内容正文:
中考英语核心知识点
一、语法核心要点
1.as…as… 结构
在描述两者程度相同时,我们会用到 as…as… 结构。比如要表达 “你和汤姆一样高”,可以说 “You’re a boy as tall as Tom.”,也能表达为 “You’re as tall a boy as Tom.” ,这两种表达都在强调二者在身高上的等同性 。
2.句型转换相关知识点
(1)too…to 与 so…that… 的转换:too…to 结构是简单句,整个句子只有一个主语,而 so…that… 引导的是复合句,会出现两个主语。像 “The child was too excited to fall asleep.”(这个孩子太兴奋了以至于睡不着),就可以转换为 “The child was so excited that he couldn’t fall asleep.” 。
(2)too…to… 与 not enough to 的转换:这两组结构可以相互转换以表达相似含义。例如“She is too young to drive.”(她太小了不能开车),等同于 “She is not old enough to drive.” ;“The story is too dull for me to read.”(这个故事太枯燥了我读不下去),也可以说 “The story is not interesting enough for me to read.” 。
3.形容词原级表比较级含义
当要表达一方不如另一方时,除了用比较级,也能用形容词原级的否定结构。比如想说“凯特没有简细心”,可以说 “Kate is not so careful as Jane.” ,还能表述为 “Kate is less careful than Jane.” ,当然也可以说 “Kate is more careless than Jane.” 。
4.用比较级表示最高级
在一定范围内比较,可用比较级形式表达最高级含义。比如描述“露西是班里最瘦的女孩”,可以说 “Lucy is thinner than any other girl in the class.” ,这和 “Lucy is the thinnest girl in the class.” 表达的意思一致 。
5.the more…..the more… 结构
该结构表示“越…… 越……”,用于阐述两者之间的变化关系。例如 “The more you practice speaking English, the more fluent you will become.”(你练习说英语越多,就会变得越流利) ;“The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.”(你锻炼得越多,就会越健康) 。
6.more and more….结构
此结构意为“越来越……”,用于描述事物程度的逐渐变化。如 “More and more people are interested in online shopping.”(越来越多的人对网购感兴趣) ;“Our city is becoming more and more beautiful.”(我们的城市变得越来越美丽) 。
二、词组高频考点
1.after, in 的用法区别
after 和 in 都能表示 “……(时间) 以后”,但时间起点不同。after 以过去某个时间为起点,常用于过去时态,比如 “He came back after two hours.”(他两小时后回来了) ;in 以现在为起点,用于将来时态,像 “She will arrive in five days.”(她五天后到达) 。
2.few, a few, little, a little, several, some 的辨析
few 和 little 表否定,意思是 “很少” 或 “几乎没有”;a few 和 a little 表肯定,意为 “有一些,有一点儿”。其中,few 和 a few 修饰可数名词,little 和 a little 修饰不可数名词 。several 修饰可数名词,强调 “好几个” 。some 可修饰可数和不可数名词,数量上有时相当于 a few 或 a little,有时表示更多数量 。例如 “There are few apples left.”(没剩下几个苹果了) ;“There is a little water in the bottle.”(瓶子里有一点儿水) ;“She bought several books yesterday.”(她昨天买了好几本书) ;“There are some students in the classroom.”(教室里有一些学生) 。
3.the other, another 的用法
the other 指两者中的 “另一个”,是特指。比如 “There are two pens.One is red, and the other is blue.”(有两支钢笔,一支是红色的,另一支是蓝色的) ;another 着重于不定数目中的 “另外一个”,是泛指,常用于指三个或三个以上中的一个,例如 “Would you like another cup of coffee?”(你想再来一杯咖啡吗) 。
4.spend, take, cost, pay 的用法
spend 的主语是人,宾语通常是时间或金钱,且后面不接动词不定式,如 “He spent two hours doing his homework.”(他花了两小时做作业) ;take 常表示 “花费” 时间,主语是事物,像 “It took me half an hour to get there.”(我花了半小时到那里) ;cost 主语是事物,可指花费时间.金钱或力气等,且无被动语态,例如 “How much does this watch cost?”(这块手表多少钱) ;pay 主语是人,通常表示为某物或某事付钱给某人,如 “I paid 50 yuan for this shirt.”(我花 50 元买了这件衬衫) 。
5.among, between 的用法
between 一般指两者之间,如 “There is a bridge between the two mountains.”(两座山之间有一座桥) ;但它有时也可用于多于两个事物,强调每两者之间的关系,比如 “the differences between the four seasons”(四季之间的差异) ;among 用于三者或三者以上之间,例如 “She sat among her friends.”(她坐在朋友们中间) 。
6.beat, win 的用法
beat 表示 “打败,优于”,宾语是人或团队,例如 “We beat the rival team in the match.”(我们在比赛中打败了对手队) ;win 表示 “赢,获胜”,宾语是比赛.名次等,如 “They won first prize in the competition.”(他们在比赛中获得了一等奖) 。
7.agree with, agree on, agree to 的用法
agree on 表示 “就…… 取得一致意见”,例如 “We all agree on the plan for the picnic.”(我们都同意野餐的计划) ;agree with 表示 “与…… 意见一致”,后面可接人或意见.看法等,也可接 what 引导的从句,如 “I agree with your idea.”(我同意你的想法) ,“We agree with what he said.”(我们同意他说的话) ;agree to 后面接 “提议,计划,方案” 等,不接人,比如 “He agreed to the new proposal.”(他同意了新提议) 。
8.bring, take, carry,fetch 的用法
bring 意为 “带来,拿来”,如 “Bring your homework to school tomorrow.”(明天把你的作业带到学校来) ;take 是 bring 的相反动作,意为 “带去,拿去”,例如 “Take these books to the library.”(把这些书带到图书馆去) ;carry 表示 “运载,携带”,运输方式多样,如 “He carried the box on his back.”(他把箱子背在背上) ;fetch 表示 “去拿来”,如 “Please fetch me a glass of water.”(请去给我拿一杯水来) 。
9.each, every 的用法
each 强调个体情况,every 强调整体,有 “所有的” 意思。比如 “Each student has his own study plan.”(每个学生都有自己的学习计划) ;“Every student in the class passed the exam.”(班里所有学生都通过了考试) 。
10.no one, none 的用法
no one 指 “没有人”,只能指人,作主语时不与 of 连用,例如 “No one knows the answer.”(没有人知道答案) ;none 指 “一个也没有”,既可指人也可指物,作主语时代替不可数名词,谓语动词用单数;代替可数名词,谓语动词单复数均可。在 “主 + 系 + 表” 结构中,表语为复数时,系动词用复数,如 “None of the money is mine.”(这些钱都不是我的) ,“None of the students are/is absent today.”(今天没有学生缺席) 。
11.go on doing, go on to do, go on with 的用法
go on doing 表示 “继续做一直在做的事(中间无间断)”,如 “Go on doing your homework.”(继续做你的作业) ;go on to do 表示 “做完一件事后接着做另一件事”,例如 “After finishing the math homework, he went on to do the English homework.”(做完数学作业后,他接着做英语作业) ;go on with 表示某一动作中止后又继续,如 “Let’s go on with our discussion.”(让我们继续我们的讨论) 。
12.too much, much too 的用法
much too 是副词词组,修饰形容词或副词,不能修饰动词,如 “This question is much too difficult.”(这个问题太难了) ;too much 有三种用法:作名词词组,如 “You’ve eaten too much.”(你吃得太多了) ;作形容词词组修饰不可数名词,如 “There is too much traffic on the road.”(路上车辆太多了) ;作副词词组修饰不及物动词,如 “Don’t talk too much.”(别说得太多) 。
13.happen, take place 与 occur 的用法
happen 有 “偶然” 之意,多用于客观事物或情况的发生,例如 “How did the accident happen?”(事故是怎么发生的?) ;occur 指有计划地使某事 “发生”,有时强调 “呈现” 于人的知觉中,如 “It occurred to me that I left my keys at home.”(我突然想起我把钥匙忘在家里了) ;事件作主语时,happen 和 occur 可通用,如 “The event happened/occurred last week.”(这件事发生在上周) ;take place 指事件发生,常表示 “举行”,带有非偶然性,如 “The wedding will take place next month.”(婚礼将在下个月举行) 。
14.noise, voice, sound 的用法
sound 含义最广,指任何能听到的声音,如 “I heard a strange sound outside.”(我听到外面有奇怪的声音) ;noise 指 “噪音,嘈杂声,吵闹声”,不悦耳.不和谐,可作可数或不可数名词,例如 “Don’t make so much noise.”(别制造这么多噪音) ;voice 多指人发出的声音,包括说话声.歌声和笑声,也可引申为 “意见.发言权”,如 “Her voice sounds very sweet.”(她的声音听起来很甜美) ,“I have no voice in this decision.”(在这个决定上我没有发言权) 。
15.arrive, get, reach 的用法
三者都表示“到达”,arrive 后接介词 at(用于较小地方)或 in(用于较大地方),如 “We arrived at the village in the evening.”(我们晚上到达了那个村庄) ,“They arrived in Shanghai yesterday.”(他们昨天到达了上海) ;get 后接介词 to,例如 “When we got to the cinema, the movie had already started.”(我们到电影院时,电影已经开始了) ;reach 是及物动词,可直接跟地点名词作宾语,如 “He reached the station on time.”(他准时到达了车站) 。
三、情态动词考点
1.情态动词表 “推测” 的用法
表示肯定推测的情态动词有 must(“一定;准是”).may(“也许;可能”).might(“或许”);表示否定推测的有 can't(“不可能”).couldn't(“不会”).may not(“也许不”).might not(“或许不”) 。需注意,can 表推测不用于肯定句,may 表推测不用于疑问句 。例如 “He must be at home because his bike is outside.”(他一定在家,因为他的自行车在外面) ;“It can't be true.”(这不可能是真的) 。
2.情态动词引起的一般疑问句的答语
回答 must 引导的一般疑问句,肯定回答用 must,否定回答用 needn't 或 don't have to ;回答 need 引导的疑问句,肯定回答用 must,否定回答用 needn't ;回答 may 引导的疑问句,肯定回答用 may,否定回答用 mustn't 或 can't 。如 “Must I finish the work today?” “Yes, you must./No, you needn't.” ;“Need I come early tomorrow?” “Yes, you must./No, you needn't.” ;“May I use your pen?” “Yes, you may./No, you mustn't/can't.” 。
3.情态动词的意义
must 意为 “必须”;have to 表示 “不得不”;need 表示 “必须;需要”;can (could) 表示 “能;可能”;may (might) 表示 “可以;可能”;shall,will (would) 表示 “将;会;愿意;要”;should 表示 “应当” 。“had better (not) + 动词原形” 用于提建议;have to /has to / had to 的否定.疑问形式要借助助动词 do / does / did 。例如 “You must follow the school rules.”(你必须遵守校规) ;“I had to stay at home because of the rain.”(因为下雨我不得不待在家里) ;“You should help your parents with housework.”(你应该帮父母做家务) 。
四、There be 句型
There be 句型是 “存在” 句型,用于表达 “有”。肯定句结构为 “There be + 名词(单数或复数)+ 地点状语或时间状语” 。be 动词单复数根据其后第一个名词确定,当主语为单数或不可数名词时,be 动词用 is;当主语为复数名词时,be 动词用 are;当有多个主语时,be 动词与最临近主语保持一致 。例如 “There is a book and some pens on the desk.”(桌子上有一本书和几支钢笔) ,“There are some students and a teacher in the classroom.”(教室里有一些学生和一位老师) 。
(1)否定句
在 be 动词后加 not,结构为 “There be + not + (any) + 名词 + 地点状语” 。如 “There isn’t any milk in the fridge.”(冰箱里没有牛奶) ,“There aren’t any trees near the house.”(房子附近没有树) 。
(2)疑问句
将 be 动词提到句首,结构为 “Be there + (any) + 名词 + 地点状语” 。肯定回答用 “Yes, there is /are.”,否定回答用 “No, there isn't /aren't.” 。例如 “Is there a park in the town?” “Yes, there is.” ;“Are there any birds in the tree?” “No, there aren't.” 。
(3)特殊疑问句
询问某地有多少人或物用“How many...are there (+ 地点状语)” ,回答用 “There be...” ,也可用数字直接回答 。如 “How many apples are there in the basket?” “There are five./Five.” ;询问不可数名词数量用 “How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 地点状语” ,例如 “How much money is there in your wallet?” 。
五、定语从句考点
1.定语从句的基本概念和结构
在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句,被修饰的词是先行词,定语从句要放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的有关系代词和关系副词。例如“The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.”(我昨天买的那本书非常有趣) 。
2.关系代词和关系副词的作用
关系代词和关系副词用于引导定语从句,连接先行词和定语从句,同时在从句中充当一定成分。关系代词可作主语.宾语.定语,关系副词作状语。
【作主语】关系代词作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数与先行词一致。如“The woman who lives next door is a doctor.”(住在隔壁的女士是一名医生) ,“The cars which are parked here belong to my company.”(停在这里的汽车属于我的公司) 。
【作宾语】例如“He is the man (whom) I met at the party.”(他就是我在聚会上遇见的那个人) ,“The movie (that) we watched last night was wonderful.”(我们昨晚看的电影很棒) 。
【作定语】whose 用于作定语 。如 “The boy whose father is a writer is my classmate.”(他父亲是作家的那个男孩是我的同学) ,“I know the girl whose bike was stolen.”(我认识那个自行车被偷的女孩) 。
【作状语】如“I still remember the day when I first met him.”(我仍然记得第一次见到他的那一天) ,“This is the place where we took the photo.”(这就是我们拍照的地方) 。
3.关系代词与关系副词详解
(1)who:专门用于指代人,在定语从句中充当主语成分。像是“The student who answered the question correctly won a prize.”(那个正确回答问题的学生获奖了),还有 “The woman who is standing over there is my teacher.”(站在那边的女士是我的老师),这两个句子里 “who” 都在从句中承担主语角色 。
(2)whom:同样指代人,但在定语从句中作宾语。比如“The artist (whom) we visited last week is very famous.”(我们上周拜访的那位艺术家非常有名),以及 “The man (whom) she is talking to is her father.”(她正在和他说话的那个人是她父亲) ,这里 “whom” 都是从句的宾语 。
(3)whose:用来表示所属关系,指代人时在定语从句中作定语。像“The boy whose bag was lost is very worried.”(书包丢了的那个男孩很着急),“I know the girl whose family moved here recently.”(我认识那个家最近搬到这里的女孩) ,“whose” 都表明了所属关系并作定语 。
(4)which:主要用于指代物,在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。例如“The computer which is on the desk is new.”(桌上的那台电脑是新的),此句中 “which” 作主语;“The book (which) I borrowed from the library is very interesting.”(我从图书馆借的那本书很有趣) ,这里 “which” 作宾语 。
(5)that:既可以指代物,也能指代人,在定语从句中担当主语或宾语。比如“She likes the movie that tells a touching story.”(她喜欢那部讲述感人故事的电影) ,“that” 指代物作主语;“Is this the person that you met at the concert?”(这就是你在音乐会上遇见的那个人吗?) ,“that” 指代人作宾语 。
(6)when:用于指代时间,在定语从句中充当时间状语。例如“We will always remember the day when we graduated from school.”(我们将永远记住毕业的那一天) ,“He came back on the evening when it was snowing heavily.”(他在大雪纷飞的那个晚上回来了) 。
(7)where:用于指代地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。比如“This is the park where we often take a walk.”(这就是我们经常散步的公园) ,“The town where he grew up is very beautiful.”(他长大的那个小镇非常美丽) 。
4.关系代词特殊用法
当关系代词“whom” 和 “which” 在定语从句中作介词宾语时,存在两种表达形式 。其一,介词可与关系代词一同放在先行词与定语从句之间,其二,为了让句子结构更紧凑,也可将 “whom” 或 “which” 紧挨先行词,把介词移至定语从句末尾 。例如 “The pen with which he wrote the letter is lost.” = “The pen which he wrote the letter with is lost.”(他用来写信的那支笔丢了) ;“The room in which they held the party is very large.” = “The room which they held the party in is very large.”(他们举办派对的那个房间很大) 。
5.定语从句使用注意事项
(1)只能用“that” 不能用 “which” 的情况
a.当先行词是“all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything” 等不定代词时 ,例如 “Everything that he did was for the children.”(他做的一切都是为了孩子们) 。
b.先行词被“only, no, any, all” 等词修饰时 ,如 “She is the only person that I can trust.”(她是我唯一能信任的人) 。
c.先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时,像“He was the first student that finished the test.”(他是第一个完成测试的学生) 。
d.先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时,例如“This is the most exciting game that I have ever watched.”(这是我看过的最激动人心的比赛) 。
e.先行词同时包含人和物时,比如“They talked about the people and things that they saw during the trip.”(他们谈论了旅行中看到的人和事) 。
(2)只能用“which” 不能用 “that” 的情况
a.在非限制性定语从句中,例如“The old house, which was built in 1900, is now a museum.”(这座建于 1900 年的老房子现在是一座博物馆) 。
b.当定语从句由“介词 + 关系代词” 引导,且先行词是物时 ,如 “The tool about which he is talking is very useful.”(他谈论的那个工具非常有用) 。
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