t accumulate all the benefits while ordinary workers are left to lump the negatives,” he says. How can we adapt? The answer might simply be to update our social frameworks to reflect the new reality of work. Another proposal is an AI tax on companies that are saving money by replacing workers with algorithms. Ultimately we, not AI, are in charge of our own destiny. “There will be unfairness and disruptions,” says Watson. “But the question is: is future human-centered? I say it is.” 1．What does the word “susceptible” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Workable. B．Predictable. C．Replaceable. D．Reliable 2．What can we learn from Ben Shneiderman’s words? A．Technologies can always promote jobs. B．Successful automation helps evolve our jobs. C．Fully automatable jobs require human interaction. D．Effective innovations are those that can occupy us. 3．What can we learn from AI’s development in employment? A．It can help free labours from routine work. B．It makes big corporations bear most negatives. C．It will finally lead to incredible inequality in jobs. D．It destroys occupations faster than it provides them. 4．What’s the author’s purpose of writing the last paragraph? A．To offer solutions to mentioned problems. B．To note the future of relative researches. C．To reveal limits of existing perspectives. D．To sum up arguments from both sides 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人工智能对于人类未来工作的影响以及人们对此的看法。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“He found that about under half of all jobs in the US could workably be done by machines within two decades. The list includes jobs such as telemarketers and library technicians.(他发现，在美国，不到一半的工作可以在20年内由机器完成。这份名单包括电话推销员和图书馆技术员等工作)”和下文“The least vulnerable included mental health workers and teachers of young children. (最不易受影响的群体包括心理健康工作者和幼儿教师)”可知，上文提到的是容易被取代的职业，下文介绍的不易受影响的职业，由此推知，划线部分所在句子介绍不太容易受影响的职业。结合划线部分下文“including models and cooks(包括模特和厨师)”可知，模特和厨师不是太容易被取代的职业。故划线词意思是“被取代的”。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段““Successful innovations are those that complement rather than occupy us,” says Ben Shneiderman, from the University of Maryland. “Technologies are most effective when their designs amplify human abilities. They could help us solve problems, communicate widely or create art,” says Shneiderman.(马里兰大学的本·施奈德曼说：“成功的创新是那些补充而不是占据我们的创新。当技术的设计能够放大人类的能力时，它们是最有效的。它们可以帮助我们解决问题，广泛交流或创造艺术，”施奈德曼说)”可知，成功的自动化有助于发展我们的工作。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Robots could be a liberating force by taking away routine work(机器人可以取代日常工作，从而成为一股解放力量)”可知，人工智能可以帮助人们从日常工作中解脱出来。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“How can we adapt? The answer might simply be to update our social frameworks to reflect the new reality of work. Another proposal is an AI tax on companies that are saving money by replacing workers with algorithms. Ultimately we, not AI, are in charge of our own destiny. “There will be unfairness and disruptions,” says Watson. “But the question is: is future human-centered? I say it is.”(我们该如何适应？答案可能只是更新我们的社会框架，以反映新的工作现实。另一项提议是对那些通过用算法取代人工来节省资金的公司征收人工智能税。最终，我们，而不是人工智能，掌握着我们自己的命运。“会有不公平和混乱，”沃森说。“但问题是：未来以人为中心吗？我说是的。”)”可知，作者写最后一段的目的是为上述问题提供解决方案。故选A。 （2025·北京石景山·一模） Researchers from the NeuroMind Institute have developed a new system that uses predator (捕食者) robots to chase (追逐) larval (幼体的) zebrafish in an open water. This innovative approach is helping scientists study how the young fish rapidly learn and adapt in real-world conditions. Larval zebrafish are a valuable tool for neuroscientists because their transparency enables easy study of the brain and behaviour. However, it’s been difficult for scientists to study learning in these developing vertebrates (脊椎动物) — an important part of understanding how the brain works. Previous research found young zebrafish could learn simple associations. But this type of learning happens slowly and often unreliably, and it was still unclear whether days-old zebrafish can learn fast enough to use their memory in natural situations, like recognizing and avoiding new predators. The researchers thought that traditional ways of testing learning in larval zebrafish in the lab, where the conditions were far from what the fish would encounter in the wild, might not be effective for uncovering how the fish learn. To model a real-life situation, the researchers used small robotic cylinders (圆柱体), with some programmed to show predator-like characteristics. The researchers created the dynamics: they first placed a robot that stayed still with a free-swimming zebrafish; after the robot chased the fish for a minute, the fish began avoiding the robot’s area for more than an hour — a big change from the non-avoidant behaviour before the chase experience. When a second robot was introduced that did not chase the fish, the zebrafish only avoided the chasing robot, showing that they could distinguish between a threat and a non-threat. Using this system, the researchers made an unexpected discovery that not only could larval zebrafish learn extremely quickly in a more natural context, but they could also do so just five days after beginning their lives as single cells. This was particularly surprising given the fact that a developing zebrafish larva contains just one percent or so of the neurons (神经元) in its adult form. The findings suggest that some essential learning abilities, like recognizing predators, emerge early in life and are critical for survival. Further brain imaging reveals that different regions of the zebrafish brain are involved in this rapid learning: the hindbrain, a region controlling essential functions, responds to the approaching predator; the forebrain, a region associated with learning and planning, encodes the presence of the predator robot; and the habenula, another brain area, signals avoidance outcomes. All these regions are necessary for learning, and silencing any of them removes the ability of the fish to learn. It is believed that the new work could offer insights into how other brains process real-world threats. 1．Why did the researchers develop a new system with larval zebrafish? A．To observe their hunting behaviours. B．To identify their simple associations. C．To examine their brain characteristics. D．To uncover their learning in natural settings. 2．What does the underlined word “dynamics” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Interaction. B．Function. C．Structure. D．Standard. 3．What can we learn about larval zebrafish? A．They can distinguish between robots and fish. B．They learn fast through a multi-regional brain network. C．They develop learning abilities when reaching adulthood. D．They can recognise predators with much neurons needed. 4．What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? A．Explaining the robot design used in the experiment. B．Exploring danger processing in other species’ brains. C．Analysing the connection between learning and planning. D．Describing zebrafish behaviours in different surroundings. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员用捕食者机器人追逐幼体斑马鱼来研究其学习能力，发现其能快速学习，且多脑区参与，或可启示其他大脑。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段“The researchers thought that traditional ways of testing learning in larval zebrafish in the lab, where the conditions were far from what the fish would encounter in the wild, might not be effective for uncovering how the fish learn. To model a real-life situation, the researchers used small robotic cylinders (圆柱体), with some programmed to show predator-like characteristics.(研究人员认为，在实验室中测试斑马鱼幼虫学习的传统方法可能无法有效揭示鱼类的学习方式，因为那里的条件与野生斑马鱼的情况相去甚远。为了模拟现实生活中的情况，研究人员使用了小型机器人圆柱体，其中一些被编程为显示捕食者般的特征)”可推知，研究人员开发新系统是为了揭示幼体斑马鱼在自然环境中的学习情况，因为传统在实验室的测试方法难以揭示它们在自然情况下的学习方式。故选D项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第四段“The researchers created the dynamics: they first placed a robot that stayed still with a free-swimming zebrafish; after the robot chased the fish for a minute, the fish began avoiding the robot’s area for more than an hour — a big change from the non-avoidant behaviour before the chase experience. When a second robot was introduced that did not chase the fish, the zebrafish only avoided the chasing robot, showing that they could distinguish between a threat and a non-threat.(研究人员创造了dynamics：他们首先将一个静止的机器人放在一条自由游动的斑马鱼身上；在机器人追逐鱼一分钟后，鱼开始避开机器人的区域一个多小时，这与追逐体验前的非回避行为相比发生了很大变化。当引入第二个不追逐鱼的机器人时，斑马鱼只是避开了追逐的机器人，表明它们可以区分威胁和非威胁)”可知，研究人员创造了这种dynamics，后面描述了机器人和斑马鱼之间的互动过程，所以dynamics在这里指的是机器人和斑马鱼之间的“互动”，与Interaction意义相近。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Further brain imaging reveals that different regions of the zebrafish brain are involved in this rapid learning: the hindbrain, a region controlling essential functions, responds to the approaching predator; the forebrain, a region associated with learning and planning, encodes the presence of the predator robot; and the habenula, another brain area, signals avoidance outcomes. All these regions are necessary for learning, and silencing any of them removes the ability of the fish to learn.(进一步的脑成像显示，斑马鱼大脑的不同区域参与了这种快速学习：后脑是一个控制基本功能的区域，对接近的捕食者做出反应；前脑是一个与学习和规划相关的区域，对捕食者机器人的存在进行编码；缰核是另一个大脑区域，它发出回避结果的信号。所有这些区域都是学习所必需的，沉默其中任何一个区域都会剥夺鱼的学习能力)”可知，幼体斑马鱼的后脑、前脑和缰核等不同脑区都参与了这种快速学习，它们通过一个多脑区的网络快速学习。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“It is believed that the new work could offer insights into how other brains process real-world threats.(据信，这项新工作可以为其他大脑如何处理现实世界的威胁提供见解)”可知，这项新工作可能会为了解其他大脑如何处理现实世界的威胁提供见解。由此推知，接下来作者最有可能讨论的是探索其他物种大脑中对危险的处理情况。故选B项。 （24-25高三上·北京通州·期末）Generative Al Is Likely to Worsen the E-Waste Crisis Every time generative artificial intelligence drafts an e-mail or creates an image, the planet pays for it. Making two images can consume as much energy as charging a smartphone, a single exchange with ChatGPT can heat up a server so much that it requires a bottle's worth of water to cool. By 2027, the global AI sector could annually consume as much electricity as the Netherlands. A study in Nature Computational Science identifies another concern? AI's contribution to the mounting heap of electronic waste. Generative Al applications alone could add 1.2 million to 5 million metric tons of e-waste by 2030. This would add to the millions of tons of electronic products: the globe gets rid of annually. Cell phones, computers, and other digital products often contain mercury (汞) lead, or other toxins. If thrown away improperly, they can contaminate air, water, and soil. In 2022, the UN found that about 78% of the world's e-waste ended up in landfills or unofficial recycling sites, where laborers risk their health to collect rare metals. AI rapidly consumes physical data storage devices and high-performance components which last only two to five years but are replaced quickly as newer versions emerge. Asaf Tzachor, a researcher at Reichman University, emphasizes the importance of monitoring and reducing AI's environmental impacts. Tzachor's study examined the volume of hardware used for large language models and its lifespan. It predicts that the adoption of generative Al could increase e-waste, although hardware innovations might help reduce this. Meanwhile, technological advances could make Al system more accessible, increasing their use. This study's main contribution is highlighting AI's environmental consequences. Researchers like Shaolei Ren from UC Riverside suggest that Al companies should slow their pace to minimize these effects. Currently, few countries have strict e-waste disposal laws. In the U.S., there's no federal requirement for recycling electronics, although some states have policies. A new bill, the Artificial Intelligence Environmental Impacts Act of 2024, aims to address AI's environmental impact but lacks compulsory reporting from companies. Microsoft and Google, however, have committed to reaching net-zero waste and emissions by 2030. To limit e-waste, companies can extend the life of their servers through" regular maintenance or repurpose old hardware, which can reduce waste by 42%. More efficient design could cut the demand for hardware and energy, potentially reducing e-waste by 86%. 1．The phrase “the mounting heap” underlined in Paragraph 1 probably means_______？ A．growing amount. B．effective recycling. C．fast consumption. D．practical application. 2．According to Asaf Tzachor, _______is likely to contribute to the growth of AI-related e-waste. A．the use of the rare metals. B．the improvement in language models. C．the increasing accessibility of Al technology. D．the reduction in the number of hardware components. 3．What is implied about the U.S, federal law on e-waste management? A．It is inadequate due to the lack of enforcement. B．It is effective in ensuring proper disposal of e-waste. C．It has recently been updated to include Al regulations. D．It forces companies to report their e-waste disposal practices. 4．What is the author's purpose in writing this article? A．To showcase AI's potential for reducing e-waste. B．To explain the mechanisms behind Al technology. C．To highlight the urgency of reducing AI's environmental impact. D．To analyze the possibilities of lessening AI's environmental footprint. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了生成式人工智能在运行过程中会消耗大量能源，其应用可能会在 2030 年前增加 120 万到 500 万吨的电子垃圾，从而加剧电子垃圾危机。文章还提到电子垃圾若处理不当会污染环境，以及目前各国在电子垃圾处理方面的法律现状和减少电子垃圾的一些措施。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段“By 2027, the global AI sector could annually consume as much electricity as the Netherlands. A study in Nature Computational Science identifies another concern? AI's contribution to the mounting heap of electronic waste. Generative Al applications alone could add 1.2 million to 5 million metric tons of e-waste by 2030. (到 2027 年，全球人工智能行业每年消耗的电量可能会与荷兰每年的耗电量相当。《自然・计算科学》的一项研究发现了另一个问题：人工智能对the mounting heap的电子垃圾的 “贡献”。仅生成式人工智能应用一项，到 2030 年就可能增加 120 万至 500 万吨电子垃圾。)”可知，随着人工智能的发展，其产生的电子垃圾数量在不断增长，“the mounting heap” 意思是 “不断增加的数量”。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Asaf Tzachor, a researcher at Reichman University, emphasizes the importance of monitoring and reducing AI's environmental impacts. (雷希曼大学的研究员阿萨夫・察乔尔强调了监测和减少人工智能对环境影响的重要性。)”以及根据第四段 “Meanwhile, technological advances could make Al system more accessible, increasing their use. (与此同时，技术进步可能会使人工智能系统更易于使用，从而增加其使用量。)”可推知，察乔尔认为人工智能技术更易于使用会导致其使用量增加，进而可能会增加与人工智能相关的电子垃圾。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Currently, few countries have strict e-waste disposal laws. In the U.S., there's no federal requirement for recycling electronics, although some states have policies. A new bill, the Artificial Intelligence Environmental Impacts Act of 2024, aims to address AI's environmental impact but lacks compulsory reporting from companies. (目前，很少有国家有严格的电子垃圾处理法律。在美国，没有联邦层面关于回收电子产品的要求，尽管一些州有相关政策。一项新的法案，即 2024 年的《人工智能环境影响法案》，旨在解决人工智能对环境的影响，但缺乏对公司的强制报告要求。)”可推知，美国联邦在电子垃圾管理方面的法律存在不足，因为缺乏强制执行力。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据文章整体内容，尤其是最后一段 “To limit e-waste, companies can extend the life of their servers through" regular maintenance or repurpose old hardware, which can reduce waste by 42%. More efficient design could cut the demand for hardware and energy, potentially reducing e-waste by 86%. (为了限制电子垃圾，公司可以通过定期维护来延长服务器的使用寿命，或者对旧硬件进行重新利用，这可以减少 42% 的垃圾。更高效的设计可以减少对硬件和能源的需求，有可能减少 86% 的电子垃圾。)”可知，文章开篇指出生成式人工智能每次运行都会消耗能源并产生电子垃圾，接着阐述了电子垃圾处理不当的危害、人工智能相关电子垃圾增加的原因，还提到了目前电子垃圾管理法律的不足以及减少电子垃圾的方法等内容。所以作者写这篇文章的目的是强调减少人工智能对环境影响的紧迫性。故选C。 （24-25高三下·北京朝阳·阶段练习）The artificial intelligence (AI) sector has oscillated between enthusiasm and skepticism in recent years. Tech giants including Alphabet, Amazon, and Microsoft collectively poured nearly 200 billion into AI infrastructure in 2024 alone, surpassing the GDP of nations like Hungary or New Zealand. Nvidia, dominating the AI-chip market, witnessed its valuation skyrocket to 3.4 trillion as chip sales doubled — a growth rate three times faster than the semiconductor industry average. Meanwhile, server providers like Dell reported unprecedented demand, with AI server shipments jumping 78% year-on-year, signaling AI’s transformative potential across industries from drug discovery to autonomous driving. Yet beneath the surface, challenges loom. Training advanced AI models consumes staggering energy — equivalent to powering 15 million US households annually — raising concerns about long-term viability (可持续性). In regions like Ireland, data centers already consume 18% of national electricity, straining aging power grids. Server manufacturers and energy firms struggle to meet data-center demands, with delivery delays for AI-optimized servers extending to 48 weeks in 2024. Critics argue that current investments mirror past tech bubbles: the $200 billion AI infrastructure spending represents 65% of the 1999 dot-com bubble’s peak investment adjusted for inflation. Alan Smith, a tech analyst, defends the spending, “AI’s capacity to revolutionize healthcare—such as cutting cancer drug development time from 10 years to 18 months — justifies short-term costs.” However, opponents counter that profit-driven corporations prioritize market dominance over ethical considerations, citing Meta’s 2023 AI ethics board disbandment as evidence. Amid these mounting pressures, competition is going to further complicates the landscape of AI development. Upstart (新兴的) firms like UK-based Graphcore and China’s Cambricon challenge industry leaders by creating compact, energy-efficient AI tools. For instance, startups now offer specialized chips such as Graphcore’s IPU (Intelligence Processing Unit) at 40% lower costs than Nvidia’s products, democratizing access to AI technology. This fragmentation mirrors the 1980s PC market shakeup, where IBM’s dominance was eroded by agile competitors. Investors, initially infatuated with AI’s promise, grow wary of over-commitment. A recent McKinsey survey revealed 62% of shareholders believe AI firms must clarify their financial strategies within two years, a demand intensified by OpenAI’s $540 million quarterly losses despite ChatGPT’s success. In addition, the environmental effects make it increasingly urgent to tackle this challenge head-on. Data centers account for 3% of global electricity use — a figure matching aviation’s carbon footprint — projected to triple by 2030. The International Energy Agency warns that unregulated AI growth could increase global CO₂ emissions by 1.5% annually, undermining climate goals. While companies like Microsoft invest in renewable energy, constructing solar farms to power Arizona data centers, critics demand stricter regulations. The EU’s proposed Artificial Intelligence Act now includes provisions requiring energy transparency for AI systems. Dr. Emily Zhou, a sustainability researcher at Tsinghua University, warns, “Unless accompanied by robust regulatory measures, AI’s ecological environment risks offsetting its technological advancements, as exemplified by China’s carbon tax initiative targeting data centers — a policy framework to balance industrial progress with environmental management.” As the AI sector grapples with escalating energy consumption, ethical controversies, and speculative investment patterns, the AI industry stands at a crossroads. Its potential to reshape economies is undeniable — PwC estimates AI could contribute $15.7 trillion to global GDP by 2030—but unchecked growth risks ecological harm and market instability. The 2024 global AI Governance Summit highlighted the need for international standards, yet consensus remains elusive. But, the path forward requires both technological breakthroughs and a shift in priorities — making carbon-neutral data centers and transparent AI governance essential, not optional. 1．Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of AI spending, the author is ______. A．supportive B．doubtful C．critical D．unconcerned 2．What does the word “infatuated” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Shocked. B．Protected. C．Attracted. D．Challenged. 3．What can we learn from this passage? A．AI’s environmental costs may reduce its benefits without policy intervention. B．Renewable energy investments can resolve sustainability issues completely. C．Stricter regulations should prioritize ecological protection over market instability. D．Tech companies’ ethical considerations are sufficient to address energy demands. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．AI Investment: Balancing Short-Term Costs and Long-Term Viability B．Data Centers’ Energy Use: The Hidden Crisis Behind AI Development C．When Innovation Breeds Chaos: Why AI Development Must Slow Down D．Artificial Intelligence: Navigating Transformation Amid Emerging Challenges 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能发展面临的挑战与前景。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Alan Smith, a tech analyst, defends the spending, “AI’s capacity to revolutionize healthcare — such as cutting cancer drug development time from 10 years to 18 months — justifies short-term costs.” However, opponents counter that profit-driven corporations prioritize market dominance over ethical considerations, citing Meta’s 2023 AI ethics board disbandment as evidence.(科技分析师Alan Smith为这笔支出辩护说：“人工智能有能力革新医疗保健领域，比如将癌症药物的开发时间从10年缩短到18个月，这就证明了短期成本的合理性。”然而，反对者利润驱动的公司将市场主导地位置于道德考虑之上，并引用Meta 2023年人工智能道德委员会的解散作为证据)”可知，作者先引用了Alan Smith为AI支出辩护的观点，紧接着用“However”转折，引出反对者的观点。由此推知，作者对Alan Smith为AI支出辩护的态度是怀疑的。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中划线词后“grow wary of over-commitment(变得非常警惕过度承诺)”可知，说明投资者开始对AI的态度发生了变化，故划线处指投资者最初被AI的潜力所吸引，infatuated与A项Attracted“吸引”词义相近。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The International Energy Agency warns that unregulated AI growth could increase global CO₂ emissions by 1.5% annually, undermining climate goals(国际能源机构警告说，不受监管的人工智能增长可能会使全球二氧化碳排放量每年增加1.5%，破坏气候目标)”及“Dr. Emily Zhou, a sustainability researcher at Tsinghua University, warns, “Unless accompanied by robust regulatory measures, AI’s ecological environment risks offsetting its technological advancements, as exemplified by China’s carbon tax initiative targeting data centers — a policy framework to balance industrial progress with environmental management.”(清华大学的可持续发展研究员周博士警告说，“除非伴随着强有力的监管措施，AI的生态环境风险会抵消其技术进步，正如中国针对数据中心的碳税举措所示——这是一个平衡工业进步与环境管理的政策框架”)”可推知，如果没有政策干预，人工智能的环境成本可能会降低其效益。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了人工智能在发展过程中面临的挑战，如能源消耗、伦理争议、投机投资模式等，同时也提到了人工智能的潜力和前景。由此可知，D选项“人工智能：在新兴挑战中寻求转型”最能概括文章的主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选D。 （24-25高三下·北京朝阳·阶段练习）Give a group of scientists the same data and the same research question, and they should come up with similar answers — in theory. But they don’t, according to a paper published last month in BMC Biology, which finds that 246 ecologists analyzing the same data sets reached widely varying conclusions, with some finding effects in totally opposite directions. The paper is the latest in a line of “many analyst” projects that examine how results can vary because of scientists’ decisions during data analysis — and the first to study the effects in ecology. Past work has mostly focused on psychology and other behavioral sciences. “I was really excited to see this study. I have noticed an unfortunate hubris self-confidence in other domains that say, well, we have our house in better order.” says University of Bern metascientist Ian Hussey. Elliot Gould, a Ph.D．student at the University of Melbourne, was skeptical that ecology has its house in better order. Ecologists deal with complex systems that contain a huge amount of natural variability and have to make many decisions about what kind of statistical analyses to run. To find out how much those decisions affect the results, Gould recruited 246 ecologists, working in 174 teams, to answer two different research questions, each based on a single data set. The first question asked how the growth of blue tit chicks is influenced by competition with siblings in the nest. The analysis teams came up with a wide range of answers: Five found no relationship between brood size and chick size, five found mixed results, and 64 found that chicks grew more slowly if they had more siblings, but with different levels of certainty and effect sizes. The second question is whether the amount of grass cover affected the success and survival of the Eucalyptus seedlings. The teams who analyzed this data set did not agree at all: Eighteen concluded that more grass cover hampered Eucalyptus survival, six said it improved survival, and 31 found the grass had no effect. The findings match up with the results of previous many-analyst studies and show the powerful role of subjective researcher choices in scientific projects. In some cases, there is established best practice to guide analysts — but other choices are more arbitrary. Gould says researchers have to decide which variables to control for and how to deal with missing data, adding that those different choices can kind of multiply. It’s impossible to know whether the problem affects an entire field from just one or two examples, says Eötvös Loránd University metascientist Balazs Aczel. To find out, he is running a project to have multiple analysts each tackle a question from 100 randomly chosen social science papers. But similar findings have popped up in a range of fields — including neuroscience and economics — and suggest “we are facing a very serious issue,” he says. But not all researchers think the findings are so alarming. 1．What does Ian Hussey really mean by his words in Paragraph 2? A．The houses in the University of Bern are in better order. B．The scientists’ decisions in the fields of ecology are in better order. C．The studies in ecology have the same effects as those in behavioral sciences. D．The research on psychology and behavioral sciences are unfortunate hubris. 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Researchers’ individual choices in scientific studies matter a lot. B．Gould thinks the effects of researchers’ different choices are limited. C．The “many analyst” projects can help ecologists make good conclusions. D．The growth of blue tit chicks is slower when having more siblings in the nest 3．What will the author most probably write after the last paragraph of the article? A．To present the findings of the project that Balazs Aczel is running. B．To explain why the results of “many-analyst” studies are not very severe. C．To introduce the serious effects due to subjective researcher choices. D．To inspire the researchers in the entire field to tackle the analysis problem. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了科学研究中由于科学家的主观选择导致数据分析结果差异巨大的现象，并通过具体案例展示了这种现象在生态学研究中的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The paper is the latest in a line of “many analyst” projects that examine how results can vary because of scientists’ decisions during data analysis — and the first to study the effects in ecology. Past work has mostly focused on psychology and other behavioral sciences. I was really excited to see this study. I have noticed an unfortunate hubris self-confidence in other domains that say, well, we have our house in better order. (这篇论文是一系列“许多分析师”项目中最新的一篇，这些项目研究了科学家在数据分析过程中的决定如何导致结果的变化，也是第一篇研究生态影响的论文。过去的工作主要集中在心理学和其他行为科学上。我真的很高兴看到这项研究。我注意到在其他领域有一种不幸的傲慢自信，他们说，嗯，我们的领域秩序更好)”可知，看到研究生态学影响的论文后，Ian Hussey注意到心理学和行为科学研究存在一种不幸的傲慢自信，而生态学领域中，科学家的决策秩序更好。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第五段“The findings match up with the results of previous many-analyst studies and show the powerful role of subjective researcher choices in scientific projects. (这些发现与之前许多分析师研究的结果相匹配，表明了研究人员在科学项目中的主观选择起着重要作用)”可知，研究人员在科学研究中的个人选择很重要。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But similar findings have popped up in a range of fields — including neuroscience and economics — and suggest “we are facing a very serious issue,” he says. But not all researchers think the findings are so alarming. (但他说，类似的发现出现在一系列领域，包括神经科学和经济学，并表明“我们正面临一个非常严重的问题”。但并非所有研究人员都认为这些发现如此令人担忧)”可知，接下来作者可能会承接上文，解释为什么许多分析师研究的结果并不是非常严重。故选B。 （2025·北京西城·一模）Uday Bhatia’s enthusiasm for technology began in childhood. His interest was awakened when he received a drone (无人机) in the fourth grade, stimulating a curiosity about how machines work. By 14, he had taught himself computer science and created his first video game on Roblox. However, Uday’s passion wasn’t limited to coding and gadgets — he was deeply aware of societal issues. During the pandemic, he developed FindOurTutor, an e-tutoring platform to help students continue learning remotely. At 16, Uday, as part of a mentorship program, visited Bichpuri village in Uttar Pradesh and discovered a critical problem: the villagers faced six-to-eight-hour-long power outages. “When I learned that children were using flashlights and kerosene lamps to study, I wanted to find a solution,” he recalls. His research revealed that while most villages in India had been electrified, unreliable power supply remained a continuing issue in many rural areas, with some states like Rajasthan and Uttarakhand enduring power cuts lasting 10 to 12 hours a day. Determined to help, Uday spent the next six months learning from instructional videos and gathering second-hand components. He worked in his terrace (屋顶) workshop, experimenting with different designs until he developed the Smart OutageGuard (OG), a low-cost backup lightbulb (灯泡) with a lithium-ion battery. The bulb, priced at Rs 250, about half the cost of other options, features dynamic-lumen technology and pulse-width modulation, which allows users to adjust the brightness. This feature extends the bulb’s illumination capacity to up to 10 hours, depending on the brightness level. Since its launch in May 2022, Smart OG bulbs have reached 10,000 homes across eight states. Uday also founded Uday Electric, a for-profit venture that collaborates with distributors, NGOs, retailers, and CSR programs to provide affordable lighting to semi-electrified rural areas. For non-electrified regions, he developed the Glow Grid, a solar-powered lamp, launched this month. Uday’s innovations have earned him several awards, including the 2023 Diana Legacy Award. His long-term goal is to provide low-cost energy to every home, and he’s just getting started. 1．Uday Bhatia’s experience in Bichpuri village influenced him to ________. A．develop an interest in computer science B．create a low-cost, backup-based lightbulb C．launch an e-tutoring platform for students D．study power supply systems in other villages 2．What do we know about Uday’s inventions? A．They make energy easier to access. B．They bring innovation to global markets. C．They focus on sustainable energy solutions. D．They provide affordable lighting for rural areas. 3．Which of the following best describes Uday Bhatia? A．Innovative and commercial. B．Determined and socially aware. C．Creative and environmentally conscious. D．Technologically skilled and competitive. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了乌代·巴蒂亚开发了低成本的锂离子电池备用灯泡，为农村地区提供负担得起的照明。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“He worked in his terrace (屋顶) workshop, experimenting with different designs until he developed the Smart OutageGuard (OG), a low-cost backup lightbulb (灯泡) with a lithium-ion battery. (他在自己的露台工作室里工作，尝试不同的设计，直到他开发出了一种低成本的锂离子电池备用灯泡Smart OutageGuard。)”可知，乌代·巴蒂亚在比奇普里村的经历影响了他创造出一种低成本的备用灯泡。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Uday also founded Uday Electric, a for-profit venture that collaborates with distributors, NGOs, retailers, and CSR programs to provide affordable lighting to semi-electrified rural areas. (乌代还成立了Uday Electric，这是一家营利性企业，与分销商、非政府组织、零售商和企业社会责任项目合作，为半电气化的农村地区提供负担得起的照明。)”可知，乌代的发明为农村地区提供负担得起的照明。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“Determined to help, Uday spent the next six months learning from instructional videos and gathering second-hand components. (决心提供帮助，乌代在接下来的六个月里从教学视频中学习，并收集二手部件。)”以及倒数第二段“Uday also founded Uday Electric, a for-profit venture that collaborates with distributors, NGOs, retailers, and CSR programs to provide affordable lighting to semi-electrified rural areas. (乌代还成立了Uday Electric，这是一家营利性企业，与分销商、非政府组织、零售商和企业社会责任项目合作，为半电气化的农村地区提供负担得起的照明。)”可知，乌代·巴蒂亚有决心和社会意识。故选B。 （2025·北京东城·一模）Years after my art history class, I am insufferable at museums. “That’s definitely a Matisse,” I say. “You can telI because of the brushwork and the use of colour.” Sometimes it is not a Matisse but oftentimes it is. It is unsettling to learn, then, that for all of my carefully won art appreciation, I am in danger of being surpassed by an insect. In a recent study, honeybees — whose brains are the size of grass seeds — were shown Picassos and Monets paired side by side. Below the prints were two small containers, one containing sugar water and the other nothing at all. Which to enter? Bees couldn’t see or smell whether a given container held the treat until they’d already flown inside it. But they could let the masterpieces guide them: for some bees, the reward was always under the Picasso, while for the rest it was under the Monet. Over the course of many trials, the bees learned to fly straight for the correct container. Indeed, they even performed slightly better than chance when faced with pairs of paintings they’d never seen before. The bees had learned to discriminate, however modestly, between the two artists’ styles. To be sure, humans still have the edge. Last year a team of researchers led by Liane Gabora found that art students were perfectly capable of identifying which well-known artist was behind which unknown painting. Creative writing students were similarly excellent at spotting little-read passages by Hemingway or Dickens — a skill I can only assume no honeybee has yet demonstrated. Even more impressively, though, the students could recognize as-yet-unseen samples of each other’s work, including work in entirely different mediums. Creative writers could identify their fellow writers’ paintings and sketches; painters had a pretty good idea who’d brought which poem or clay pot. It’s clear what the bees were doing: picking up and categorizing complex visual patterns in the pairs of images. But recognizing differences across mediums is altogether different. Whether we’re writing poems or building sculptures, Gabora argues, we’re doing so with the same mind: one that structures information in the same way, has been shaped by the same experiences, and longs to express the same ideas. Naturally, our techniques and preoccupations in one domain should “out” us in another. But still I wonder: Just what about these techniques and preoccupations did the trick? The researchers did their best to keep subject matter from ruling the day by instructing, for instance, artists who happened to be surfers not to bring in art that depicted (描绘) surfing. But what of less obvious subject matter — like Western landscapes? And what of the obsessions that come into our work unawares? A correlational study like this one will not answer these questions. Perhaps my biggest question has to do with people who don’t identify as artists, and haven’t settled — or at least would claim so-on a personal style. Are their creations also a reflection of their worldview? It seems likely that, at least to some extent, bad art is all alike, while only good art is good in its own way. 1．Why does the author mention bees? A．To present an example. B．To put forward a theory. C．To draw out a comparison. D．To highlight a research finding. 2．Why does the author think humans still have the edge? A．Because we can transfer our experiences. B．Because we can discriminate styles. C．Because we can categorize patterns. D．Because we can learn from trials. 3．What does the underlined word “out” in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Assist. B．Trick. C．Beat. D．Expose. 4．What might be the best title for the passage? A．Will Bees Beat Humans? B．How Will You View a View? C．Why Good Art Works Wonders? D．What Makes Hemingway Hemingway? 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了蜜蜂识别画作与人类艺术鉴赏能力的对比及思考。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“It is unsettling to learn, then, that for all of my carefully won art appreciation, I am in danger of being surpassed by an insect. In a recent study, honeybees — whose brains are the size of grass seeds — were shown Picassos and Monets paired side by side.(然而，令人不安的是，尽管我精心培养了对艺术的鉴赏力，但我却有可能被一种昆虫超越。在最近的一项研究中，蜜蜂——它们的大脑只有草籽大小——被展示了毕加索和莫奈的画作，并排摆放在一起)”可知，作者提到蜜蜂是为了与人类进行艺术鉴赏能力的对比。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Last year a team of researchers led by Liane Gabora found that art students were perfectly capable of identifying which well-known artist was behind which unknown painting. Creative writing students were similarly excellent at spotting little-read passages by Hemingway or Dickens — a skill I can only assume no honeybee has yet demonstrated.(去年，由Liane Gabora领导的一个研究小组发现，艺术专业的学生完全有能力分辨出哪幅画背后是哪位知名艺术家。创意写作专业的学生同样擅长发现海明威或狄更斯的小片段——我只能假设蜜蜂还没有表现出这种技能)”以及第五段“Even more impressively, though, the students could recognize as-yet-unseen samples of each other’s work, including work in entirely different mediums.(然而，更令人印象深刻的是，学生们能够识别出彼此尚未见过的作品样本，包括完全不同媒介的作品)”可知，作者认为人类仍然有优势是因为人类能够转移经验，识别不同艺术家的风格和跨媒介的作品。其中，A选项“因为我们可以转移我们的经验”最全面地概括了这一点。故选A。 3．词句猜测题。根据第六段中“Whether we’re writing poems or building sculptures, Gabora argues, we’re doing so with the same mind: one that structures information in the same way, has been shaped by the same experiences, and longs to express the same ideas. Naturally, our techniques and preoccupations in one domain should ‘out’ us in another.(Gabora认为，无论我们是写诗还是建造雕塑，我们都是用同样的思维去做的：这种思维方式以同样的方式组织信息，受到同样的经验塑造，渴望表达同样的想法。自然而然地，我们在一个领域的技术和关注点应该会在另一个领域‘out’我们)”可知，此处out意为“暴露，揭示”，即我们在一个领域的技术和关注点会揭示我们在另一个领域的身份或特点。D选项“Expose(暴露)”与此意思相符。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。文章通过讲述蜜蜂和人类在艺术方面的能力，重点强调了人类在艺术创作中独特的思维方式、经历等因素会体现在作品中，让作品具有独特的风格，就像海明威的作品具有海明威独特的风格一样。D选项“What Makes Hemingway Hemingway?(是什么让海明威成为海明威？)”，可以引申为是什么让艺术家的作品具有独特风格，符合文章主旨。故选D。 （2025·北京西城·一模）Recently, I attended a public talk by someone whose views I “knew” I would oppose. And yet, I went. I listened, asked questions, and gave my time. While my core values weren’t transformed in those two hours, I learned something and left with a deeper appreciation for the complexity of other perspectives. In this weeknight activity, I was actively trying to tackle “beliefism,” a divisive phenomenon in which surrounding yourself with people who share your views leads to discrimination against those who disagree. In this way, beliefism deepens division and reinforces polarization — building walls instead of bridges. Indeed, beliefism is widespread in modern society. A significant part of the problem originates from the fact that we live in a world that is both physically and virtually divided. We rarely interact with people from other walks of life. Social media algorithms stoke the fires of division, locking us into echo chambers that reinforce our preexisting beliefs and shut down debate. Ultimately, where many forces are driving us apart, we must think — what can we do to unpack division and restore connection? We can begin by trying to understand the psychology of beliefism, which at its core is a form of bias — a mental shortcut in which we categorise people according to single characteristics or generalising assumptions. Indeed, in a world that is infinitely complex, our minds use these biases to simplify and make sense of the world. The thing is, when we see others only through the perspective of their political or social beliefs, we reduce and flatten them to a single dimension. Further, when people feel they are dismissed or disregarded only for their beliefs, they are left feeling isolated and misunderstood. Secondly, we can understand the tendency for beliefism as part of our evolutionary (进化的) desire to establish a community or group. The problem is that while this instinct (本能) may have once served evolutionary purposes, today, it blocks meaningful dialogue and cooperation. Indeed, research shows that overcoming beliefism has benefits. When we welcome a variety of ideas and perspectives, we are able to overcome group-think and make better decisions and judgements. What’s more, less beliefist people are generally happier, having stronger, more fulfilling relationships and broader horizons. Luckily, there are a number of relevant, research-backed psychological techniques that help build tolerance and break bias. We might exercise individuation, seeing people as diverse-sided individuals and breaking away from reductive ways of thinking. We can practice perspective-taking, building empathy (同理心) by stepping into someone else’s shoes and trying to see the world through their eyes. Ultimately, the way forward is not through divisions, but through a recognition of our shared humanity. Remind yourself that each person exists at the intersection of many identities, experiences, and beliefs. Challenge yourself to practice empathy, and remember that no one is wholly defined by the worst thing they have said or done. 1．What does the underlined word “stoke” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Fuel. B．Keep. C．Put. D．Contain. 2．What can we know about beliefism from the passage? A．Social media algorithms mainly contribute to its wide spread. B．Human evolution proves its harm in establishing group-think. C．It reflects our simplified way of understanding the surrounding world. D．It leads us to make assumptions about others’ political or social beliefs. 3．Which of the following would be most effective in fighting beliefism? A．Facilitating interactions between people from different communities. B．Creating a list of acceptable beliefs for each community to follow. C．Asking people to write about their experiences of being isolated. D．Stressing conflict instead of cooperation between different beliefs. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Beyond Us and Them B．The Roots of Beliefism C．The Harm of Social Division D．At the Crossroad of Faith 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作者对于信仰主义的看法以及如何摆脱这种思想。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“A significant part of the problem originates from the fact that we live in a world that is both physically and virtually divided. We rarely interact with people from other walks of life.(这个问题的很大一部分源于我们生活在一个物理上和虚拟上都是分裂的世界。我们很少与各行各业的人打交道)”以及后文“locking us into echo chambers that reinforce our preexisting beliefs and shut down debate(把我们锁在回音室里，强化了我们已有的信念，关闭了辩论)”可知，社交媒体算法点燃了分裂之火，把我们锁在回音室里，强化了我们已有的信念，关闭了辩论。故划线词意思是“点燃”，故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段“Indeed, in a world that is infinitely complex, our minds use these biases to simplify and make sense of the world.(事实上，在一个无限复杂的世界里，我们的大脑利用这些偏见来简化和理解这个世界)”可知，信仰反映了我们理解周围世界的简化方式。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“When we welcome a variety of ideas and perspectives, we are able to overcome group-think and make better decisions and judgements. What’s more, less beliefist people are generally happier, having stronger, more fulfilling relationships and broader horizons.(当我们欢迎各种各样的想法和观点时，我们就能克服群体思维，做出更好的决定和判断。更重要的是，信仰主义者较少通常更快乐，拥有更牢固、更充实的人际关系和更广阔的视野)”可知，促进来自不同社区的人之间的互动对对抗信仰主义是最有效的。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Ultimately, the way forward is not through divisions, but through a recognition of our shared humanity. Remind yourself that each person exists at the intersection of many identities, experiences, and beliefs. Challenge yourself to practice empathy, and remember that no one is wholly defined by the worst thing they have said or done.(最终，前进的道路不是通过分裂，而是通过认识到我们共同的人性。提醒自己，每个人都存在于许多身份、经历和信仰的交叉点上。挑战自己，练习同理心，记住，没有人完全被他们说过或做过的最糟糕的事情所定义)”以及文章主要介绍了作者对于信仰主义的看法以及如何摆脱这种思想，可知，A选项“超越我们和他们”最符合文章标题。故选A。 （2025·北京西城·一模）Genetic (基因的) variation is what allows a species to adapt as climate changes, new diseases arise, and novel enemies come on the scene. A slightly different genetic makeup can ensure at least some individuals will still do OK in times of crisis. But just as the number of species is declining worldwide, so, too, is the genetic diversity within many species. Until 2022, governments focused primarily on preventing species from disappearing. That year, however, when updating the United Nations’s Convention on Biological Diversity treaty (条约), participating countries agreed to start to look at genetic diversity as well. The first step toward slowing the trend is understanding it. Conservation biologist Catherine Gruéber from the University of Sydney and many colleagues gathered 882 papers written between 1985 and 2019 that tracked diversity changes within 628 individual species by analyzing their DNA at at least two time points. The team used complex statistical analyses to make the data comparable, enabling them to identify trends and correlate loss of genetic diversity with floods, habitat destruction, or other disturbances. They also tracked what happened in the face of various conservation measures, such as legally protecting a species or setting aside and protecting habitat. Two-thirds of the populations analyzed exhibited a decline in diversity, Gruéber and her colleagues report. That included species already known to be at risk, but it also included more common species. The implication is that those species may be less able to bounce back than expected during environmental change, says Alicia Mastertta-Yanes, a conservation geneticist. Some conservation efforts, such as ecological restoration or reducing pests (害虫), didn’t help much, the analysis found. But certain actions did seem to help, such as efforts to expand and protect habitat, introduce new individuals to declining populations, or connect two isolated populations. “It was pretty impressive that they were able to track what human disturbances and conservation actions had done,” says Moisés Alonso, an evolutionary geneticist who authored a preprint last year indicating that protecting existing habitat won’t be enough to prevent genetic diversity losses for many species. “We needed something like this,” he says. Conservation scientists emphasize the importance of continuing to monitor populations. But DNA methods aren’t always practical, some note. “It is relatively hard and expensive to measure genetic diversity directly,” Mastertta-Yanes says. To get around that, Mastertta-Yanes and others published a paper in Ecology Letters last year that used proxy (代替物) measures, such as population size, to evaluate genetic diversity in 919 species. The method, which only required about 3 hours of work per species, indicated that 58% of the species have populations that are too small to maintain their genetic diversity. The fact that these different approaches found declining diversity “makes both results more convincing,” Mastertta-Yanes says. “Finally, genetic diversity is getting the attention it deserves.” 1．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．Challenges of collecting DNA data for diversity research. B．Findings on genetic diversity changes over the past 30 years. C．Research methods applied to track genetic diversity changes. D．Impacts of human disturbances on diversity of different species. 2．What can be learned from Grueber’s study? A．Habitat extension and population management preserve diversity. B．The diversity of common species tends to decline more severely. C．At-risk species better resist the impact of environmental changes. D．Ecosystem recovery and pest control drive population rise. 3．Mastertta-Yanes holds that DNA methods ________. A．will soon be replaced by proxy measures B．lack practicality due to their costs and complexity C．may get in the way of monitoring species populations D．require a large population size to achieve high accuracy 4．What is the purpose of this passage? A．To identify more effective methods applied in gene research. B．To advocate for using DNA methods exclusively in conservation efforts. C．To warn people of the threat posed by environmental changes on species. D．To draw people’s attention to effective measures against loss of diversity. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究发现许多物种内部的遗传多样性也在减少，介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现。 1．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The first step toward slowing the trend is understanding it. Conservation biologist Catherine Gruéber from the University of Sydney and many colleagues gathered 882 papers written between 1985 and 2019 that tracked diversity changes within 628 individual species by analyzing their DNA at at least two time points. The team used complex statistical analyses to make the data comparable, enabling them to identify trends and correlate loss of genetic diversity with floods, habitat destruction, or other disturbances. They also tracked what happened in the face of various conservation measures, such as legally protecting a species or setting aside and protecting habitat.(减缓这一趋势的第一步是理解它。悉尼大学的保护生物学家凯瑟琳·格鲁姆萨伯和许多同事收集了1985年至2019年期间撰写的882篇论文，通过分析至少两个时间点的628个物种的DNA，追踪了它们的多样性变化。研究小组使用复杂的统计分析使数据具有可比性，使他们能够确定趋势，并将遗传多样性的丧失与洪水、栖息地破坏或其他干扰联系起来。他们还追踪了在面对各种保护措施时发生的情况，比如法律保护一个物种或留出和保护栖息地)”可知，第三段的主要内容是用于追踪遗传多样性变化的研究方法。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“The team used complex statistical analyses to make the data comparable, enabling them to identify trends and correlate loss of genetic diversity with floods, habitat destruction, or other disturbances. They also tracked what happened in the face of various conservation measures, such as legally protecting a species or setting aside and protecting habitat.(研究小组使用复杂的统计分析使数据具有可比性，使他们能够确定趋势，并将遗传多样性的丧失与洪水、栖息地破坏或其他干扰联系起来。他们还追踪了在面对各种保护措施时发生的情况，比如法律保护一个物种或留出和保护栖息地)”以及第四段“Two-thirds of the populations analyzed exhibited a decline in diversity, Gruéber and her colleagues report.(格鲁曼和她的同事们报告说，三分之二的被分析数量表现出多样性的下降)”可知，研究告诉我们栖息地扩展和数量管理保护多样性。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The method, which only required about 3 hours of work per species, indicated that 58% of the species have populations that are too small to maintain their genetic diversity. The fact that these different approaches found declining diversity “makes both results more convincing,” Mastertta-Yanes says. “Finally, genetic diversity is getting the attention it deserves.”(该方法只需要每个物种3小时的工作，表明58%的物种种群太小，无法维持其遗传多样性。这两种不同的方法都发现了多样性的下降，这一事实“使两种结果都更有说服力，”马斯特塔-扬斯说。“最终，基因多样性得到了应有的关注。”)”可知，Mastertta-Yanes认为，由于成本和复杂性，DNA方法缺乏实用性。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Genetic (基因的) variation is what allows a species to adapt as climate changes, new diseases arise, and novel enemies come on the scene. A slightly different genetic makeup can ensure at least some individuals will still do OK in times of crisis. But just as the number of species is declining worldwide, so, too, is the genetic diversity within many species.(基因变异使一个物种能够适应气候变化、新疾病的出现和新敌人的出现。一个稍有不同的基因构成可以确保至少一些个体在危机时刻仍能安然无恙。但是，正如世界范围内的物种数量正在减少一样，许多物种内部的遗传多样性也在减少)”结合文章主要介绍了研究发现许多物种内部的遗传多样性也在减少，介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现。可知，这篇文章的目的是引起人们对防止多样性丧失的有效措施的注意。故选D。 （2025·北京东城·一模）Anyone with insomnia knows the impatience and frustration that accompanies sleeplessness. You long for a button that could instantly dampen all that mental activity.The idea of a mental switch is not far-fetched. Most neuroscientists now agree that our wakefulness is coordinated by a tiny bundle of neurons (一小束神经元) known as the “locus coeruleus” (LC), Latin for “blue dot”. It is a literal description: the neurons in the locus coeruleus have the blue colour from the production of a particular neurotransmitter, called norepinephrine. Norepinephrine raises the chance that a neuron will “fire” with an electric current. When they become active, cells in the locus coeruleus pass bundles of this neurotransmitter along their projections to other regions of the brain-enhancing the communication between the neurons in that area. There are slight differences in the process. Depending on the types of receptors they have, some neurons are more sensitive to smaller amounts of norepinephrine, while others only respond to higher thresholds. This means that, as the locus coeruleus activity rises, it will start to affect some brain areas more than others, which can have dramatic effects on things like our focus, concentration and creativity. Given the blue dot’s role, it makes sense that it would be quietest at night during sleep. It is not entirely silent, however, but fires occasionally-and recent research by Anita Lüthi at the University of Lausanne suggests that this activity may determine the quality of our sleeps. Across the night, we alternate between different sleep stages. There is “rapid eye movement” (REM) sleep, which is associated with vivid dreaming and is thought to be crucial for processing and consolidating memories. Much of our rest, however,is spent in non-REM (NREM) sleep, during which the brain may engage in a deep clean, clearing away cellular waste. Measuring brain activity in dozing mice, Anita found NREM sleep was associated with temporary bursts of locus coeruleus activity every 50 seconds. As a result, the animal was more sensitive to outside stimuli, like noises-without fully waking. “It’s generating this state of enhanced vigilance (警觉),” Anita says. “It really gives you this idea that wakefulness can be graded in the brain.” The beginning of REM sleep was almost always associated with low locus coeruleus activity. “That transition to REM sleep has to be very well controlled,” says Anita, “because in REM sleep, we have atonia.” That’s the temporary paralysis (麻痹) of our body, which prevents us from physically acting out our dreams. Anita emphasises that her experiments were conducted in mice, so we still need to confirm that the blue dot plays a similar role in human sleep. If so, she suspects that altered locus coeruleus activity could be implicated in conditions — such as anxiety — that may contribute to disordered sleep. She found that exposing her laboratory mice to mild sources of stress — such as knocking on their cage — raised the blue dot’s activity and increased their vigilance throughout the night, resulting in fragmented sleep. 1．What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．Neurons. B．Electric currents. C．Projections. D．Neurotransmitters. 2．According to the passage, what is the role of the LC? A．Producing receptors. B．Preserving cell sensitivity. C．Monitoring brain activity. D．Improving neural connectivity. 3．Which of the following may Anita Lüthi agree with? A．The blue dot fires regularly at night. B．Stress has an impact on the LC activity. C．Low LC activity can help clean cellular waste. D．Atonia results from sudden bursts of brain activity. 4．What might be the next step of the research? A．Grading the wakefulness of human brains. B．Unlocking the mechanism of sleep disorder. C．Assessing the function of the blue dot on humans. D．Identifying approaches to altering the LC activity. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了蓝斑核在睡眠和觉醒中的作用及其相关研究。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“It is a literal description: the neurons in the locus coeruleus have the blue colour from the production of a particular neurotransmitter, called norepinephrine. Norepinephrine raises the chance that a neuron will ‘fire’ with an electric current. When they become active, cells in the locus coeruleus pass bundles of this neurotransmitter along their projections to other regions of the brain-enhancing the communication between the neurons in that area.(这是一个直白的描述：蓝斑核中的神经元因产生一种名为去甲肾上腺素的特殊神经递质而呈现蓝色。去甲肾上腺素增加了神经元通过电流 “放电” 的可能性。当它们变得活跃时，蓝斑核中的细胞会沿着它们的投射将这种神经递质束传递到大脑的其他区域，从而增强该区域神经元之间的交流)”可知，“they”指代的是前文中提到的“the neurons in the locus coeruleus”，即“Neurons(神经元)”。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“When they become active, cells in the locus coeruleus pass bundles of this neurotransmitter along their projections to other regions of the brain-enhancing the communication between the neurons in that area.(当它们变得活跃时，蓝斑核中的细胞会沿着它们的突起将一束束这种神经递质传递到大脑的其他区域，增强该区域神经元之间的通信)”可知，蓝斑核（LC）的作用是改善神经连接，增强神经元之间的通信。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“She found that exposing her laboratory mice to mild sources of stress — such as knocking on their cage — raised the blue dot’s activity and increased their vigilance throughout the night, resulting in fragmented sleep.(她发现，让实验小鼠暴露于轻微的压力源下，比如敲它们的笼子，会提高蓝斑核的活动水平，并增加它们整晚的警觉性，导致睡眠碎片化)”可知，Anita Lüthi可能会同意B选项“压力对蓝斑核活动有影响”。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Anita emphasises that her experiments were conducted in mice, so we still need to confirm that the blue dot plays a similar role in human sleep.(Anita强调，她的实验是在小鼠身上进行的，所以我们仍然需要确认蓝斑核在人类睡眠中是否扮演类似的角色)”可知，下一步的研究可能是评估蓝斑核在人类身上的功能。故选C。 试卷第28页，共28页 试卷第1页，共29页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$