专题03 阅读理解说明文 （吉林专用）-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高二英语下学期期末真题分类汇编

专题03 阅读理解说明文 （一） （吉林省吉林市第一中学2023-2024高二下期末试题） Black taxis have been a common sight in London for decades. Now these taxis and their drivers have become the focus of a new exploration into Alzheimer’s (阿兹海默症). For those on the outside, it may seem that behind the wheel of these black taxis are just regular people who help move us to our destinations. But within their brains is a map of London’s streets that has put GPS technology to shame for decades. “The Knowledge”, the test for London’s taxi drivers, stands among the hardest mental examinations one could ever undergo. It involves recalling information repeatedly from the memory of minute details about 56,0000 streets in London, from Trafalgar Square to the tiniest residential lanes. Normally, the hippocampus (海马体) feels the effects of Alzheimer’s most. University College London and Alzheimer’s Research UK are studying these taxi drivers’ brains, as it has been found that the hippocampus controlling the brain’s short-term memory and spatial (空间的) memory systems is enlarged in their brains. Moreover, the taxi drivers’ hippocampi continue to enlarge as they go on doing the job for more years, suggesting that perhaps there’s something we can do to reproduce the effect in the general population. Lead researcher Hugo Spiers was part of the team which 20 years ago found that, like birds and squirrels, the taxi drivers’ hippocampi gradually got bigger. Indeed, research has found for years that any animal that requires a detailed spatial knowledge of their territory experiences growth in the hippocampus. Spiers’ team hopes to deal with Alzheimer’s by studying the taxi drivers’ brains. To collect more information on the mechanisms (机制) that cause the “brain gain”, Spiers has asked thirty of London’s taxi drivers connected to an MRI machine to drive around on their routes. The machine will allow the researchers to gather real time observations of the workings of the hippocampus. “It’s been a joy to help scientists fight with the disease,” said taxi driver Robert Lordan. 1．What can we say about “The Knowledge”? A．It lasts for a few minutes only. B．It is usually held in London’s busy streets. C．It is a great challenge to people’s memory. D．It invites some residents in London to be judges. 2．What has been found about the taxi drivers’ hippocampi? A．They are more likely to be harmed. B．They grow in the taxi drivers’ careers. C．They benefit from daily communication most. D．They are poor at controlling short-term memory. 3．Why does the author mention the research on animals? A．To imply the new study benefits the animal kingdom as well. B．To point out that more studies on animals’ brains are needed. C．To show animals’ hippocampi are very different from humans’. D．To prove the use of certain knowledge influences brain development. 4．Why do the researchers observe the taxi drivers with an MRI machine? A．To figure out who has the largest hippocampus. B．To know how Alzheimer’s develops in their brains. C．To find out how their hippocampi perform at work. D．To test whether the special machine is effective. （二） （吉林省松原市2023-2024高二下期末试题） New research has highlighted the deep link between dietary choices and brain health. Published in Nature, the research showed that a healthy, balanced diet was linked to superior brain health, cognitive function and mental well-being. The study, involving researchers at the University of Warwick, sheds light on how our food preferences not only influence physical health but also significantly impact brain health. The dietary choices of a large sample of 181,990 participants from the UK Biobank were analyzed and a range of physical evaluation including cognitive functions, blood metabolic biomarkers, brain imaging, and genetics unveil new insights into the relationship between nutrition and overall well-being. A balanced diet was associated with better mental health, superior cognitive functions and even higher amounts of grey matter in the brain — linked to intelligence — compared with those with a less varied diet. The study also highlights the need for gradual changes in eating habits, especially for people who are used to tasty but nutrient-poor foods. By slowly reducing sugar and fat intake over time, people may find themselves naturally tend to make healthier food choices. Genetic factors may also contribute to the association between diet and brain health, the scientists believe, showing how a combination of genetic predispositions (倾向) and lifestyle choices shapes well-being. Lead author Professor Jianfeng Feng, University of Warwick, emphasized the importance of establishing healthy food preferences early in life. He said, “Developing a healthy balanced diet from an early age is crucial for healthy growth. To foster the development of a healthy balanced diet, both families and schools should offer a diverse range of nutritious meals and cultivate an environment that supports their physical and mental health.” Co-author Wei Cheng, Fudan University, added, “Our findings underline the associations between dietary patterns and brain health, urging common efforts in promoting nutritional awareness and fostering healthier eating habits across diverse populations.” 2．What did the research done at the University of Warwick centre on? A．The link between exercise and brain health. B．The association between diet and brain health. C．The impact of well-being on cognitive functions. D．The effects of a balanced diet on mental well-being. 2．How did researchers draw their conclusion? A．By analyzing data. B．By conducting surveys. C．By doing experiments. D．By observing participants. 3．Which of the following is influenced by the amount of grey matter in the brain? A．A person’s age. B．A person’s weight. C．A person’s height. D．A person’s cognition. 4．What may the two authors, Jianfeng Feng and Wei Cheng, suggest? A．Getting regular brain health checks. B．Improving the nutrition in every meal. C．Forming healthy eating habits early. D．Promoting health awareness in school. （三） （吉林省梅河口市第五中学2023-2024高二下期末试题） Microsoft has announced the general availability of its Azure AI Content Safety, a new service that helps users detect and filter harmful AI-generated and user-generated content across applications and services. The service, designed to reduce negative information in community environments, includes text and image detection and identifies content that Microsoft terms “offensive, risky, or undesirable”, including hate, bias, adult content, violence and self-harm. “By focusing on content safety, we can create a safer digital environment that promotes responsible use of AI and safeguards the well-being of individuals and society as a whole,” wrote Louise Han, product manager for Azure Anomaly Detector, in a blog post announcing the launch. Azure AI Content Safety has the ability to handle various content categories, languages, and threats to moderate both text and visual content. It also offers image features that use AI algorithms to scan, analyze, and moderate visual content, ensuring what Microsoft terms 360- degree comprehensive safety measures. The service is also equipped to moderate content across multiple languages and it can rate the severity of specific content on a scale ranging from 0 to 7. Then it instructs human detectors to take action. “When it comes to online safety, it is crucial to consider more than just human-generated content, especially as AI-generated content becomes prevalent,” Han wrote. “To make sure that AI-generated outputs are accurate, reliable, or appropriate materials is essential. Content safety not only protects users from misinformation and potential harm but also upholds (支持) moral standards and builds trust in AI technologies.” Azure AI Content Safety has a better understanding of textual content and cultural context and are more precise in processing data and content than other products in their category. Azure AI Content Safety is mainly priced on a pay-as-you-go basis. Interested users can check out pricing options on the Azure AI Content Safety pricing page. 1．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．Microsoft makes AI technologies popular. B．Microsoft launches AI Content Safety service. C．Microsoft guarantees trust in AI technologies. D．Microsoft puts forward a term about AI Content Safety. 2．What type of information is the most likely to be identified by Azure AI Content Safety? A．Peaceful protest. B．Friendly greetings. C．Hate speech. D．Nursery rhymes. 3．What does the underlined word “prevalent” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A．widespread B．groundbreaking C．painstaking D．upcoming 4．The text is probably followed by a paragraph about _____. A．the comparison of Azure AI Content Safety and other similar products B．the application of Azure AI Content Safety to users’ language learning C．the details of price choices when purchasing Azure AI Content Safety D．the examples of Azure AI Content Safety to solve technical problems （四） （吉林省吉林松花江中学2023-2024高二下期末试题） AI could make it less necessary to learn foreign languages. That is good news for travelers, bad news for soulful connection. Travel has long been a motivator for study — unless people start to feel AI tools offer a good-enough service. Some are concerned that apps are turning language acquisition into a dwindling pursuit. Douglas Hofstadter, a writer, has argued that something important will disappear when people talk through machines. He describes giving a hesitant, difficult speech in Mandarin, which required a lot of work but offered a sense of achievement at the end. Who would show off taking a plane to the top of Mount Everest? Others are less worried. Most people do not move abroad or have the kind of sustained contact with a foreign culture that requires them to put in the work to become fluent. Nor do most people learn languages for the purpose of humanizing themselves or training their brains. On their holiday, they just want a beer and pizza. As AI translation becomes a more popular labour-saving tool, people will divide into two groups. There will be those who want to challenge their minds, put themselves in other cultures or force their thinking into new pathways. This lot will still take on language study, often aided by technology. Others will look at learning a new language with a mix of admiration and confusion, as they might with extreme endurance (忍耐力) sports: “Good for you, if that’s your thing, but a bit painful for my taste.” But a focus on the learner alone misses the fundamentally social nature of language. It is a bit like analyzing the benefits of close relationships to heart health but overlooking the inner value of those bonds themselves. When you try to ask directions in broken Japanese or make a joke in hesitant German, you are making direct contact with someone. And when you speak a language well enough to tell a story with perfect timing or put subtle (微妙的) shading on an argument, that connection is still deeper. 1．What does the word “dwindling” mean in paragraph 2? A．Growing. B．Lasting. C．Declining. D．Challenging. 2．What is the underlined part “taking a helicopter to the top of Mount Everest” compared to? A．Using AI tools to do the translation. B．Doing the work that gives you satisfaction. C．Making effort to learn a new language. D．Studying a language aided by technology. 3．Which of the following will the “Others” in paragraph 4 agree with? A．People should stretch their minds in life. B．AI translation tools offer a good service. C．Extreme endurance sports are worth trying. D．Language learning builds deep connection. 4．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Language learning benefits learners alone. B．Language learning is of value to human health. C．We should reflect on language learning methods. D．We should adopt a new angle on language learning. （五） （吉林省普通高中G6教考联盟高二下期末试卷） ChatGPT appears to have better “bedside manners” than some doctors — at least when their written advice is rated for quality and empathy (同理心), a study has shown. The study, published in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine, used data from social news website Reddit’s Ask Docs forum, in which members can post medical questions answered by verified healthcare professionals. The team randomly sampled 195 exchanges from Ask Docs where a verified doctor responded to a public question. The original questions were then posed to the AI language model ChatGPT, which was asked to respond. Finally, a panel of three licensed healthcare professionals, who did not know whether the response came from a human physician or ChatGPT, rated the answers for quality and empathy. Overall, the panel preferred ChatGPT’s answers to those given by a human 79 percent of the time. ChatGPT responses were also rated good or very good quality 79 percent of the time, compared with 22 percent of doctors’ responses, and 45 percent of the ChatGPT answers were rated empathic or very empathic compared with just 5 percent of doctors’ replies. Christopher Longhurst, of UC San Diego Health, said:“These results suggest that tools like ChatGPT can efficiently draft high-quality, personalized medical advice for review by clinicians, and we are beginning that process at UCSD Health.” Professor James Davenport, of the University of Bath, who was not involved in the research, said: “The paper does not say that ChatGPT can replace doctors, but does, quite reasonably, call for further research into whether and how ChatGPT can assist physicians in response generation.” Some noted that, given ChatGPT was specifically designed to be likable, it was not surprising that it wrote texts that came across as empathic. It also tended to give longer, chattier answers than human doctors, which could have played a role in its higher ratings. Others cautioned against relying on language models for factual information due to their tendency to generate made-up “facts”. 1．What does the underlined word “verified” in paragraph 2 mean? A．dedicated. B．licensed. C．intelligent. D．enthusiastic. 2．What is the percentage difference in empathy ratings between doctors’ responses and ChatGPT’s responses? A．17 percent. B．40 percent. C．57 percent. D．74 percent. 3．What’s Professor Davenport’s view regarding the paper’s proposal for additional investigation into ChatGPT’s support for physicians? A．Objective. B．Indifferent. C．Unconcerned. D．Disapproving. 4．What concern was raised about using ChatGPT? A．Its responses might be one-sided. B．It fails to give empathic responses. C．It may produce unreliable information. D．It is unable to offer high-quality advice. （六） （吉林省辽宁省实验中学联考2023-2024高二下期末试题） High employment, falling inflation (通货膨胀), and economic growth. On the surface, the US economy currently seems to be doing great. But as it turns out, things are not so rosy for the average American. According to a March 6 survey conducted by the Savings website, 47 percent of US parents provide financial support to their adult children to help deal with the cost of living struggles. Gen Zers (aged 18 — 27) were found to be the most likely generation to get financial help from their parents, receiving on average 1,515 dollars per month. Still, many older parents were found to support their Millennial (aged 28 — 43) or Generation X (aged 44 — 59) adult children, accounting for 21 percent of parents providing support. The most common expenses mentioned were groceries and health insurance. But why are so many US adults, both young and old, struggling to “leave the nest”? One major reason is food prices. According to a survey, food prices are expected to increase by nearly 2.5 percent in 2024. Meanwhile, stable housing remains an elusive dream for many. The average rate for a 30-year mortgage (抵押贷款) was almost 8 percent in 2023, which means many Americans are priced out of affording their own home. The final piece of the puzzle is falling salaries. Previous generations were able to count on graduating from college as the key to landing a job that paid well. But now, young graduates have found they earn less than their parents. College graduate salaries have decreased more than 10 percent in four decades after adjusting for inflation. In other words, steadily declining salaries make it even harder for young Americans to cope with rising costs. As Gen Zers in the US struggle under financial pressures, so do the older generations supporting them, as their sharing puts their retirement at risk. The Savings website discovered that working parents were found to contribute “2.4 times more to support adult children than they contribute to their retirement accounts each month”. Essentially, while the US economy remains afloat, we will witness multiple generations of Americans sinking in their own lifeboats in the years ahead. 1．What did the March 6 survey find out about adult children in the US? A．Nearly half of them are financially dependent. B．Over half of Gen Zers are financially struggling. C．21 percent of Generation X receive parental help. D．A majority of them rely on their parents for education. 2．What does the underlined word  “elusive”  in paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Readily accessible. B．Difficult to achieve. C．Often misunderstood. D．Commonly sought after. 3．What can be inferred from the article about people in the US? A．Graduates’ financial struggles are temporary. B．Government policies favor older generations. C．Salaries for graduates tend to keep up with inflation. D．Financial pressures affect both the young and the old. 4．What is the author’s attitude toward the future of Americans? A．Negative. B．Optimistic. C．Ambiguous. D．Indifferent. （七） （吉林省吉林市田家炳高级中学2023-2024高二下期末联考试题) Under the background of the slow growth of its total population to 1.44 billion, China has seen a sharp rise in older adults over the past decade, solidifying the country’s rapidly aging pattern, the latest national census (人口普查) data shows. The population on the Chinese mainland increased by an average of 0.53 percent annually during the past 10 years to 1.41 billion, compared with an annual growth rate of 0.57 percent from 2000 to 2010, according to the 7th national census published by the National Bureau of Statistics. “The growth of the total population has slowed down but remains at a steady pace,” Ning Jizhe, head of the bureau, said at a news conference. “Based on trends in recent years, China’s population will grow at an increasingly slow rate in the future while remaining above 1.4 billion.” The increasing elderly population has become a defining feature of the past decade. Ning said an aging society will set the tone for China's population structure for a long time, presenting challenges and opportunities. “A graying population will pile pressure on supply of labor force and social services, as well as adding to families’ elderly care burden. But more elderly people could also motivate consumption of products and services targeting this age group, and advance the development of some technologies,” he said. Ning added that those between the ages of 60 and 69, who are equipped with knowledge, experience and skills and are generally in good health, make up nearly 56 percent of all older adults. “Their potential to continue making contributions to society and playing a constructive role is big,” he responded to a question on the outlook for raising the retirement age and carrying out other potential measures aimed at addressing the aging trend. Some population economists also said the latest number and proportion (比例) of elderly are largely within predictions, and the aging trend will continue for a long time. 1．What does the 7th national census data show? A．The aging population of China has risen rapidly. B．The annual growth rate has increased by 0.04%. C．The annual growth rate was 0.57% during the past 10 years. D．The total population of Chinese mainland increased to 1.44 billion. 2．What does Ning Jizhe say about the growth of graying population? A．It is beyond predictions. B．It brings few advantages. C．It has sharply slowed down. D．It will increase pressure on family. 3．What is Ning Jizhe’s attitude to the graying population? A．Objective. B．Doubtful. C．Unclear. D．Negative. 4．What can be a suitable title for the passage? A．The aging trend brings problems B．An aging society presents opportunities C．China’s population gets old as growth slows D．Measures are to be taken to tackle the aging trend （八） （吉林省“BEST合作体”2023-2024高二下期末试题） As humans, we might believe that we are the smartest and perhaps the only creatures in the world capable of having feelings and subjective experience, but is this really the case? A new study finds that bumblebees (大黄蜂) like to play. They like to roll around small wooden balls with no apparent motivation — it likely makes them feel good. Previous evidence suggests that bees have positive and negative emotion-like states usually when they are given food rewards to test their abilities. However, in an experiment of the new study, some researchers had trained bumblebees to roll balls into a target in exchange for a sweet treat. They noticed that sometimes bumblebees would roll the balls outside of the experiment area for no reward. This observation gave rise to new questions: What are they doing? Why? Is this random or intentional? To answer these questions, the researchers set up more experiments. In the latest experiment, they watched 45 bumblebees in an enclosed area where they could walk through a clear path to reach a feeding area, or they could go off the path into areas with wooden balls. They found the bumblebees went out of their way to sit on the balls or push them. Each rolled the balls between one and 117 times during the experiment. The researchers say that because they did it repeatedly with no food payoff, it suggests that the ball rolling was rewarding. “The behavior was voluntary,” says study first-author Samadi Galpayage. “Bees have a reputation for being hard workers, but the prospect of bees engaging in something like play is really novel and exciting because it shows that bees may experience pleasure and don’t only carry out duties that are strictly essential for immediate survival.” Galpayage adds, “Personally, I find this behavior fascinating because it tells us that bumblebees, like many other animals, are more than little robotic beings, but have a richer behavior and life than we would have previously thought.” 1．What is probably humans’ typical view on bumblebees according to paragraph 1? A．They have no subjective feelings. B．They are friendly to human beings. C．They like rolling balls for pleasure. D．They are smarter than other creatures. 2．What did bumblebees do in the latest experiment of the new study? A．They rolled their food around. B．They played with the balls. C．They stayed in the feeding area. D．They shared food with each other. 3．How does Samadi Galpayage feel about bumblebees’ behavior in the new study? A．Calm. B．Regretful. C．Unconcerned. D．Amazed. 4．Which of the following can serve as the best title of the text? A．Bumblebees Are Hard Workers B．Bumblebees Roll Balls for Food C．Bumblebees Are Selfless Insects D．Bumblebees Probably Enjoy Playing （九） （吉林省白山市2023-2024高二下期末试题） Many effective agricultural techniques have roots in pre-agricultural human history. For a thousand years, people have used controlled burning techniques to get rid of brush, allowing edible (可食用的) plants to grow better and preventing larger wildfires during dry seasons. Today, large wild wildfires in North America and Australia demonstrate the importance of maintaining controlled burning practices perfected by many Native American farmers and Aboriginal Australian peoples. Farming has also improved over the years. Early farmers set small plots of land by hand, clearing away trees with simple tools and digging sticks to break up and till the soil. Over time, improved farming tools of bone, stone and iron were developed. New methods of storage developed. People began storing large quantities of foods in jars and clay-lined wells for use in times of emergencies. They also began making clay pots and other tools for carrying and cooking food. Around 5500 BCE, farmers in Mesopotamia developed simple irrigation (灌溉) systems. By channelling water from streams onto their fields, farmers were able to settle in areas once thought to be unsuited to agriculture. In Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China, people organised themselves and worked together to build and maintain better irrigation systems. Early farmers also developed improved varieties of plants. For example, around 6000 BCE, a new variety of wheat arose in South Asia and South Asia and Egypt. It was stronger than previous grains and it could be made into bread. In China, farmers also adapted tools and methods from nearby empires. A variety of rice from Vietnam ripened quickly and allowed farmers to harvest several crops during a single growing season. This rice quickly became popular throughout China. Many European farmers around 1000 to 1450 CE used an open-field system of planting. One field would be planted in spring, another in autumn, and one would be left unplanted. This system preserved nutrients in the soil, increasing crop production. 1．Why are the controlled burning techniques mentioned in Paragraph 1? A．To tell us fires are vital for people from early times. B．To show the ancient ways of farming are still useful today. C．To indicate people can’t control fires as effectively as before. D．To show fires on farming are only controlled by few people. 2．What did people begin to do with developed farming methods? A．Preserve more grains. B．Trade grains for farming tools. C．Be engaged in other businesses. D．Clear away fewer land. 3．What can we learn from the second to last paragraph? A．People made full use of nature. B．The national irrigation systems were developed quickly. C．The International agricultural technology exchange was important. D．The changeable weather conditions had a big impact on agriculture. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．The Long History of Modern Agriculture B．The Development of the Early Irrigation Systems C．The Procedure of the Improved Agriculture D．The Improvement of Early Agricultural Techniques （十） （吉林省白城市实验高级中学2023-2024高二下期末试题） The low percentage of women in science ，technology，engineering，and mathematics(STEM) careers is often attributed (归因于) to men being believed to be better at the sort of thinking those fields require. Though studies have debunked the view,they have largely been based on results acquired from various several standardized tests. Now, researchers from Pennsylvania' S Carnegie Mellon University have found evidence that is hard to overlook; MRI (磁共振成像) proves that young girls and boys use the same mechanisms and networks in the brain to solve math problems. The groundbreaking study to evaluate the biological gender differences in the math talent of young children was led by the university' s professor of neuroscience, Jessica Cantlon. For their study ,the team selected 104 young children, between 3 and 10 years old, divided almost equally by gender. The scientists used a functional MRI to observe their brain activity as they engaged in math tasks. These included watching age appropriate educational videos and doing math exercises such as counting and addition,as well as reading for comparison. “We looked at which areas of the brain respond more strongly to mathematics content in the videos and tasks, compared to non math content like reading or the alphabet, Cantlon said.“When we do that in lite girls, we see a particular network of the brain respond,and when we do that same analysis in boys, we see the exact same regions.” So why do girls and young women tend to avoid math and STEM careers in general? Cantlon thinks it may be rooted in social and cultural conventions. Previous studies have indicated that parents tend to spend more time with young boys in play that inspire spatial cognition (空间认知)-such as toys that involve learning number skills and shapes and solving puzzles. Educators were also observed to spend more time with boys during math class. 1．What does the underlined word“debunked” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Disproved. B．Supported. C．Confirmed. D．Overlooked. 2．What does paragraph 2 mainly focus on? A．The purpose of the research. B．The process of the research. C．The participants of the research. D．The findings of the research. 3．What contributes to the lack of women in STEM careers? A．Mental capacity. B．Gender difference. C．Traditional prejudice. D．Family background. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．MRI- A Great Helper in Research B．Toys- Boosters for STEM Potential C．Boys and Girls: Equally Talented in Math D．STEM Careers: Calling for More w omen （十一） （吉林省“BEST合作体”2022-2023高二下期末试题） The impact of the man-made climate crisis on Antarctica is scientifically undeniable: stable ice shelves are retreating, air temperature increased by 3 degrees Celsius. krill(磷虾)numbers are declining, melting ice is contributing to sea level rise, and polar bears and seals are getting displaced. “Antarctic biodiversity could decline substantially by the end of the century if we continue with business as usual.” Jasmine Rachael Lee, lead author of the University of Queensland study says. Published in the journal PLOS Biology, the study finds population declines are likely for 65% of the continent’s plants and wildlife by the year 2100. The most vulnerable(脆弱的)species is the Emperor penguins. In October 2022, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed Emperor penguins as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act(ESA), as experts predict the flightless seabird will see a 26% to 47% dip in its population by 2050. “This listing reflects the growing extinction crisis and highlights the importance of the ESA and efforts to conserve species before population declines become irreversible(不可逆转).” said Service Director Martha Williams at the time. Aside from Emperor penguins, other Antarctic specialists, like the Adélie penguin and dry soil nematodes, were also highly vulnerable. We urgently need a combination of global and local conservation action to best conserve Antarctic species. Global action and global voices to help relieve climate change—because the biggest threat to Antarctica is coming from outside of it. And then we need local actions to help protect biodiversity against local threats and give them the best chance of adapting to climate changes. This will help to save our iconic(代表性的)species like the Emperor penguins and all of Antarctica’s unique and highly adapted inhabitants. It will also help humankind, as we rely heavily on the priceless services the Antarctic provides in regulating our climate and capturing sea level in its ice sheets. 1．What can we learn from Paragraph 1? A．The impact of climate crisis is usually denied. B．Conservation efforts are badly needed. C．Air temperature on Antarctic increases 3℃ annually. D．Sea level rise results in seabirds losing their habitats. 2．Why is the Emperor penguin mentioned in Paragraph 2? A．To serve as a call to protect wildlife on Antarctic B．To reflect the growing population of wild species. C．To prove the effectiveness of the Endangered Species Act. D．To highlight the severe impact of rising temperature. 3．What is probably the best conservation policy? A．Reducing the chances of making a trip to Antarctic. B．Making joint efforts to relieve climate change. C．Attempting to provide essential nutrients to the ecosystem. D．Continuing to carry forward the Endangered Species Act. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Plants and Wildlife on Antarctica Will Decline Quickly B．Antarctic Species Are Vulnerable to Human Threats C．More Action Should Be Taken to Protect Wildlife on Antarctica D．The Best Conservation Strategy Will Be Carried Out Soon （十二） （吉林省三区九校2023-2024高二下期末试题） When we talk about plastic rubbish polluting the earth, we don’t often talk about the environmental impacts caused by fast-food packaging. Actually, this packaging is often coated with environmentally damaging chemicals. Recently researchers from Flinders University and German biomaterials developer, one·five, have started using seaweed (海草) to solve the packaging waste problem of the fast-food industry. Using seaweed to create sustainable alternatives to existing products isn’t a new concept. The idea of turning seaweed into a material to replace bubble wrap (气泡膜包装) was put forward more than seven years ago. This time, the Flinders University materials researchers and one·five are using seaweed extracts (提取物) to develop next-generation coating materials. In fact, these new non-pollutive biomaterials are designed to replace the traditional fossil-based plastic coatings that are used in most oil-proof fast-food packaging. The new coating not only meets the required functionality standards of traditional oil-proof packaging materials but also works to create an environmentally sustainable solution. It is as recyclable as paper,explains Dr Zhongfa n Jia, a lead researcher from the Flinders Institute. “The seaweed extracts have a similar structure to the natural fibres from which paper is made,” says Dr Jia. “Our novel treatments boost the oil-proof feature of the seaweed through simple adaptation while neither affecting the biodegradability (生物降解力) nor recyclability of the coated paper.” “The product could be great news for the environment. We are able to reduce harmful plastic pollution with it,” says Claire Gusko, co-founder of one·five. Now Flinders University and one·five are trying mass production from the laboratory to the factory. Although achievements like this are definitely worth celebrating, we can’t just stop at seaweed packaging. We need to use seaweed and other sustainable tools to effectively help reduce our environmental impacts and make real changes. 1．What’re researchers from Flinder University and one·five doing? A．Solving the food waste problem. B．Producing seaweed extracts. C．Using seaweed to develop new coating materials. D．Turning seaweed into bubble wrap. 2．What is the traditional plastic coating like? A．Oil-proof. B．Expensive. C．Sustainable. D．Recyclable. 3．What do we know about the seaweed extract coating? A．It has been put on the market. B．It is just a novel concept. C．It is coated with damaging material. D．It is environmentally friendly. 4．Why does the author write the text? A．To suggest people create environmentally friendly products. B．To stop people from using plastic package. C．To warn readers of the environmental impacts caused by fast-food packaging. D．To introduce a replacement for traditional packaging material. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！2 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题03 阅读理解说明文 （一） （吉林省吉林市第一中学2023-2024高二下期末试题） Black taxis have been a common sight in London for decades. Now these taxis and their drivers have become the focus of a new exploration into Alzheimer’s (阿兹海默症). For those on the outside, it may seem that behind the wheel of these black taxis are just regular people who help move us to our destinations. But within their brains is a map of London’s streets that has put GPS technology to shame for decades. “The Knowledge”, the test for London’s taxi drivers, stands among the hardest mental examinations one could ever undergo. It involves recalling information repeatedly from the memory of minute details about 56,0000 streets in London, from Trafalgar Square to the tiniest residential lanes. Normally, the hippocampus (海马体) feels the effects of Alzheimer’s most. University College London and Alzheimer’s Research UK are studying these taxi drivers’ brains, as it has been found that the hippocampus controlling the brain’s short-term memory and spatial (空间的) memory systems is enlarged in their brains. Moreover, the taxi drivers’ hippocampi continue to enlarge as they go on doing the job for more years, suggesting that perhaps there’s something we can do to reproduce the effect in the general population. Lead researcher Hugo Spiers was part of the team which 20 years ago found that, like birds and squirrels, the taxi drivers’ hippocampi gradually got bigger. Indeed, research has found for years that any animal that requires a detailed spatial knowledge of their territory experiences growth in the hippocampus. Spiers’ team hopes to deal with Alzheimer’s by studying the taxi drivers’ brains. To collect more information on the mechanisms (机制) that cause the “brain gain”, Spiers has asked thirty of London’s taxi drivers connected to an MRI machine to drive around on their routes. The machine will allow the researchers to gather real time observations of the workings of the hippocampus. “It’s been a joy to help scientists fight with the disease,” said taxi driver Robert Lordan. 1．What can we say about “The Knowledge”? A．It lasts for a few minutes only. B．It is usually held in London’s busy streets. C．It is a great challenge to people’s memory. D．It invites some residents in London to be judges. 2．What has been found about the taxi drivers’ hippocampi? A．They are more likely to be harmed. B．They grow in the taxi drivers’ careers. C．They benefit from daily communication most. D．They are poor at controlling short-term memory. 3．Why does the author mention the research on animals? A．To imply the new study benefits the animal kingdom as well. B．To point out that more studies on animals’ brains are needed. C．To show animals’ hippocampi are very different from humans’. D．To prove the use of certain knowledge influences brain development. 4．Why do the researchers observe the taxi drivers with an MRI machine? A．To figure out who has the largest hippocampus. B．To know how Alzheimer’s develops in their brains. C．To find out how their hippocampi perform at work. D．To test whether the special machine is effective. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了在伦敦出租车和司机已经成为研究阿兹海默症的新焦点，在他们的大脑中隐藏着一张伦敦街道地图，几十年来，它让GPS技术相形见绌。这主要是他们大脑中的海马体会随着工作年限的延长而继续扩大。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“It involves recalling information repeatedly from the memory of minute details about 56,0000 streets in London, from Trafalgar Square to the tiniest residential lanes.(它涉及从伦敦56万条街道的细节记忆中反复回忆信息，从特拉法加广场到最小的住宅小巷)”可知，The Knowledge对人的记忆力是一个很大的挑战。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Moreover, the taxi drivers’ hippocampi continue to enlarge as they go on doing the job for more years, suggesting that perhaps there’s something we can do to reproduce the effect in the general population.(此外，出租车司机的海马体随着他们从事这项工作多年而不断扩大，这表明也许我们可以做些什么来在普通人群中重现这种影响)”可知，海马体在出租车司机的职业生涯中成长。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Indeed, research has found for years that any animal that requires a detailed spatial knowledge of their territory experiences growth in the hippocampus.(事实上，多年来的研究发现，任何需要详细领地空间知识的动物都会经历海马体的生长)”可知，作者提到动物（鸟类和松鼠）的研究是为了证明某些知识的长期使用会影响大脑的发育。故选D项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“To collect more information on the mechanisms that cause the “brain gain”. Spiers has asked thirty of London’s taxi drivers connected to an MRI machine to drive around on their routes.(为了收集更多关于“大脑增益”机制的信息，斯皮尔斯已经要求30名连接到核磁共振成像仪的伦敦出租车司机在他们的路线上四处开车)”可知，斯皮尔斯使用核磁共振成像仪的目的是收集更多关于导致“大脑增益”的机制的信息，即弄清楚他们的海马体在工作中的表现。故选C项。 （二） （吉林省松原市2023-2024高二下期末试题） New research has highlighted the deep link between dietary choices and brain health. Published in Nature, the research showed that a healthy, balanced diet was linked to superior brain health, cognitive function and mental well-being. The study, involving researchers at the University of Warwick, sheds light on how our food preferences not only influence physical health but also significantly impact brain health. The dietary choices of a large sample of 181,990 participants from the UK Biobank were analyzed and a range of physical evaluation including cognitive functions, blood metabolic biomarkers, brain imaging, and genetics unveil new insights into the relationship between nutrition and overall well-being. A balanced diet was associated with better mental health, superior cognitive functions and even higher amounts of grey matter in the brain — linked to intelligence — compared with those with a less varied diet. The study also highlights the need for gradual changes in eating habits, especially for people who are used to tasty but nutrient-poor foods. By slowly reducing sugar and fat intake over time, people may find themselves naturally tend to make healthier food choices. Genetic factors may also contribute to the association between diet and brain health, the scientists believe, showing how a combination of genetic predispositions (倾向) and lifestyle choices shapes well-being. Lead author Professor Jianfeng Feng, University of Warwick, emphasized the importance of establishing healthy food preferences early in life. He said, “Developing a healthy balanced diet from an early age is crucial for healthy growth. To foster the development of a healthy balanced diet, both families and schools should offer a diverse range of nutritious meals and cultivate an environment that supports their physical and mental health.” Co-author Wei Cheng, Fudan University, added, “Our findings underline the associations between dietary patterns and brain health, urging common efforts in promoting nutritional awareness and fostering healthier eating habits across diverse populations.” 2．What did the research done at the University of Warwick centre on? A．The link between exercise and brain health. B．The association between diet and brain health. C．The impact of well-being on cognitive functions. D．The effects of a balanced diet on mental well-being. 2．How did researchers draw their conclusion? A．By analyzing data. B．By conducting surveys. C．By doing experiments. D．By observing participants. 3．Which of the following is influenced by the amount of grey matter in the brain? A．A person’s age. B．A person’s weight. C．A person’s height. D．A person’s cognition. 4．What may the two authors, Jianfeng Feng and Wei Cheng, suggest? A．Getting regular brain health checks. B．Improving the nutrition in every meal. C．Forming healthy eating habits early. D．Promoting health awareness in school. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章的一项研究表明，饮食选择与大脑健康之间有深刻联系，健康均衡的饮食与卓越的大脑健康、认知功能和心理健康有关，强调尽早养成健康的饮食习惯的重要性。 1．细节理解题。由第一段中“The study, involving researchers at the University of Warwick, sheds light on how our food preferences not only influence physical health but also significantly impact brain health. (这项由华威大学研究人员参与的研究揭示了我们的食物偏好如何不仅影响身体健康，而且显著影响大脑健康)”可知，华威大学的研究主要集中在饮食与大脑健康之间的关系。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。由第二段“The dietary choices of a large sample of 181,990 participants from the UK Biobank were analyzed and a range of physical evaluation including cognitive functions, blood metabolic biomarkers, brain imaging, and genetics unveil new insights into the relationship between nutrition and overall well-being. (对来自英国生物库的181,990名参与者的大样本饮食选择进行了分析，包括认知功能、血液代谢生物标志物、脑成像和遗传学在内的一系列身体评估揭示了营养与整体健康之间关系的新见解)”可知，研究人员对来自英国生物库的181,990名参与者的大样本饮食选择进行了分析，即通过分析数据得出结论的。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。由第三段“A balanced diet was associated with better mental health, superior cognitive functions and even higher amounts of grey matter in the brain — linked to intelligence — compared with those with a less varied diet. (与饮食不太多样化的人相比，均衡的饮食与更好的心理健康、更优的认知功能，甚至与智力相关的大脑灰质含量更高有关)”可知，智力高低与大脑灰质含量多少有关，“一个人的认知”属于大脑智力范畴，会受到大脑灰质数量的影响。故选D项。 4．细节理解题。由倒数第二段中“Lead author Professor Jianfeng Feng, University of Warwick, emphasized the importance of establishing healthy food preferences early in life. He said, “Developing a healthy balanced diet from an early age is crucial for healthy growth. (主要作者、华威大学冯剑峰教授强调了在生命早期建立健康饮食偏好的重要性。他说：“从小养成健康均衡的饮食习惯对健康成长至关重要)”和最后一段中Wei Cheng说的话“Our findings underline the associations between dietary patterns and brain health, urging common efforts in promoting nutritional awareness and fostering healthier eating habits across diverse populations. (我们的研究结果强调了饮食模式与大脑健康之间的关联，敦促在不同人群中共同努力提高营养意识，培养更健康的饮食习惯)”可知，Jianfeng Feng和Wei Cheng建议人们尽早养成健康的饮食习惯。故选C项。 （三） （吉林省梅河口市第五中学2023-2024高二下期末试题） Microsoft has announced the general availability of its Azure AI Content Safety, a new service that helps users detect and filter harmful AI-generated and user-generated content across applications and services. The service, designed to reduce negative information in community environments, includes text and image detection and identifies content that Microsoft terms “offensive, risky, or undesirable”, including hate, bias, adult content, violence and self-harm. “By focusing on content safety, we can create a safer digital environment that promotes responsible use of AI and safeguards the well-being of individuals and society as a whole,” wrote Louise Han, product manager for Azure Anomaly Detector, in a blog post announcing the launch. Azure AI Content Safety has the ability to handle various content categories, languages, and threats to moderate both text and visual content. It also offers image features that use AI algorithms to scan, analyze, and moderate visual content, ensuring what Microsoft terms 360- degree comprehensive safety measures. The service is also equipped to moderate content across multiple languages and it can rate the severity of specific content on a scale ranging from 0 to 7. Then it instructs human detectors to take action. “When it comes to online safety, it is crucial to consider more than just human-generated content, especially as AI-generated content becomes prevalent,” Han wrote. “To make sure that AI-generated outputs are accurate, reliable, or appropriate materials is essential. Content safety not only protects users from misinformation and potential harm but also upholds (支持) moral standards and builds trust in AI technologies.” Azure AI Content Safety has a better understanding of textual content and cultural context and are more precise in processing data and content than other products in their category. Azure AI Content Safety is mainly priced on a pay-as-you-go basis. Interested users can check out pricing options on the Azure AI Content Safety pricing page. 1．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．Microsoft makes AI technologies popular. B．Microsoft launches AI Content Safety service. C．Microsoft guarantees trust in AI technologies. D．Microsoft puts forward a term about AI Content Safety. 2．What type of information is the most likely to be identified by Azure AI Content Safety? A．Peaceful protest. B．Friendly greetings. C．Hate speech. D．Nursery rhymes. 3．What does the underlined word “prevalent” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A．widespread B．groundbreaking C．painstaking D．upcoming 4．The text is probably followed by a paragraph about _____. A．the comparison of Azure AI Content Safety and other similar products B．the application of Azure AI Content Safety to users’ language learning C．the details of price choices when purchasing Azure AI Content Safety D．the examples of Azure AI Content Safety to solve technical problems 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。微软宣布全面推出Azure AI内容安全服务，这是一项新服务，可以帮助用户在应用程序和服务中检测和过滤有害的人工智能和用户生成的内容。文章介绍了这项服务的一些内容和特点。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Microsoft has announced the general availability of its Azure AI Content Safety, a new service that helps users detect and filter harmful AI-generated and user-generated content across applications and services. (微软宣布全面推出Azure AI内容安全服务（Azure AI Content Safety），这是一项新服务，可帮助用户在应用程序和服务中检测和过滤有害的AI生成和用户生成的内容。)”以及文章下文所介绍的这项服务的一些内容和特点，可知这篇文章主要介绍微软推出AI内容安全服务。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“The service, designed to reduce negative information in community environments, includes text and image detection and identifies content that Microsoft terms “offensive, risky, or undesirable”, including hate, bias, adult content, violence and self-harm.(这项服务旨在减少社区环境中的负面信息，包括文本和图像检测，并识别微软所说的‘冒犯、危险或不受欢迎’的内容，包括仇恨、偏见、成人内容、暴力和自残。)”可知，包括仇恨、偏见、成人内容、暴力和自残等“冒犯、危险或不受欢迎”的信息最有可能被Azure AI内容安全识别。故选C。 3．词义猜测题。根据第五段划线词所在句“When it comes to online safety, it is crucial to consider more than just human-generated content, especially as AI-generated content becomes prevalent.(说到网络安全，关键是要考虑的不仅仅是人工生成的内容，尤其是在人工智能生成的内容变得prevalent情况下)”中的“it is crucial to consider more than just human-generated content, especially as AI-generated content becomes”以及下文中“To make sure that AI-generated outputs are accurate, reliable, or appropriate materials is essential.(确保人工智能生成的输出是准确、可靠或适当的材料是必不可少的。)”可知，网络安全考虑的不仅仅是人工生成的内容，还有人工智能生成的内容，而且确保人工智能生成的输出是准确、可靠或适当的材料是必不可少的；由此可推知，现在人工智能生成的内容变得非常普遍，因此确保其准确、可靠非常重要，划线词“prevalent”意为“普遍的”，与widespread表达意思一致。故选A。 4．推理判断题。最后一段“Azure AI Content Safety is mainly priced on a pay-as-you-go basis. Interested users can check out pricing options on the Azure AI Content Safety pricing page.(Azure AI Content Safety的定价主要基于现收现付。感兴趣的用户可以在Azure AI内容安全定价页面上查看定价选项。)”说明Azure AI Content Safety的定价主要基于现收现付，用户可以在Azure AI内容安全定价页面上查看定价选项，由此可推知，文章后面可能是一段关于购买Azure AI内容安全时价格选择的详细信息。故选C。 （四） （吉林省吉林松花江中学2023-2024高二下期末试题） AI could make it less necessary to learn foreign languages. That is good news for travelers, bad news for soulful connection. Travel has long been a motivator for study — unless people start to feel AI tools offer a good-enough service. Some are concerned that apps are turning language acquisition into a dwindling pursuit. Douglas Hofstadter, a writer, has argued that something important will disappear when people talk through machines. He describes giving a hesitant, difficult speech in Mandarin, which required a lot of work but offered a sense of achievement at the end. Who would show off taking a plane to the top of Mount Everest? Others are less worried. Most people do not move abroad or have the kind of sustained contact with a foreign culture that requires them to put in the work to become fluent. Nor do most people learn languages for the purpose of humanizing themselves or training their brains. On their holiday, they just want a beer and pizza. As AI translation becomes a more popular labour-saving tool, people will divide into two groups. There will be those who want to challenge their minds, put themselves in other cultures or force their thinking into new pathways. This lot will still take on language study, often aided by technology. Others will look at learning a new language with a mix of admiration and confusion, as they might with extreme endurance (忍耐力) sports: “Good for you, if that’s your thing, but a bit painful for my taste.” But a focus on the learner alone misses the fundamentally social nature of language. It is a bit like analyzing the benefits of close relationships to heart health but overlooking the inner value of those bonds themselves. When you try to ask directions in broken Japanese or make a joke in hesitant German, you are making direct contact with someone. And when you speak a language well enough to tell a story with perfect timing or put subtle (微妙的) shading on an argument, that connection is still deeper. 1．What does the word “dwindling” mean in paragraph 2? A．Growing. B．Lasting. C．Declining. D．Challenging. 2．What is the underlined part “taking a helicopter to the top of Mount Everest” compared to? A．Using AI tools to do the translation. B．Doing the work that gives you satisfaction. C．Making effort to learn a new language. D．Studying a language aided by technology. 3．Which of the following will the “Others” in paragraph 4 agree with? A．People should stretch their minds in life. B．AI translation tools offer a good service. C．Extreme endurance sports are worth trying. D．Language learning builds deep connection. 4．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Language learning benefits learners alone. B．Language learning is of value to human health. C．We should reflect on language learning methods. D．We should adopt a new angle on language learning. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章介绍了在人工智能可以降低学习外语的必要性这一议题上，一部分人充满担心，认为这会让一些重要的东西消失，有些人则因为没有对语言的需求而不那么担心。人工智能翻译的普及同时也会将人分化成两部分，一部分人会挑战自己继续学习语言，另一部分人则会选择不再学习。文章指出不应该仅从学习者的角度看待语言学习，其本身的内在价值更值得关注。 1．词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句的上文“Travel has long been a motivator for study — unless people start to feel AI tools offer a good-enough service. (长期以来，旅行一直是学习的动力——除非人们开始觉得人工智能工具提供了足够好的服务)”可知，此处介绍人工智能工具对人们学习语言的动力的负面影响。由此推知，划线词所在句表示“一些人会担心应用程序正在把语言学习变成一种越来越少的追求”，dwindling意思应该是“越来越少的”，与declining意思一致。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Douglas Hofstadter, a writer, has argued that something important will disappear when people talk through machines. He describes giving a hesitant, difficult speech in Mandarin, which required a lot of work but offered a sense of achievement at the end. Who would show off taking a plane to the top of Mount Everest? (作家Douglas Hofstadter认为，当人们通过机器交谈时，一些重要的东西将会消失。他描述了用普通话做一次犹豫的、困难的演讲，需要做很多工作，但最后会有一种成就感。谁会炫耀自己坐飞机登上了珠穆朗玛峰呢？)”可知，Douglas Hofstadter的描述突出了学习语言伴随着的挑战自我、战胜自我的成就感，但是人们通过机器交谈的话，就无法体会这种感觉。由此可知，“坐飞机登上了珠穆朗玛峰”就好比“使用人工智能工具进行翻译”，前者缺失的是参与登山带来的成就感，后者缺失的是参与语言学习带来的成就感。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Others will look at learning a new language with a mix of admiration and confusion, as they might with extreme endurance (忍耐力) sports: “Good for you, if that’s your thing, but a bit painful for my taste.” (其他人会带着钦佩和困惑看待学习一门新语言，就像他们看待极限耐力运动一样：‘如果你喜欢的话，对你来说很好，但对我来说有点痛苦。’)”可知，这一类人会认为学习一门新语言令人钦佩，但是不适合自己，没有必要尝试。由此可知，他们会同意“人工智能翻译工具提供了很好的服务”的观点。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But a focus on the learner alone misses the fundamentally social nature of language. It is a bit like analyzing the benefits of close relationships to heart health but overlooking the inner value of those bonds themselves. When you try to ask directions in broken Japanese or make a joke in hesitant German, you are making direct contact with someone. And when you speak a language well enough to tell a story with perfect timing or put subtle (微妙的) shading on an argument, that connection is still deeper. (但是，仅仅关注学习者就忽略了语言的基本社会性质。这有点像分析亲密关系对心脏健康的好处，但忽视了这些关系本身的内在价值。当你试图用蹩脚的日语问路或用犹豫的德语讲笑话时，你是在与某人直接接触。当你的语言说得足够好，可以用完美的时机讲述一个故事，或者在一个论点上添加微妙的细微差别，这种联系就会更深。)”可知，我们不能仅关注学习者，语言本身的内在价值更值得关注，学习语言会加深我们与他人之间的联系。由此可知，我们应该从新的角度看待语言学习。故选D项。 （五） （吉林省普通高中G6教考联盟高二下期末试卷） ChatGPT appears to have better “bedside manners” than some doctors — at least when their written advice is rated for quality and empathy (同理心), a study has shown. The study, published in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine, used data from social news website Reddit’s Ask Docs forum, in which members can post medical questions answered by verified healthcare professionals. The team randomly sampled 195 exchanges from Ask Docs where a verified doctor responded to a public question. The original questions were then posed to the AI language model ChatGPT, which was asked to respond. Finally, a panel of three licensed healthcare professionals, who did not know whether the response came from a human physician or ChatGPT, rated the answers for quality and empathy. Overall, the panel preferred ChatGPT’s answers to those given by a human 79 percent of the time. ChatGPT responses were also rated good or very good quality 79 percent of the time, compared with 22 percent of doctors’ responses, and 45 percent of the ChatGPT answers were rated empathic or very empathic compared with just 5 percent of doctors’ replies. Christopher Longhurst, of UC San Diego Health, said:“These results suggest that tools like ChatGPT can efficiently draft high-quality, personalized medical advice for review by clinicians, and we are beginning that process at UCSD Health.” Professor James Davenport, of the University of Bath, who was not involved in the research, said: “The paper does not say that ChatGPT can replace doctors, but does, quite reasonably, call for further research into whether and how ChatGPT can assist physicians in response generation.” Some noted that, given ChatGPT was specifically designed to be likable, it was not surprising that it wrote texts that came across as empathic. It also tended to give longer, chattier answers than human doctors, which could have played a role in its higher ratings. Others cautioned against relying on language models for factual information due to their tendency to generate made-up “facts”. 1．What does the underlined word “verified” in paragraph 2 mean? A．dedicated. B．licensed. C．intelligent. D．enthusiastic. 2．What is the percentage difference in empathy ratings between doctors’ responses and ChatGPT’s responses? A．17 percent. B．40 percent. C．57 percent. D．74 percent. 3．What’s Professor Davenport’s view regarding the paper’s proposal for additional investigation into ChatGPT’s support for physicians? A．Objective. B．Indifferent. C．Unconcerned. D．Disapproving. 4．What concern was raised about using ChatGPT? A．Its responses might be one-sided. B．It fails to give empathic responses. C．It may produce unreliable information. D．It is unable to offer high-quality advice. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。一项研究表明，ChatGPT似乎比一些医生有更好的“对病人的态度”——至少在他们的书面建议的质量和同理心方面是这样。文章对此进行了介绍。 1．词句猜测题。根据后文“Finally, a panel of three licensed healthcare professionals”（ 最后，由三名有执照的医疗保健专业人员组成的小组）可知，这项发表在《美国医学会内科杂志》(JAMA Internal Medicine)上的研究使用了社交新闻网站Reddit的Ask Docs论坛的数据，在这个论坛上，会员可以发布由有资质的医疗专业人员回答的医疗问题。所以verified是有资质或有执照的健康专家，故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“ChatGPT responses were also rated good or very good quality 79 percent of the time, compared with 22 percent of doctors’ responses, and 45 percent of the ChatGPT answers were rated empathic or very empathic compared with just 5 percent of doctors’ replies.(ChatGPT的回答有79%被评为“好”或“非常好”，而医生回答的这一比例为22%；45%的ChatGPT回答被评为“同情”或“非常同情”，而医生的回答只有5%。)”可知，医生的回答和ChatGPTs的回答在共情评分上的百分比差异是40%。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Professor James Davenport, of the University of Bath, who was not involved in the research, said: “The paper does not say that ChatGPT can replace doctors, but does, quite reasonably, call for further research into whether and how ChatGPT can assist physicians in response generation.”(巴斯大学的詹姆斯·达文波特教授没有参与这项研究，他说：“这篇论文并没有说ChatGPT可以取代医生，但是，呼吁进一步研究ChatGPT是否以及如何帮助医生产生回答是相当合理的。”)”可知，达文波特教授对论文中关于进一步调查ChatGPTs对医生的支持的建议持客观态度。故选A。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Others cautioned against relying on language models for factual information due to their tendency to generate made-up “facts”.(其他人则告诫不要依赖语言模型来获取事实信息，因为它们倾向于产生虚构的“事实”。)”可知，使用ChatGPT的顾虑是它会产生不可靠信息。故选C。 （六） （吉林省辽宁省实验中学联考2023-2024高二下期末试题） High employment, falling inflation (通货膨胀), and economic growth. On the surface, the US economy currently seems to be doing great. But as it turns out, things are not so rosy for the average American. According to a March 6 survey conducted by the Savings website, 47 percent of US parents provide financial support to their adult children to help deal with the cost of living struggles. Gen Zers (aged 18 — 27) were found to be the most likely generation to get financial help from their parents, receiving on average 1,515 dollars per month. Still, many older parents were found to support their Millennial (aged 28 — 43) or Generation X (aged 44 — 59) adult children, accounting for 21 percent of parents providing support. The most common expenses mentioned were groceries and health insurance. But why are so many US adults, both young and old, struggling to “leave the nest”? One major reason is food prices. According to a survey, food prices are expected to increase by nearly 2.5 percent in 2024. Meanwhile, stable housing remains an elusive dream for many. The average rate for a 30-year mortgage (抵押贷款) was almost 8 percent in 2023, which means many Americans are priced out of affording their own home. The final piece of the puzzle is falling salaries. Previous generations were able to count on graduating from college as the key to landing a job that paid well. But now, young graduates have found they earn less than their parents. College graduate salaries have decreased more than 10 percent in four decades after adjusting for inflation. In other words, steadily declining salaries make it even harder for young Americans to cope with rising costs. As Gen Zers in the US struggle under financial pressures, so do the older generations supporting them, as their sharing puts their retirement at risk. The Savings website discovered that working parents were found to contribute “2.4 times more to support adult children than they contribute to their retirement accounts each month”. Essentially, while the US economy remains afloat, we will witness multiple generations of Americans sinking in their own lifeboats in the years ahead. 1．What did the March 6 survey find out about adult children in the US? A．Nearly half of them are financially dependent. B．Over half of Gen Zers are financially struggling. C．21 percent of Generation X receive parental help. D．A majority of them rely on their parents for education. 2．What does the underlined word  “elusive”  in paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Readily accessible. B．Difficult to achieve. C．Often misunderstood. D．Commonly sought after. 3．What can be inferred from the article about people in the US? A．Graduates’ financial struggles are temporary. B．Government policies favor older generations. C．Salaries for graduates tend to keep up with inflation. D．Financial pressures affect both the young and the old. 4．What is the author’s attitude toward the future of Americans? A．Negative. B．Optimistic. C．Ambiguous. D．Indifferent. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了美国经济表面上看似乎繁荣，但实际上普通美国人面临着诸多经济挑战和压力的问题。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段的“According to a March 6 survey conducted by the Savings website, 47 percent of US parents provide financial support to their adult children to help deal with the cost of living struggles.(美国储蓄网站3月6日调查显示，47%的美国父母为成年子女提供经济支持，以帮助他们解决生活成本问题。)”可知，3月6日的调查发现了美国成年子女其中近一半的人在经济上依赖他人。故选A。 2．词义猜测题。根据第四段的“According to a survey, food prices are expected to increase by nearly 2.5 percent in 2024. Meanwhile, stable housing remains an elusive dream for many. The average rate for a 30-year mortgage was almost 8 percent in 2023, which means many Americans are priced out of affording their own home.(。根据一项调查，2024年食品价格预计将上涨近2.5%。与此同时，稳定的住房仍然是许多人……的梦想。2023年，30年期抵押贷款的平均利率接近8%，这意味着许多美国人负担不起自己的房子。) ”可知，许多美国人负担不起自己的房子，由此可推知，稳定的住房仍是许多人难以实现的梦想，由此则划线词意为：很难实现的。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“As Gen Zers in the US struggle under financial pressures, so do the older generations supporting them, as their sharing puts their retirement at risk. The Savings website discovered that working parents were found to contribute“2.4 times more to support adult children than they contribute to their retirement accounts each month”.(当美国的Z世代在财务压力下挣扎时，支持他们的老一辈人也一样，因为他们的分担会让他们面临退休的风险。储蓄网站发现，有工作的父母每月为成年子女提供的资金是他们为退休账户提供的资金的2.4倍。)”可知，经济压力对年轻人和老年人都有影响。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Essentially, while the US economy remains afloat, we will witness multiple generations of Americans sinking in their own lifeboats in the years ahead.(从本质上讲，虽然美国经济还在继续，但在未来的几年里，我们将看到几代美国人在自己的救生艇上沉没。)”可知，作者对美国人的未来持消极的态度。故选A。 （七） （吉林省吉林市田家炳高级中学2023-2024高二下期末联考试题) Under the background of the slow growth of its total population to 1.44 billion, China has seen a sharp rise in older adults over the past decade, solidifying the country’s rapidly aging pattern, the latest national census (人口普查) data shows. The population on the Chinese mainland increased by an average of 0.53 percent annually during the past 10 years to 1.41 billion, compared with an annual growth rate of 0.57 percent from 2000 to 2010, according to the 7th national census published by the National Bureau of Statistics. “The growth of the total population has slowed down but remains at a steady pace,” Ning Jizhe, head of the bureau, said at a news conference. “Based on trends in recent years, China’s population will grow at an increasingly slow rate in the future while remaining above 1.4 billion.” The increasing elderly population has become a defining feature of the past decade. Ning said an aging society will set the tone for China's population structure for a long time, presenting challenges and opportunities. “A graying population will pile pressure on supply of labor force and social services, as well as adding to families’ elderly care burden. But more elderly people could also motivate consumption of products and services targeting this age group, and advance the development of some technologies,” he said. Ning added that those between the ages of 60 and 69, who are equipped with knowledge, experience and skills and are generally in good health, make up nearly 56 percent of all older adults. “Their potential to continue making contributions to society and playing a constructive role is big,” he responded to a question on the outlook for raising the retirement age and carrying out other potential measures aimed at addressing the aging trend. Some population economists also said the latest number and proportion (比例) of elderly are largely within predictions, and the aging trend will continue for a long time. 1．What does the 7th national census data show? A．The aging population of China has risen rapidly. B．The annual growth rate has increased by 0.04%. C．The annual growth rate was 0.57% during the past 10 years. D．The total population of Chinese mainland increased to 1.44 billion. 2．What does Ning Jizhe say about the growth of graying population? A．It is beyond predictions. B．It brings few advantages. C．It has sharply slowed down. D．It will increase pressure on family. 3．What is Ning Jizhe’s attitude to the graying population? A．Objective. B．Doubtful. C．Unclear. D．Negative. 4．What can be a suitable title for the passage? A．The aging trend brings problems B．An aging society presents opportunities C．China’s population gets old as growth slows D．Measures are to be taken to tackle the aging trend 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．C 【分析】这是一篇新闻报道。报道了在总人口缓慢增长的背景下，中国人口趋于老龄化的现象，以及专家对此的利弊分析。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Under the background of the slow growth of its total population to 1.44 billion, China has seen a sharp rise in older adults over the past decade, solidifying the country’s rapidly aging pattern, the latest national census (人口普查) data shows. The population on the Chinese mainland increased by an average of 0.53 percent annually during the past 10 years to 1.41 billion, compared with an annual growth rate of 0.57 percent from 2000 to 2010, according to the 7th national census published by the National Bureau of Statistics. (最新的全国人口普查数据显示，在总人口缓慢增长至14.4亿的背景下，中国的老年人口在过去十年中急剧增加，巩固了中国快速老龄化的格局。国家统计局发布的第七次全国人口普查显示，中国大陆人口在过去10年里以年均0.53%的速度增长，达到14.1亿，而2000年至2010年的年增长率为0.57%。)”可知，第七次全国人口普查数据说明了中国的老年人口迅速增加。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中Ning Jizhe 所说“A graying population will pile pressure on supply of labor force and social services, as well as adding to families’ elderly care burden. (人口老龄化将给劳动力和社会服务的供应带来压力，也会增加家庭的养老负担。)”可知，Ning Jizhe认为人口老龄化会增加家庭的压力。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中Ning Jizhe 所说“A graying population will pile pressure on supply of labor force and social services, as well as adding to families’ elderly care burden. But more elderly people could also motivate consumption of products and services targeting this age group, and advance the development of some technologies. (人口老龄化将给劳动力和社会服务的供应带来压力，也会增加家庭的养老负担。但更多的老年人也可以刺激针对这个年龄段的产品和服务的消费，并推动一些技术的发展。)”可知，Ning Jizhe对人口老龄化的分析，既包括了弊端也包括优势，所以他的态度是客观的。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中根据第一段中“Under the background of the slow growth of its total population to 1.44 billion, China has seen a sharp rise in older adults over the past decade, solidifying the country’s rapidly aging pattern, the latest national census (人口普查) data shows. (最新的全国人口普查数据显示，在总人口缓慢增长至14.4亿的背景下，中国的老年人口在过去十年中急剧增加，巩固了中国快速老龄化的格局。)”可知，本文主要报道了近来，随着人口增长放缓，中国人口快速老龄化的现象。选项C“随着人口增长放缓，中国人口快速老龄化”符合文章主题，适合做标题。故选C项。 （八） （吉林省“BEST合作体”2023-2024高二下期末试题） As humans, we might believe that we are the smartest and perhaps the only creatures in the world capable of having feelings and subjective experience, but is this really the case? A new study finds that bumblebees (大黄蜂) like to play. They like to roll around small wooden balls with no apparent motivation — it likely makes them feel good. Previous evidence suggests that bees have positive and negative emotion-like states usually when they are given food rewards to test their abilities. However, in an experiment of the new study, some researchers had trained bumblebees to roll balls into a target in exchange for a sweet treat. They noticed that sometimes bumblebees would roll the balls outside of the experiment area for no reward. This observation gave rise to new questions: What are they doing? Why? Is this random or intentional? To answer these questions, the researchers set up more experiments. In the latest experiment, they watched 45 bumblebees in an enclosed area where they could walk through a clear path to reach a feeding area, or they could go off the path into areas with wooden balls. They found the bumblebees went out of their way to sit on the balls or push them. Each rolled the balls between one and 117 times during the experiment. The researchers say that because they did it repeatedly with no food payoff, it suggests that the ball rolling was rewarding. “The behavior was voluntary,” says study first-author Samadi Galpayage. “Bees have a reputation for being hard workers, but the prospect of bees engaging in something like play is really novel and exciting because it shows that bees may experience pleasure and don’t only carry out duties that are strictly essential for immediate survival.” Galpayage adds, “Personally, I find this behavior fascinating because it tells us that bumblebees, like many other animals, are more than little robotic beings, but have a richer behavior and life than we would have previously thought.” 1．What is probably humans’ typical view on bumblebees according to paragraph 1? A．They have no subjective feelings. B．They are friendly to human beings. C．They like rolling balls for pleasure. D．They are smarter than other creatures. 2．What did bumblebees do in the latest experiment of the new study? A．They rolled their food around. B．They played with the balls. C．They stayed in the feeding area. D．They shared food with each other. 3．How does Samadi Galpayage feel about bumblebees’ behavior in the new study? A．Calm. B．Regretful. C．Unconcerned. D．Amazed. 4．Which of the following can serve as the best title of the text? A．Bumblebees Are Hard Workers B．Bumblebees Roll Balls for Food C．Bumblebees Are Selfless Insects D．Bumblebees Probably Enjoy Playing 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍一项新的研究，表明大黄蜂可能很享受玩乐。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“ As humans, we might believe that we are the smartest and perhaps the only creatures in the world capable of having feelings and subjective experience, but is this really the case? A new study finds that bumblebees (大黄蜂) like to play. They like to roll around small wooden balls with no apparent motivation—it likely makes them feel good. (作为人类，我们可能相信我们是世界上最聪明的，也许是唯一能够拥有感觉和主观体验的生物，但事实真的如此吗?一项新的研究发现，大黄蜂喜欢玩耍。他们喜欢在没有明显动机的情况下滚小木球——这可能会让他们感觉很好。)”可知，人类通常可能认为大黄蜂没有主观感受。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“In the latest experiment, they watched 45 bumblebees in an enclosed area where they could walk through a clear path to reach a feeding area, or they could go off the path into areas with wooden balls. They found the bumblebees went out of their way to sit on the balls or push them. Each rolled the balls between one and 117 times during the experiment. (在最新的实验中，他们在一个封闭的区域观察了45只大黄蜂，它们可以穿过一条畅通的小路到达觅食区，也可以离开小路进入有木球的区域。他们发现大黄蜂会特意坐在球上或推球。在实验中，每只大黄蜂滚动1到117次球。)”可知，在这个新研究的最新实验中，大黄蜂在玩球。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““The behavior was voluntary,” says study first-author Samadi Galpayage. “Bees have a reputation for being hard workers, but the prospect of bees engaging in something like play is really novel and exciting because it shows that bees may experience pleasure and don’t only carry out duties that are strictly essential for immediate survival.” (“这种行为是自愿的，”该研究的第一作者Samadi Galpayage说。“蜜蜂以努力工作而闻名，但蜜蜂参与玩耍等活动的前景确实是新颖而令人兴奋的，因为这表明蜜蜂可能会体验快乐，而不仅仅是执行对眼前生存至关重要的职责。”)”可推断，大黄蜂在新研究中的行为令Samadi Galpayage感到惊讶。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“A new study finds that bumblebees (大黄蜂) like to play. They like to roll around small wooden balls with no apparent motivation—it likely makes them feel good. (一项新的研究发现，大黄蜂喜欢玩耍。他们喜欢在没有明显动机的情况下滚小木球——这可能会让他们感觉很好。)”可知，本文主要介绍了一个新的研究发现——大黄蜂可能很享受玩乐，所以D项“Bumblebees Probably Enjoy Playing(大黄蜂可能喜欢玩耍)”是本文最好的标题。故选D项 （九） （吉林省白山市2023-2024高二下期末试题） Many effective agricultural techniques have roots in pre-agricultural human history. For a thousand years, people have used controlled burning techniques to get rid of brush, allowing edible (可食用的) plants to grow better and preventing larger wildfires during dry seasons. Today, large wild wildfires in North America and Australia demonstrate the importance of maintaining controlled burning practices perfected by many Native American farmers and Aboriginal Australian peoples. Farming has also improved over the years. Early farmers set small plots of land by hand, clearing away trees with simple tools and digging sticks to break up and till the soil. Over time, improved farming tools of bone, stone and iron were developed. New methods of storage developed. People began storing large quantities of foods in jars and clay-lined wells for use in times of emergencies. They also began making clay pots and other tools for carrying and cooking food. Around 5500 BCE, farmers in Mesopotamia developed simple irrigation (灌溉) systems. By channelling water from streams onto their fields, farmers were able to settle in areas once thought to be unsuited to agriculture. In Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China, people organised themselves and worked together to build and maintain better irrigation systems. Early farmers also developed improved varieties of plants. For example, around 6000 BCE, a new variety of wheat arose in South Asia and South Asia and Egypt. It was stronger than previous grains and it could be made into bread. In China, farmers also adapted tools and methods from nearby empires. A variety of rice from Vietnam ripened quickly and allowed farmers to harvest several crops during a single growing season. This rice quickly became popular throughout China. Many European farmers around 1000 to 1450 CE used an open-field system of planting. One field would be planted in spring, another in autumn, and one would be left unplanted. This system preserved nutrients in the soil, increasing crop production. 1．Why are the controlled burning techniques mentioned in Paragraph 1? A．To tell us fires are vital for people from early times. B．To show the ancient ways of farming are still useful today. C．To indicate people can’t control fires as effectively as before. D．To show fires on farming are only controlled by few people. 2．What did people begin to do with developed farming methods? A．Preserve more grains. B．Trade grains for farming tools. C．Be engaged in other businesses. D．Clear away fewer land. 3．What can we learn from the second to last paragraph? A．People made full use of nature. B．The national irrigation systems were developed quickly. C．The International agricultural technology exchange was important. D．The changeable weather conditions had a big impact on agriculture. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．The Long History of Modern Agriculture B．The Development of the Early Irrigation Systems C．The Procedure of the Improved Agriculture D．The Improvement of Early Agricultural Techniques 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了早期农业技术的改进，包括控制燃烧技术、耕作工具的发展、储存方法的改进、灌溉系统的建设以及植物品种的改良等。这些改进使得农业变得更加高效和可靠，对人类的生存和发展产生了深远的影响。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Many effective agricultural techniques have roots in pre-agricultural human history. For a thousand years, people have used controlled burning techniques to get rid of brush, allowing edible (可食用的) plants to grow better and preventing larger wildfires during dry seasons. Today, large wild wildfires in North America and Australia demonstrate the importance of maintaining controlled burning practices perfected by many Native American farmers and Aboriginal Australian peoples.(许多有效的农业技术都源于农业前的人类历史。一千年来，人们一直使用控制性燃烧技术来清除灌木丛，使可食用植物更好地生长，并在旱季防止更大的野火。如今，北美和澳大利亚发生的大规模野火表明了由许多北美原住民农民和澳大利亚原住民农民所完善的控制性燃烧做法的重要性。)”可推知，第1段提到了控制燃烧技术是为了展示古代的耕作方式在今天仍然有用。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Over time, improved farming tools of bone, stone and iron were developed. New methods of storage developed. People began storing large quantities of foods in jars and clay-lined wells for use in times of emergencies.(随着时间的推移，改良的骨、石和铁农具被开发出来。新的储存方法出现了。人们开始把大量的食物储存在罐子和粘土衬里的井里，以备不时之需。)”可知，随着农耕方法的发展，人们开始储存更多的粮食。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“In China, farmers also adapted tools and methods from nearby empires. A variety of rice from Vietnam ripened quickly and allowed farmers to harvest several crops during a single growing season. This rice quickly became popular throughout China.(在中国，农民也从邻近的国家借鉴了工具和方法。越南的一种大米可以快速成熟，使得农民们能在单个生长季节收获多种作物。这种大米很快在中国各地流行开来。)”可推知，从倒数第二段，我们可以了解到国际农业技术交流很重要。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了早期农业技术的改进，包括控制燃烧技术、耕作工具的发展、储存方法的改进、灌溉系统的建设以及植物品种的改良等。这些改进使得农业变得更加高效和可靠，对人类的生存和发展产生了深远的影响。因此，最佳标题应该是D项“The Improvement of Early Agricultural Techniques(早期农业技术的改进)”。故选D。 （十） （吉林省白城市实验高级中学2023-2024高二下期末试题） The low percentage of women in science ，technology，engineering，and mathematics(STEM) careers is often attributed (归因于) to men being believed to be better at the sort of thinking those fields require. Though studies have debunked the view,they have largely been based on results acquired from various several standardized tests. Now, researchers from Pennsylvania' S Carnegie Mellon University have found evidence that is hard to overlook; MRI (磁共振成像) proves that young girls and boys use the same mechanisms and networks in the brain to solve math problems. The groundbreaking study to evaluate the biological gender differences in the math talent of young children was led by the university' s professor of neuroscience, Jessica Cantlon. For their study ,the team selected 104 young children, between 3 and 10 years old, divided almost equally by gender. The scientists used a functional MRI to observe their brain activity as they engaged in math tasks. These included watching age appropriate educational videos and doing math exercises such as counting and addition,as well as reading for comparison. “We looked at which areas of the brain respond more strongly to mathematics content in the videos and tasks, compared to non math content like reading or the alphabet, Cantlon said.“When we do that in lite girls, we see a particular network of the brain respond,and when we do that same analysis in boys, we see the exact same regions.” So why do girls and young women tend to avoid math and STEM careers in general? Cantlon thinks it may be rooted in social and cultural conventions. Previous studies have indicated that parents tend to spend more time with young boys in play that inspire spatial cognition (空间认知)-such as toys that involve learning number skills and shapes and solving puzzles. Educators were also observed to spend more time with boys during math class. 1．What does the underlined word“debunked” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Disproved. B．Supported. C．Confirmed. D．Overlooked. 2．What does paragraph 2 mainly focus on? A．The purpose of the research. B．The process of the research. C．The participants of the research. D．The findings of the research. 3．What contributes to the lack of women in STEM careers? A．Mental capacity. B．Gender difference. C．Traditional prejudice. D．Family background. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．MRI- A Great Helper in Research B．Toys- Boosters for STEM Potential C．Boys and Girls: Equally Talented in Math D．STEM Careers: Calling for More w omen 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．C 【分析】这是一篇说明文。研究表明，年轻男孩和女孩大脑中使用相同的机制和网络来解决数学问题。并介绍了研究的过程以及解释了女孩和年轻女性一般都倾向于避开数学和STEM职业的原因。 1．词义猜测题。第一段中的“The low percentage of women in science ，technology，engineering，and mathematics(STEM) careers is often attributed (归因于) to men being believed to be better at the sort of thinking those fields require.”女性在科学、技术、工程和数学职业上的低比例往往归因于男性被认为更擅长这些领域需要的思考方式。“young girls and boys use the same mechanisms and networks in the brain to solve math problems.”年轻男孩和女孩大脑中使用相同的机制和网络来解决数学问题。根据句意，并且though表示转折，可以推断出前后观点不一致，所以，研究结果驳斥了前面的观点。由此可知“debunked”的意思是反驳，故选A项。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段的内容“the team selected 104 young children, between 3 and 10 years old, divided almost equally by gender. The scientists used a functional MRI to observe their brain activity …”在他们的研究中，研究小组选择了104名年龄在3到10岁之间的儿童，他们的性别几乎相同。科学家们使用功能性核磁共振成像来观察……可知，第二段讲述了研究对象，观察的方法，研究的内容等，所以第二段关注了研究的过程。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段的内容“it may be rooted in social and cultural conventions. Previous studies have indicated that parents tend to spend more time with young boys in play that inspire spatial cognition (空间认知)—such as toys that involve learning number skills and shapes and solving puzzles. Educators were also observed to spend more time with boys during math class.” Cantlon认为这可能根植于社会和文化习俗。之前的研究表明，父母倾向于花更多的时间和小男孩一起玩能激发他们空间认知能力的游戏，比如学习数字技能、形状和解决谜题的玩具。研究还发现，教育工作者在数学课上花更多的时间和男孩在一起。可知，传统的偏见导致了STEM职业中缺少女性。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。文章第一段中的“young girls and boys use the same mechanisms and networks in the brain to solve math problems”（年轻男孩和女孩大脑中使用相同的机制和网络来解决数学问题。）是全文的主题句，后文解释了研究的过程以及女孩和年轻女性一般都倾向于避开数学和STEM职业的原因。可知，所以这篇文章最合适的题目是“男孩和女孩:在数学方面同样有天赋”，故选C项。 【点睛】概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。该文是介绍一个研究结果的，该类文章的中心一般就在第一段。因此，考生直接抓住第一段中的“young girls and boys use the same mechanisms and networks in the brain to solve math problems”即可找到文章中心。 （十一） （吉林省“BEST合作体”2022-2023高二下期末试题） The impact of the man-made climate crisis on Antarctica is scientifically undeniable: stable ice shelves are retreating, air temperature increased by 3 degrees Celsius. krill(磷虾)numbers are declining, melting ice is contributing to sea level rise, and polar bears and seals are getting displaced. “Antarctic biodiversity could decline substantially by the end of the century if we continue with business as usual.” Jasmine Rachael Lee, lead author of the University of Queensland study says. Published in the journal PLOS Biology, the study finds population declines are likely for 65% of the continent’s plants and wildlife by the year 2100. The most vulnerable(脆弱的)species is the Emperor penguins. In October 2022, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed Emperor penguins as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act(ESA), as experts predict the flightless seabird will see a 26% to 47% dip in its population by 2050. “This listing reflects the growing extinction crisis and highlights the importance of the ESA and efforts to conserve species before population declines become irreversible(不可逆转).” said Service Director Martha Williams at the time. Aside from Emperor penguins, other Antarctic specialists, like the Adélie penguin and dry soil nematodes, were also highly vulnerable. We urgently need a combination of global and local conservation action to best conserve Antarctic species. Global action and global voices to help relieve climate change—because the biggest threat to Antarctica is coming from outside of it. And then we need local actions to help protect biodiversity against local threats and give them the best chance of adapting to climate changes. This will help to save our iconic(代表性的)species like the Emperor penguins and all of Antarctica’s unique and highly adapted inhabitants. It will also help humankind, as we rely heavily on the priceless services the Antarctic provides in regulating our climate and capturing sea level in its ice sheets. 1．What can we learn from Paragraph 1? A．The impact of climate crisis is usually denied. B．Conservation efforts are badly needed. C．Air temperature on Antarctic increases 3℃ annually. D．Sea level rise results in seabirds losing their habitats. 2．Why is the Emperor penguin mentioned in Paragraph 2? A．To serve as a call to protect wildlife on Antarctic B．To reflect the growing population of wild species. C．To prove the effectiveness of the Endangered Species Act. D．To highlight the severe impact of rising temperature. 3．What is probably the best conservation policy? A．Reducing the chances of making a trip to Antarctic. B．Making joint efforts to relieve climate change. C．Attempting to provide essential nutrients to the ecosystem. D．Continuing to carry forward the Endangered Species Act. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Plants and Wildlife on Antarctica Will Decline Quickly B．Antarctic Species Are Vulnerable to Human Threats C．More Action Should Be Taken to Protect Wildlife on Antarctica D．The Best Conservation Strategy Will Be Carried Out Soon 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述的是研究发现，到2100年，南极洲65%的植物和野生动物将减少，现有的保护工作不足以保护南极生态系统，我们迫切需要结合全球行动，以最好地保护南极物种。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Antarctic biodiversity could decline substantially by the end of the century if we continue with business as usual.(如果我们继续照常营业，到本世纪末，南极生物多样性可能会大幅下降。)”可知，这样继续下去，南极的生物多样性会急剧下降，由此可推知， 保护工作是迫切需要的。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的““This listing reflects the growing extinction crisis and highlights the importance of the ESA and efforts to conserve species before population declines become irreversible(不可逆转).” said Service Director Martha Williams at the time.( “这一名单反映了日益严重的物种灭绝危机，凸显了ESA的重要性，以及在种群数量下降不可逆转之前保护物种的努力。”当时的服务主管玛莎·威廉姆斯说。)”可知， 气候变化正在对世界各地的物种产生深远影响，帝企鹅列人名单是一个行动号召，来保护南极洲野生动物。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“We urgently need a combination of global and local conservation action to best conserve Antarctic species. Global action and global voices to help relieve climate change—because the biggest threat to Antarctica is coming from outside of it.(我们迫切需要全球和地方保护行动相结合，以最好地保护南极物种。全球行动和全球声音帮助缓解气候变化——因为南极洲面临的最大威胁来自外部。)”可知，我们迫切需要结合全球和地方保护行动，这有助于缓解气候变化。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据首段中的““Antarctic biodiversity could decline substantially by the end of the century if we continue with business as usual.” Jasmine Rachael Lee, lead author of the University of Queensland study says.(“如果我们继续一切照旧，到本世纪末，南极的生物多样性可能会大幅下降。”昆士兰大学这项研究的主要作者Jasmine Rachael Lee说。)”引出本文讲述的话题，根据第二段中的“Published in the journal PLOS Biology, the study finds population declines are likely for 65% of the continent’s plants and wildlife by the year 2100.(这项发表在《公共科学图书馆生物学》杂志上的研究发现，到2100年，非洲大陆65%的植物和野生动物的数量可能会下降。)”可知，研究发现，到2100年, 南极洲65%的植物和野生动物将减少，结合下文中对这一研究发现以及对解决这一问题的迫切性的分析可知，本文主要讲述的事一项研究发现，要采取更多的行动来保护南极的野生物种，所以文本的题目为“应采取更多行动保护南极洲的野生动植物”与文章内容吻合，且概括了本文的主题。故选C项。 （十二） （吉林省三区九校2023-2024高二下期末试题） When we talk about plastic rubbish polluting the earth, we don’t often talk about the environmental impacts caused by fast-food packaging. Actually, this packaging is often coated with environmentally damaging chemicals. Recently researchers from Flinders University and German biomaterials developer, one·five, have started using seaweed (海草) to solve the packaging waste problem of the fast-food industry. Using seaweed to create sustainable alternatives to existing products isn’t a new concept. The idea of turning seaweed into a material to replace bubble wrap (气泡膜包装) was put forward more than seven years ago. This time, the Flinders University materials researchers and one·five are using seaweed extracts (提取物) to develop next-generation coating materials. In fact, these new non-pollutive biomaterials are designed to replace the traditional fossil-based plastic coatings that are used in most oil-proof fast-food packaging. The new coating not only meets the required functionality standards of traditional oil-proof packaging materials but also works to create an environmentally sustainable solution. It is as recyclable as paper,explains Dr Zhongfa n Jia, a lead researcher from the Flinders Institute. “The seaweed extracts have a similar structure to the natural fibres from which paper is made,” says Dr Jia. “Our novel treatments boost the oil-proof feature of the seaweed through simple adaptation while neither affecting the biodegradability (生物降解力) nor recyclability of the coated paper.” “The product could be great news for the environment. We are able to reduce harmful plastic pollution with it,” says Claire Gusko, co-founder of one·five. Now Flinders University and one·five are trying mass production from the laboratory to the factory. Although achievements like this are definitely worth celebrating, we can’t just stop at seaweed packaging. We need to use seaweed and other sustainable tools to effectively help reduce our environmental impacts and make real changes. 1．What’re researchers from Flinder University and one·five doing? A．Solving the food waste problem. B．Producing seaweed extracts. C．Using seaweed to develop new coating materials. D．Turning seaweed into bubble wrap. 2．What is the traditional plastic coating like? A．Oil-proof. B．Expensive. C．Sustainable. D．Recyclable. 3．What do we know about the seaweed extract coating? A．It has been put on the market. B．It is just a novel concept. C．It is coated with damaging material. D．It is environmentally friendly. 4．Why does the author write the text? A．To suggest people create environmentally friendly products. B．To stop people from using plastic package. C．To warn readers of the environmental impacts caused by fast-food packaging. D．To introduce a replacement for traditional packaging material. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是研究者尝试用海草提取物制作涂膜来解决快餐包装纸上的塑料涂膜造成污染的问题。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“This time, the Flinders University materials researchers and one·five are using seaweed extracts (提取物) to develop next-generation coating materials.(这一次，弗林德斯大学的材料研究人员和one·five正在使用海藻提取物开发下一代涂层材料。)”可知，研究人员和one·five正在开发下一代涂层材料。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The new coating not only meets the required functionality standards of traditional oil-proof packaging materials but also works to create an environmentally sustainable solution.(这种新型涂层不仅符合传统防油包装材料所要求的功能标准，而且还创造了一种环境可持续的解决方案。)”可知，这种新型涂层符合传统防油包装材料所要求的功能标准，由此可知，传统的塑料涂层具有防油的功能。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第六段中的““The product could be great news for the environment. We are able to reduce harmful plastic pollution with it,” says Claire Gusko, co-founder of one·five.(“该产品对环境来说可能是个好消息。我们可以用它来减少有害的塑料污染，” one·five的联合创始人Claire Gusko说。)”可知，可以使用该产品来减少有害的塑料污染，由此可知，海藻提取物涂层是环保的。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据首段中的“Recently researchers from Flinders University and German biomaterials developer, one·five, have started using seaweed (海草) to solve the packaging waste problem of the fast-food industry.(最近，弗林德斯大学和德国生物材料开发商one·five的研究人员开始使用海藻来解决快餐业的包装垃圾问题。)”以及下文中介绍的海藻提取物涂层材料的特点介绍可知，本文主要介绍的是用海藻提取物制作的涂膜来替代传统的塑料涂膜，由此可知，本文的目的是介绍一种传统包装材料的替代品。故选D项。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！2 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$