2025届高考英语冲刺语法填空、阅读理解、完形填空解题指导讲义

语法填空解题技巧 1、 谓语 1. 谓语的组成： 谓语是由动词+时态+语态组成的，也就是说谓语必须是动词的形式； 题目中括号词为动词时，看整句缺少谓语时，空中可考虑动词的谓语形式。 2. 谓语时态的确定 1） 时间状语： 一般现在时do/does/am/is/are表达经常、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态: now and then偶尔、有时；,every other week每隔一周；monthly每月； 一般过去时did/was/were表达过去一段时间经常、反复的动作或状态： the other day前几天；a few days ago几天前；last night昨晚； 现在完成时has/have done表达发生在过去的动作或状态刚刚完成，对现在仍有影响： lately/recently最近、近来；so far/since then/up to now/by now/until now到目前为止；over the last few years在过去的几年里； 2020全国I卷举例： In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing. 现在完成时，“In recent years” 是现在完成时的标志，强调动作从过去开始持续到现在。 2） 句中已有动词的时态 句中有并列或者主从句结构，比如and前后并列的动词时态一致，主从句时态一致等等特征。 2024新课标 Ⅱ 卷举例： Some of the things that Tang was writing about were (be) also Shakespeare’s concerns. 一般过去时，根据定语从句时态 “was writing” 可知本句时态为一般过去时，主语 “some of the things” 是复数，所以用 were。 3） 句意和语境 注意形式的同时，也要结合语境判断句中动词动作或状态发生的时间，从而判定时态。 2024新课标 Ⅰ 卷举例： Further, the silk route garden around the greenhouse walks (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient silk road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for the first time. 一般现在时，主语是 “the silk route garden”，单数，根据上下文可知描述的是一般情况，用一般现在时的第三人称单数形式。 2021新高考 Ⅰ 卷举例： What is so breathtaking about the experience is the out - of - this - world scenes. The best part of a trip to Mount Huangshan was (be) the five - hour climb to the top. 一般过去时，讲述过去去黄山旅行的经历，用一般过去时。 4） 固定句式 It is the first time that sb has done sth 这是某人第几次做某事 It was the first time that sb had done sth 这是某人第几次做某事 No sooner had sb done than sb did sth一…… 就…… Hardly/Scarcely had sb done when sb did sth一…… 就…… By the time sb did sth, sb/sth had done.到…的时候，…完成了 3. 非谓语 1. 非谓语是什么 非谓语，顾名思义，不是谓语，除了不能充当谓语这个句子成分外，可以充当句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等成分，因此称之为非谓语。 2. 非谓语的组成 1） to do to do通常表达计划、想要之类动词的搭配，比如 也会在句中表达目的，在句子中充当状语，意为目的是，为了…，要去…等等 熟记动词的固定搭配，以及理解句中语境的意义，有助于成功填空！ 2024新课标 Ⅰ 卷举例： The design features ten steel “sepals (萼片)” made of glass and aluminium (铝). These sepals open on warm days to give (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air. 动词不定式作目的状语 2024浙江 1 月卷举例： However, if you’re shopping for one, buying extra to benefit (benefit) from price reductions doesn’t make sense.动词不定式作目的状语 2） doing doing可做前置定语或后置定语；表达主动、进行的状态； 前置定语doing可做形容词，也可做名词，通常前置作定语修饰后面的名词； 后置定语doing则考虑与do这个动作发出者是否是主谓关系； 比如： a running boy表达一个正在跑的男孩，doing表达主动、进行状态； drinking water表达饮用水，doing说明水的用途； engineering techniques表达工程技术，doing说明技术限定的领域； 2022新高考 Ⅰ 卷举例： Covering (cover) an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. 现在分词作状语，表主动 2020全国 Ⅲ 卷举例： And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds surrounding (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears. 现在分词作定语，表主动和进行 3） done done也可做前置定语或后置定语；表达被动、完成的状态； 前置定语done可做形容词，修饰后面的名词； 后置定语done则考虑与do这个动作发出者是否是动宾关系； 2021 年新高考 Ⅰ 卷举例： But that’s how nature is — always leaving us astonished (astonish).过去分词作宾语补足语，表被动和完成 2、 变形 1. adj.---adv. 形容词变副词，考特殊变化： 1) -ble/-le结尾的形容词，去掉e，再加y变成副词 terrible---terribly; possible---possibly; responsible---responsibly; whole---wholly; 2) -ic结尾的形容词，加-ally basic---basically; specific---specifically; enthusiastic---enthusiastically; scientific---scientifically; automatic---automatically; 3) -ue结尾的形容词，去掉e，再加ly true---truly 4) -ll结尾的形容词，直接加y full---fully, dull---dully 2. n./v.---adj. 1) 动词变形容词的几种常见形式：ed; able; sive; tive; ful; ous; 动词 形容词 动词 形容词 able access accessible sive decide decisive admire admirable impress impressive adjust adjustable defend defensive adapt adaptable 动词 形容词 suit suitable tive compete competitive sustain sustainable addict addictive value valuable attract attractive rely reliable detect detective 动词 形容词 detect detective ful harm harmful power powerful peace peaceful endanger endangered 2）名词变形容词的几种常见形式：al; 名词 形容词 名词 形容词 al agriculture agricultural benefit beneficial culture cultural origin original emotion emotional nutrition nutritional economy economical commerce commercial profession professional adj./n. influence influential function functional globe global vision visual 3. v./adj.---n. 1) 动词变名词的几种常见形式：tion; sion; ment; al; 动词 名词 动词 名词 tion adopt adoption appreciate appreciation affect affection associate association attract attraction calculate calculation collect collection celebrate celebration protect protection concentrate concentration exhibit exhibition contribute contribution elect election cooperate cooperation construct construction congratulate congratulation decorate decoration devote devotion destruct destruction distribute distribution distinct distrinction donate donation elect election graduate graduation extinct extinction hesitate hesitation inspect inspection inspire inspiration interrupt interruption intervene intervention react reaction locate location restrict restriction pollute pollution reflect reflection promote promotion reject rejection participate participation select selection dedicate dedication prohibit prohibition separate separation adapt adaptation add addition reserve reservation compose composition conserve conservation apply application preserve preservation reduce reduction admire admiration occupy occupation declare declaration exam examination determine determination describe description explain explanation assume assumption organize organization consume consumption invite invitation intend intention investigate investigation solve solution inform information recognize recognition recommend recommendation resolve resolution consult consultation qualify qualification recite recitation depart departure compete competition 　 　 compose composition 　 　 动词 名词 动词 名词 sion admit admission express expression explode explosion impress impression expand expansion possess possession conclude conclusion revise revision decide decision 　 department divide division 　 　 动词 名词 动词 名词 ment judge judgement improve improvement argue argument achieve achievement astonish astonishment advertise advertisement appoint appointment encourage encouragement assess assessment arrange arrangement disappoint disappointment govern government embarrass embarrassment assign assignment entertain entertainment treat treatment equip equipment appoint appointment invest investment announce announcement attach attachment replace replacement 动词 名词 al survive survival remove removal approve approval 2）形容词变名词的几种常见形式：t---ce; ness; 形容词 名词 形容词 名词 t-ce absent absence ignorant ignorance accurate accuracy fluent fluency confident confidence silent silence competent competence significant significance distant distance tolerant tolerance innocent innocence patient patience intelligent intelligence violent violence 形容词 名词 形容词 名词 ness aware awareness rich richness fit fitness happy happiness幸福 2024新课标 Ⅰ 卷：The latest engineering techniques are applied to create this protective functional (function) structure that is also beautiful. function为名词，意为 “功能”，此处需用形容词 functional修饰名词 structure，表示 “起作用的；功能性的” 2024新课标 Ⅰ 卷：In cold weather, the structure stays closed (close) to protect the plants. close作动词时意为 “关闭”，这里用其形容词形式 closed，表示 “关闭的”，作表语 2024全国 Ⅰ 卷：The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the south - western part of China at the end of a path retracing the steps along the Silk Route that brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness (rich) of gardening in England. rich是形容词，意为 “富裕的；丰富的”，此处用其名词形式 richness，表示 “丰富；富饶” 2024全国 Ⅱ 卷：Those cultural elements have increased Stratford’s international visibility (visible). visible是形容词，意为 “可见的”，这里用其名词形式 visibility，表示 “知名度；可见性” 2023新课标 Ⅱ 卷：I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident (confidence) speaking English. confidence是名词，意为 “信心”，这里用其形容词形式 confident，表示 “自信的”，作表语 2022浙江卷 1 月：When the answer was no, she declined the invitation (invite). invite是动词，意为 “邀请”，此处用其名词形式 invitation，表示 “邀请；邀请书”，作宾语 2021浙江 6 月卷：They have a daily (day) routine that they follow strictly. day是名词，意为 “天；白天”，这里用其形容词形式 daily，表示 “每日的；日常的”，修饰名词routine，此类的还有month变成monthly，friend变成friendly 3、 冠词 1. 不定冠词 a, an，主要考虑元音或辅音音素，记住特殊情况比如university这种u字母的发字母音的时候前面用不定冠词a，除此之外，剩下的五个元音字母a/e/i/o/u，发音大都是元音； 2. 定冠词the的使用： 1） 名词带后置定语，大多表特指； 2） 名词表示独一无二的事物，比如the Great Wall, the sun, the moon等； 3） 固定搭配 序数词、形容词比较级或最高级：the first第一，the fastest最快的；the taller one 两者比较较高的；the more…, the more…越…越…; 表时间的：all the time总是；at the moment目前、现在；at the same time与此同时； the other day前几天、不久前的一天；for the time being暂时、眼下； 表概括的：on the whole总的来说、大体上；to tell the truth说实话； in the long run从长远看； on the contrary相反； 名词搭配：on the spot在现场；all the way一直、一路上； on the basis of…以…为基础； under the influence/control of…在…影响/控制下; at the sight of…一看见…就…; in the face of…面对…; 2024 年新高考 I 卷： Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse walks visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for the first time. 2023 年新高考 I 卷： The meat should be fresh with a touch of sweetness and the soup hot, clear and delicious. a touch of sth一点点，有一点 2023 年浙江 1 月卷： In contrast to the court life and upper - class culture represented by the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, and the Temple of Heaven, the hutongs reflect the culture of grassroots Beijingers. 2022 年新高考 I 卷： Covering an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. 2021 年新高考 I 卷：While you're in China, Mount Huangshan is a must to visit! 2021 年全国甲卷：It took us about 3 hours to go all the way around the Xi'an City Wall. 4、 连词 1. 并列连词and, but, or，可并列单词、短语、句子； 2. 从属连词，多起连接或者承担某种意义： 1） 引导名词性从句或者定语从句，确定从句类型，定语从句前面多为名词；名词性从句多承担句子的某个成分，比如主语、宾语、表语等； 2） 引导状语从句，表达时间、因果、条件、转折，缺什么意思，就填什么连词； 2024 年浙江 1 月卷： Either your shopping is then too heavy to carry home or you can’t use what you’ve bought while it’s still fresh. 2024 年新高考 II 卷： Recalling watching a Chinese opera version of Shakespeare’s play Richard III in Shanghai and meeting Chinese actors who came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of The Peony Pavilion, Edmondson said, “It was very exciting to hear the Chinese language and see how Tang’s play was being performed. 2023 年新高考 I 卷： To eat one, you have to decide whether to bite a small hole in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill (溢出), or to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue. 2023 年浙江 1 月卷： During China’s dynastic period, emperors planned the city of Beijing and arranged the residential areas according to social classes. 2022 年新高考 I 卷： After a three - year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP is designed to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity (完整性) of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, and leaving behind precious natural assets (资产) for future generations”. 2021 年浙江卷： Although Mary loved flowers, neither she nor her husband was known as a gardener. 五、代词 注意区分it, it’s=it is, its, itself；考察多以人称代词、物主代词以及反身代词为主，根据指代的意义，以及语境中缺乏的意义填空； 2023 年新高考 I 卷：Nanxiang aside, the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without allowing them tearing or spilling any of 42 their contents。 2022 年全国乙卷：The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled (揭幕) at the ceremony, opening its first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth—A Special Exhibition of Pu’er Tea。 2022 年北京卷：Since people can’t always eat out or cook for themselves, they get takeout or order delivery。 2021 年全国乙卷：Ecotourism has its origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s. It was not widely accepted as a travel concept until the late 1980s。 2021 年新高考 I 卷：As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”, and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory. It sure does in mine. 2021 年浙江卷：She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of her, everything in good taste and in perfect order。 2020 年全国 I 卷：Data about the moon’s composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether its plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical。 2020 年新高考卷：As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine themselves living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest。 六、介词，熟悉搭配，合理归类，各个突破 1. as作为介词，句中缺乏作为的意思，比如serve as, act as, stand as； 2. to可作为介词，表达某种指向，或者固定搭配，比如be similar to sth; be familiar to sb等； 3. by作为介词，表达的意义大概三类，第一类表达方式，比如by hand, by doing sth, 表示用…或者通过…方式；第二类表达时间，在…之前，比如by the end of last year,表示截止到去年年底；第三类表达空间，比如在…旁边: by the park, 经过:pass by； 4. with作为介词，表达的意义大概三类，第一类与动词搭配，表达和…一起，一般是和人一起，比如agree with sb，play with sb, go along with sb; 第二类与形容词搭配，表达某种感情，比如be satisfied with sth, be familiar with sth; 第三类与名词搭配，表达某种方式，with embarrassment，with care; 第四类表达带有、具有或者携带某种工具、使用某种手段或材料the girl with long hair，make a cake with flour, eggs and sugar； 2023 年新高考 I 卷：There you will find them prepared differently - more dumpling and less soup, and the wrappers are pressed by hand rather than rolled. 2023 年全国甲卷：She teaches that people must take responsibility for saving their environment. 2023 年全国乙卷：From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong to royal palaces, it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully built system of ring roads. 2023 年浙江 1 月卷：Thanks to Beijing’s long history as capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic events. 2022 年新高考 I 卷：Giant pandas also serve as an umbrella species (物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China. 2021 年新高考 I 卷：A company representative wrote back and told me the airline was switching over from plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights. 阅读理解解题技巧 1、 细节理解题 1. 题干 1） 题干与文章关键词呼应，原词替换或者同近义词替换，圈划关键词---定位---排除； 2） 关注大写字母开头的名词，多是人名、地名、术语等，定位文章---排除选项； 2. 选项 1） 选项与文章关键词呼应，原词替换或者同近义替换； 2） 意义拼凑，定位文章---排除选项---锁定正确选项； 2、 主旨大意题 1. 段落 首句+中心词复现---段意归纳概括； 2. 文章 逻辑走向+结构总分/分总/总分总+中心词复现=主旨 3. 关注逻辑 转折、对比、因果类等逻辑敏感词 转折：however, yet, but, nevertheless, although, though, despite, in spite of, regardless of…; 对比：while, on the contrary, in contrast, on the other hand, by comparison, compared to/with sth…; 因果：so, therefore, hence, consequently, as a result, to conclude, in short, on the whole, that’s why…; 举例：say比如；like像，例如；including包括；such as/for example/for instance比如； 解释：mean意味着；be defined as…定义；stand for代表；refer to指的是；in other words换句话说，to put it in another way换句话说； 3、 观点态度题 人物评价：devoted/loyal 忠诚的；reliable/trustworthy可信赖的； generous慷慨的，丰富的；enthusiastic热情的；energetic有活力的；thoughtful/considerate考虑周到的，体贴的；courageous勇敢的；adventurous 有冒险精神的；professional专业的；knowledgeable博学的；caring/helpful乐于助人的；intelligent聪明的，有智慧的；insightful有洞察力的；diligent勤奋的；determined有决心的，cooperative合作的，乐于配合的；humble/modest谦虚的；optimistic乐观的；humorous幽默的； 事物评价：efficient高效的；demanding要求高的；predictable可预测的；far-reaching影响深远的；risky有风险的；costly代价高的；controversial有争议的；authoritative权威的；profitable有利润的；influential有影响力的；eventful多变故的；simple and plain简单明了的；straightforward简单的，易懂的；ineffective无效的；inconsistent不一致的；unattractive不吸引人的；inexpensive便宜的； 观点态度：positive积极的，赞同的；favorable肯定的，赞成的；approving同意的，赞许的；appreciative感激的，赞赏的；supportive支持的，鼓励的；complimentary赞美的，钦佩的；sympathetic同情的；tolerant容忍的，宽容的；reasonable合理的； objective客观的；unclear不清楚的；ambiguous模糊的；cautious小心的、谨慎的；conservative保守的，传统的；neutral中立的；impartial公正的，不偏不倚的；wait-and-see观望的； dismissive冷漠的；doubtful, skeptical, suspicious怀疑的；indifferent漠不关心的；uncaring冷漠的；intolerant不容忍的；unwilling不愿意的；disapproving不赞同的；critical批判的；pessimistic悲观的；opposed反对的；negative消极的；concerned忧虑的；biased有偏见的；impersonal冷淡的，不受感情影响的； 4、 文章出处题 1. 网站website，a web page，文中提到click，download，access等敏感词； 2. 研究science article, paper, research report，文中提到university, expert, tutor, professor, research, study等敏感词； 3. 课程course, 文中提到grade, score, test, assignment等敏感词； 4. 书评review, 文中提到book name, author, comment, review等敏感词； 5. 传记biography, autobiography, 文中提到人物的经历； 6. 导游手册brochure, guide, 文中提到tourist attraction, book ticket等敏感词； 5、 阅读理解中的同义替换 1. 名词 问题problem---issue；机会chance---opportunity；建议suggestion---proposal； 目标goal---aim---purpose---target---objective； 困难difficulty ---barrier障碍---challenge挑战---trouble麻烦； 缺点、劣势disadvantage---drawback---weakness； 优势advantage ---benefit好处---strength长处---virtue美德； 地区、区域district---region---zone---area；避难所shelter---refuge---sanctuary； 2. 动词 认为consider ---believe认为---claim声称、断言---argue主张、争辩--- assume假设、认为---insist坚持---hold持有（观点）suggest表明、暗示---note指出、记录； 确认、证实confirm ---demonstrate证明、演示--- identify查明、确认--- recognize辨别、承认；强调stress---emphasize---highlight; 评价judge---assess---evaluate---comment ---remark评价n.谈论、说起v.---estimate估计---measure测量、估量---rate评价、划分等级； 处理deal with---handle---tackle---address---approach ---解决solve ---resolve解决---get rid of摆脱、除去； relieve---ease减轻、缓解； 下降decline---decrease---drop---fall---reduce； 改善improve ---enhance提高---promote促进、晋升---upgrade升级、改善; facilitate促进---contribute促成---push促使---stimulate促进、激发、刺激； 鼓舞、激励inspire---motivate---encourage； 模拟simulate ---copy---模仿---model使模仿、做模型； 暴露expose ---reveal揭露---showcase展示；express---convey表达； 改变change ---shift切换---transform转变---switch转变、改变； 反对oppose ---resist抵抗、抵制--- stand up to抵抗、对抗； 积累accumulate --collect/gather/amass聚集---pile up堆积---build up建立、增强； 加速speed up---accelerate；决心、决定determine ---resolve决心---decide决定； 完成、实现achieve---accomplish---realize---fulfill---finish；出现appear---emerge； 保持、维持sustain---maintain； 预定book---reserve；建造build---construct； 3. 形容词 严重的serious---severe；显然的、清楚的obvious---apparent---evident---clear； 基础的fundamental---basic---essential；相同的identical---same； 重要的important---vital---significant---essential---crucial---critical； 大量的rich---abundant---generous---plentiful ---a great deal/amount of…; 4. 副词 constantly持续不断的、经常的---frequently频繁的、经常的； absolutely---completely---totally完全的；merely---simply---only仅仅、只是； extremely---pretty---highly非常；recently---currently---nowadays最近； slightly轻微地---mildly温和地、适度地； 5. 短语 提出、想出come up with---put forward；提前in advance---ahead of time; 吸引be attracted to sth---appeal to sth---attract---draw one’s attention; 参与be involved in sth---be engaged in sth---participate in---take part in; 除了other than---apart from ---besides---except for---otherwise除此以外、否则； 组成consist of--- be made up of---account for占比、解释说明； 故意on purpose---by design---by chance---by accident---deliberately---purposely 偶尔、有时now and then---from time to time---at times---sometimes; 七选五解题技巧 1. 文章逻辑，即段落首句，段意逻辑； 2. 选项分类，代入，排除；关注选项代词的指代意义，以及选项和文章中的同近义词的替换或复现； 3. 空的前后句与空处选项代入的关系；关注并列、对比句式；关注转折、因果关系词；关注是否为解释说明或者举例说明的关系；代入---排除选项； 完形填空解题技巧 1. 预测文章中的故事脉络，把握情节冲突点和结尾升华，对文章有总体印象； 2. 合理想象故事情节，预测空中词的语境意义，代入选项或排除； 3. 难度大点的完形填空，一般无法通过前两段了解故事梗概，需要对文章有个总体的印象，然后根据空中选项的提示，或上下文的提示，边做边理思路； 4. 完形填空需要借助生活经验进行合理想象，这个阅读理解忠实原文的做题思路不太一样，但体裁大都是记叙文或者说明文，主题大都与生活相关，一定要多多体会反思。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$